工业革命(英文版)

指从农业和手工业经济转变到以工业和机器生产为主的变化过程。始于18世纪的英国。技术上的改变包括：钢铁和新能源的使用、提高产量的新机器的发明(包括多锭纺纱机)、工厂体系的发展、交通和通信的重要发展(包括蒸汽发动机和电报机)，其他改变还包括：农业的改进、更加广泛的财富分配、反映出经济力量转移及全面社会变革的政治变化。1760～1830年间产业革命基本上仅发生在英国，后来又传播到比利时和法国。其他国家则滞后一些，但德国、美国和日本产业革命开始后，取得的成就则超过了英国最初的成功。东欧各国则延迟到20世纪，直到20世纪中叶，产业革命才传到中国和印度。许多分析证据表明，由于采用了新材料和新能源、自动化工厂、新的生产资料所有制，以及自由放任主义管理的转变，20世纪末发生了第二次产业革命，或称新产业革命。

Industrial Revolution

Process of change from an agrarian, handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacture.

It began in England in the 18th century. Technological changes included the use of iron and steel, new energy sources, invention of new machines that increased production (including the spinning jenny), development of the factory system, and important developments in transportation and communication (including the steam engine and telegraph). Other changes included agricultural improvements, a wider distribution of wealth, political changes reflecting the shift in economic power, and sweeping social changes. The Industrial Revolution was largely confined to Britain from 1760 to 1830, then spread to Belgium and France. Other nations lagged behind, but once Germany, the U.S., and Japan achieved industrial power they outstripped Britain's initial successes. Eastern European countries lagged into the 20th century, and not until the mid-20th century did the Industrial Revolution spread to such countries as China and India. Many analysts saw evidence of a second, or new, industrial revolution in the later 20th century, with the use of new materials and energy sources, automated factories, new ownership of the means of production, and a shift away from laissez-faire government

第一次工业革命对世界的影响有以下几个方面：

①工业革命大幅度地提高了社会生产力，丰富了人们的物质生活，巩固了资本主义各国的统治。资本主义生产制度最终取得了统治地位；

②工业革命促进了新兴城市的产生，加快了城市化的进程；

③工业革命促进了科学教育事业的发展和科学共产主义的诞生；

④先进的生产技术和生产方式传播到世界各地，猛烈冲击着旧思想和旧制度，推动了世界工业化的进程；

⑤工业革命引起了社会结构的重大变革，工业资产阶级逐渐成为资产阶级的主导部分。无产阶级也正式形成。

⑥工业革命推动了世界市场的形成。为全球各地区、各国和各民族的沟通和未来全球一体化奠定了初步的基础。

The first time the industrial revolution influence to the world in the following aspects:

①the industrial revolution greatly improve the social productive forces and enriching people's material life, consolidate the capitalist countries rule. Capitalist production system was finally gained dominance,

②the industrial revolution promoted the new city of generation, speed up the

process of urbanization,

③the industrial revolution promoted the development of the cause of science education and scientific communism come,

④the advanced production technology and production mode spreads to the world, hurled the old ideas and old system promoted world industrialization;

⑤the industrial revolution caused social structure of major change, industrial bourgeois gradually become the dominant part bourgeois. The proletariat also officially formation.

⑥the industrial revolution promoted world market formation. For global regions, nations and ethnic communication and future global integration laid a preliminary basis.

第一次工业革命对中国的影响：

①欧美列强发动两次鸦片战争，中国开始沦为半殖民地半封建社会；

②受外国在华企业的诱导，中国近代工业产生（或洋务企业和民族资本主义企业，或中国资本主义产生）；

③先进的中国人向西方学习科技。

The first time the industrial revolution impact to China:

①the Occident powers launched two opium war, China began to degenerate into

a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society,

②subject to foreign enterprise in China of the induction, China's modern industry produce (or westernization enterprise and national capitalist enterprise, or capitalistic China produced);

③the Chinese learning from the western countries advanced science and technology