概要写作微技能训练之如何提炼与处理次要点
【新题型】概要写作必须掌握的技巧与口诀,都在这里啦！
【新题型】概要写作必须掌握的技巧与⼝诀,都在这⾥啦！爱V⾼中英语推荐搜索句⼦概要写作读后续写⽉末⼲货⼀、概要写作总体介绍1.题型介绍◆选材特点(1)所需阅读的短⽂词数在350以内;(2)所选材料体裁没有限制，以说明⽂、议论⽂和记叙⽂为主。
◆评分参考阅卷时主要考虑以下内容：(1)对原⽂要点的理解和呈现情况;(2)应⽤语法结构和词汇的准确性;(3)上下⽂的连贯性;(4)对各要点表达的独⽴性情况。
【注意】理解准确，涵盖全部要求，完全使⽤⾃⼰的语⾔，准确使⽤相应的语法结构和词汇，得分相应⽐较⾼。
相反，如果概要写作部分出现两句以上整句抄⾃原⽂现象，得分档次将会⼤⼤降低;所写内容与所提供内容⽆关不得分。
2.考查能⼒概要写作，简⾔之就是对所读过的⽂章简要概括，写出⽂章的中⼼⼤意，也可称之为摘要。
写概要时，读者要是把⽂章的具体信息⽤⼀些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，⽽不是抄袭⽂章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中⼼，⽽是要通过对⽂章中的单词、词组和句⼦进⾏合理转换，对⽂章的具体信息进⾏概括，再⽤合适的语⾔表述出来。
这⼀题型主要考查学⽣对⽂章主旨⼤意的概括和准确获取关键词的能⼒，同时考查学⽣⽤简洁的语⾔概括⽂章重要信息的能⼒以及对⽂章整体结构的把握能⼒。
因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书⾯表达，是⼆者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书⾯表达的沟通桥梁。
⼆、概要写作步骤和⽅法1.概要的写作步骤1）确定主题句。
确定阅读⽂章的主题句，⼀般在段⾸。
没有主题句的需要⾃⼰组合。
2）寻找关键词。
分析主题句意义，确定关键词，关键词⼀般体现为名词、形容词，关键词的数⽬决定了概括的信息浓度。
3）重构主题句。
概括的主题句逻辑上要统摄后⾯所有的⽀撑句。
可以从作者的写作⽬的逆推，反映写作⽬的主题句是⾼度抽象的，它基本决定了概括的质量。
4）重组⽀撑句。
⽀撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句，可以是补充过程或者提供证据。
【⼝诀】简括为：缩长见短，省却细腻。
括：概括性。
作文训练中的关键技巧
作文训练中的关键技巧作文是学习中重要的一环，通过写作可以提高语言表达能力、思维逻辑能力和文化素养。
然而，无论是初学者还是有一定经验的写手，在作文训练中都面临一些挑战。
本文将介绍一些关键的技巧，以帮助大家在作文训练中取得进步。
首先，要有清晰的思路和结构。
在写作之前，做好充分的思维准备是非常重要的。
可以先用思维导图将自己想表达的观点和论据进行整理，明确文章的大致框架。
然后，根据框架进行分段，并在每个段落中表达一个清晰的观点。
正确的结构可以使文章更加有条理，易于理解和阅读。
同时，要注意段落之间的过渡，以保持文章整体的连贯性。
其次，要扩充自己的词汇量。
用恰当的词汇来表达观点是作文的关键之一。
为了拓展词汇量，可以多读一些有挑战性的文章和书籍。
在阅读的同时，注意记录生词并进行积累和运用。
此外，使用词典或在线翻译工具来查找不熟悉的词语的意思和用法也是提高词汇量的好办法。
通过多样化的词汇选择，可以使作文更加生动有趣，同时也提升写作的魅力。
第三，要注重语法和标点符号的运用。
正确的语法和标点符号的使用可以使文章更清楚、准确和易读。
为了提升语法水平，可以经常进行语法练习，特别是对自己经常出错的语法点进行针对性的训练。
此外，在写作过程中，要注意标点符号的使用。
熟悉各种标点符号的作用和用法，避免标点符号错误和断句混乱，可以使文章流畅有序。
第四，要进行反复的修改和润色。
写作不是一蹴而就的过程，写完初稿之后，一定要进行反复的修改和润色。
首先，检查文章的逻辑和结构，确保观点的连贯性和条理性。
其次，仔细审查语法和拼写错误，纠正不准确或不恰当的表达。
此外，还可以请教他人或寻求专业编辑的建议，以获得更全面的反馈和指导。
通过不断的修改，作文的质量会有显著的提升。
最后，要多写多练。
写作是一项需要不断练习的技能，多写多练是提高写作水平的关键。
可以选择一些有趣的话题进行练习，比如描述自己的一天、讲述一个有趣的经历等等。
同时，要设定一定的写作目标，坚持每天写一点，不断积累写作经验。
如何精准提炼文章要点
如何精准提炼文章要点在我们日常的阅读和学习中，常常需要从大量的文字中快速准确地提炼出关键要点。
这不仅能够帮助我们提高阅读效率，更好地理解文章的主旨，还能让我们在信息爆炸的时代迅速获取有价值的内容。
那么，如何才能精准提炼文章要点呢？首先，我们要对文章进行快速浏览。
在这一过程中，不要过于关注细节，而是要从整体上把握文章的结构和主题。
留意标题、副标题、段落开头和结尾，以及文中出现的图表、加粗、斜体等特殊标记的内容。
这些通常都是作者用来突出重点的地方。
接着，要明确文章的类型。
不同类型的文章，其要点的呈现方式也有所不同。
比如，议论文往往会在开头提出论点，然后通过一系列论据进行论证；记叙文则通常围绕事件的发生、发展和结果来展开，其要点可能是事件的关键情节或人物的重要行为；说明文则是为了介绍某个事物或现象，要点多集中在事物的特征、功能或现象的原理等方面。
在阅读过程中，要学会抓住关键语句。
关键语句一般包括中心句、主旨句、过渡句等。
中心句通常能够直接概括段落或文章的主要内容；主旨句则明确表达了作者的核心观点；过渡句则起到承上启下的作用，有助于我们理解文章的逻辑结构。
例如：“综上所述”“由此可见”“然而”“但是”等词后面的语句，往往具有重要的信息。
同时，我们还要善于总结归纳。
对于文中的一些具体事例、数据、细节等，可以进行概括和提炼，提取出其核心含义。
比如，遇到一系列列举的例子，可以将其共同点归纳出来，而不是逐一记忆每个例子的具体内容。
此外，做笔记也是一个非常有效的方法。
可以在阅读时随手记录下关键的词语、句子，或者用自己的话简单概括段落的大意。
这样不仅有助于集中注意力，还能方便后续回顾和整理。
为了更精准地提炼要点，我们还要学会区分主次信息。
有些内容可能只是为了丰富文章、增加趣味性或者进行补充说明，并非核心要点。
比如，一些背景介绍、个人感受、无关的旁支细节等，可以适当忽略。
还要注意文章中的逻辑关系。
作者在阐述观点时，往往会遵循一定的逻辑顺序，比如因果关系、并列关系、递进关系等。
作文写作技能总结梳理梳理梳理梳理梳理梳理梳理梳理梳理
作文写作技能总结梳理梳理梳理梳理梳理梳理梳理梳理梳理作文写作技能总结在学生的学习生涯中，写作是一项非常重要的技能。
不论是应对考试还是在日常生活中与他人交流，都需要一定的写作能力。
本文将总结并梳理一些作文写作的技巧，帮助读者提升自己的写作水平。
一、明确写作目的和读者在进行写作之前，明确写作的目的和读者是非常重要的。
不同的写作目的和读者会要求不同的写作风格和语言表达方式。
例如，写一篇感谢信需要注意礼貌和正式的语言，而写一篇演讲稿则需要更加生动和有说服力的表达方式。
二、合理组织思路结构一篇好的作文应该有一个清晰的思路结构，使读者能够循序渐进地理解你的观点和论证。
在开始写作之前，可以列一个提纲来规划整篇文章的结构。
提纲可以包含引言、主体段落和结论，帮助你将思路有序地展开。
三、恰当使用丰富的词汇和表达方式在写作中，恰当地使用丰富的词汇和表达方式可以让文章更加生动和有趣。
可以通过阅读各种书籍和文章来扩充自己的词汇量，同时也要学会运用词语的不同变体和同义词，避免使用重复的词语，使文章更加丰富多样。
四、确保语法和句法的正确性语法和句法的正确性是一篇好作文的基础。
在写作过程中，要注意句子的结构和语法的准确性，尽量避免使用模棱两可或者错误的句子。
可以通过学习语法规则和阅读范文来提高自己的语法水平。
五、使用恰当的标点符号和段落分隔标点符号和段落分隔的使用对于文章的流畅度和可读性非常重要。
正确使用逗号、句号、破折号等标点符号可以让句子更加清晰明了，段落分隔可以帮助文章的结构更加清晰。
在写作过程中，要留意标点符号和段落分隔的运用。
六、反复检查和修改文章完成文章之后，要反复检查和修改文章，确保语句通顺、逻辑清晰、无拼写错误或者语法错误。
可以请他人帮助审查文章，提出改进的建议。
通过不断的修改和完善，使文章更加精炼和流畅。
总结：写作是一项需要不断练习和提升的技能。
通过明确写作目的和读者、合理组织思路结构、恰当使用丰富的词汇和表达方式、确保语法和句法的正确性、使用恰当的标点符号和段落分隔以及反复检查和修改文章，可以帮助我们提高作文写作的能力。
青年人总结撰写中的重点内容提炼
青年人总结撰写中的重点内容提炼撰写文章是一项需要一定技巧的任务，特别是对于青年人而言。
在这个信息爆炸的时代，面对大量的信息和思考，能够准确、简洁地提炼出重点内容是非常重要的。
本文将为大家介绍一些青年人总结撰写中的重点内容提炼的技巧。
一、明确核心观点在撰写文章时，首先要明确文章的核心观点或主题。
核心观点是文章的灵魂，通过对核心观点的提炼和归纳，可以帮助我们把握文章的主线逻辑。
可以通过以下几个方面来明确核心观点：1. 通过关键词提炼：通过仔细阅读文章，并将文章中的关键词整理出来，可以帮助我们找到文章的核心观点。
例如，如果文章讨论的是环保问题，那么"环保"、"可持续发展"等词语可能是核心观点的关键词。
2. 通过摘要式提炼：在阅读文章的过程中，可以尝试将每个段落的内容用1-2句话的形式进行摘要，然后再通过这些摘要来总结出文章的核心观点。
二、梳理主要论据除了核心观点，文章中的论据也是非常重要的，特别是在说服读者的过程中。
梳理主要论据可以帮助我们清晰地表达自己的想法，增强文章的逻辑性和说服力。
以下是一些梳理主要论据的技巧：1. 寻找主要论点：在阅读的过程中，找到文章中的主要论点，并对其进行提炼。
主要论点通常会出现在文章的开头或结尾部分，可以通过这些关键句子来找到。
2. 梳理支撑论据：主要论点需要有充分的支撑论据来证明其正确性。
在梳理主要论据时，要注意找到文章中的支撑论据，并对其进行提炼和整理，以增强文章的逻辑性。
支撑论据可以是事实、数据、案例等。
三、突出关键信息在撰写文章时，突出关键信息是非常重要的，可以帮助读者更快地理解文章的要点，提高文章的可读性。
以下是一些突出关键信息的技巧：1. 使用引号和加粗：在文章中，可以使用引号或加粗的方式来突出关键词或关键句子。
这样可以直观地告诉读者这部分内容是文章的重点。
2. 使用列表和标题：在文章中使用列表和标题的格式，可以将关键信息进行分类归纳，使得读者更容易获取到重要信息。
写材料要学会提炼概括
写材料要学会提炼概括在学习写作过程中，掌握提炼概括的技巧是非常重要的。
提炼概括指的是通过筛选、归纳和总结信息，将一篇文章的核心思想和要点简明扼要地表达出来。
下面将介绍一些学习提炼概括的方法和技巧。
首先，要明确文章的目的和主题。
在写作之前，应该明确自己的写作目标，确定文章的主题和核心思想。
这样可以帮助我们在写作过程中提取关键信息，避免文章内容过于冗杂。
其次，要善于分析文章结构。
文章一般由引言、主体和结论三个部分组成。
在提炼概括时，可以分别分析这三部分的内容，将其核心思想抽离出来，忽略不相关的细节。
另外，还需要重点关注段落和句子的结构。
一个段落或者句子通常由一个中心句或一个关键词来支撑。
通过理解和抓住这个中心句或关键词，可以帮助我们更好地理解和提炼段落和句子的核心意思。
除了以上的方法，还可以运用阅读理解技巧来提炼概括。
比如，可以标记关键词和重要信息，划出关键句和段落，进行摘要和总结。
同时，可以通过做练习题和阅读相关注解和讲解来提高自己的提炼概括能力。
此外，要不断积累背景知识和提高阅读能力。
丰富的背景知识和良好的阅读理解能力是提炼概括的基础。
通过广泛阅读来积累知识和培养阅读能力，可以提高自己的提炼概括水平。
最后，不断的实践和反思是提炼概括的关键。
通过实践写作和反思自己的写作过程，每次都评估和改进自己的提炼概括能力，才能逐步掌握这一技巧。
综上所述，提炼概括是学习写作过程中的重要环节。
我们应该通过了解文章的目的和主题，分析文章结构和句子段落的核心，运用阅读理解技巧和积累背景知识来提高自己的提炼概括能力。
同时，不断的实践和反思是掌握这一技巧的关键。
只有通过不断的努力和实践，我们才能在写作中提炼出精炼而有力的概括。
概要写作之四步提炼主旨要义 备战高考英语微专题(全国通用)
概要写作之四步提炼主旨要义概要写作精准提炼主旨四步走第一步：读懂原文，明确篇章结构写概要之前，一定要先通读原文，确定文章的体裁和主题。
在正确把握文章主旨和段落大意后，明确原文的篇章结构。
根据意义划分文中的自然段，意义段的数量对应的就是要点的数量。
[提醒]一个自然段不一定是一个要点，有时几个自然段说明一个要点，有时一个自然段包含数个要点。
第二步：去次留精，提炼关键信息·明确全文的篇章结构后，就要处理原文的内容，目的是保留主要内容，删除次要内容。
·先找出主题句，同时标注与主题相关的关键词，最后归纳的要点往往是这些词句的同义转述。
·原文描述性的语言、细节性的信息如列举数字和列举的事例等无须在概要中一一列出。
明确每个意义段的关键信息后，接下来应用自己的语言准确地表达各意义段的要点。
为避免和原文的句子重复，可利用同义转述和句式转换这两种形式归纳要点。
各要点的词数应根据文中对应内容的篇幅来定，分清主次。
转换表达注意遵循2个原则①不增不减不曲：客观精准地表述原文要点，不增添不属于原材料的信息或删减原材料关键信息或改变原材料所表达的意思。
②不繁：在正确理解原文的前提下，用简洁的语言表达与所给材料一致的信息。
在概要中合理使用非谓语、从句和特殊句式等使句式丰富多样，但句子结构不可过长，也不要用太复杂的句子结构。
同时选用适当的过渡衔接词衔接上下文，保证概要部分内容的连贯性。
【策略演示】阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
（2018年11月，their websites can all start to look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus （校园）like visiting_and_seeing_for_yourself_the_dorms,_classrooms_and_athletic_equipment_and,_of_cour se,_the_students. It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away. But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one.fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country thatIf campus visits aren't going to happen before you apply, at the very least you shouldlike to attend. It_can_save_you_a_lot_of_heartache if you rule out now the things that you don't like about certain campuses, things that you wouldn't know unless you actually visit.CollegeWeekLive. It's a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors （顾问）, and it won't cost you a penny! You can register for its online college fair at . While visiting an online college fair can't take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities you'd like to attend.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【思路点拨】第1步读懂原文，明确篇章结构原文是说明文，为确保精彩的大学生活，在申请大学前应抽时间提前了解大学。
读后续写与概要写作微技能三 如何提炼关键词
2．首先要结合主旨大意，选取与文本主旨密切相关的词语。它们通常是名词(短语)、 动词(短语)和形容词(短语)等实词。这些实词有可能以原词、代词、同义词、近义 词或反义词的形式重复出现，但提炼时不能重复关键词。
3．提取关键词时，必须注意句子间的关系。不要在表达相同或相近含义的句子里重 复提取关键词，如议论文的段落中常有主题句和结论句，结论句通常用不同的表 达方式重申主题句的含义，因此没必要在结论句中再次提取关键词。
微技能三 如何提炼关键词
60词左右的概要不允许照搬含有主题和支持性信息的原句。为了使独立表达成为 可能，你必须学会提炼关键词，提取关键词主要考查学生概括思想内容，提取关键信 息的能力。说到底就是要善于提取“核心信息”，善于提炼恰当的词语来表达内容。 关键词一般是名词、动词、形容词，不会是虚词。 1．“提炼”是一个弃．芜．存．精．的过程，因此要做到精炼，也就是说提炼的结果是获取最
lying will try to look at you in a strong way
词有“not look you in the eye”和“look
because they want to convince you they are
at you in a strong way”，因此它们可
telling the truth.If someone does either of these 以作为关键词支持上面这个主题
two things thLeabharlann y might be lying.
句。
【即时演练】 画出本文的主题句和关键词。
Human beings are smart.However, it seems that people are gradually losing their smartness as smartphones become more and more important assistants in their lives, reported news website Record Japan on Oct.22.As we rely too much on technology instead of our brains, many people have lost three basic abilities, said the website.
[概要写作微技能]找要点与换说
![[概要写作微技能]找要点与换说](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/799ac43cb14e852459fb5734.png)
概要写作微技能——找要点Read for the gistI.议论文As is known to all, sports stars earn large amounts of money every year. LeBron James, the famous American basketball star, for example, earns an income of more than20 million dollars a year. Some people hold the view that these stars do not deserve thehigh pay that they are getting. Some even say that sports stars do nothing to society apart from entertaining people. Their contributions(贡献）to society are much less than those made by doctors, firemen, scientists, professors, etc. But I can never agree with that.2）说明文Scientists find that the hard-working people live longer than average men and women.Career women are healthier than housewives. Evidences show that the jobless are in poorer health than job-holders. An research shows that whenever the unemployment rate increases by 1%，the death rate increases correspondingly (相应地) by 2%. All this comes down to one point：work is helpful to health.3）记叙文On a recent Sunday, I was buying groceries in a supermarket when I heard the sound ofa car accident. It was close but not very close, so I continued shopping. As I took a rightturn on Munadhama Street, I saw a man lying on the ground in a smallpool of blood. He wasn’t de ad. The idea of stopping to help or to take him to a hospital crossed my mind, but I didn’t dare. Cars passed without stopping. Pedestrians and shop owners kept doing what they were doing, pretending nothing had happened.II.寻找主题句1.主题句在段首1)People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they haven't eaten a meal unless theyhave had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink.2)In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block outdisease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the1skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of English in 1546.若主题句过长，要尽量省略细节、从句，削减事例2.主题句在段尾Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time.3.主题句在中间1)Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are sohelpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand. A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.2)No one knows exactly how the earth began, as it happened so long ago. However,according to a widely accepte d theory, the universe began with a“Big Bang”that threw matter in all directions. After that, atoms began to form and combine to create stars and other bodies.关注信号词（signal words）： but, however, sadly, in fact，so, as a result等4.主题句是设问+回答，若过长，需要找出主要点和次要点While sports are for fun, it does not mean that they are not important to people’s life. Why do so many people go to see football matches and NBA games？It is because they enjoy the games, and they are willing to pay to watch the performances. Because of the sports stars, our life becomes more exciting. Some sports stars get honor for their country, and their countrymen are proud of them. They do good to the people's mental health.要点： So many people watch the games because the sports stars make our life exciting and do good to people’s mental health.5.没有明显的主题句，需要自己概括大意：1) A mother mouse was out for a walk with her babies when she found a cat behind a bush.She watched the cat and the cat watched the mice. Mother mouse barked fiercely, “Woof, woof, woof!” the cat was so frightened that it ran for it's life. Mother mouse turned to her babies and said, “Now, do you understand the value of a second language?”要点：It’s important to learn a foreign language.2)For several billion years after the “Big Bang”, the earth was still just a cloud of dust. Whatit was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe. The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not. It exploded loudly with fire and rock. They were in time to produce carbon, nitrogen, water vapor and other gases, which were to make the earth’s atmosphere.What is even more important is that as the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface.要点：The earth came into being with atmosphere and water on its surfaces.找关键词：关注被重复的词6.III.关注信号词2概要写作微技能——找要点Read for the gistI.确定文本体裁1）___________________As is known to all, sports stars earn large amounts of money every year. LeBron James, the famous American basketball star, for example, earns an income of more than20 million dollars a year. Some people hold the view that these stars do not deserve thehigh pay that they are getting. Some even say that sports stars do nothing to society apart from entertaining people. Their contributions(贡献）to society are much less than those made by doctors, firemen, scientists, professors, etc. But I can never agree with that.2）___________________Scientists find that the hard-working people live longer than average men and women.Career women are healthier than housewives. Evidences show that the jobless are in poorer health than job-holders. An research shows that whenever the unemployment rate increases by 1%，the death rate increases correspondingly (相应地) by 2%. All this comes down to one point：work is helpful to health.3）____________________3On a recent Sunday, I was buying groceries in a supermarket when I heard the sound ofa car accident. It was close but not very close, so I continued shopping. As I took a rightturn on Munadhama Street, I saw a man lying on the ground in a smallpool of blood. He wasn’t dead. The idea of stopping to help or to take him to a hospital crossed my mind, but I didn’t dare. Cars passed without stopping. Pedestrians and shop owners kept doing what they were doing, pretending nothing had happened.II.寻找主题句（划线）1.主题句在_______________1)People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they haven't eaten a meal unless theyhave had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink.2)In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block outdisease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of English in 1546.若主题句过长，要尽量省略_________________________，削减_________________ 2.主题句在________________Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time.3.主题句在________________1)Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are sohelpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand. A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.2)No one knows exactly how the earth began, as it happened so long ago. However,according to a widely accepted theory, the universe began with a“Big Bang”t hat threw matter in all directions. After that, atoms began to form and combine to create stars and other bodies.4关注信号词（signal words）：_________________________________________________ 4.主题句是_____________________________，若过长，需要找出主要点和次要点While sports are for f un, it does not mean that they are not important to people’s life. Why do so many people go to see football matches and NBA games？ It is because they enjoy the games, and they are willing to pay to watch the performances. Because of the sports stars, our life becomes more exciting. Some sports stars get honor for their country, and their countrymen are proud of them. They do good to the people's mental health.要点：____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____5.没有明显的主题句，需要自己概括大意：1) A mother mouse was out for a walk with her babies when she found a cat behind a bush.She watched the cat and the cat watched the mice. Mother mouse barked fiercely, “Woof, woof, woof!” the cat was so frightened that it ran for it's life. Mother mouse turned to her babies and said, “Now, do you understand the value of a second language?”要点：__________________________________________________________________ 2)For several billion years afte r the “Big Bang”, the earth was still just a cloud of dust. Whatit was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe. The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not. It exploded loudly with fire and rock. They were in time to produce carbon, nitrogen, water vapor and other gases, which were to make the earth’s atmosphere.What is even more important is that as the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface.要点：__________________________________________________________________ 找关键词：____________________________概要写作微技能——换说Restate the author’s idea5I.总原则：字数不超过原句，不改变原文的逻辑，充分考虑语句压缩II.方法1.转化1）使用近义词或反义词e.g.1 To research whether such a “sixth sense”really exists, Robert Baker performed twoexperiments.research→study; whether→if; performed→madee.g.2 Zhou Yang will never forget his firstassignment as a journalist.never forget→remember; assignment→task;journalist→reporter2）短语变单词e.g. Cleaning away dirt is good to health.cleaning away→Removing; is good to→benefits 3）从句变短语（介词短语、状语从句变非谓语、定语从句变后置定语）e.g.1. If the interviewee agrees, you can use arecorder to get the facts straight.With the interviewee’s agreement, a recordercould be used.6e.g. 2. The skin is a necessary organ, which canserve as a barrier against outside dangers.The skin is a necessary organ as a barrieragainst outside dangers.4）用广义词（generalwords）代替具体词（specific words）e.g. She brought home several Chinese andEnglish novels, a few copies of Time andNewsweek, and some textbooks.She brought home a lot of books and magazines. 5）直接引语的主要信息变间接引语e.g. The boss said to him, “ Till you’re moreexperienced you can cover a story.”The boss said that with more experience he couldcover news.6）主动句和被动句互换e.g. Robert Baker, a psychologist at theUniversity of Kentucky, performed twoexperiments.Two experiments were carried out by apsychologist.77）特殊句式（强调句、倒装句、therebe）和正常语序句式的转化e.g.1. Only if you ask many different questionswill you acquire all the information.You will obtain all the information if variousquestions are asked.e.g.2 …such a “six sense” really exists.…there is really a “six sense”.8）基本句型灵活转换Dirt on the skin was a means to block outdisease. (S+V+P)Dirt on the skin could protect people fromgetting ill. (S+V+O)2.合并（用从句、分词或with结构）e.g.1 She was attracted by the beauty of nature. Shedecided to spend another two days on the farm.Attracted by the beauty of nature, she decided to spend another two days on the farm.e.g.2 I have tons of homework to do every day. Ihardly have any time to hang out with friends.With tons of homework to do, I hardly have any time to hang out with friends.83.连接：用衔接词把几个简单句合并成一个并列句或复合句（连接词优先考虑最短连接词，如first就比in the first place要好）e.g. We shoul dn’t be threatened, but challenged. Theirpresence is going to be a great blessing for society.Their presence is not a threat but a challenge as well asa great blessing for society.III.练习（将以上方法综合运用）1.There is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.People have changing opinions toward dirt over time.或people’s viewpoints towards dirt are changing.2.Ocean expert Curtis Ebbesmeyer studies oceancurrents in a special way.Curtis Ebbesmeyer, an ocean expert, uses a uniqueway to study ocean currents.3.Most stars are skilled in their own field not onlybecause of their talents but also because of their hardtraining.They are the best in their fields thanks to their talentsand hard training.94.This kind of addictive behavior can lead to largefinancial problems, family conflict, and deep unhappiness.This kind of addictive behavior can lead to severe consequences.5.The concept that all processed foods are unhealthy isfar from accurate.The concept that all processed foods are unhealthy is wrong/not correct/incorrect.或It is wrong to think all processed foods are unhealthy.6.e.g. Because of the sports stars, our life becomes moreexciting. They contribute to the spiritual well-being of their people.Sports stars’ performance bring people excitement and spiritual well-being.7.When you spend time with people who constantlycomplain, you are likely to view things in a negative lights.Being exposed to constant complainers will make you one of them.10或Exposure to regular complainers will probablyaffect your own point of view.或Contact with constant complainers tend to make youview things negative.8.Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain,and Yellow Mountain, were visited by only a fewpeople in the past. Today, better wages, holidays withpay, new hotels on those mountains and better rain andbus services, have brought them within reach to manywho never thought of visiting them ten years ago.Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited byonly a few people, are today accessible to many,thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels andbetter transportation.IV.换说常用词1.同义替换词difficult/demanding/challengingmany/ a large number of/ plenty of/ a good many/ many a …abundant/ plentiful/ amplebad/ negativegood/ excellent/ outstanding/ remarkablebig/giant/ vast/ large/ huge/ massive/ enormous/ tremendoussad/ depressed/ frustrateddifferent/ various/ a variety of/ diverseinteresting/ amusing/ funny/ entertainingbrave/ bold/ fearless/ courageousrich/ wealthy11poor/ needy2.连接词概要写作微技能——换说Restate the author’s idea12V.总原则：字数不超过原句，不改变原文的逻辑，充分考虑语句压缩VI.方法4.转化9）使用近义词或反义词e.g.1 To research whether such a “sixth sense”really exists, Robert Baker performed twoexperiments.research→study; whether→if; performed→madee.g.2 Zhou Yang will never forget his firstassignment as a journalist.never forget→remember; assignment→task;journalist→reporter10）短语变单词e.g. Cleaning away dirt is good to health.cleaning away→Removing; is good to→benefits 11）从句变短语（介词短语、状语从句变非谓语、定语从句变后置定语）e.g.1. If the interviewee agrees, you can use arecorder to get the facts straight.With the interviewee’s agreement, a recordercould be used.13e.g. 2. The skin is a necessary organ, which canserve as a barrier against outside dangers.The skin is a necessary organ as a barrieragainst outside dangers.12）用广义词（generalwords）代替具体词（specific words）e.g. She brought home several Chinese andEnglish novels, a few copies of Time andNewsweek, and some textbooks.She brought home a lot of books and magazines. 13）直接引语的主要信息变间接引语e.g. The boss said to him, “ Till you’re moreexperienced you can cover a story.”The boss said that with more experience he couldcover news.14）主动句和被动句互换e.g. Robert Baker, a psychologist at theUniversity of Kentucky, performed twoexperiments.Two experiments were carried out by apsychologist.1415）特殊句式（强调句、倒装句、therebe）和正常语序句式的转化e.g.1. Only if you ask many different questionswill you acquire all the information.You will obtain all the information if variousquestions are asked.e.g.2 …such a “six sense” really exists.…there is really a “six sense”.16）基本句型灵活转换Dirt on the skin was a means to block outdisease. (S+V+P)Dirt on the skin could protect people fromgetting ill. (S+V+O)5.合并（用从句、分词或with结构）e.g.1 She was attracted by the beauty of nature. Shedecided to spend another two days on the farm.Attracted by the beauty of nature, she decided to spend another two days on the farm.e.g.2 I have tons of homework to do every day. Ihardly have any time to hang out with friends.With tons of homework to do, I hardly have any time to hang out with friends.156.连接：用衔接词把几个简单句合并成一个并列句或复合句（连接词优先考虑最短连接词，如first就比in the first place要好）e.g. We shouldn’t be threatened, but challenged. Theirpresence is going to be a great blessing for society.Their presence is not a threat but a challenge as well asa great blessing for society.VII.练习（将以上方法综合运用）9.There is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.People have changing opinions toward dirt over time.或people’s viewpoints towards dirt are changing.10.Ocean expert Curtis Ebbesmeyer studies oceancurrents in a special way.Curtis Ebbesmeyer, an ocean expert, uses a uniqueway to study ocean currents.11.Most stars are skilled in their own field not onlybecause of their talents but also because of their hardtraining.They are the best in their fields thanks to their talentsand hard training.1612.This kind of addictive behavior can lead to largefinancial problems, family conflict, and deep unhappiness.This kind of addictive behavior can lead to severe consequences.13.The concept that all processed foods are unhealthyis far from accurate.The concept that all processed foods are unhealthy is wrong/not correct/incorrect.或It is wrong to think all processed foods are unhealthy.14. e.g. Because of the sports stars, our life becomesmore exciting. They contribute to the spiritual well-being of their people.Sports stars’ performance bring people excitement and spiritual well-being.15.When you spend time with people who constantlycomplain, you are likely to view things in a negative lights.Being exposed to constant complainers will make you one of them.17或Exposure to regular complainers will probablyaffect your own point of view.或Contact with constant complainers tend to make youview things negative.16.Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, LushanMountain, and Yellow Mountain, were visited by onlya few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidayswith pay, new hotels on those mountains and betterrain and bus services, have brought them within reachto many who never thought of visiting them ten yearsago.Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited byonly a few people, are today accessible to many,thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels andbetter transportation.VIII.换说常用词3.同义替换词difficult/demanding/challengingmany/ a large number of/ plenty of/ a good many/ many a …abundant/ plentiful/ amplebad/ negativegood/ excellent/ outstanding/ remarkablebig/giant/ vast/ large/ huge/ massive/ enormous/ tremendoussad/ depressed/ frustrateddifferent/ various/ a variety of/ diverseinteresting/ amusing/ funny/ entertaining18brave/ bold/ fearless/ courageousrich/ wealthypoor/ needy4.连接词1920。
学习范文如何提升写作细节处理
学习范文如何提升写作细节处理在我们追求提升写作能力的道路上，学习范文是一个极其有效的方法。
然而，很多人在学习范文时，往往只是走马观花地浏览，未能真正从中汲取到提升写作细节处理的精髓。
那么，如何通过学习范文来切实地提升我们的写作细节处理能力呢？首先，我们要明确什么是写作细节。
写作细节并非仅仅是对事物表面的描述，而是那些能够生动、准确地展现主题，引发读者共鸣，使文章更具深度和魅力的细微之处。
比如，人物的一个微妙表情、环境中的一处独特景观、事件中的一个关键动作等。
当我们拿到一篇优秀的范文时，第一步要做的是精读。
逐字逐句地去品味作者的用词、造句，感受其语言的节奏和韵律。
注意作者是如何运用形容词、动词来使描述更加生动形象的。
比如，在描写一个人的愤怒时，作者可能没有直接说“他很愤怒”，而是写道“他的眉头紧皱，双眼圆睁，额头上青筋暴起，嘴里喘着粗气，仿佛一头即将爆发的猛兽”。
通过这样的细节描写，读者能够更加直观地感受到人物的情绪。
在精读的过程中，我们还要关注范文的结构布局。
一篇好的文章往往有着清晰合理的结构，开头能够吸引读者的注意力，中间内容丰富、层次分明，结尾有力且令人回味。
比如，有的范文开头会通过一个引人入胜的故事或者一个发人深省的问题来引出主题；中间部分会采用不同的论证方法或者列举具体的事例来支撑观点；结尾则会进行简洁明了的总结和升华。
除了语言和结构，范文中的细节描写手法也值得我们深入学习。
比如，通过比喻、拟人、排比等修辞手法来增强文章的感染力；运用白描、烘托、对比等表现手法来突出主题。
以描写春天为例，“春天像一位画家，把大地涂得五彩斑斓；春天像一首动听的歌，唤醒了沉睡的万物；春天像一个活泼的孩子，到处奔跑着，带来了生机与活力”，这里运用了排比和比喻的修辞手法，让春天的形象更加鲜明、生动。
学习范文的细节处理，还需要我们进行仿写练习。
选取范文中精彩的段落或者句子，按照其结构和手法进行仿写。
通过这样的练习，我们能够逐渐掌握如何将观察到的细节转化为生动的文字。
2019高考写作指导《概要写作》方式技巧
高中英语写作指导 -《纲要写作》该题型供给一篇 350 词之内的短文 ,要求考生鉴于该短文写出一篇60 词左右的内容纲要。
原文以说明文、谈论文为主,纲要 ,基本就是段落粗心。
每段用一句话归纳 ,或许两段一个粗心 ,最多用两句话归纳。
(一 )高分要诀1.纲要应包含原文中的主要事实,略去不用要的细节。
这就要求考生在写作时要找重点词和主题句,正确理解、剖析原文重点,归纳段落粗心。
2.各重点的表达既要相对独立 ,又要有适合的连接 ,要用适合的关系词语贯穿全文 , 切忌只简单地写出一些互不相关的句子,但也不要每两句之间都加关系词语,免得显得僵硬。
3.所用句型力争简单 ,安排好篇幅的比率 ,纲要应同原文保持协调,即用许多的文字写重要内容 ,用较少的文字写次要内容。
4.不排挤用原文的某些词句,但不要照搬原文的句子,假如不可以完整用自己的话语表达 ,起码对原词句子做一些同义词替代,假如构造上也能有一些变换会更好。
原词同义替代词difficult demanding,challengingnumerous,quantities of a(large)numberof/(large)numbers of+ 可数名词复数plenty of+ 可数many名词复数 /不行数名词 a good/great many+可数名词复数 a large/huge amount of/large amounts of+ 不行数名词many a+可数名词单数bad negative原词同义替代词good excellent,outstanding,extraordinary, remarkablebig massive,enormous,tremendous,giant,vast,large,hugesad绝望的失意的);frustrated(丧气的)depressed(,abundant ample,plentiful,generousdifferent various,a variety of,diversedoubted skeptical,suspicious(思疑的 )interesting amusing,entertainingbrave courageous,bold,fearlessrich wealthypoor needy别的 ,在写作时 ,要尽量使用短句 ,慎用长难句。
浓缩提炼写作技巧指南
浓缩提炼写作技巧指南浓缩提炼写作技巧指南【浓缩提炼写作技巧指南】写作是一门艺术，而浓缩提炼写作更是其中的一种精妙技巧。
无论是文章、论文还是报告，通过浓缩提炼写作，可以使文章更加简洁明了，增强表达的力度和效果。
以下是一些关键技巧，可帮助您提高浓缩提炼写作的能力。
首先，明确主题和目标。
在开始写作之前，明确文章的主题和目标非常重要。
这将帮助您集中精力，排除无关紧要的信息，并使写作更加紧凑。
确定主题和目标后，通过筛选和组织信息，将重点放在核心内容上。
其次，使用简洁明了的语言。
浓缩提炼写作的关键是避免冗长和复杂的句子。
简洁明了的语言可以更好地传达思想，减少读者的阅读负担。
使用简单的词汇和直接的表达方式，能够使文章更易理解和吸引读者的注意力。
第三，提炼关键信息。
在写作过程中，要学会提取关键信息，将其突出呈现。
去除无关紧要的细节，将重点放在核心观点和论据上。
通过提炼关键信息，能够使文章更加有说服力和紧凑。
第四，使用逻辑和结构。
良好的逻辑和结构是写作的基础。
通过合理的组织结构，将观点和论据有机地连接起来，使文章更具逻辑性和连贯性。
使用合适的标题和段落，能够增强文章的可读性和清晰度。
第五，多次修改和润饰。
浓缩提炼的写作需要多次修改和润饰。
通过不断反复地修改，去除冗余和不必要的内容，使文章更加简洁明了。
同时，注意用词和语法的准确性，确保文章的质量和可靠性。
最后，多读优秀篇章。
阅读优秀的文章和作品，对提高自己的浓缩提炼写作能力至关重要。
通过积累经验和学习他人的写作技巧，可以更好地理解浓缩提炼的要领，并在自己的写作中加以运用。
总之，浓缩提炼写作是一种重要的技巧，能够使文章更加简洁明了、有说服力。
通过明确主题和目标、使用简洁明了的语言、提炼关键信息、使用逻辑和结构、多次修改和润饰以及多读优秀篇章，可以有效提高浓缩提炼写作的能力。
希望本指南对您的写作有所帮助！。
作文写作技能总结梳理梳理梳理梳理梳理
作文写作技能总结梳理梳理梳理梳理梳理作文写作技能总结作文是学生学习过程中必不可少的一项任务，通过写作可以提高学生的语言表达能力、逻辑思维能力和文化素养。
因此，提高作文写作技能对于学生的综合素质培养至关重要。
本文将对作文写作技能进行总结梳理，以帮助学生提升他们的写作能力。
1. 提前准备在写作之前，充分准备是非常重要的。
首先，要仔细阅读作文题目，确保自己对题目的要求和内容有清晰的理解。
其次，要进行写作素材的收集和构思。
这可以包括查阅相关的资料、观察现实生活中的情境、进行头脑风暴等。
准备充分可以使你的写作更具深度和广度。
2. 合理构思在写作过程中，一个清晰的思路结构非常重要。
在纸上或电脑上进行构思，可以使你的思路更加连贯和清晰。
可以使用思维导图或大纲的方式来整理你想要表达的主题和支持论据。
这样一来，你在写作时就不容易偏离主题或出现逻辑混乱的问题。
3. 注意篇章结构好的作文应该具有清晰的篇章结构。
一般来说，作文应该包括引言、正文和结论三个部分。
在引言部分，可以引入话题并提出自己的立场。
在正文部分，可以逐步展开自己的论述，并提供相关的例子和证据。
在结论部分，可以总结全文，并提出自己的观点或建议。
合理的篇章结构可以使你的作文更有逻辑性和条理性。
4. 注重语言表达语言是作文的重要组成部分，良好的语言表达能力可以增加作文的魅力。
首先，要注意词汇的选择，使用准确、生动的词汇可以使你的作文更具说服力。
其次，要注意句子的结构和连贯性，避免使用过长的句子和复杂的从句。
另外，要注意使用恰当的语法和标点符号，以确保自己的表达准确无误。
5. 多加练习与反思提高作文写作技能是一个长期的过程，需要不断的练习和反思。
在练习过程中，可以多读一些优秀的范文，学习其中的写作技巧和表达方式。
同时，每次写完作文后都要进行反思，分析自己的优点和不足，并有针对性地进行改进。
通过不断的练习和反思，你的写作技能将得到进一步的提高。
综上所述，提高作文写作技能需要付出一定的努力和时间，但是这是一个非常有价值的过程。
渗透读写微技能提高概要写作训练效果
渗透读写微技能提高概要写作训练效果作者：宋卓呈来源：《中学生英语·教师版》2017年第06期概要写作是指用简短的语句概括一段文本主要内容的写作方式，概要写作的特点为篇幅简短、概括性强、无主观描述的文字、无超主文本内容的诠释。
英语教师可以通过引导学生阅读英语文本，学习概要写作的方法提高英语写作的水平。
1.微技能一：培养学生解构文本。
概括大意的能力部分学生写英语作文的时候.容易犯下一个错误，即在写作前没有打好英语写作的框架，以至于写出来的英语作品无主次之分、无层次之分，这样的英语作文不是合格的英语作文，这样的英语文本没有语言艺术价值。
为了提高学生的写作水平，英语教师可以应用引导学生练习概要写作的方法帮助学生学会解构文本，了解英语文本的框架结构。
学生只有学会搭建英语文本的框架结构，写出来的英语作文才有主次之分、才有层次之分。
比如有一名英语教师在引导学生阅读一篇关于食品安全问题的英语材料时，英语教师引导学生学会用这样的方法写英语概要作文。
首先，英语教师要求学生用一句话的方式总结整篇英语材料所写的内容。
其次，教师要求学生分类概括英语文本表达的意思，分类概括的目标为全方位的说明作者要描述的意思，最后，学生必须用简短的语句说明作者文章要描述的重点，即概括出文本的核心思想。
有一名学生经过教师的引导，用这样的话提炼出文章的意思：“The studyin this article investigates food scandals and the role of government in corporate social responsibility（CSR）in the food industry.The author also explores strategies forthe Chinese government to tackle the food safety prob-lems in China.”。
英语概要写作的“微技能”操作策略探析
英语概要写作的“微技能”操作策略探析作者：彭国玉来源：《中学课程辅导·教学研究》2020年第18期摘要：概要写作是浙江省新高考英语学科的一种新题型。
它侧重考查的是学生对语言材料进行吸收、存储、内化整理和表达的综合运用能力。
本文结合笔者的公开课案例和多年摸索经验，详细探讨了提高概要写作质量的五个“微技能”运用策略，即主题思想的精练概括；冗余成分的有机剔除；同义结构的合理替换；常见句式的优化升级；衔接连贯词的巧妙镶嵌，以就教于方家。
关键词：概要写作；微技能；案例分析中图分类号：G632.0文献标识码：A文章编号：1992-7711（2020）09-0080从2016年开始概要写作被纳入浙江省英语高考中，并将面向全国范围内推广。
但是，过去两年的新高考一直都是考查学生“读后续写”的能力，终于在最新一次的高考即2018年11月3日的浙江省英语高考中隆重上演了“概要写作”的首秀。
作为一种控制性比较强的新型作文考查形式，概要写作必须对原文本内容进行“先浓缩——再加工”，最后以全新的语言形式输出。
这个语言材料“华丽变身”的过程就是学生“吸收存储、内化整理和创新表达”的过程。
应创造性地把“读”和“写”结合起来，以此避免以前作文的拼凑和句式模板的套用。
为了更好地完成“阅读（理解）+写作（产出）”的这种复合型任务，阅读层面学生需要具备理解原文、抓取关键词、区分主要信息和次要信息，从而获取主要观点或事实的能力；写作层面，学生需要具备用简洁、连贯的语言还原文本中心思想的表达能力。
所以，一篇好的概要应满足四个特征：客观、完整、简洁、连贯。
一、概要写作的定义和微技能的分类《牛津高阶英语词典》对概要写作的描述是：“A summa ry is a brief statement that gives only the main points of something not the details.”对此我们可以理解为：“概要写作要求学生整体掌握文本，合理浓缩地表达原文每一段的主旨大意，并合理添加连词来形成一篇语义连贯的短文。
概要写作答题技巧指导
概要写作答题技巧指导概要写作是一项综合能力测试，要求学生在350词的文章中概括出60词左右的内容概要。
在完成概要写作时，需要按照以下步骤进行：首先，细读每段文章，找出主题句和关键词，区分主次信息；其次，用自己的语言写出该段要点，采用替换、转换和合并等方式表达；最后，选用恰当的衔接词，将每段要点串联起来，使概要逻辑连贯，衔接自然。
在写作过程中，需要注意准确性，不能乱写，同时要做到简明扼要、意义完整、结构严密和语句通顺。
常用的衔接词有表递进、表因果、表转折、表对比、表时间顺序、表总结和表情感关系。
Summary: XXX。
XXX how in the early 16th century。
people believed that dirt on the skin protected them from disease。
This led to the closure of public XXX。
Over time。
living withdirt became accepted。
with even the XXX.In general。
people view getting rid of XXX。
attitudes towards dirt have not always been so XXX。
In the early 16th century。
medical n held that washing off dirt with hot water could actually make a XXX As a result。
people XXX led to the XXX.Unfortunately。
this attitude towards dirt persisted for centuries。
with both the rich and the poor living with dirt in a friendly way。
【2019年整理】渗透读写微技能---浅谈日常教学中的概要写作训练
渗透读写微技能--- 浅谈日常教学中的概要写作训练摘要】本文分析了概要写作的基本要求和学生常见的问题，探索如何在日常教学中渗透概要写作的各项微技能。
关键词】概要写作微技能日常训练一、引言2017 年浙江省英语高考将实行改革，采用全新题型。
《普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语科考试说明》中明确了其中作文部分的第二节为读后续写或概要写作。
要求考生基于一篇350 词以内的短文写出一篇60 词左右的内容概要。
阅卷时将主要考虑以下内容：（1）对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；（2）应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；（3）上下文的连贯性；（4）对各要点表达的独立性情况。
二、概念理解概要写作是指用简明、确切的语言概括文章的主要内容，不加主观评论和解释。
给阅读的文本写概要，不仅可以培养学生独立思考、逻辑分析语言及内容的组织和概括能力，而且可以使学生加深对文章的理解和记忆。
概要写作要求学生会区分文章中的主要信息和次要信息，用评判性的思维来理解文章，理清文章的结构，概括各部分大意，找到或写出全文的主题句，最后用自己的语言写出大意，整理成一篇通顺完整的概要。
概要长度一般为原文长度的15%-20%（贵丽萍，2011）。
三、教学实践高考改革的初衷所指向的是英语教学的改革。
作为一线英语教师，我们需要认真研究新的变化，并及时改进日常教学，改变我们的英语课堂模式以适应新形势。
概要写作之于学生的难度在于概括能力，paraphrase 的能力以及句际连贯的能力。
概要写作虽然不是新鲜事物，可是在以往的教学中我们并没有重视这些方面的训练，作为高考的新题型，自然具备了风向标的作用，英语教师应在日常的教学活动中渗透各项微技能。
1. 微技能一：培养学生解构文本，概括大意的能力理解文章并抓住其中的要点是概要写作的起点和第一个难点。
它对学生的词汇量，语言的逻辑分析以及评判性思维等方面都提出了很高的要求。
笔者认为应由易到难，在教学中分以下四个阶段：知识准备、老师引领、学生互助及独立完成。
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Some people look on change as self-improvement provider, new experience creator and health promoter.
【牛刀小试】①However, a report from the Pew Internet and American Life Project offers a more helpful and encouraging view, suggesting that far from replacing human contact, technology can actually better family relationships. Just over half of the 2,253 people surveyed agreed that technology had enabled them to increase their contact with distant family members and 47 percent said it had improved the communication with the people they lived with. Moreover, even the closest members of families need time away from each other at some point to seek their own interests. Family members who might otherwise have sat in separate rooms can now be in the same one while still occupying a different mental space.
However, a report has found technology benefits family bonds by making members closer and providing a private mental space as well.
②Although there are many benefits, opponents point out problems with the new requirements. First, they argue that the main reason why students go to school is to learn core subjects and skills. Because service learning is timeconsuming, students spend less time studying the core subjects. Second, they believe that forcing students to work without pay goes against the law. By requiring service, the school takes away a student’s freedom to choose.
要点：Despite the unavoidable extinction of some languages due to community decline, many endangered ones can still be preserved.
2. 当段落中出现firstly, secondly, finally或also, besides, what’s more, in addition, moreover等表示递进关系的连接词时，这些次 要点都需要提取。 可采用平行结构 (几个次要点都采用相同的句法结构)合并次要 点。
While widely acknowledged helpful to keep healthy, vegetarian diets are seldom associated with environment protection.
【牛刀小试】 It is too late to do anything to help many languages, where the speakers are too few or too old, and where the community is too busy just trying to survive to care about their language. But many languages are not in such a serious position. Often where languages are seriously endangered, there are things that can be done to give new life to them.
要点：There are numerous advantages, one of which is to offer enjoyable/ agreeable/ joyful/ delightful surroundings.
There are numerous advantaቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱes. One benefit is to offer agreeable surroundings.
【牛刀小试】 Participation in music also brings social benefits for students. Music is a way to make friends. Some researchers completed a study dealing with the perceived benefits of music. In their findings they wrote, “Participation in musical groups or bands was regarded as an opportunity to socialize with likeminded people, make new friends and meet interesting people, who without the musical engagement they would not have had the chance to meet”. Every time a student is involved in music, they have the chance to meet new people, and form lasting friendships.
名词（短语）、动名词、不定式等相同结构 用and, as well as 连接
例2: From one point of view, people who accept changes think that changes make their life meaningful. Firstly, changes create new opportunities, which make us leap forward. A new job, for instance, might present challenges that push the person to adapt, acquire new knowledge, or add to their skill set. Secondly, a change can represent a break with the past and an old routine which has become boring and predictable. Finally, as well as making life more fun and interesting, new experiences can be good for our physical and mental health. We find that changes can make us experienced and valuable. 要点： Those who value changes see them as chances of making progress, gaining new experiences and promoting their health.
要点：Some argue service learning can reduce the time that students spend on core subjects and rob them of the right to choose.
3. 当段落有主题句，而主题句表达的意思不够明确时，需要 补充次要点。在概写时可选择与主题句中心词汇(benefits/ problems/ solutions/ advantages/ disadvantages等)相关的内容 作为补充的次要点，用like, such as, 非限制性定语从句或破 折号等补充说明。也可直接把次要点中的内容单独成句。
例3: There are many benefits of having green spaces to the urban landscape. Adding gardens to rooftops or walls can create a pleasant environment— what was once a gray cement (水泥) wall can become a colorful, blooming garden. The Caxia Forum art gallery in Madrid, Spain, is a famous example — one of its walls is covered with 15,000 plants from over 250 different species.