2020美赛D题参考翻译

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【精品】2020美国数学大联盟)挑战赛三年级真题(附答案+中文翻译+解题思路)

2017-2018年度美国“数学大联盟杯赛”（中国赛区）题目翻译及解题tips【翻译】：2018与以下哪个数字相加的总和是偶数？The sum of…总和…；the even number偶数【翻译】：约翰和吉尔一共有92美元。

约翰的钱是吉尔的三倍。

问约翰有多少钱？①…has three times（倍数）as many(修饰可数名词)/much(修饰不可数名词)as…A的…是B的几倍②As···as···和什么一样多【翻译】：汤姆是一个篮球热爱者！在他的书中，他写了100次“ILOVENBA”（我爱NBA）。

问他写的第500个字母是什么。

（提示：本题考查周期循环规律题）【翻译】：一个长*宽为8*25的长方形和以下哪个长方形有相同的面积。

【翻译】：前100个正整数（1-100）的和与后50个正整数（51-100）的和之间的差是多少？①Positive difference···与···的差；②positive integers正整数【翻译】：你有一根10英尺长的杆子需要被切成10等份。

若每一份需要10秒去切，完成这份工作一共需要多少秒。

【翻译】：Amy将2018四舍五入约至十位（rounded···to the nearest tens）得到的数字与Ben将2018四舍五入约至百位得到的数字，这两个数字之和是多少？【翻译】：下列哪组数有最小公倍数？【翻译】：Dan每买2支铅笔的同时也会5支钢笔。

如果他买了10支铅笔，那他一共买了几支钢笔？【翻译】：星期四的20天后是星期几？【翻译】：下列哪个角的度数最小？①an obtuse钝角②an acute锐角③a right直角④a stright平角【翻译】：我们班的每位学生都要轮流喊一个整数。

第一个人喊的是1。

2020高考英语模考翻译和答案汇总

2020届上海市高三英语一模试卷翻译题目和答案学生版和老师版目录2020宝山一模 (1)2020崇明一模 (1)2020奉贤一模 (2)2020虹口一模 (3)2020黄浦一模 (3)2020嘉定一模 (4)2020静安一模 (5)2020 闵行一模 (6)2020浦东一模 (6)2020普陀一模 (7)2020青浦一模 (8)2020松江一模 (8)2020徐汇一模 (9)2020杨浦一模 (10)2020长宁一模......................................... 10 2020宝山一模翻译答案 . (12)2020崇明一模翻译答案 (12)2020奉贤一模翻译答案 (13)2020虹口一模翻译答案 (14)2020黄浦一模翻译答案 (15)2020嘉定一模翻译答案 (16)2020静安一模翻译答案 (16)2020闵行一模翻译答案 (17)2020浦东一模翻译答案 (18)2020普陀一模翻译答案 (19)2020青浦一模翻译答案 (20)2020松江一模翻译答案 (21)2020徐汇一模翻译答案 (22)2020杨浦一模翻译答案 (22)2020长宁一模翻译答案 (23)学生版- 翻译题目汇总2020宝山一模72. 无论时走路、骑车还是开车，遵守交通规则都很重要。

（follow) ————————————————————————————————————————73. 只有发展好、运用好、治理好互联网，才能使其更好地造福人类。

（Only) ————————————————————————————————————————74. 鼓励你，给你建议，并提出有建设性的问题的人被称作人生教.（helpful) ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————75. 生命充满了挑战，但是只要你有学习新事物的意愿，就能得到克服障碍的正确态度。

2021年数模小美赛C题翻译参考

2021年数模小美赛C题翻译参考C题原文Why people turn to terrorism, and especially suicidal terrorism?What arethe major reasons? It’s typically a combination of big issues and little ones, or what some call “push and pull” factors. The bigger issues include alienation, shared anger or outrage (e.g. at some foreign policy), frustration, disillusionment, a sense of victimization by the actions, or in the case of Syria, inactions, of others.The littler issues, the “lures” include the perceived benefits of turning - e.g. adventure, excitement, camaraderie, a sense of belonging,being part of something far bigger etc. The key to understanding is not just to ask why people turn but how they turn, and what strategies recruiters use in that process. Effective recruiters will use whatever tools in their arsenal to pull someone in, whether it is convincing them of their duty to go fight in defense of others,to convincing them that involvement offers them a way out of the humiliation and victimization the recruiter will remind the young person they are otherwise destined to face at home. Radicalization,and how it relates to recruitment (and how we respond to it) is a constantly changing system. Some extreme traits are not as disadvantageous for fitness, as they appear to be for social adaptation orwell-being, even when severely disordered subjects are examined.In fact, some traits increase in severity, they become more advantageous for attracting more mates and even producing more offspring.This would characterize these traitsas risky shortcuts to fitness,owing less to failures than to the twists and turns made by genes in order to perpetuate themselves. Why someone joins today is different to why someone might have joined even the same group three years ago. The idealism that helps draw someone into terrorism often conflicts with the reality as experienced by the newly minted recruit.Entrapment (in a psychological sense) develops quickly and recruits haveto cope with that disillusionment one way or another.You acquiesce to it and move on, maybe by embracing ideological content or seeking comfort in the camaraderie. Or you struggle with and try to conceal it until you can get out. Some terrorists report being disillusioned long before they have been able to disengage from terrorism. They report a sense of suffocation - being unable to leave for fear of retaliation (either by the terrorists or by the State) and being equally afraid of their disillusionment being detected by those close to them in the movement. We need to do a better job of providing “o ff-ramps”not just for people who are on the road to terrorism in the first place, butalso to those who have gotten themselves in a jam and want to get out beforeit’s too late. We need to know their certain psychologicalcharacteristics.Consider two questions. First: Who are you? What makes you different from your peers, in terms of the things you buy, the clothes you wear, and the car you drive (or refuse to)? What makes you unique in terms of your basic psychological make-up-the part of you that makes you do the things you do, say the things you say, and feel the things you feel? And the second question: How do you use the internet?Although these questions may seem unrelated, they’re not. Clearly the content of your internet usage cansuggest certain psychological characteristics. Spending a lot of late nights playing high stakes internet poker? Chances are you are1 / 42021年数模小美赛C题翻译参考a risk taker. Like to post videos of yourself doing karaoke on YouTube? Clearly an extravert. Choose to play as a opposite gender character in online games? You want to get attention or kinder treatment from other players.But what about the mechanics of your internet usage - how often you email others, chat online, stream media, play game, or multi-task (switch from one application or website to another)? Can these behaviors - regardless of their content - also predict psychological Why people turn to terrorism, andespecially suicidal terrorism?What are the major reasons? It’s typically a combination of bi g is sues and little ones, or what some call “push and pull” factors. The bigger issues include alienation, shared anger or outrage (e.g.at some foreign policy), frustration, disillusionment, a sense ofvictimization by the actions, or in the case of Syria, inactions, ofothers.The littler issues, the “lures” include the perceived benefits of turning - e.g. adventure, excitement, camaraderie, a sense of belonging,being part of something far bigger etc. The key to understanding is not just to ask why people turn but how they turn, and what strategies recruiters use in that process. Effective recruiters will use whatever tools in their arsenal to pull someone in, whether it is convincing them of their duty to go fight in defenseof others,to convincing them that involvement offers them a way out of the humiliation and victimization the recruiter will remind the young person theyare otherwise destined to face at home. Radicalization,and how it relates to recruitment (and how we respond to it) is a constantly changing system. Some extreme traits are not as disadvantageous for fitness, as they appear to befor social adaptation or well-being, even when severely disordered subjectsare examined.In fact, some traits increase in severity, they become more advantageous for attracting more mates and even producing more offspring.This would characterize these traits as risky shortcuts to fitness, owing less to failures than to the twists and turns made by genes in order to perpetuate themselves.Why someone joins today is different to why someone might have joined even the same group three years ago. The idealism that helps draw someone into terrorism 1characteristics?Assume we can monitor some people’s Internet use. We didn’t know what people were looking at on the internet (for example, depressed person - a dead giveaway), but merely how they were using the internet. None of the data categories gave specific information about what websites people were visiting, the content of their emails or chats, or the types of files being downloaded - they simply indicated the extent to which people used different broad categories of net-based resources, as well as differences in people’s tendency to use many resources at once.Task 1: Build a mathematical model to obtain a risk index, so we can evaluate the situation of each monitored person use it.Task 2: Experts use the expression big data to indicate huge amounts of information. We’ll get a lot of monitoring data, Please develop a series of statistical techniques to categorize them in an effective, fast and automatic manner.Task 3: If President Obama asked for your advice on fighting terrorism, what would you tell him? What should he do about ISIS?2 / 42021年数模小美赛C题翻译参考*Your ICM submission should consist of a 1 page Summary Sheet and your solution cannot exceed 20 pages for a maximum of 21 pages.C题翻译为什么人们转向恐怖主义，特别是自杀的恐怖主义？主要的原因是什么？它通常是一个大问题和小的组合，或者说什么叫做“推拉”因素。

美国数学建模题目2017至2017翻译

美国数学建模题目2017至2017翻译各位读友大家好，此文档由网络收集而来，欢迎您下载，谢谢篇一：2017年建模美赛C题带翻译Problem C: “Cooperate and navigate”Traffic capacity is limited in many regions of the United States due to the number of lanes of example, in the Greater Seattle area drivers experience long delays during peak traffic hoursbecause the volume of traffic exceeds the designed capacity of the road networks. This is particularlypronounced on Interstates 5, 90, and 405, as well as State Route 520, the roads of particular interestfor this problem.Self-driving, cooperating cars have been proposed as a solution to increase capacity of highwayswithout increasing number of lanes or roads. The behavior ofthese cars interacting with the existingtraffic flow and each other is not well understood at this point.The Governor of the state of Washington has asked for analysis of the effects of allowing self-driving,cooperating cars on the roads listed above in Thurston, Pierce, King, and Snohomish counties. (Seethe provided map and Excel spreadsheet). In particular, how do the effects change as thepercentage of self-driving cars increases from 10% to 50% to 90%? Do equilibria exist? Is there atipping point where performance changes markedly? Under what conditions, if any, should lanes bededicated to these cars? Does your analysis of your model suggest any other policy changes?Your answer should include a model of the effects on traffic flow of the number of lanes, peak and/oraverage trafficvolume, and percentage of vehicles using self-driving, cooperating systems. Yourmodel should address cooperation between self-driving cars as well as the interaction between self-driving and non-self-driving vehicles. Your model should then be applied to the data for the roads ofinterest, provided in the attached Excel spreadsheet.Your MCM submission should consist of a 1 page Summary Sheet, a 1-2 page letter to theGovernor’s office, and your solution (not to exceed 20 pages) for a maximum of 23 pages. Note: Theappendix and references do not count toward the 23 page limit. Some useful background information:On average, 8% of the daily traffic volume occurs during peak travel hours. ? The nominal speed limit for all these roads is 60 miles per hour.? Mileposts are numbered from southto north, and west to east.? Lane widths are the standard 12 feet.? Highway 90 is classified as a state route until it intersects Interstate 5.? In case of any conflict between the data provided in this problem and any other source, use thedata provided in this problem.Definitions:milepost: A marker on the road that measures distance in miles from either the start of the route or astate boundary.average daily traffic: The average number of cars per day driving on the : A limited access highway, part of a national system.state route: A state highway that may or may not be limited access.route ID: The number of the highway.increasing direction: Northbound for N-S roads, Eastbound for E-W roads.decreasing direction: Southbound for N-S roads, Westbound for E-W roads.问题C：“合作和导航”由于道路的数量，美国许多地区的交通容量有限。

美赛2020F题翻译以及完整思路2(更新版)

问题F：我那个叫做家的地方研究人员确定了马尔代夫，图瓦卢，基里巴斯和马绍尔群岛等几个岛国由于海平面上升而处于完全消失的危险中。

当岛国的土地消失后，岛上的人口会发生什么或应该发生什么？这些环境流离失所者（EDP）不仅需要搬迁，而且还存在失去独特文化，语言和生活方式的风险。

在这个问题上，我们请您从安置人员的需要和文化保护的角度来仔细研究这个问题。

有许多需要考虑的注意事项和问题，包括：这些EDP会去哪里？什么国家会接受它们？考虑到历史上和目前各国对温室气体的不成比例的贡献，它们加剧了与上升的海洋有关的气候变化，最严重的罪犯是否应负有更高的义务解决这些问题？而且，谁能决定这些无国籍的EDP在何处建立新家–个人，像联合国（UN）这样的政府间组织或吸收这些人的州的个人政府？从第3页开始的问题文件中对这些问题进行了更详细的说明。

由于联合国最近的一项裁决打开了对EDP作为难民的理论认可的大门，因此国际气候迁移基金会（ICM-F）聘请您为联合国提供咨询意见，方法是建立模型并使用它来分析这一多方面的问题联合国何时，为什么以及如何扮演角色来应对日益严重的EDP挑战。

计划向联合国简要介绍有关联合国应如何为EDP产生系统反应的指南，特别是考虑到保护文化遗产的愿望。

您的任务是开发一个（或多个）模型并使用您的模型来提供分析以支持此简介。

ICM-F 对了解EDP问题的范围特别感兴趣。

例如，目前有多少人有成为EDP的风险[1]高危国家文化的价值是什么？这些答案可能会随着时间变化吗？此外，世界应如何以一项国际政策作出回应，该政策特别侧重于保护因气候变化而消失的民族的权利，同时还旨在保护文化？根据您的分析，您可以针对此问题提供哪些建议，接受或拒绝您的建议有什么含义？这个问题非常复杂。

我们了解到，您提交的材料将无法完全考虑第3页开始的问题文件中描述的所有方面。

但是，考虑到您要解决的各个方面，您可以将工作综合起来作为ICM-F对联合国的忠告。

高中英语 2020全国1卷英语阅读理解CD篇随文生词及翻译

2020普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语第二部分阅读理解(共两节，满分40分)第一节(共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

B. It’s less challenging p hysically.C. It’s more effective in body building.D. It’s less likely to cause knee injuries.30. What is Dr. Norberg’s suggestion for someone trying race walkingA. Getting experts’ opinions.B. Having a medical checkup.C. Hiring an experienced coach.D. Doing regular exercises.31. Which word best describes the author’s attitude to race walkingA. Skeptical怀疑的.B. Objective反对的.C. Tolerant容忍的.D. Conservative保守的.研究表明，竞走与跑步有许多共同的健身益处，但最可能的原因是减少受伤。

然而，它也有自己的问题。

竞走运动员是有条件的运动员。

夏季奥运会最长的田径项目是50公里竞走，比马拉松长约5英里。

但是这项运动的规则要求竞走者的膝盖在大部分挥杆过程中保持笔直，一只脚保持接触。

一直与地面马萨诸塞州塞勒姆州立大学的运动科学助理教授杰克琳·诺伯格说，正是这种奇怪的跑步方式使得竞走成为一项很有吸引力的活动。

她说，就像跑步一样，竞走对身体的要求也很高。

根据大多数计算，以每小时6英里的速度运动的竞走者将消耗大约800卡路里的热量。

卡路里)这大约是步行的两倍，尽管步行比跑步要少，跑步每小时可能会燃烧大约1000或更多的卡路里。

高中英语 2020全国1卷英语阅读理解CD篇随文生词及翻译

然而，它也有自己的问题。

竞走运动员是有条件的运动员。

夏季奥运会最长的田径项目是50公里竞走，比马拉松长约5英里。

但是这项运动的规则要求竞走者的膝盖在大部分挥杆过程中保持笔直，一只脚保持接触。

一直与地面马萨诸塞州塞勒姆州立大学的运动科学助理教授杰克琳·诺伯格说，正是这种奇怪的跑步方式使得竞走成为一项很有吸引力的活动。

她说，就像跑步一样，竞走对身体的要求也很高。

根据大多数计算，以每小时6英里的速度运动的竞走者将消耗大约800卡路里的热量。

卡路里)这大约是步行的两倍，尽管步行比跑步要少，跑步每小时可能会燃烧大约1000或更多的卡路里。

2020届上海美国学校高三英语第四次联考试卷及答案解析

2020届上海美国学校高三英语第四次联考试卷及答案解析第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项AThe COVID -19 pandemic has affected all aspects of life, including the way we travel. But for those who are looking to expand their horizons while still staying safe, the following three travel trends in 2021 may provide inspirations. Let’s take a look.StaycationWith many travel restrictions during the pandemic, people preferred traveling to nearby places in 2020. This trend continues in 2021. According to search data, 62 percent of people are interested in taking a vacation within driving distance of home. People who live in large cities want to get back in touch with nature. Travelers are looking for places different from their everyday accommodations, for example, farm stays, villas and cottages.Pod travelWhile 2020 saw a rise in solo travel and isolated adventures, 2021 shows that people want to be more connected. “Pod travel”, or gathering in isolated spaces with loved ones, is growing in popularity. 85 percent of survey respondents favor traveling with family or friends, and over half of the trips searched include three or more people. Pod travel is here to stay for those who want to safely be together while reducing risks associated with socializing with others.Remote working and travelingMany people worked and learned from home in 2020 because of the pandemic. Remote working blurs the line between working and traveling. There was a 128 percent increase in the mention of phrases such as “relocation”, “relocate”, “remote work” and “trying a new neighborhood”. People are actively booking longer stays (e. g. two plus week trips) in small to mid—size cities with access to immersive natural surroundings and wide—open spaces.1.What can we learn about Staycation?A.Travelling to the countryside.B.Taking an isolated adventure.CHaving holidays in nearby places. D.Staying indoors all by oneself.2.What’s special about Pod travel?A.Traveling alone.B.Traveling far away.C.Traveling while working.D.Traveling with loved ones.3.Where might we find the text in a magazine?A.Medicine.cation.C.TourismD.Career.BA single toy catches a child's attention for a limited period of time, but a box of items that allows a child to build their own toys will catch their imagination for years to come. This brilliant idea already exists in real product form, and it's called Toyi.Toyi is described as an eco-friendly creative building kit, and it recently won the well-known IF Design Award. It came from Istanbul, Turkish, where a young female designer named Elif Atmaca first came up with the idea for it when she wanted to help the kids living in disadvantaged areas. These children do not have access to the variety of interesting toys that wealthier children do.Toyi Atmaca's design allows children to transform what are around them into clever toys. It consists of sticks, junction parts, flexible connectors, toy body parts like feet, eyes, hands, and wheels that can be used to turn old water bottles, cups, boxes, towels, etc. into cute, clever, and unique playthings. This toy kit upcycles(升级利用) materials that would otherwise go to waste, turning a recycling bin into a treasure container.“Our initial target was to deliver Toyi kits to only disadvantaged children in Turkish,” Atmaca told the media. But during a research conducted with around300 children, .she realized that the restriction on being creative went beyond any boundary. “I saw that everything was planned and shaped by grown-ups, blocking the kids' imagination in a significant way,” said Atmaca.Atmaca concluded that each kid needed space where he or she could freely create. She explained the entire process should be left to kids’ creativity, reminding teachers and all grown-ups that child-led play was an excellent way for children to develop lifelong skills.Toyi's creators are now considering distributing the kits to as many children as possible around the world through different international NGOs. Atmaca notes that for each Toyi kit sold out, they will also donate one kit toa disadvantaged child through different partnerships around the world.4. Why did Atmaca design Toyi at first?A. To win the famous IF Design Award.B. To help poor kids make their own toys.C. To protect the environment in Istanbul.D. To recycle all the waste in the dustbin.5. Which is probably the product made with the toy kit of Toyi?A. A new picture of a young boy.B. A computer with high technology.C. A treasure container from a dustbin:D. A six-armed “robot” from a water bottle.6. How do the toy kits help improve the children's ability?A. It provides the kids various types of toys.B. It offers space for the kids’ creative minds.C. It changes the poor kids' living conditions.D. It teaches the kids to share joys with others.7. What is the new target for Atmaca and her partners?A. Donating toykits to more poor children.B. Selling toy kits to every kid in the world.C. Designing new toy kits for kids and adults.D. Doing further research on the kids' demands.CAn anti-obesity program for Australian girls didn’t lead to any improvements in their diet, physical activities or body weight a year later, according to a new report.Findings from the school-based intervention (介入), which involved exercise sessions and nutrition workshops for lower-income girls, are the latest disappointment in a lot of research attempting tohead offadult obesity and the disease risks that come with it.Especially during the middle-and high-school years, girls’ physical activity reduces obviously, according to lead researcher David Lubans, from theUniversityofNewcastleinNew South Wales,Australia. He said, “In the future we need to make the programs more interesting and exciting and present information in a way that is meaningful to adolescent girl.”Lubans and his workmates conducted their study in 12 schools in low-income areas ofNew South Wales. At the start of the study, girls in both groups weighed an average of close to 130pounds, with about four in ten considered overweight. Over the next year, adolescents in the intervention group were given pedometers (计步器) to encourage walking and running and invited to nutrition workshops and regular exercise sessions during the schoolday and at lunchtime. Participation in some of those activities were less than ideal. For example, the girls went to only one-quarter of lunchtime exercise sessions, and less than one in ten completed at-home physicalactivity or nutrition challenges, the researchers reported. At the end of the year, girls in both groups had gained a similar amount of weight and there was no difference in their average body fat.Preventive medicine researcher Robert Klesges said that although some anti-obesity programs have helped adults lose weight, the teen population has always been a source of failure for researchers. “The common belief is: nothing works,” he said. “And we have got to get beyond that.”“We need to think outside the box,” said Klesges, who wasn’t involved in the new study. “That could include learning from what has worked in adult studies, such as giving meal replacement drinks or prepared foods to teens who have trouble making changes to their diet. Or, it could mean using a “step-care” method — rather than researchers or their doctor telling them to keep doing the same thing.” Klesges said.8. The underlined words “head off” in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by “________”.A. damageB. defendC. preventD. affect9. The methods used in the program to stop obesity don’t include ________.A. walking and runningB. inviting them to nutrition workshopsC. joining exercise sessions regularlyD. giving meal replacement drinks10. The main reason for the failure of the anti-obesity program is probably that ________.A. the participants didn’t take an active part in itB. the program was not interesting and exciting to participantsC. the participants didn’t get extra nutrition or exercise helpD. the program didn’t pay attention to healthy exercise11. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?A. As researchers, it is important to have creative research methods.B. Researchers need to give meals or prepare foods to participants.C. Teen girls have no difficulty in making changes to their diet.D. Some ant-obesity programs have not helped adults lose weight.DWho is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much moreintelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they?In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color1 or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.A study recently published bySciencefound that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别)are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found thatgirls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: ly not.Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”12. What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club?A. They're unfair.B. They're conservative.C. They're objective.D. They're strict.13. What can we infer about girls from the study inScience?A. They think themselves smart.B. They look up to great thinkers.C. They see gender differences earlier than boys.D. They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs14. Why are more geniuses known to the public?A. Improved global communication.B. Less discrimination against women.C. Acceptance of victors' concepts.D. Changes in people's social positions.15. What is the best title for the text?A. Geniuses Think AlikeB. Genius Takes Many FormsC. Genius and IntelligenceD. Genius and Luck第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

2020年高考英语天津卷阅读理解D逐句翻译讲解

一、原文翻译1、After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. 经过多年对人性的观察，我认为成就斐然的人和表现一般的人有两种不同的品质好奇和不满。

2、I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either.我从来没有见过一个杰出的人缺少这两样。

3、And I have never known an average man who had both.我从没见过一个普通人能同时拥有这两种能力。

4、The two belong together.这两者是一体的。

5、Together, these deep human urges（驱策力）count for much more than ambition.这些深人类欲望(驱策力)占比的野心。

6、Galileo was not merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground.伽利略当他把不同重量的物体从比萨斜塔上扔下，并计算好它们落地的时间时，他不仅仅是野心勃勃。

7、Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why?像伽利略一样，历史上所有的伟人都感到好奇和不满:“为什么?”8、Why?”为什么?”9、Fortunately, curiosity and discontent don’t have to be learned.幸运的是，好奇心和不满不需要学习。

2020美赛E题参考翻译

2020ICM 周末1问题E ：塑料溺水自20世纪50年代以来，塑料的制造因其多种用途而成倍增长，如食品包装、消费品、医疗器械和建筑。

虽然有很大的好处，但增加塑料生产的负面影响是令人关切的。

塑料产品不容易分解，很难处理，只有大约9%的塑料被回收[1]，每年进入海洋的大约4-1200万吨塑料废物可以看到效果[1，2]。

塑料废物具有严重的环境后果，据预测，如果我们目前的趋势继续下去，到2050年，海洋中的塑料含量将超过鱼类[2]。

对海洋生物的影响已被研究[3]，但对人类健康的影响尚未完全理解[4]单一用途和一次性塑料产品的兴起导致了致力于制造塑料废物的整个行业。

它还表明，产品有用的时间远远短于适当减少塑料浪费所需的时间。

因此，为了解决塑料废物问题，我们需要减缓塑料生产的速度，改进我们管理塑料废物的方法。

..您的团队已被国际塑料废物管理理事会（ICM ）雇用，以解决这一不断升级的环境危机。

你必须制定一个计划，以显著减少，如果不消除，一次性使用和一次性塑料产品的浪费..∙开发一个模型，以估计单一用途或一次性塑料产品废物的最大水平，这些废物可以安全地减轻，而不会造成进一步的环境损害。

在许多因素中，您可能需要考虑这种废物的来源、当前废物问题的程度以及处理废物的资源的可用性。

∙讨论在多大程度上可以减少塑料废物，以达到环境安全水平。

这可能涉及考虑影响塑料废物水平的因素，包括但不限于单一用途或一次性塑料的来源和用途、塑料替代品的可用性、对公民生活的影响，或城市、区域、国家和大陆减少单一用途或一次性塑料的政策，以及此类政策的有效性。

这些因素可能因地区而异，因此考虑到特定区域的制约因素可能会使某些政策比其他政策更有效。

∙利用你的模型和讨论，为单一用途或一次性塑料产品的全球废物的最低可达到水平设定一个目标，并讨论实现这一水平的影响。

你可以考虑改变人类生活的方式，环境影响，或对数万亿美元塑料工业的影响。

∙虽然这是一个全球性问题，但其原因和影响在各国或各区域之间并不平等分布。

2017美赛ABCDEF题英文+中文翻译

PROBLEM A:Managing The Zambezi RiverThe Kariba Dam on the Zambezi River is one of the larger dams in Africa.Its construction was controversial,and a2015report by the Institute of Risk Management of South Africa included a warning that the dam is in dire need of maintenance.A number of options are available to the Zambezi River Authority(ZRA)that might address the situation.Three options in particular are of interest to ZRA:(Option1)Repairing the existing Kariba Dam,(Option2)Rebuilding the existing Kariba Dam,or(Option3)Removing the Kariba Dam and replacing it with a series of ten to twenty smaller dams along the Zambezi River.There are two main requirements for this problem:Requirement1ZRA management requires a brief assessment of the three options listed, with sufficient detail to provide an overview of potential costs and benefits associated with each option.This requirement should not exceed two pages in length,and must be provided in addition to your main report.Requirement2Provide a detailed analysis of Option(3)-removing the Kariba Dam and replacing it with a series of ten to twenty smaller dams along the Zambezi river.This new system of dams should have the same overall water management capabilities as the existing Kariba Dam while providing the same or greater levels of protection and water management options for Lake Kariba that are in place with the existing dam.Your analysis must support a recommendation as to the number and placement of the new dams along the Zambezi River.In your report for Requirement2,you should include a strategy for modulating the water flow through your new multiple dam system that provides a reasonable balance between safety and costs.In addition to addressing known or predicted normal water cycles,your strategy should provide guidance to the ZRA managers that explains and justifies the actions that should be taken to properly handle emergency water flow situations(i.e. flooding and/or prolonged low water conditions).Your strategy should provide specific guidance for extreme water flows ranging from maximum expected discharges to minimum expected discharges.Finally,your recommended strategy should include information addressing any restrictions regarding the locations and lengths of time that different areas of the Zambezi River should be exposed to the most detrimental effects of the extreme conditions.Your MCM submission should consist of three elements:a standard1page MCM Summary Sheet,a1-2page brief assessment report(Requirement1),and your main MCM solution (Requirement2)not to exceed20pages for a maximum submission of23pages.Note: Any appendices or reference pages you include will not count towards the23page limit.A题中文翻译：问题A：管理赞比西河赞比西河上的卡里巴水坝是非洲较大的水坝之一。

2020年美赛试题

2020年美赛试题全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：2022020年美赛试题是一个国际性的数学建模比赛，是美国大学生数学建模竞赛的简称。

该比赛每年都吸引着全球众多优秀的大学生数学爱好者参与，旨在培养学生的团队合作能力、数学建模能力和解决实际问题的能力。

2020年美赛试题包括了多个实际问题，涉及到各种不同领域的知识和技能。

有关气候变化、交通拥堵、疾病传播等方面的问题，都是参赛选手需要解决的挑战。

参赛选手需要在规定的时间内，对所选题目进行深入分析、建立数学模型、进行模拟计算，并最终给出合理有效的解决方案。

本次比赛的试题设计十分考验参赛选手的综合能力，要求他们具备较强的数学建模能力、编程能力、数据分析能力等。

参赛选手需要充分发挥团队合作精神，共同分工协作，共同完成试题，最终得出科学合理的结论。

除了在数学建模能力上的要求，参赛选手还需要具备良好的逻辑思维能力、创新能力和团队精神。

在解决实际问题的过程中，需要他们不断挑战自我，勇于探索未知领域，寻找新的解决方案。

在本次比赛中，参赛选手将会面临着各种各样的挑战和困难。

他们需要面对未知的实际问题，需要分析复杂的数据，需要精确建立数学模型，需要进行大量的模拟计算。

只有克服了这些困难，才能最终给出可信的解决方案。

2020年美赛试题的设计十分贴近实际生活，涉及到了各种领域的知识，对参赛选手提出了很高的要求。

参赛选手需要在短时间内做出合理的数学建模、给出有效的解决方案，这不仅考验了他们的数学水平，更考验了他们的团队合作能力和解决问题的能力。

通过参与这样的数学建模比赛，不仅可以提高参赛选手的综合素质，更可以锻炼他们的团队合作精神和解决问题的能力。

希望更多的大学生能够参与到类似的比赛中，不断挑战自我，不断提高自己的能力，成为未来社会的栋梁之才。

第二篇示例：2020年美国大学生数学建模竞赛（简称美赛）是一项旨在提倡学生团队合作、数学建模和创新思维的竞赛活动。

该赛事已经成为全球最具影响力的数学建模比赛之一，吸引了来自世界各地的大学生参与。

美赛题目2010-2018（含目录）

目录2018 年美赛题目翻译 (3)问题A：多跳HF 无线电传播 (3)问题B：语言传播趋势 (3)问题C ：能源配置与预测 (5)问题D：从汽油驾驶到E （电）驾驶 (6)问题E：气候变化如何影响区域不稳定？ (7)问题F：隐私成本问题 (8)2017 年美赛题目翻译 (10)问题A：管理赞比西河 (10)问题B：收费后合并 (11)问题C：“合作和导航” (12)问题D：在机场安全检查站优化乘客吞吐量 (13)问题E：规划可持续城市的发展 (15)问题F：迁移到火星：2100城市社会的乌托邦劳动力 (17)2016 年美赛题目翻译 (20)Program A 浴缸的水温模型 (20)Program B 解决空间碎片问题 (20)Program C 优质基金挑战 (21)2015 年美赛题目翻译 (21)问题一：根除病毒 (21)问题B：寻找失踪的飞机 (22)2014 年美赛题目翻译 (22)问题A：（交通流、路况）优化 (22)问题B：（体育教练）综合评价 (23)2013 年美赛题目翻译 (23)A ：平底锅受热 (23)B：可利用淡水资源的匮乏 (24)2012 年美赛题目翻译 (25)A 题：一棵树的叶子 (25)B：沿着 Big Long River 野营 (25)2011 年美赛题目翻译 (26)A:单板滑雪场地 (26)B：中继站的协调 (26)2010 年美赛题目翻译 (27)A 题：解释棒球棒上的“最佳击球点” (27)B 题系列犯罪地理效应 (27)2018年美赛题目翻译问题A：多跳HF 无线电传播背景：在高频段（HF,定义为3-10MHz），无线电波可以在地球表面和电离层之间的多次反射以进行长距离的传输（从地球表面上的一个点到地球表面上的另一个远点）。

对于低于最大可用频率（MUF）的频率，来自地面源的HF 无线电波将随着每个连续的跳跃继续前进从电离层反射回地球，在那里它们可能再次反射回到电离层，也可能再次反射回地球，等等。

2020年美赛F原题 word版

2020 ICM Weekend 2Problem F: The Place I Called Home…Researchers have identified several island nations, such as The Maldives, Tuvalu, Kiribati, and The Marshall Islands, as being at risk of completely disappearing due to rising sea levels. What happens, or what should happen, to an island’s population when its nation’s land disappears? Not only do these environmentally displaced persons (EDPs) need to relocate, but there is also risk of losing a unique culture, language, and way of life. In this problem, we ask you to look more closely at this issue, in terms of both the need to relocate people and the protection of culture. There are many considerations and questions to address, to include: Where will these EDPs go? What countries will take them? Given various nations’ disproportionate contributions to the green-house gasses both historically and currently that have accelerated climate change linked to the rising seas, should the worst offenders have a higher obligation to address these issues? And, who gets a say in deciding where these nationless EDPs make a new home – the individuals, an intergovernmental organization like the United Nations (UN), or the individual governments of the states absorbing these persons? A more detailed explanation of these issues is given in the Issue Paper beginning on page 3.As a result of a recent UN ruling that opened the door to the theoretical recognition of EDPs as refugees, the I nternational C limate M igration F oundation (ICM-F) has hired you to advise the UN by developing a model and using it to analyze this multifaceted issue of when, why, and how the UN should step into a role of addressing the increasing challenge of EDPs. The ICM-F plans to brief the UN on guidance for how the UN should generate a systemized response for EDPs, especially in consideration of the desire to preserve cultural heritage. Your assignment is to develop a model (or set of models) and use your model(s) to provide the analysis to support this briefing. The ICM-F is especially interested in understanding the scope of the issue of EDPs. For example, how many people are currently at risk of becoming EDPs[1]; what is the value of the cultures of at-risk nations; how are those answers likely to change over time? Furthermore, how should the world respond with an international policy that specifically focuses on protecting the rights of persons whose nations have disappeared in the face of climate change while also aiming to preserve culture? Based on your analysis, what recommendations can you offer on this matter, and what are the implications of accepting or rejecting your recommendations?This problem is extremely complex. We understand that your submission will not be able to fully consider all of the aspects described in the Issue Paper beginning on page 3. However, considering the aspects that you address, synthesize your work into a cohesive answer to the ICM-F as they advise the UN. At a minimum, your team’s paper should include:•An analysis of the scope of the issue in terms of both the number of people at risk and the risk of loss of culture;•Proposed policies to address EDPs in terms of both human rights (being able to resettle and participate fully in life in their new home) and cultural preservation;• A description of the development of a model used to measure the potential impact of proposed policies;[1]There are multiple estimates for the current and predicted number of climate refugees in the existing literature, but they are vastly different. Therefore, you need to support your conclusions with analysis based on your own model(s), either building off of existing analysis or with a new and independent analysis.•An explanation of how your model was used to design and/or improve your proposed policies;•An explanation, backed by your analysis, of the importance of implementing your proposed policies.The ICM-F consists of interdisciplinary judges including mathematicians, climate scientists, and experts in refugee migration to review your work. Therefore, your paper should be written for a scientifically literate yet diverse audience.Your submission should consist of:•One-page Summary Sheet•Table of Contents•Your solution of no more than 20 pages, for a maximum of 22 pages with your summary and table of contents.NOTE: Reference List and any appendices do not count toward the page limit and should appear after your completed solution. You should not make use of unauthorized images and materials whose use is restricted by copyright laws. Ensure you cite the sources for your ideas and the materials used in your report.GlossaryEnvironmentally displaced persons (EDPs): people who must relocate as their homeland becomes uninhabitable due to climate change eventsCultural heritage: the ways of living of a group or society passed through generations to include customs, practices, art, and values.ICM Problem FIssue PaperAs noted in the problem statement, several island nations are at risk of completely disappearing due to rising sea levels.[1] The issue is quite complex. It is not simply a matter of identifying how to move a certain number of people around the globe – it is also about recognizing that these people are human beings who have rights and who are the last living representatives of their unique culture. In this Issue Paper, we highlight three of the essential ideas that frame this problem: relocation decisions as they relate to human rights, nation-state responsibility, and individual choice; the tension between assimilation and accommodation as part of resettlement and cultural preservation; and time factors such as the rate of the nation disappearing, the timing of these losses aligning with a global rise in nationalism, and the difficulty in making sound predictions about the size of this issue.Relocation Decisions: Human Rights, Nation-State Responsibility, and Individual Choice Considering the relocation issue, you might think that such EDPs would have similar rights as other UN-recognized refugees, but the United Nations High Commission on Refugees (UNHCR) and the widely adopted 1967 protocol has historically only afforded rights to those who are displaced due to politically related security issues, such as ethnic or religious persecution. However, in a very recent ruling, the UN has acknowledged this issue and recognized that some EDPs might qualify as refugees.[2] Although a ruling has now been made, there is not yet a vision on how the international community should respond as these situations increase in magnitude and frequency.[3]Rights awarded to these refugees include right to work, freedom of movement, and protection by host governments. Additionally, the UNHCR, in collaboration with other aid organizations, work to provide aid and assistance to refugees until they are resettled in another country, become naturalized by their host state, or repatriate to their country of origin. Now, with this new ruling, the former inhabitants of the disappeared nation may be eligible for some of those rights or aid, but there is no hope of repatriation as the land itself is gone.Even if EDPs are eligible for rights somewhere else, it is not clear where this new home would be or who would be responsible for making that decision. There are individual and international considerations related to whether the selection of a new long-term residence is made by individuals or if the choices are made or swayed by immigration policies developed by nations in isolation or as part of a cooperative effort coordinated by the United Nations. Possible migration policies could consider the financial ability of the new nation to absorb these new individuals, but there is also discussion of setting up burden-sharing based on nations’ relative contributions (pollution) to the environmental conditions that is leading to the loss of these nations. In other words, the international community may press nations with high pollution records to contribute more to the resettlement of EDPs in some equitable manner.Resettlement and Cultural Preservation: Assimilation versus AccommodationIn terms of the cultural preservation issues, the nations that are most at risk are arguably some of the most culturally distinct in the world with languages, music, art, dances, social norms, and ways of life that can be different from island to island even within the same island chain. As a result, the loss of one of these nations could represent a significant cultural loss. While the displaced inhabitants may be able to preserve some aspects of their culture, some are geographically specific. For example, traditional ocean fishing techniques used in The MarshallIslands are unlikely to continue to be practiced by families who settle in the Alps. As another example, perhaps the language could be preserved, but this would require host nations to be more accommodating and less strict on the assimilation requirements of these special new residents who may be trying to preserve their culture in a new land. For example, France current requires refugees who resettle there to learn French, but if there were international pressure, perhaps France would waive this requirement for groups of EDPs who are trying to preserve a lost culture.This leads to a tension between accommodation and assimilation as other nations volunteer to absorb the populations of the former nations. It is important to note that it is the lack of a UN protocol for dealing with EDPs that forces other nations to volunteer to settle and naturalize those affected. In fact, the loss of a nation falls into the no-man’s land between several UN charges – the care of refugees (UNHCR), the protection of world culture (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)), and emergency aid response (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA)). And while the residents of a handful of small island nations might be absorbed relatively easily by volunteer nations, the fact is that climate change has been ushering a literal wave of more frequent and more intense environmental disasters. Imagine a major tsunami taking out a nuclear power plant and causing enough other significant damage that a more heavily inhabited nation may become uninhabitable; or a place being hit by so many repeated severe storms that rebuilding was deemed unwise; or a place where climate change is making it impossible for a nation that was formerly flush with crops to provide for its people. At what point should the UN step in, and in what role?Time Factors: Raging Waves, Rising Seas, and Rising NationalismIf a nation is wiped out as a result of a rapid catastrophic event, such as a tsunami or hurricane, then there is no time to prepare, even if the country knew they were at risk of such an event. When a nation is sinking as a result of slowly rising sea levels, then there are issues about how a migration could be coordinated and planned, or even how the loss could be mitigated through land-preserving measures taken by the at-risk nation with or without international support. It is not clear how the timescale of the loss would impact, or should impact, the ultimate decisions that need to be made concerning the resettlement of a population, the protection of their human rights, and the preservation of their culture.Additionally, as the urgency to address this issue is literally rising with the sea level, the world is also experiencing a rise of nationalism, so the global response today may be very different than it would have been at other periods in history where globalism may have been more in favor than nationalism. If policies, or a lack of policies, end up pushing EDPs towards a subset of welcoming nations, then those countries may get overwhelmed and become less welcoming in response. Therefore, the changing global political climate may also be an important factor to consider.Lastly, all of these challenges make the size of this problem extremely difficult to predict. Credible studies have predicted anywhere from 140 million to one billion EDPs by 2050.[4,5] Summary:In summary, as a nation disappears, it is not clear if an international cooperative and coordinated effort should be adopted to address the loss of homes, the need to resettle, and the preservation of culture. This issue is complex, and no model or report would be able to adequately address everyaspect in detail, but excellent reports need to be aware of these different aspects and how they are interrelated. There is the aspect of human rights, which are now recognized in theory, but have never been applied in practice. There is the balance of individual choice versus policy-driven migration. Another aspect is defining equitable burden sharing which could be driven by the capacity for nations to absorb new residents and/or obligations due to contributions to climate change; specifically, whether the nations with the largest contributions to climate change have any ethical obligations to take on a higher burden in assisting climate refugees. Yet another aspect is a balance between assimilation and accommodation, as new residents preserve their culture and/or blend into their new home. Some nations may disappear slowly, such as sinking under rising sea levels or loss of the ability to produce food, while other nations may be wiped out in a catastrophic disaster; and the immediate needs and ability to plan for the long-term needs in these situations are different. Furthermore, the situation is evolving over time as climate change advances and as we see a global rise in nationalism. Lastly, all of this complexity has made it difficult to even measure the problem or predict how quickly it will escalate.Cited ReferencesNote that these are provided as citations to support claims in the Issue Paper. We have already pulled the important ideas from these resources for you, so although your team may use these sources, access to these is not required. Instead your team is encouraged to look for other sources to support your claims.[1]Letman, J. (2018, November 19). Rising seas give island nation a stark choice: relocate or elevate. National Geographic. Retrieved fromhttps:///environment/2018/11/rising-seas-force-marshall-islands- relocate-elevate-artificial-islands/.[2]Young, M. (2019, December 9). Climate Refugees Refused UN Protection & Denied Rights Under International Law. Retrieved from /2019/12/climate-refugees- refused-un-protection-denied-rights-international-law/.[3]Su, Y. (2020, January 29). UN ruling on climate refugees could be gamechanger for climate action. Retrieved from https:///2020/01/29/un-ruling-climate- refugees-gamechanger-climate-action/.[4]The World Bank Report. (2018, March 19). Climate Change Could Force Over 140-Million to Migration Within Countries by 2050. Retrieved fromhttps:///en/news/press-release/2018/03/19/climate-change-could-force-over- 140-million-to-migrate-within-countries-by-2050-world-bank-report.[5]Kamal, B. (2017, August 21). Climate Migrants Might Reach One Billion by 2050. Retrieved from /2017/08/climate-migrants-might-reach-one-billion-by-2050/.。

201X年美赛D题题目翻译

问题D：优化机场安全检查站乘客吞吐量继2001年9月11日美国发生恐怖袭击事件后，全世界的机场安全状况得到显着改善。

机场有安全检查站。

在那里，乘客及其行李被检查爆炸物和其他危险物品。

这些安全措施的目的是防止乘客劫持或摧毁飞机，并在旅行期间保持所有乘客的安全。

然而，航空公司有既得利益，通过最小化他们在安全检查站排队等候并等待他们的航班的时间，来保持乘客积极的飞行体验。

因此，在最大化安全性和最小化对乘客的不便之前存在对立。

在2016年，美国运输安全局（TSA）受到了对极长线路，特别是在芝加哥的奥黑尔国际机场的尖锐批评。

在此公众关注之后，TSA投资对其检查点设备和程序进行了若干修改，并增加了在高度拥堵的机场中的人员配置。

虽然这些修改在减少等待时间方面有一定的成功，但TSA在实施新措施和增加人员配置方面花费了多少成本尚不清楚。

除了在奥黑尔机场的问题，还有在其他机场，包括通常排队等待时间较短的机场，会出现不明原因和不可预测的排队拥挤情况的事件。

检查点排队状况的这种高度变化性对于乘客来说可能是极其不利的，因为他们面临着不必要地早到达或可能赶不上他们的预定航班的风险。

许多新闻文章，包括[1,2,3,4,5]，描述了与机场安全检查站相关的一些问题。

您的内部控制管理（ICM）团队已经与TSA签订合同，审查机场安全检查站和人员配置，以确定潜在的干扰乘客吞吐量的瓶颈。

他们特别感兴趣的解决方案是，既增加检查点吞吐量，减少等待时间的变化，同时保持相同的安全和安全标准。

美国机场安全检查点的当前流程如图1所示。

区域A：乘客随机到达检查站，并等待队列，直到安全人员可以检查他们的身份证明和登机文件。

区域B：然后乘客移动到打开检查的队列;根据机场的预期活动水平，可能开放更多或更少的线路。

一旦乘客到达这个队列的前面，他们准备所有的物品用于X射线检查。

乘客必须去除鞋子，皮带，夹克，金属物体，电子产品和带液体容器，将它们放置在单独的X射线箱中;笔记本电脑和一些医疗设备也需要从其袋中取出并放置在单独的容器中。

2024年美赛d题思路

2024年美赛d题思路全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：【2024年美赛D题思路】2024年的美国数学建模竞赛（MCM）D题是一个非常具有挑战性和创新性的题目，要求参赛者在给定的情景下运用数学建模方法解决一个复杂的问题。

对于参赛者来说，如何找到合适的思路和方法来解决这个题目是至关重要的。

我们需要了解2024年美赛D题的具体要求。

根据竞赛组委会发布的信息，D题将围绕未来城市交通问题展开。

参赛者需要分析未来城市的交通状况，并提出一种新颖的解决方案，以减少拥堵、提高交通效率和保护环境。

这样一个题目要求参赛者具备系统性思维和创新思维，能够从整体的角度出发，找到最优的解决方案。

针对2024年美赛D题，我们可以提供一些解题思路和建议。

参赛者可以从城市交通的特点和问题出发，深入分析未来城市交通的发展趋势和面临的挑战。

通过收集相关数据和资料，建立数学模型来描述城市交通系统的特点和规律，找出影响交通效率的关键因素，并寻求针对性的解决方案。

参赛者可以采用系统动力学模型，从整体的角度研究城市交通系统的运行规律。

可以考虑城市规划、交通网络设计、交通信号控制、公共交通建设等多个方面，综合考虑各种因素对交通系统的影响，讨论不同政策和措施对城市交通的影响。

参赛者还可以考虑利用智能交通技术、大数据分析和人工智能等先进技术手段来优化城市交通系统。

可以建立虚拟仿真模型，模拟不同的交通流量和拥堵情况，预测未来交通需求和趋势，提出智能化的交通管理方案，改善城市居民的出行体验。

参赛者还可以关注环保和可持续发展的问题，提出与城市交通相适应的绿色出行方案，通过促进公共交通的发展、鼓励步行和骑行、推广电动车和共享出行等方式来改善城市交通环境，减少碳排放和空气污染。

2024年美赛D题是一个需要参赛者发挥创新能力和团队合作精神的题目，通过深入研究和分析未来城市交通问题，提出新颖的解决方案和建议，可以为城市交通发展提供有益的参考和借鉴。

希望广大参赛者能够充分发挥自己的才能和潜力，在比赛中取得优异的成绩，为城市交通的改善和发展做出贡献。

2020年上海美国学校高三英语第四次联考试题及答案解析

2020年上海美国学校高三英语第四次联考试题及答案解析第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项AWhen it comes to the greatest inventions of the world, China’s name is sure to be mentioned several times. There are hundreds of things which were invented by the Chinese.AlcoholShocked? I was because when they said alcohol I thought about either the US or the UK. China had never crossed my mind. In China, alcohol was made by two legendary persons named Yi Di and Du Kang who belonged to the Xia Dynasty. This period was about 2000 BC - 1600 BC. Research says that in ancient China, beer with 4% alcoholic content was widely consumed by people.TeaChina is the proud inventor of tea which was first drunk by Shen Nong, a Chinese emperor around 2737 BC. Tea production was rapidly developed, making tea a popular drink during the Tang and Song Dynasties.The Mechanical ClockHave you ever wondered what on earth we would be doing without any idea of time? A clock really is an invention without which things were incomplete. The credit of making the first mechanical clock goes to ancient China. The first mechanical clock was invented by Yi Xing in the Tang Dynasty. This was during 618 and 907.Silk FabricSilk, the favorite fabric of many girls out there, is also a Chinese invention. Although we all know that silk is made by silkworms, it was Chinese people who first invented a way to harvest the silk and then use it to make clothes. The oldest silk which has been found so far is in Henan Province and dates back to 3630 BC.1.We can learn from Paragraph 2 that ________.A.people in the US like alcoholB.beer was popular in the Xia DynastyC.Yi Di and Du Kang invented alcohol by accidentD.the author didn’t know alcohol is a Chinese invention2.The author asks the question in Paragraph 4 to show ________.A.ancient Chinese inventors were wiserB.many things in our lives are incompleteC.ancient Chinese people never wasted timeD.the invention of the mechanical clock is important3.Which of the following invention has a longer history?A.Tea.B.Alcohol.C.Silk fabric.D.The mechanical clock.BThe first patient who died on my watch was an older man with a faulty heart. We tried to slow it down with treatment, but it suddenly stopped beating completely. Later, whenever I would have a case like that one, I found myself second-guessing my clinical management. However, it turns out that thinking twice may actually cause more harm than good.In a working paper, Emory University researchers found that when doctors delivering a baby have a bad result, they are more likely to switch to a different delivery method with the next patient, often unnecessarily and sometimes with worse results.Because doctors make so many decisions that have serious consequences, thefalloutfrom second-guessing appears especially large for us. A 2006 study found that if a patient had a bleed after being prescribed (开药) warfarin, the physician was about 20% less likely to prescribe later patients the blood thinner that prevents strokes (中风). However, if a patient was not on warfarin and had a stroke physicians were still no more likely to prescribe warfarin to their other patients.These findings highlight interesting behavioral patterns in doctors. In the blood-thinner study, doctors were more affected by the act of doing harm (prescribing a blood thinner that ended up hurting doctors were more affected by the act of doing harm(prescribing a blood thinner that ended up hurting a patient) and less affected by letting harm happen (not prescribing a blood thinner and the patient having a stroke). Yet a stroke is often more permanent and damaging than a bleed.But this phenomenon is not unique to medicine. ''Overreaction to Fearsome Risks'' holds true for broader society.For instance, sensational headlines about shark attacks on humans in Florida in 2001 caused a panic and led the state to prohibit shark-feeding expeditions. Yet shark attacks had actually fallen that year and, according to the study, such a change was probably unnecessary given the extremely small risk of such an attack happening.Humans are likely to be influenced by emotional and often irrational (不理性的) thinking when processinginformation, bad events and mistakes. As much as we don't want to cause an unfortunate event to happen again, we need to be aware that a worst situation that can be imagined doesn't necessarily mean we did anything wrong. When we overthink, we fail to rely on thinking based on what we know or have experienced. Instead, we may involuntarily overanalyze and come to the wrong conclusion.I have treated dozens of patients who presented with the same illnesses as my first patient, who died more than a year ago. Instead of second-guessing myself, I trusted my clinical instinct (本能) and stayed the course. Every one of those patients survived. You should trust your instinct in your life, too.4. The first two paragraphs suggest that________.A. bad medical outcomes affect doctorsB delivering babies can be difficult workC. some doctors are not very experiencedD. doctors sometimes make silly mistakes5. In the blood-thinner study, doctors________.A. tend to prescribe less effective medicineB. are more concerned about the patients' safetyC. become less confident in writing a prescriptionD. believe a stroke is more treatable than a bleeding6. What does the underlined word ''fallout'' in Paragraph 3 probably mean?A. ResultB. BenefitC. DifferenceD. Absence7. The author will probably agree that________.A. we should not doubt our own decisionsB. our experience will pave way for our futureC. humans are emotional and irrational on the wholeD. instincts don't necessarily lead to wrong directionsCSomeday soon an emoji (表情符号)might really save lives.Hiroyuki Komatsu is a Google engineer who suggested adding a series of new emojis to the standard emoji library. It could help those with food allergies (过敏)understand what they are eating anywhere inthe world. Emojis should cover characters representing major food causing allergies. They make people understand what are used in foods even in foreign countries and safely select meals.Emojis are universal because they are chosen and developed by the Unicode Consortium, a non-profit company that oversees, develops and maintains how text is represented. This is in regards to all software products and standards. It's thanks to the Unicode Standard that when you text a friend six pizza emojis, they’ll see those six pizza pieces on their phone. This is true regardless of whether they use an iPhone or an Android.Because emojis are everywhere and visual(视觉的),they could be helpful for restaurants and food packaging designers. They can communicate whether a product is made with common causing-allergy food. But as Komatsu’s advice argues, many of the most common causing-allergy foods are missing or poorly represented by the present emoji library. For example, there is an emoji for octopus, but nothing for squid. There is a loaf of bread that could symbolize grain, but a picture of wheat could be clearer. The emojis can be more direct when symbolizing foods.It’s not uncommon for the Unicode Consortium to add new emojis to the library: several food-related emojis were put into use last June, including some long-waited food emojis. Apple included support for multiracial emojis in a recent iOS update. An artist even recreated Moby-Dick in emoji characters. Some might be sorry for the continuing death of the written word if Komatsu’s suggestion is accepted, but look on the bright side: if you ever see that happy poop on a box, you’ll know to stay away.8. How will emojis save lives according to the text?A. By showing what the food contains visually.B. By telling the safest places in the world.C. By teaching people how to treat allergies.D. By adding standard emojis about safety.9. What does paragraph 3 mainly tell us?A. Emojis have the same meanings around the world.B. The Unicode Consortium is a non-profit company.C. What emojis represent is different in different places.D. Different mobile operating systems have different emojis.10. What can be the reason for Komatsu’s advice?A. Emojis are easy to mix up.B. Present emojis are not enough.C. Emojis can't interest most users.D. Emojis can't represent foods directly.11. What is the author’s attitude to Komatsu's suggestion?A. Doubtful.B. Worried.C. Supportive.D. Uninterested.DPaper is an important part of modern life. People use it in school, at work, to make artwork and books, to wrap presents and much more. Trees are the most common material for paper these days.So how do people make paper out of trees today? People first cut trees, load them onto trucks and bring them to a factory. Machines cut open the outer coverings of the trees, and cut the trees into pieces. Those pieces are boiled into a soup. After that, it is hit flat, dried and cut up into sheets of paper.The entire process, from planting a small tree to buying your school notebook, takes a very long time. Just growing the trees takes 10 to 20 years.Making tons of paper from trees can harm the planet. Humans cut down 80, 000 to 160,000 trees around the world every day, and use many of them to make paper. Some of those trees come from tree farms. But people also cut down forests for paper, which means that animals and birds lose their homes.Cutting forests down also contributes to climate change, and paper factories pollute the air. After you throw paper, it often takes the paper six to nine years to break down. That's why recycling is important. It saves a lot of trees, slows climate change and helps protect endangered animals, birds and all creatures that rely on forests for their homes and food.So if paper isn't good for the environment, why don't people write on something else?The answer: They do. With computers, tablets and cellphones, people use much less paper than in the past. Maybe a day will come when we won't use paper at all — or will save it for very special books and artworks.12. What can we know about making paper out of trees?A. It costs much money.B. It takes a lot of time.C. It is very easy and fast.D. It is dangerous and difficult.13. What is the impact of paper production?A. It promotes the recycling.B. It does harm to the environment.C. It slows down the climate change.D. It protects the animals from losing homes.14. How will we use paper someday in the future according to the text?A. Use it for books only.B. Use the recycled paper.C. Treasure it occasionally.D. Use it for artworks.15. What idea does the author want to express from the text?A. The influence of making paper on environment.B. The wonderful experience of making paper.C. The necessary process of making paper.D. The good reasons for making paper.第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

2020年上海美国学校高三英语模拟试题及答案解析

2020年上海美国学校高三英语模拟试题及答案解析第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项ANational Disability Insurance Scheme (方案)The National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) will transform the way Queenslanders with disability are supported and change the way disability services are funded and delivered.Under the scheme, Queenslanders with disability will have choice and control over how they access support and who delivers them. They will also have certainty that they will be supported throughout their lifetime to achieve their personal goals.The NDIS will have an effect on the following programs.School Transport Assistance Program for Students with DisabilityThe NDIS will not disrupt existing services for qualified students. The Queensland Government will also continue to provide school transport assistance for students with disability who are not qualified to receive funding via the NDIS.For more information about the School Transport Assistance Program, and to check your qualification, visit the Education and Training website.Taxi Subsidy (补助金) SchemeThe Queensland Governmenthas lengthened the Taxi Subsidy Scheme (TSS) membership for NDIS qualified members to 31 October, 2022. This will allow more time to solve transport support arrangements under the Commonwealth’s NDIS.You can find more information about the TSS and your qualification on the TransLink website.Disability Parking Permit SchemeNo changes will be made to the Disability parking permit scheme when the NDIS is introduced inQueensland. Current arrangements for this scheme will be maintained.You can find more information on this scheme, and check your qualification, on the Queensland Government website.Public Transport Concessions for People with DisabilityThere will be no change to concessions on public transport for people with disability when the NDIS isintroduced inQueensland. TransLink will continue to ensure concessions are provided for disabled persons travelling on public transport inQueenslandwhen the NDIS is introduced.You can find more information about public transport discounts for people with disability, and check your qualification, on the TransLink website,1.Which program helps drive the disabled to and from school?A.Taxi Subsidy Scheme.B.Disability Parking Permit Scheme.C.Public Transport Concessions for People with Disability.D.School Transport Assistance Program for Students with Disability.2.What can we learn about Taxi Subsidy Scheme?A.The scheme is for parking permit.B.The existing membership can be effective for longer time.C.There is no change to current arrangements for the scheme.D.The NDIS will not break off existing services for qualified students.3.What do the four programs have in common?A.They are all related to transport.B.They are all largely affected by NDIS.C.They all can be checked on the same website.D.They all provide discounts for disabled persons.BDogs are often called as “man's best friend”, MacKenzie, a four-pound Chihuahua（吉娃娃）, was named winner of the 2020 American Hero Dog Competition on October 19, 2020.In its tenth year in 2020 the annual contest is the brainchild of American Humane, the country's first national charitable organization founded for the safety and well-being of animals. Often called the “Oscars for dogs”, the award recognizes dogs who make extremely great contributions to society.The competition of 2020 attracted over 400 entries（参赛者）from across the country. These heroic dogs have gone above the call of duty, saving lives, comforting the ill and aged and reminding us of the powerful, age-old ties between animals and people. While all were impressive, it was tiny MacKenzie who wonthe judges' hearts.MacKenzie's growth was not easy. Born with a mouth disability, she had to be fed through a tube（管子）for the first year of her life. Despite her own struggles, she always seemed to think more of other animals in need.“Never have I seen such a will to live. Though sick, she carefully looked after the baby animals at the rescue（救助）center,” said her caretaker.A life-saving operation performed in 2014 gave MacKenzie the ability to eat independently. The seven-year-old chihuahua is now working for the Mia Foundation, an organization that rescues and nurses animals with inborn disabilities. The chihuahua does an excellent job and has raised various animals. She plays nurse, cleans, comforts and hugs them, acting as their mother and teaching them how to socialize, play and have good manners.In addition to her role as an animal caretaker, MacKenzie also visits schools to educate kids about the importance of accepting physical differences in both animals and people. Her heartwarming and inspiring story makes MacKenzie a worthy receiver ofAmerica's top dog honor.4. What can we infer about the American Hero Dog Competition?A. It was first held in 2010B. It was held to honor caretakers of dogs.C. It takes place every ten years.D. It was started by a charitable organization.5. With what quality did MacKenzie win the award?A. Talent and braveryB. Friendliness and care.C. Courage and selflessness.D. Confidence and independence.6. In which aspect can students benefit from MacKenzie's visits?A. Learning from failures.B. Understanding the disabled.C. Valuing physical health.D. Developing practical ability.7. What's the best title for the text?A. Dogs Are Man's Best Friends.B. Treat Dogs the Way We Want to Be Treated.C. Touching Stories between MacKenzie and PeopleD. 2020 American Hero Dog: A TinyChihuahua.CWhat will future schools look like in 100 years? Imagine future schools in which students are totally engaged in a class. They are concentrating on working together to solve real-world problems. They are self-driven and are coming up withamazing ideas on the spot. They are concerned with each other’s well-being as part of a team. Their concerns reach far beyond the classroom to others all over the globe.The school of the future will be an amazing melting pot of different peoples coming together to solve real-world problems.Will they even be called “schools” in the future?The teacher-student relationship is changing. Teachers are acting more as helpers rather than keepers of all knowledge. Students are driving their own education to the path that they feel best fits them. In the future, employers may not be as concerned with a diploma. They’ll look more at cases and examples of how students contribute to solving real-world problems. They’ll want to know how well they work in a team.What will problem-solving look like in the future?Information from the Internet is accessible everywhere and at unimaginable speeds. Kids are connected to news around the world in real time. Imagine someone could put out a request to the global community to help solve an issue in their own community! Classes can adopt an issue and work with other classes around the world in real time to create solutions.What will information look like in the future?It’s already everywhere. Users can get flooded by the constant flow of information. The need to understand what is true and what is not is important. The flipped classroom (翻转课堂) has already completely changed lecture-based lessons. It presents interesting content to students before they even come to class. They can access the Internet as many times as they want to review the lessons.8. What is the key message of the first paragraph?A. The things students will do in the future school.B. The situation where students will be in the future.C. The attention students will pay to in the classroom.D. The methods students will use to study in the classroom.9. What will be thought highly of when students solve real-world problems?A. Respect.B. Patience.C. Teamwork.D. Concern.10. What can we infer from the fourth paragraph?A. Teachers encourage students to develop leadership.B Students are really relaxed with their heavy study.C. The employers value students’ diplomas most.D. Students have the right to choose the most suitable lessons.11. What’s the purpose of the flipped classroom?A. To help students to improve the problem-solving ability.B. To provide the lessons for students to study before or after class.C. To help students to keep in contact with the outside world.D. To help students to understand the most difficult content.DJapan is known to have higher than average rates of stomach cancer. Recently, the town of Kaneyama in Yamagata Prefecture decided to get its 6, 000 residents (居民) tested.However, the frozen urine samples (尿样) are not tested in conventional ways. Instead, Professor Masao Miyashita and his team are using them in a trial to determine if specially trained cancer-sniffing dogs can accurately detect the disease. Though the study is still in its early stages, Miyashita is thrilled with the results. He said, “In our research so far, cancer detection dogs have been able to find signs of cancer with an accuracy of nearly 100 percent.”Researchers have known about the animals’ superior sensory skills for decades. However, their ability to detect cancer in humans came to light in 1989, after a dog sniffed out early-stage malignant melanoma (恶性黑色素瘤) on a patient’s leg in London. Since then, scientists from many countries have conducted studies to test dogs’ great skill at identifying cancer chemicals.While most dogs can be trained for the task researchers say the best candidates are dogs that are precise, quiet, and perhaps even a little shy. The training process is similar to how dogs are taught to learn any trick — by rewarding them with treats! However, it takes much longer because the dogs have to learn to separate the “cancer scent (气味)”from the thousands of organic compounds (有机化合物) in the human body. Researchers begin by exposing the dogs to urine samples from people with cancer, people with other diseases, and patients with no health issues, Once the dogs are able to accurately identify cancer, they are further trained to detect particular kinds of cancer.Successful as they may be, experts think dogs are unlikely to replace conventional tests. For one, it takes about seven years and costs as much as $45,000 to train a single dog. Klaus Hackner, a researcher and physician who studies dogs detecting cancer in breath samples at Krems University Hospital in Austria, is also not convinced dogs can be relied upon alone. Patients, therefore, have to receive further tests to confirm if they have the disease.12. What do we know about the cancer-sniffing dogs mentioned in Paragraph 2?A. They have done a great job.B. They are trained in a special way.C. They can easily learn to distinguish cancer.D. They can be seen in many Japanese hospitals.13. What does the author intend to do in Paragraph 3?A. Offer readers some advice.B. Add some background information.C. Summarize the previous paragraphs.D. Introduce a new topic for discussion.14. What kind of dog is suitable for the cancer-sniffing job?A. Smart and brave.B. Active and faithful.C. Strong and patient.D. Careful and peaceful.15. What is Klaus Hackner’s opinion on cancer-sniffing dogs?A. They should work as a team.B. They need to receive more training.C. They can replace doctors in detecting cancer.D. They should be used together with traditional tests.第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

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2020 ICM周末1
问题D：团队合作策略
随着社会之间的联系越来越紧密，他们面临的挑战也越来越复杂。

我们依靠具有不同专业知识和不同见解的跨学科团队来解决许多最具挑战性的问题。

在过去的50多年中，我们对团队成功的概念性理解有了很大进步，从而使更好的科学，创意或物理团队可以解决这些复杂的问题。

研究人员报告了组建团队的最佳策略，队友之间的最佳互动以及理想的领导风格。

跨各个部门和领域的强大团队能够通过个人努力或一系列队友的附加贡献来完成无法完成的复杂任务。

探索团队过程的最有用的设置之一是竞技团队运动。

团体运动必须遵守严格的规则，包括但不限于球员人数，他们的角色，球员之间的允许接触，他们的位置和动作，获得的积分以及违规后果。

团队的成功不仅仅是个人能力的总和。

而是基于许多其他因素，这些因素涉及队友的比赛表现。

这些因素可能包括团队是否具有多种技能（一个人可能很快，而另一个人很精确），团队在个人绩效与集体绩效之间的平衡程度（明星球员可以帮助利用其所有队友的技能），以及球队在一段时间内有效协调的能力（一名球员从对方手中抢断球，另一名球员准备进攻）。

根据您的建模技巧，爱斯基摩人，您的家庭足球（在欧洲和其他地方称为足球）团队的教练已要求您的公司Intrepid Champion Modeling（ICM）帮助您了解团队的动态。

尤其是，教练要求您探索球员之间在现场的复杂互动如何影响他们的成功。

目标不仅是检查直接导致得分的互动，而且还探索整个比赛以及整个赛季的团队动力，以帮助确定可以改善下赛季团队合作的特定策略。

教练已要求ICM量化并正规化已为团队成功（但未成功）的结构和动态特征。

爱斯基摩人提供了上个赛季的数据[1]详细信息，包括他们与19个对手进行的38场比赛（每场对战球队两次）。

总体而言，该数据涵盖366名玩家（30名哈士奇玩家和336名来自对立团队的玩家）之间的23,429次传球，以及59,271次比赛事件。

为了回应赫斯基教练的要求，您的ICM团队应使用提供的数据解决以下问题：
为球员之间的传球创建一个网络，其中每个球员都是节点，每个传球都构成球员之间的链接。

使用您经过的网络来识别网络模式，例如二元和三元配置和团队组成。

还要考虑游戏中的其他结构指标和网络属性。

你应该
[1]该数据集来自一个更大的数据集，涵盖了来自五项欧洲国家足球比赛以及2018年世界杯的近2000场比赛[1]。

在观察互动时探索多种尺度，例如但不限于从微观（成对）到宏观（所有玩家），
以及从短（分钟到分钟）到长（整个游戏或整个赛季）的时间。

∙确定反映成功团队合作的绩效指标（除了得分或获胜以外），例如比赛类型的多样性，球员之间的协调或贡献的分配。

您还可以考虑其他团队级别的流程，例如
适应性，灵活性，节奏或流程。

弄清策略是普遍有效还是取决于对手的反战略可
能很重要。

使用已确定的绩效指标和团队级别的流程来创建一个模型，以捕获团
队工作的结构，配置和动态方面。

∙使用从团队合作模型中获得的见解，向教练告知哪种类型的结构策略对爱斯基摩犬有效。

就网络分析表明他们应该在下个赛季做出以改善团队成功的变化向教练
提供建议。

∙通过对哈士奇犬的分析，您可以在团队运动的受控环境中考虑小组动力。

理解使某些群体的表现优于其他群体的复杂因素，对于社会的发展和创新至关重要。

随
着我们的社会越来越多地解决与团队有关的问题，您能否概括一下您的发现，以
说一下如何设计更有效的团队？开发团队绩效的通用模型还需要捕捉团队合作的
其他哪些方面？
您提交的内容应包括：
∙一页摘要表
∙目录
∙您的解决方案不超过20页，最多包含摘要和目录的22页。

注意：参考列表和任何附录不计入页数限制，应在完成解决方案后出现。

您不应使用未经
版权法限制使用的未经授权的图像和材料。

确保您引用了想法的来源和报告中使用的材料。

附件
2020_Problem_D_DATA.zip
fullevents.csv ma
tchs.csv
passingevents.csv
README.txt
词汇表
二进位配置：涉及成对玩家的关系。

三合一配置：涉及三个参与者的组的关系。

引用参考
[1] Pappalardo，L.，Cintia，P.，Rossi，A.等。

足球比赛中时空比赛事件的公共数据集。

Sci Data 6, 236 (2019).
可选资源
足球（足球）网络的研究导致许多文章讨论了相关主题。

下面列出了一些文章。

您不需
要在解决方案中使用任何这些示例文章，也不是完整的列表。

我们鼓励团队利用任何支
持其解决问题方法的期刊文章。

Buldú，JM，Busquets，J.，Echegoyen，I。

等。

（2019）。

定义一支历史悠久的足球队：使用网络科学分析瓜迪奥拉的巴塞罗那足球俱乐部。

科学代表，第9卷，第13602页。

Cintia，P.，Giannotti，F.，Pappalardo，L.，Pedreschi，D.，和Malvaldi，M.（2015）。

目标的严格规则：足球队的数据驱动绩效指标。

2015年IEEE数据科学与高
级分析国际会议（DSAA），1-10，7344823。

Duch J., Waitzman JS, Amaral LAN (2010).量化单个玩家在团队活动中的表现。

公共
科学杂志，5：e10937。

GÜRSAKAL, N., YILMAZ, F., ÇOBANOĞLU, H., ÇAĞLIYOR, S. (2018).中的网络主题
足球。

土耳其体育运动杂志，20（3），263-272。

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