水利水电专业英语论文英文对照及翻译
水利水电类专业英语
1.Because of the enormous damage or potential damage caused by a flood of the magnitude that occurs once in a hundred years or less, stream gaging records of 10, 20, or 30 years are inadequate, although of some use, in planning flood control projects or for the spillway design of any large dam.由于量级在100年一遇或者更罕见的洪水引起的巨大破坏或潜在破坏，在洪水控制工程的规划或任意大型大坝的溢洪道的设计中，10年、20年或30年的水流测量记录尽管有些用途，但还是不够的。
2.The foundation, including abutments, should be of rock or consolidated materials sufficiently strong to support the structure and they must be watertight or so nearly so that excess leakage can be prevented by sealing any cracks or fissures in the foundation with a grouting material or closing the leakage paths by placing a blanket of impervious material in the reservoir area upstream from the dam site.地基包括坝肩，是由岩石或坚固的材料构成，足以承受结构的荷载，并且必须防水，或者能通过灌浆材料封堵地基中的裂缝或裂隙，或在坝址上游库区铺一层不透水材料来封闭渗漏通道，从而防止过量的渗漏，做到接近防水。
水利水电英语课文翻译
水利水电英语课文翻译水利水电英语课文翻译课文翻译需要掌握一定的词汇和技巧，当然英语课文翻译可以帮助提高学生的英语水平。
以下是店铺整理的水利水电英语课文翻译，欢迎阅读。
水利水电英语课文翻译1：Lesson 1 importance of water 水的重要性Water is best known and most abundant of all chemical compounds occurring in relatively pure form on the earth‘s surface. Oxygen, the most abundant chemical element, is present in combination with hydrogen to the extent of 89 percent in water. Water covers about three fourths of the earth's surface and permeates cracks of much solid land. The Polar Regions are overlaid with vast quantities of ice, and the atmosphere of the earth carries water vapor in quantities from 0.1 percent to 2 percent by weight. It has been estimated that the amount of water in the atmosphere above a square mile of land on a mild summer day is of the order of 50,000 tons.在地球表面以相对纯的形式存在的一切化合物中，水是人们最熟悉的、最丰富的一种化合物。
水利水电毕业设计外文文献翻译
水工建筑物，29卷，9号，1995旋涡隧道溢洪道。
液压操作条件M . A .戈蓝，B. zhivotovskii，我·诺维科娃，V . B .罗季奥诺夫，和NN罗萨娜娃隧道式溢洪道，广泛应用于中、高压液压工程。
因此研究这类溢洪道这是一个重要的和紧迫的任务，帮助在水工建筑中使用这些类型的溢洪道可以帮助制定最佳的和可靠的溢洪道结构。
有鉴于此，我们希望引起读者的注意，基本上是新的概念（即，在配置和操作条件），利用旋涡流溢洪道[1，2，3，4 ]。
一方面，这些类型的溢洪道可能大规模的耗散的动能的流动的尾段。
因此，流量稍涡旋式和轴向流经溢洪道的尾端，不会产生汽蚀损害。
另一方面，在危险的影响下，高流量的流线型面下降超过长度时，最初的尾水管增加的压力在墙上所造成的离心力的影响。
一些结构性的研究隧道溢洪道液压等工程rogunskii，泰瑞，tel'mamskii，和tupolangskii液压工程的基础上存在的不同的经营原则现在已经完成了。
这些结构可能是分为以下基本组：-涡旋式（或所谓的single-vortex型）与光滑溢洪道水流的消能在隧道的长度时的研究的直径和高度的隧道；参看。
图1），而横截面的隧道是圆或近圆其整个长度。
涡旋式溢洪道-与越来越大的能量耗散的旋涡流在较短的长度- <（60——80）高温非圆断面导流洞（马蹄形，方形，三角形），连接到涡室或通过一个耗能（扩大）室（图2）[ 5，6 ]或手段顺利过渡断[ 7]；-溢洪道两根或更多互动旋涡流动耗能放电室[ 8 ]或特殊耗能器，被称为“counter-vortex耗能”[ 2，4 ]。
终端部分尾水洞涡流溢洪道可以构造的形式，一个挑斗，消力池，或特殊结构取决于流量的出口从隧道和条件的下游航道。
液压系统用于的流量的尾管可能涉及可以使用overflowtype或自由落体式结构。
涡旋式溢洪道光滑或加速[ 7 ]能量耗散的整个长度的水管道是最简单和最有前途的各类液压结构。
水利专业英语翻译部分
Lesson1 importa nce of water 水的重要性Water is best known and most abundan t of all chemica l compoun ds occurri ng in relativ ely pureformontheearth’ssurface. Oxygen,the most abundan t chemica l element, is present in combina tion with hydroge n to the extentof 89 percent in water. Water coversabout three fourths of the earth's surface and permeat es cracksof much solid land. The polar regions are overl ai d with vast quantiti es of ice, and the atmosphere of the earth carries water vapor in quantiti es from 0.1 percent to 2 percent by weight.It has been estimat ed that the amountof water in the atmosph ere above a squaremile of land on a mild summerday is of the order of 50,000 tons.在地球表面以相对纯的形式存在的一切化合物中，水是人们最熟悉的、最丰富的一种化合物。
在水中，氧这种最丰富的化学元素与氢结合，其含量多达89%。
毕业设计水利水电工程英文文献翻译
毕业设计水利水电工程英文文献翻译外文文献：hydraulicturbines and hydro-electric powerAbstractPower may be developed from water by three fundamental processes : by action of its weight, of its pressure, or of its velocity, or by a combination of any or all three. In modern practice the Pelton or impulse wheel is the only type which obtains power by a single process the action of one or more high-velocity jets. This type of wheel is usually found in high-head developments. Faraday had shown that when a coil is rotated in a magnetic field electricity is generated. Thus, in order to produce electrical energy, it is necessary that we should produce mechanical energy, which can be used to rotate the ‘coil’. The mechanical energy is produced by running a prime mover (known as turbine ) by the energy of fuels or flowing water. This mechanical power is converted into electrical power by electric generator which is directly coupled to the shaft of turbine and is thus run by turbine. The electrical power, which is consequently obtained at the terminals of thegenerator, is then transited to the area where it is to be used for doing work.he plant or machinery which is required to produce electricity (i.e. prime mover +electric generator) is collectively known as power plant. The building, in which the entire machinery along with other auxiliary units is installed, is known as power house.Keywords hydraulic turbines hydro-electric power classification of hydel plantshead schemeThere has been practically no increase in the efficiency of hydraulic turbines since about 1925, when maximum efficiencies reached 93% or more. As far as maximum efficiency is concerned, the hydraulic turbine has about reached the practicable limit of development. Nevertheless, in recent years, there has been a rapid and marked increase in the physical size and horsepower capacity of individual units.In addition, there has been considerable research into the cause and prevention of cavitation, which allows the advantages of higher specific speeds to be obtainedat higher heads than formerly were considered advisable. The net effect of this progress with larger units, higher specific speed, and simplification and improvements in design has been to retain for the hydraulic turbine the important place which it has long held at one of the most important prime movers.1. types of hydraulic turbinesHydraulic turbines may be grouped in two general classes: the impulse type which utilizes the kinetic energy of a high-velocity jet which acts upon only a small part of the circumference at any instant, and the reaction type which develops power from the combined action of pressure and velocity of the water that completely fills the runner and water passages. The reaction group is divided into two general types: the Francis, sometimes called the reaction type, and the propeller type. The propeller class is also further subdivided into the fixed-blade propeller type, and the adjustable-blade type of which the Kaplan is representative.1.1 impulse wheelsWith the impulse wheel the potential energy of thewater in the penstock is transformed into kinetic energy in a jet issuing from the orifice of a nozzle. This jet discharge freely into the atmosphere inside the wheel housing and strikes against the bowl-shaped buckets of the runner. At each revolution the bucket enters, passes through, and passes out of the jet, during which time it receives the full impact force of the jet. This produces a rapid hammer blow upon the bucket. At the same time the bucket is subjected to the centrifugal force tending to separate the bucket from its disk. On account of the stresses so produced and also the scouring effects of the water flowing over the working surface of the bowl, material of high quality of resistance against hydraulic wear and fatigue is required. Only for very low heads can cast iron be employed. Bronze and annealed cast steel are normally used.1.2 Francis runnersWith the Francis type the water enters from a casing or flume with a relatively low velocity, passes through guide vanes or gates located around the circumstance, and flows through the runner, from which it discharges into a draft tube sealed below the tail-water level. All therunner passages are completely filled with water, which acts upon the whole circumference of the runner. Only a portion of the power is derived from the dynamic action due to the velocity of the water, a large part of the power being obtained from the difference in pressure acting on the front and back of the runner buckets. The draft tube allows maximum utilization of the available head, both because of the suction created below the runner by the vertical column of water and because the outlet of he draft tube is larger than the throat just below the runner, thus utilizing a part of the kinetic energy of the water leaving the runner blades.1.3 propeller runnersnherently suitable for low-head developments, the propeller-type unit has effected marked economics within the range of head to which it is adapted. The higher speed of this type of turbine results in a lower-cost generator and somewhat smaller powerhouse substructure and superstructure. Propeller-type runners for low heads and small outputs are sometimes constructed of cast iron. For heads above 20 ft, they are made of cast steel, a much more reliable material. Large-diameter propellers。
水利水电工程专业英语的阅读与翻译
解了组成 的每一 单根词 义，该 词的意 义也就 自然明 确了。
3、由 单根词 、复合 词或一 些单独 使用的 词根加 上词头 和词 尾的派 生词， 英语中 大多数 的词都 属于这 种词。
英语单词 中的词 根是词 中最基 本的部 分，表 达该词 的基本 意义 ，虽然 词根的 数量有 限，但 却是构 成单词 的基础 ，能繁
还将继续 引进大 批先进 技术和 设备， 为了尽 快消化 这些新 技术 和装好 、用好 及管理 好这些 设备， 也需要 详细地 阅读和
翻译引进的技术和设备的技术说明文件。要提高专业科技英语 的阅读和翻译能力，除需要掌握英语语法的基本知识和
基本词汇 及具有 相当广 泛的专 业知识 之外， 还必需 熟悉专 业词 汇和科 技英语 中一些 常用词 、词组 或短语 ，熟悉 科技英
ceed
走行
proceeding 进程，步骤；procedure 过程
cent
百， 百分之 一
centigrade 摄氏（百分）度，centimeter 厘米
centr, centri, centro 中心
centrifugal 离心的，orthoce间
certify 证明，uncertain 不确定的 chronograph 记时器，isochronal 等时的
cline
倾， 斜
decline 倾斜，降落
clude
结束
conclude 结束，exclude 除外
cult
耕，培 养
cu ltivate 耕作，culture 栽培
dens dict=dic
3、使 学生掌 握科技 英语文 献翻译 的基本 技巧。
4、为 学生提 供一部 分专业 英语词 汇及常 用词组 或短语 。 第一章 词的构成及科技术语翻译方法
水利水电工程专业英语的阅读与翻译
-graph
表示写 ，画， 记录结 果
和用具
photograph 照片，monograph 专题，论文
-let
表示小
droplet 水滴，streamlet 小溪
-logy
表示 学科
hydrology 水文学，geology 地质学
-meter
表示计，仪 表
barometer 气压计，voltmeter 电压表
uni
单，
uniflow 单向流，unify 统一
vari
变化
variable 变量，可变的，variation 变化，偏差
vers
转，向
reverse 反向，transverse 横向
vis
看
visual 直观的，prevision 预见
（2）英 语单词 的词尾 是接在 词根后 面的部 分，一 般地， 词尾的 意义比 较狭窄 和明 确，常 可根据 词尾来 判断英 语中大
水 利水 电工程 专业 英语的 阅读与 翻译
水利水电 工程
专业英语的阅读与翻译 刘景植 编
二 OO 四年十二月
水利水电 工程专 业英语 的阅读 与翻译
前言
当前，世 界科学 技术发 展十分 迅速， 为了了 解、学 习和借 鉴国 外先进 的科学 技术， 为我国 的社会 主义建 设服务 ，需要
大量的阅 读和翻 译国外 科技文 献资料 。另外 ，近年 来和在 以后 的若干 年内， 我国在 水利水 电建设 中，从 国外引 进了且
多数词的 词类。
专业英语 词汇中 的一些 常用的 词尾：
词尾
意义
词例
Ⅰ、名词 词尾
-age
表示抽象概 念，量 ，性质 ，状态 ，行为 等
水利水电工程专业英语段翻译
•Owingto the fact that electr icity can be transm itted from whereit is genera ted to whereit is needed by meansof powerlinesand transf ormer s, largepowerstatio ns can be builtin remote places far fromindust rialcenter s or largecities, as is citedthe case with hydroe lectr ic powerstatio ns that are insepa rable from watersource s.•由于电力可以从发电的地方通过电线和变压器输送到需要用电的地方，因此大型电站可以建在远离工业中心或大城市的地方，离不开水源的水力发电站就常常是这样建立的。
Ideall y suited to narrow canyon s compos ed of rock, the archdam provid es an econom icaland effici ent struct ure to contro lthe stream flow. The load-carryi ng capaci ty of an arch damenable s the design er to conser ve materi al and stillmainta in anextrem ely safe struct ure.•拱坝最适合于修建在岩石峡谷中，它是一种控制河道中水流经济而有效的建筑物。
一座拱坝的承载能力足以使设计人员用较少的材料而仍能建成极为安全的结构。
水利水电专业毕业设计外文翻译
毕业设计（论文）外文翻译题目水库及电力系统简介专业水利水电工程班级2007级四班学生陈剑锋指导教师杨忠超重庆交通大学2011 年RESERVOIRSWhen a barrier is constructed across some river in the form of a dam, water gets stored up on the upstream side of the barrier, forming a pool of water, generally called a reservoir.Broadly speaking, any water collected in a pool or a lake may be termed as a reservoir. The water stored in reservoir may be used for various purposes. Depending upon the purposes served, the reservoirs may be classified as follows: Storage or Conservation Reservoirs.Flood Control Reservoirs.Distribution Reservoirs.Multipurpose reservoirs.(1) Storage or Conservation Reservoirs. A city water supply, irrigation water supply or a hydroelectric project drawing water directly from a river or a stream may fail to satisfy the consumers’ demands during extremely low flows, while during high flows; it may become difficult to carry out their operation due to devastating floods. A storage or a conservation reservoir can retain such excess supplies during periods of peak flows and can release them gradually during low flows as and when the need arise.Incidentally, in addition to conserving water for later use, the storage of flood water may also reduce flood damage below the reservoir. Hence, a reservoir can be used for controlling floods either solely or in addition to other purposes. In the former case, it is known as ‘Flood Control Reservoir’or ‘Single Purpose Flood Control Reservoir’, and in the later case, it is called a ‘Multipurpose Reservoir’.(2) Flood Control Reservoirs A flood control reservoir or generally called flood-mitigation reservoir, stores a portion of the flood flows in such a way as to minimize the flood peaks at the areas to be protected downstream. To accomplish this, the entire inflow entering the reservoir is discharge till the outflow reaches the safe capacity of the channel downstream. The inflow in excess of this rate is stored in stored in the reservoir, which is then gradually released so as to recover the storage capacity for next flood.The flood peaks at the points just downstream of the reservoir are thus reduced by an amount AB. A flood control reservoir differs from a conservation reservoir only in its need for a large sluice-way capacity to permit rapid drawdown before or after a flood.Types of flood control reservoirs. There are tow basic types of flood-mitigation reservoir.Storage Reservoir or Detention basins.Retarding basins or retarding reservoirs.A reservoir with gates and valves installation at the spillway and at the sluice outlets is known as a storage-reservoir, while on the other hand, a reservoir with ungated outlet is known as a retarding basin.Functioning and advantages of a retarding basin:A retarding basin is usually provided with an uncontrolled spillway and anuncontrolled orifice type sluiceway. The automatic regulation of outflow depending upon the availability of water takes place from such a reservoir. The maximum discharging capacity of such a reservoir should be equal to the maximum safe carrying capacity of the channel downstream. As flood occurs, the reservoir gets filled and discharges through sluiceways. As the reservoir elevation increases, outflow discharge increases. The water level goes on rising until the flood has subsided and the inflow becomes equal to or less than the outflow. After this, water gets automatically withdrawn from the reservoir until the stored water is completely discharged. The advantages of a retarding basin over a gate controlled detention basin are:①Cost of gate installations is save.②There are no fates and hence, the possibility of human error and negligence in their operation is eliminated.Since such a reservoir is not always filled, much of land below the maximum reservoir level will be submerged only temporarily and occasionally and can be successfully used for agriculture, although no permanent habitation can be allowed on this land.Functioning and advantages of a storage reservoir:A storage reservoir with gated spillway and gated sluiceway, provides more flexibility of operation, and thus gives us better control and increased usefulness of the reservoir. Storage reservoirs are, therefore, preferred on large rivers which require batter controlled and regulated properly so as not to cause their coincidence. This is the biggest advantage of such a reservoir and outweighs its disadvantages of being costly and involving risk of human error in installation and operation of gates.(3) Distribution Reservoirs A distribution reservoir is a small storage reservoir constructed within a city water supply system. Such a reservoir can be filled by pumping water at a certain rate and can be used to supply water even at rates higher than the inflow rate during periods of maximum demands (called critical periods of demand). Such reservoirs are, therefore, helpful in permitting the pumps or water treatment plants to work at a uniform rate, and they store water during the hours of no demand or less demand and supply water from their ‘storage’ during the critical periods of maximum demand.(4) Multipurpose Reservoirs A reservoir planned and constructed to serve not only one purpose but various purposes together is called a multipurpose reservoir. Reservoir, designed for one purpose, incidentally serving other purpose, shall not be called a multipurpose reservoir, but will be called so, only if designed to serve those purposes also in addition to its main purpose. Hence, a reservoir designed to protect the downstream areas from floods and also to conserve water for water supply, irrigation, industrial needs, hydroelectric purposes, etc. shall be called a multipurpose reservoir.水库拦河筑一条像坝的障碍时，水就被拦蓄在障碍物的上游并形成水塘．通常称之为水库。
水利水电工程专业英语段翻译
•Owing to the fact that electricity can be transmitted from where it is generated to where it is needed by means of power lines and transformers, large power stations can be built in remote places far from industrial centers or large cities, as is cited the case with hydroelectric power stations that are inseparable from water sources.•由于电力可以从发电的地方通过电线和变压器输送到需要用电的地方，因此大型电站可以建在远离工业中心或大城市的地方，离不开水源的水力发电站就常常是这样建立的。
Ideally suited to narrow canyon s composed of rock, the arch dam provides an economical and efficient structure to control the stream flow. The load-carrying capacity of an arch damenables the designer to conserve material and still maintain an extremely safe structure.•拱坝最适合于修建在岩石峡谷中，它是一种控制河道中水流经济而有效的建筑物。
一座拱坝的承载能力足以使设计人员用较少的材料而仍能建成极为安全的结构。
•The general theory of arch dam design is comparatively new and changing rapidly as more information is obtained. Engineers have cautiously applied mathematical theory, the law of mechanics, and theories of elasticity to reduce the thickness of arch dams and gain substantial economies.•拱坝的一般设计理论比较新颖，同时在获得更多的资料之后，理论的变化也很迅速。
水利水电工程专业外文翻译、英汉互译、中英对照
水利水电工程专业外文翻译、英汉互译、中英对照毕业设计,论文，外文翻译题目姚家河水电站溢流坝及消能工优化设计专业水利水电工程使用CFD模型分析规模和粗糙度对反弧泄洪洞的影响12 作者 Dae Geun Kimand Jae Hyun Park摘要在这项研究中，利用CFD模型、FLOW-3D模型详细调查流量特性如流量、水面、反弧溢洪道上的峰值压力，并考虑到模型规模和表面粗糙度对速度和压力的垂直分布特征的影响，因此，在领域中被广泛验证和使用。
由于表面粗糙度数值的误差是微不足道的，对于流量，水面平稳，波峰压力影响较小。
但是我们只是使用长度比例小于100或200在可接受的误差范围的建筑材料一般粗糙度高度和规模效应的模型，最大速度在垂直的坐标堰发生更严重的粗糙度和规模效应。
原型的速度比缩尺比模型的更大，但现却相反1的。
在任何一节的最大速度略有降低或者表面粗糙度和长度的比例增加。
最大速度出现在上游水头的增加几乎呈线性增加溢洪道前的距离和位置较低的垂直位置位上。
关键词:FLOW-3D，反弧溢洪道，粗糙度效应，规模效应1.简介工程师在大多数情况下都选着设计建造具有过流高效、安全地反弧溢洪道，并且它在使用过程中具有良好的测量能力。
反弧溢洪道的形状是从较高顶堰的直线段流到半径R的网弧形段，在反弧附近的大气压力超过设计水头。
在低于设计水头时波峰阻力减少。
在高水头的时候，顶堰的大气压较高产生负压使水流变得更缓。
虽然这是关于一般反弧从上游流量条件下的变化、修改的波峰形状或改变航的形状和其流动特性的理解，但是道由于局部几何性质等的标准设计参数的偏差都会改变的水流的流动性，影响的分析结果。
物理模型被广泛的用来确定溢洪道非常重要的大坝安全。
物理模型的缺点是成本高，它可能需要相当长的时间得到的结果。
此外，由于规模效应的误差的严重程度增加原型模型的大小比例。
因此在指导以正确的模型细节时，计算成本相对较低物理建模、数值模拟，即使它不能被用于为最终确定的设计也是非常宝贵的资料。
毕业设计水利水电工程英文文献翻译
外文文献：hydraulicturbines and hydro—electric powerAbstractPower may be developed from water by three fundamental processes ：by action of its weight, of its pressure，or of its velocity，or by a combination of any or all three。
In modern practice the Pelton or impulse wheel is the only type which obtains power by a single process the action of one or more high-velocity jets. This type of wheel is usually found in high—head developments. Faraday had shown that when a coil is rotated in a magnetic field electricity is generated. Thus, in order to produce electrical energy, it is necessary that we should produce mechanical energy，which can be used to rotate the ‘coil’。
The mechanical energy is produced by running a prime mover （known as turbine ）by the energy of fuels or flowing water. This mechanical power is converted into electrical power by electric generator which is directly coupled to the shaft of turbine and is thus run by turbine. The electrical power, which is consequently obtained at the terminals of the generator，is then transited to the area where it is to be used for doing work.he plant or machinery which is required to produce electricity (i.e。
水利水电工程中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文：研究钢弧形闸门的动态稳定性摘要由于钢弧形闸门的结构特征和弹力，调查对参数共振的弧形闸门的臂一直是研究领域的热点话题弧形弧形闸门的动力稳定性。
在这个论文中，简化空间框架作为分析模型，根据弹性体薄壁结构的扰动方程和梁单元模型和薄壁结构的梁单元模型，动态不稳定区域的弧形闸门可以通过有限元的方法，应用有限元的方法计算动态不稳定性的主要区域的弧形弧形闸门工作。
此外，结合物理和数值模型，对识别新方法的参数共振钢弧形闸门提出了调查，本文不仅是重要的改进弧形闸门的参数振动的计算方法，但也为进一步研究弧形弧形闸门结构的动态稳定性打下了坚实的基础。
简介低举升力，没有门槽，好流型，和操作方便等优点，使钢弧形闸门已经广泛应用于水工建筑物。
弧形闸门的结构特点是液压完全作用于弧形闸门，通过门叶和主大梁，所以弧形闸门臂是主要的组件确保弧形闸门安全操作。
如果周期性轴向载荷作用于手臂，手臂的不稳定是在一定条件下可能发生。
调查指出:在弧形闸门的20次事故中，除了极特殊的破坏情况下，弧形闸门的破坏的原因是弧形闸门臂的不稳定;此外，明显的动态作用下发生破坏。
例如:张山闸，位于中国的江苏省，包括36个弧形闸门。
当一个弧形闸门打开放水时，门被破坏了，而其他弧形闸门则关闭，受到静态静水压力仍然是一样的，很明显，一个动态的加载是造成的弧形闸门破坏一个主要因素。
因此弧形闸门臂的动态不稳定是造成弧形闸门(特别是低水头的弧形闸门)破坏的主要原是毫无疑问。
基于弧形闸门结构和作用力的特点，研究钢弧形闸门专注于研究弧形闸门臂的动态不稳定。
在1980年的，教授闫世武，教授张继光公认的参数振动引起的弧形闸门臂动态不稳定的是原因之一。
他们提出了一个简单的分析方法，近年来，在一些文献中广泛地被引用进来调查。
然而，这些调查的得到都基于模型，弧形闸门臂被视为平面简单的梁，由于弧形弧形闸门是一个复杂的空间结构，三维效果非常明显，平面简单的梁的模型无法揭示这个空间效果，并不能精确的体现弧形闸门臂的动态不稳定性，本文提出一种计算方法用于分析弧形闸门的动态不稳定。
水利水电专业毕业论文文献翻译中英文对照[管理资料]
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DamThe first dam for which there are reliable records was build or the Nile River sometime before 4000 . It was used to divert the Nile and provide a site for the ancient city of Memphis .The oldest dam still in use is the Almanza Dam in Spain, which was constructed in the sixteenth century. With the passage of time,materials and methods of construction have improved. Making possible the erection of such large dams as the Nurek Dam, which is being constructed in the . on the vaksh River near the border of Afghanistan. This dam will be 1017ft(333m) high, of earth and rock fill. The failure of a dam may cause serious loss of life and property; consequently, the design and maintenance of dams are commonly under government surveillance. In the United States over 30,000 dams are under the control of state authorities. The 1972 Federal Dams Safety Act (PL92-367)requires periodic inspections of dams by qualified experts. The failure of the Teton Dam in Idaho in June 1976 added to the concern for dam safety in the United States.1 Type of DamsDams are classified on the type and materials of construction, as gravity, arch, buttress ,and earth .The first three types are usually constructed of concrete. A gravity dam depends on its own weight for stability and it usually straight in plan although sometimes slightly curved.Arch dams transmit most of the horizontal thrust of the water behind them to the abutments by arch action and have thinner cross sections than comparable gravity dams. Arch dams can be used only in narrow canyons where the walls are capable of withstanding the thrust produced by the arch action. The simplest of the many types of buttress dams is the slab type, which consists of sloping flat slabs supported at intervals by buttresses. Earth dams are embankments of rock or earth with provision for controlling seepage by means of dam may be included in a single structure. Curved dams may combine both gravity and arch action to achieve stability. Long dams often have a concrete river section containing spillway and sluice gates and earth or rock-fill wing dams for the remainder of their length.The selection of the best type of dam for a given site is a problem in both engineering feasibility and cost. Feasibility is governed by topography, geology and climate. For example, because concrete spalls when subjected to alternate freezing and thawing, arch and buttress dams with thin concrete section are sometimes avoided in areas subject to extreme cold. The relative cost of the various types of dams depends mainly on the availability of construction materials near the site and the accessibility of transportation facilities. Dams are sometimes built in stages with the second or late stages constructed a decade or longer after the first stage.The height of a dam is defined as the difference in elevation between the roadway, or spillway crest, and the lowest part of the excavated foundation. However, figures quoted for heights of dams are often determined in other ways. Frequently the height is taken as the net height is taken as the net height above the old riverbed.on damsA dam must be relatively impervious to water and capable of resisting the forces acting on it. The most important of these forces are gravity (weight of dam) , hydrostatic pressure, uplift, ice pressure, and earthquake forces are transmitted to the foundation and abutments of the dam, which react against the dam with an equal and opposite force, the foundation reaction. The effect of hydrostatic forces caused by water flowing over the dam may require consideration in special cases.The weight of a dam is the product of its volume and the specific weight of the material. The line of action of dynamic force passes through the center of mass of the cross section. Hydrostatic force may act on both the upstream and downstream faces of the dam. The horizontal componentH of the hydrostatic force is the force or unit width of damhit is2/2HrhhWhere r is the specific weight of water and h is the depth of water .The line of action of this force is h/3 above the base of thedam .The vertical component of the hydrostatic force is equal to the weigh of water vertically above the face of the dam and passes through the center of gravity of this volume of water.Water under pressure inevitably finds its way between the dam And its foundation and creates uplift pressures. The magnitude of the uplift force depends on the character of the foundation and the construction methods. It is often assumed that the uplift pressure varies linearly from full hydrostatic pressure at the upstream face (heel)to full tail-water pressure at the downstream face (toe).For this assumption the uplift force U isU=r(h1+h2)t/2Where t is the base thickness of the dam and h1and h2 are the water depths at the heel and toe of the dam,respectively. The uplift force will act through the center of area of the pressure trapezoid.Actual measurements on dams indicate that the uplift force is much less than that given by Eq.(2)Various assumption have been made regarding the distribution of uplift of Reclamation sometimes assumes that the uplift pressure on gravity dams varies linearly from two-thirds of full uplift at the heel to zero at the toe. Drains are usually provided near the heel of the dam to permit the escape of seepage water and relieve uplift.译文：坝据可靠记载，世界上第一座坝是公元前4000年以前在尼罗河上修建的。
水利水电专业英语论文
Shimen DamProfession: Hydraulic and Hydroelectric Engineering Class & Grade: 091Student Name: Wang FuStudent Number: 200916056110Architecture and Engineering DepartmentFor the district in New Taipei City, see Shimen District.Shimen Dam is an embankment dam crossing the Dahan River in Taoyuan County, Taiwan. Serving mainly for municipal water supply and flood control, the dam creates Shimen Reservoir in the mountains south of Longtan. The construction plan was created in 1938 under Japanese rule, but was not implemented immediately because of the start of World War II. The dam was the largest in Taiwan when construction ended in 1964.Each day, Shimen supplies 1.4 million tonnes of water to residences and industry and 1.8 million tonnes of water to agriculture in Taoyuan County, Taiwan|Taoyuan County and New Taipei City. It is integral to the water supply/regulation system of northern Taiwan. The dam cost NT $4.85 billion to construct.History and siteThe dam site lies in a steep canyon of the Dahan River near the aboriginal town of Fusing, at the head of a 763 km2 catchment area. The canyon, with walls up to 500 metres high, was formerly home to the summer villa of Chiang K'ai-shek. The historic arched Amuping Stone Bridge and a nearby Earth God shrine, among other landmarks, were also covered by the Shimen Reservoir as it filled. Before the dam was built in the 1950s, the flow of到了新北市区，就能看到石门区。
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Earth and rock damSummaryEarth and rock dam, with another name as "local material dam",is mainly built with earth and rock materials near the site. It can be classified based on the materials it used, earth dam mainly with earth, sand, grit, and gravel, and rock dam mainly with rock ballast, gravel, and exploded rocks.Features of earth and rock damStrong pointsWith convenient supply of materials, many building materials such as steel, cement, and timbers can be saved.With granular structure more suitable to foundation deformation, it demands less on the foundation.Very flexible from simple artificial filling to highly mechanized construction, the procedure become simple, the construction become efficient, and the quality guarantee become easy.Simply structured, the?cost is low, the operation is convenient, works?is reliable, and maintenance and height adding is convient.Weak pointsOverflow not allowed, spillway has to be built.Diversion?less convenient, cost increases.Section larger, earth to be filled is easy to be affected by climate. This kind of difficult means possible extention of time limit and cost increaseEarth and rock dam typesBased on constructing ways, earth and rock dams can be classified into rolled ones of earth & rock, thrown rock-filled ones,?rock-filled ones with?directional detonation, ones with earth thrown into the water, and ones filled by hydraulic forces.?Among them, rolled ones are most popular.Based on the earth proportion and the location of anti-seepage?parts, there 概述土石坝又称“当地材料坝”，主要由坝址附近的土石料填筑而成，根据坝体所用材料不同又可分为土坝和堆石坝。
坝体材料以当地土料和砂、砂砾、卵砾为主的称土坝，以石渣、卵石、爆破石料为主的称堆石坝。
土石坝的特点优点筑坝材料就地取材。
可节省大量钢材、水泥、木材等建筑材料。
适应地基变形能力强。
土石坝散粒体结构具有适应地基变形的良好条件，对地基的要求比混凝土坝低。
施工方法选择灵活性大。
能适应不同的施工方法，从简单的人工填筑到高度机械化施工都可以；且工序简单、施工速度快，质量也易保证。
结构简单。
造价低廉、运行管理方便、工作可靠，便于维修加高。
缺点坝顶不能溢流，常须另开溢洪道施工。
导流不如混凝土坝方便，因而相应增加了工程造价坝体断面大，土料填筑的质量易受气候影响。
这给施工带来困难，甚至延长工期、增加造价。
土石坝的类型土石坝按施工方法的不同可分为：碾压式土石坝，抛填式堆石坝，定向爆破堆石坝，水中倒土坝和水力冲填坝等。
其中尤以碾压式土石坝应用最广。
按土料在坝体中配置和防渗体的位置不同，又可分为均质坝，分区坝，人工防渗材料坝。
均质坝优点：材料单一、工序简单；缺点：are homogeneous (even-granular) dams, ?zoned earth dams, and dams with artificial anti-seepage materials. Strong points of homogeneous dams: one fold materials, simple process weak points: flat gradient, large section, weather-limited, strong water pressurein holes. Zoned dams are classified into ones with core anti-seepage and ones with front anti-seepage. Less amount of earth, less affect of season. interfering with the filling of the dam body. Less interference with the construction of the dam body. weaker anti-earthquake and uneven sinking. The anti-seepage parts of dams with artificial anti-seepage materials use asphalt concrete, reinforced concrete or other artifical materials. Sometimes, the anti-seepage parts are in the dam front facing the upstream, sometimes, they are at the core of the dam. Working conditionsTrapeziform sectionEarth-rock dam is a water retaining structure built with loose granules of earth and rocks?filled and roller compacted. With weaker strength between these granules, both upsteam and downsteam slopes have to be kept at a?certain degree to avoid landslide. So the dam section is usually?trapeziform.?It can be destablized in two ways, simple slope sliding and sametime sliding of slope and foundation caused by shear damage.?It'sa difference from other structures Seepage effectsWith a large section, the dam is generally kept from entire sliding unless caused by weak interlayers. Effected by water levels at the upsteam and downsteam, seepage is easy to happen with streams passing the ?faying surfaces between the dam and foundation, 坝坡较缓、剖面大，受气候限制，坝体孔隙水压力大，高坝很少采用。
分区坝分心墙坝、斜墙坝等，前者优点：土料占总方量比重不大，施工受季节影响小。
缺点：心墙与坝体大体要同时填筑，相互干扰。
后者优点：与坝体施工干扰小。
缺点：抗震性能和适应不均匀沉陷的能力不如前者。
人工防渗材料坝的防渗体由沥青混凝土、钢筋混凝土或其他人工材料组成，其余部分由土石料筑成。
其中防渗体在上游的称为斜墙坝（面板坝），在坝体中央的称为心墙坝。
工作条件梯形剖面土石坝是由松散颗粒土石料填筑碾压而成的挡水建筑物。
由于土粒间的抗剪强度小，上下游坡如不维持一定的坡度，就可能发生坍塌现象。
所以，土石坝的剖面一般呈梯形。
失稳的形式则是坝坡滑动或坝坡连同地基一起滑动的剪切破坏，这是与其他建筑物的不同之处. 渗流影响土坝挡水后，由于坝体断面较大，除坝基有水平软弱夹层外，产生整体滑动的可能性较小。
但在上下游水位的作用下，水流经过坝身及坝基（包括两岸）的结合面和坝体土与混凝土等建筑物的结合面易产生渗漏。
渗流在坝体内形成自由水面，浸润线以下的土体全部处于饱和状态。
饱和区的土体受水的浸泡而使土的有效重量减轻，并使土的内摩擦角和粘结力减小。
同时，渗透水流and between dam earth and concrete buildings. The seeping streams?form a free water surface inside the dam. Under the surface, all the earth body is saturated. ?Dipped in the water, the earth become lighter in effect. And its angle of internal friction is narrowed, and ?cohesive force weakened. With the hydrodynamic pressure from the seeping steams, more sliding of dam slopes is possible. When seeping steams?move in?soil,?the dam body and foundation will be deformed from too steep hydraulic gradient.??Sometimes the dam even crashes.Scour effectIts anti-scour ability is weak because the cohesive force between earth granules is small. On the one hand, the rain water enters the dam and lower the stability of the dam, and on the other hand, the rain scour the dam surface along the slope. At the same time, the waves inside the reservoir also wash out the dam surface, putting the surface in the risk of being damaged. Sometime,?landslide even happens due to this.?So effective protecting measures have to be taken for dam slopes both upstream and downstream.Sinking effectThe dam body and foundation will sink under their self weight and water load besides the space between earth granules. If it sinks too much, the elevation level will not be sufficient, and then the operation of the dam will be affected. And, too much uneven sinkage will cause fracture of the dam boday, and even a seepage passage, putting the dam at risk.Other effectsIn freezing regions, an ice-covered layer will be formed over the reservoir when the temperature is below 0 degree. 对土体还有动水压力的作用，这些力增加了坝坡滑动的可能性。