英语修辞概述

修辞格是提高语言表达效果的语言艺术。

它能使语言生动形象、具体活泼，给人以美的享受。

）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。

常用比喻词like, as, as if, as though等，例如：
He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit.
It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something.
隐喻（metaphor）这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。

German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets...
The diamond department was the heart and center of the store.
借代（metonymy）是指当甲事物同乙事物不相类似，但有密切关系时，可以利用这种关系，以乙事物的名称来取代甲事物，这样的一种修辞手段。

转喻的重点不是在“相似”；而是在“联想”。

转喻又称换喻，借喻或借代。

The buses in America are on strike now.（这里buses 喻指司机drivers)。

The pen is mightier than the sword.（以pen，sword喻指使用这物的人）。

She is a social butterfly.她是一个交际花（以虫喻人）。

He always keeps a good table, and one gets plenty to eat and drink in his house. (table代替wine&food) 提喻（synecdoche）又称举隅法，主要特点是局部代表全体，或以全体喻指部分，或以抽象代具体，或以具体代抽
The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth, but of the flesh and blood of millions of men.
句中的“the flesh and blood”喻为“the great sacrifice”（巨大的牺牲）
“...saying that it was the most beautiful tongue in the world,...” 这里用具体的“tongue”代替抽象的“language”。

The wolf and the pig mingled together in his face. 残暴和贪婪交织在他的脸上。

Have you any coppers? 你有钱吗？（以材料代事物，即以copper铜喻指coin money铜币）
拟人（personification）这种修辞方法是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上，使之人格化，以物拟人，以达到彼此交融，合二为一。

My only worry was that January would find me hunting for a job again.
Thirsty soil drank in the rain. Did you see the anger of the tempest?
夸张（hyperbole）这是运用丰富的想象，过激的言词，渲染和装饰客观事物，以达到强调的效果。

My blood froze.
My heart almost stopped beating when I heard my daughter’s voice on the phone. 讽刺（irony）或反语，是指用含蓄的褒义词语来表示其反面的意义，从而达到使本义更加幽默，更加讽刺的效果。

Well, of course, I knew that gentlemen like you carry only large notes.
啊，当然，我知道像你这样的先生只带大票子。

店员这句话意在讽刺这位穿破衣的顾客：像你这样的人怎么会有大票子呢？名为“gentlemen”实则“beg gar”而已。

The virtuous, dignified bishop has four illegitimate children.
I award this championship only after laborious research and incessant prayer.
讽刺(Sarcasm) It is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked.
Laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps break through.
Frankly, I have been accustomed to regard your President as a statesman whose mouth was the most efficient part of his head.
通感（synesthesia）是指在某个感官所产生的感觉，转到另一个感官的心理感受。

Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested.
What a noisy scarf it is!
Sweet Thames！Run softly until I end my song.
移就（transferred epithet）是把形容人的形容词形容到物上去
This is a sleepless night. The big man crashed down on a protesting chair.
The doctor's face expressed a kind of doubting admiration.
He was left outside in the pitiless cold.
矛盾修饰法（oxymoron），将两个互相矛盾，互不调和，的词放在同一个短语中，产生特殊的深刻含义的一种修辞手段。

Dudley Field Malene called my conviction a, "victorious defeat. "
The mother is undergoing the joyful pain, and the painful joy of chindbirth..
cruel kindness残酷的仁慈expressionless expression毫无表情的表情
sick health憔悴的健康 a living death行尸走肉
双关（pun）
DARWIN IS RIGHT – INSIDE. Give your hair a touch of Spring.
Try our sweet corn, and you’ll smile from ear to ear.
A bicycle can't stand on its own because it is two－tyred．
euphemism 委婉语
… a motley band of Confederate guerrillas who diligently avoided contact with the enemy.
...men's final release from earthly struggle
Litotes (double negative) (语轻意重法,间接肯定法) A negative before another word to indicate a strong affirmative in the opposite direction.
I had not the slightest doubt where our duty and our policy lay.
I was not a little upset.
典故（allusion）-- An allusion is a reference to a person, place, event, or thing that bears an association to the topic of a discourse.
Grammar may be his heel of Achilles.
Research, from being the Cinderella of industry, would become its favored child.
“You want your pound of flesh, don’t you?”
They don’t hire until I have had more experience, but now how can I get more experience until I am hired. It’s a Catch-22.
对比（Antithesis）对照或对比(antithesis)是一种将结构相同或基本相同、意义完全相反的语句排列在一起, 以达到加强语气效果的修辞手法
Give me liberty, or give me death.
If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.
The life of the wolf is the death of the lamb.
The wise man knows he knows nothing; the dunce thinks he knows all.
排比（parallelism）– ideas are paired and sequenced in the same grammatical form
We shall fight him by land. We shall fight him by sea. We shall fight him in the air.
Together let us explore the stars, conquer the deserts, eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths and encourage the arts and commerce.
重复（repetition）
We have but one aim and one single, irrevocable purpose.
He has so long thrived and prospered.
From this nothing will turn us---nothing.
反高潮（anticlimax）
“Seldom has a city gained such world renown, and I am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for its-oysters”.
For God, for America, and for Yale.
He lost his empire, his family and his fountain pen. 修辞疑问句（rhetorical question）
Was I not at the scene of the crime?
In what conceivable way does our car concern you?
O, Wind, If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
圆周句（periodic sentence）-- A complex sentence, esp. one consisting of several clauses, constructed as part of a formal speech or oration and the most important part is put at the end of the sentence.
The past, with its crimes, its follies, and its tragedies, flashes away.
A man who insists upon a comfortable nap when he comes home from work, who likes to eat his meals in restful quiet and who requires eight hours of unbroken sleep each night, should never become a father.
）在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组，其开头的音节有同样的字母或声音，以增强语言的节奏感。

How and why he had come to Princeton, New Jersey is a story of struggle, success, and sadness.
准押韵（Assonance），元韵，母韵，半谐音，它是重读音节中元音的重复。

Assonance是在一句话或在一个诗行中间，有两个或更多的词具有相同的元音。

前者与汉语的双声(汉语中两个或多个音节，声母相同，叫做双声，它不是辞格)相似，后者与汉语的叠韵(两个或多个音节彼此韵母相同)非常相似。

With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.
Sadness and gladness succeed each other.
辅韵（Consonance），指的是词尾复印或句尾非重读音节的重复。

First and foremost the refugees needed food. Speaking without thinking is shooting without aiming.
拟声法(onomatopoeia) 它是指用词语模拟客观事物的声音,以增强讲话或文字的实际音感。

1、模拟人声murmur (咕哝), giggle (咯咯笑声), hum (哼), ouch (哎呀), hush (嘘), chuckle (抿着嘴轻声地笑)
2、模拟家禽飞鸟声duck---quack, dove---coo, magpie---chatter, parrot---squawk, nightingale---jug.
3、模拟兽类声pig---grunt, sheep---baa, horse---neigh, lion---roar, cow---moo, dog---bark, cat---mew
4、模拟昆虫及其他动物声音bee---buzz, mosquito---hum, snake---hiss, cricket---chirp, frog---croak
5、模拟机器、器具声音click 喀嚓(剪刀, 门, 按钮), clack 铿锵(刀叉, 碗碟, 机器), clink 叮叮(金属, 玻璃), clang 发出铿锵声(叮当声), rumble 轰隆声(雷, 风, 炮, 车), toot 嘟嘟(火车, 汽车, 轮船), ticktack 嘀嗒(钟表)。