英语修辞学(Rhetoric)(精选)
英语专业高级英语修辞介绍及例句
An Introduction to Figures of Speech(修辞格)Rhetoric(修辞学、说话技巧)1.Simile(明喻)Simile is an expression of comparison between two different things. It is usually introduced by “as”“as if”or “like”, and sometimes also by “as…as/as…so”, and “resemble” as the signs of comparison.明喻就是打比方，指一事物像另一事物的修辞格。
常用的比喻词有“as” ,“as if”or “like”, and sometimes also by “as…so /as…as”, and “resemble”等1). Mercy drops as the gentle rain from heaven upon the place beneath. —Shakespeare2). Thecheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing.3).The apartments were smashed apart as if by a gigantic fist. ------砸得粉碎4). Self-criticism is as necessary to us as air to water.5). As a man whispers, so the breeze makes a low, hissing sound.6). Learning resembles scaling the heights.2. Metaphor(隐喻/暗喻)＊＊Metaphor contains an implied comparison, it calls one thing by the name of another or one thing is described in terms of another.隐喻是一种隐含着比喻的修辞格，它直接把一种事物比为另一种事物，不用比喻词，通常比较含蓄。
RHETORIC
English Rhetoric 英语修辞学I. Connotation of Rhetoric：rhetoric的含义1. Rhetoric may be used as an ordinary（普通用词）word and a technical term（专业术语）.1) As an ordinary word, rhetoric in a derogatory sense means “skilful argumentation”（巧辩）and “empty or exaggerated eloquence”（虚夸的话）.e.g. the exaggerated rhetoric of presidential campaigns（总统竞选期间唱的高调）；the empty rhetoric ofthe politicians（政客们的花言巧语）; flowery rhetoric（华丽的辞藻）Rhetoric also means (1) “language designed to have a persuasive or impressive effect on its audience”（言语，辞令）, e.g. employ stirring rhetoric; soothing rhetoric; glowing rhetoric (2) “a rtistic language”（艺术语言）, e.g. the rhetoric of fiction（小说的艺术语言）; the rhetoric of film(电影语言); body rhetoric(肢体语言)2) As a technical term, rhetoric has several senses. In America, the writing course or the writing textbook is entitled “rhetoric”. Apart from the above senses, rhetoric also has the following important senses:(1) Speaking rhetoric（演讲修辞）: the art of speaking(2) Compositional rhetoric（写作修辞）: the art of writing(3) Stylistic rhetoric（风格修辞，文体修辞）: the style of writing2. Rhetoric may also be subdivided into the following:1) Lexical rhetoric（词汇修辞）:the rhetorical law of choosing words and phrases2) Sentence rhetoric（句子修辞）:the rhetorical law selecting sentence patterns3) Paragraph rhetoric（段落修辞）:the rhetorical law of organizing paragraphs4) textual rhetoric（语篇修辞）:the rhetorical law of organizing textsII. Definition of Rhetoric修辞学的定义What is rhetoric ?1.Origin of modern rhetoric: 现代修辞学的起源Rhetoric originated in “speaking”（说话）. Aristotle（亚里士多得）, in the 4th century BC, first defined rhetoric as the art of persuasion, equivalent to argumentation as people understand today. John Locke（约翰.洛克）, English philosopher of the late 17th century, described rhetoric as “the science of oratory(演说术)” or “the art of speaking with propriety, elegance and force(修辞学是说话得体、优美和有力的艺术)”. All this explains why the word “rhetoric”means “speaking”in such European languages as Greek, Latin, French, Spanish and Italian. In the book Modern Rhetoric by American linguists Brooks（布鲁克斯）and Warren（沃伦）rhetoric is defined as “the art of using language effectively（修辞学是有效地使用语言的艺术）”.In the New Oxford Dictionary of English rhetoric is described as “the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the exploitation of figures of speech or other compositional techniques（修辞学是有效或有说服力的演说或写作的艺术，特别是运用英语修辞格或其它写作的艺术）”.2.Rhetoric and Figures of Speech:Figures of speech are quite different from rhetoric, but they are important components in English rhetoric. In the New Oxford Dictionary of English, “figure of speech” is defined as “ a word or phrase used in a non-literal sense too add rhetorical force or interest to a spoken or written passage”(修辞格是用一个非字面意义的单词或短语使一段口头或笔头的文字增加修辞效果或兴趣). They refer torhetorical devices（修辞手段）, each of which has a fixed pattern, e.g. Simile is introduced by comparative words as, like, as if, as though, etc.; Like Simile, Metaphor refers to the comparison of two essentially unlike things which have one point of resemblance; Irony refers to the intended implication of which is the opposite of the literal sense of words; Oxymoron refers to the conjunction of two words or phrases which are incongruous or contradictory in sense so as to describe a person or thing; Pun; a play on words, sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes on the similar sense or sound of different words; etc. These figures are employed in the following.He is as stupid as a goose. (=He is very stupid.)He has a heart of stone./ He has a heart like flint.(=He is unfeeling and stubborn.)He slept like a log / top. (=He slept very soundly.)They are birds of a feather. (=They are people of the same sort.)(Simile and metaphor are used of the comparison of two essentially unlike things which have one point of resemblance.)This hard-working boy seldom reads more than an hour per week. (If a boy seldom reads more than an hour per week, he mustbe very lazy, not hard-working.)(Irony refers to the intended implication being the opposite of the literal sense of words)He seems to be a clever fool. (=He seems to be a fool, but in fact he is very clever.)(Oxymoron refers to the conjunction of two words or phrases which are incongruous or contradictory in sense)Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man.(grave: adj. serious; n. tomb The speaker stresses the latter.)(Pun refers to a play on words，sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes on the similar sense or sound of different words)3.The difference between rhetoric and grammar, phonetics, lexicolog y1)The difference between rhetoric and grammarRhetoric is different from grammar, but it is closely related to grammar and also based on grammar. To be grammatically correct is foundation to writing, but it is not enough. Basic rhetorical requirements must also be met. Francis Christensenn, an American French rhetorician, once said: Grammar maps out the possible(计划可能发生的事情); rhetoric narrows the possible down to the desirable and effective（使可能发生的事情变成很理想的事情或有效地事情）.In the preface to the book A handbook of English Rhetoric Warren quoted a passage by a scholar:Grammar is the law of language, considered as language; rhetoric is the art of language, considered as thought.Grammar tells what is correct; rhetoric tells what is effective and pleasing.2)Rhetoric and phonetics, lexicologyRhetoric is quite different from phonetics and lexicology. Phonetics is about the study of speech sounds and their pronunciation; lexicology is about the study of the vocabulary of a language;grammar concerns the study or science of rules for forming words and combining them into sentences;whereas rhetoric is the art of speaking or writing so as to persuade people effectively.I II. The Object of the Study of Rhetoric（修辞学研究的内容）Rhetoric aims at studying all forms of culture, which may be forms of mass media or any cultural phenomenon, concrete or abstract. Modern rhetoric seems to include all forms of discourse ---- written orcolloquial, even all forms of communication in symbols.（修辞学研究的对象是一切文化形式，它们可以是任何这样或那样、具体或抽象的文化现象。
Rhetoric
文学渊源 Uncle Tom Odyssey A pound of flesh Man Friday 历史渊源 Trojan Horse Byzantine A fifth column
温顺老实的黑人 磨难重重的旅程
合法但有悖清理的要求 忠仆”和“得力助手”
暗藏玄机的战利品 错综复杂
明喻（simile）
明喻是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进 行对比，表明本体和喻体的相似关系，两者 都在比较中出现，常用比喻词有： like, as, as if, as though, as it were, similar to. Casting him (Russell Crowe) in this(Robin Hood) is like renting a Ferrari for a spin to the corner store. (USA Today, May 15, 2010)
换称的手法如下例： 宗教或神话渊源： Juda-背信弃义，出卖有恩于自己的人 Penelope’s Web—永远不可能完成的事情 Pandora’s Box—造成灾害的根源 Adam’s Apple—男人的喉结 Achilleus’ Heel—致命的弱点 Olive branch—和平与吉祥
antithesis
Exercises
I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. Metonymy The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads. Personification You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars. Hyperbole He is out visiting the necessary.Euphemism Give me liberty, or give me death. Antithesis
修辞学
A professor tapped on his desk and shouted: “Gentlemen—order!” The entire class yelled: “Beer!”
For reading and better appreciation The language of English.
4. It can be beneficial for our thesis or even for further study . (a specific one or one in a specific work with examples) Comparison of the similar figures of speech Comparison of the same one in Chinese and English Comparison of the same one in different fields (literature-ad. Speaking-writing) One special figure of speech in a work and its functions
Some usages in life: your thesis
The Differences between Puns in Literature and Advertisements The Death Euphemism in The Dream of the Red Chamber
Some usages in life: humor or persuasion in communication
What we try to achieve:
2. We will compare figures of speech in Chinese and English and know how to translate them and related sentences into Chinese.
rhetorics修辞 英语常用修辞格比较及其解析
Logos\Pathos\Ethos 逻辑\情感\人格
Rhetoric
Broad stylistic context
Narrow stylistic context
Style/type of writing
Stylistic devices figures of speech
1.Definiton
在希腊语，拉丁语、法语、西班牙语及意大利语中， rhetoric 这个次的词根都是“说话”的意思。
Rhetoric: 17世纪末英国哲学家John Locke 曾经 把修辞称做“演说术”（the science of oratory）, 是“说话得体、优美和有力的艺术”(speaking with propriety, elegance, and force)
2. Assonance是在一句话或在一个诗行中间，有 两个或更多的词具有相同的元音。与汉语的叠韵 （两个或多个音节彼此韵母相同东风dong fong , ）非常相似。如：fair and square/near and dear With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.怀着这个信 念，我们能把绝望的大山凿成希望的磐石。 Whether or not you are busy or lazy, write to me. The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain.
syntax
哪些是亲昵的表达方式，那哪些是地位高的人对地 位低的人委婉的表达方式， 哪些最有可能带有“贬” 意的色彩？ A. Close the door, dear B. Would you be so kind to close the door? C. It is a bit cold here. Can you close the door? D. Would you like to close the door for me? E.I would be glad if you could close the door? F. Would you mind closing the door?
英语语言学之常见修辞English Rhetoric
英语修辞(English Rhetoric)Figures of speech are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively.1.Simile明喻: An explicit comparison, e.g. The pen is to a writer what the gun is toa soldier.2.Metaphor暗喻: An implicit comparison, e.g. Some books are to be tasted, othersto be swallowed and some few to be chewed.3.Personification拟人: The attribution of animate qualities to inanimate objects, e.g.the wind whistled through the trees.4.Onomatopoeia拟声: the imitation of sounds, e.g. tinkle, clank, bang5.Hyperbole夸张: Overstatement, exaggeration, e.g. A drop of ink may make amillion think.6.Understatement低调陈述: A restrained statement, e.g. He could do better.7.Euphemism委婉语: An inoffensive expression, e.g. the needy, cease to think8.Parallelism排比: Parallel structures, e.g. We shall fight him by land …by sea …in the air.9.Repetition重复: repetition o f the same words, e.g. Don’t trouble trouble until …10.Antithesis对照: Contrast, e.g. Men make houses, women make homes. Pennywise, pound…11.Climax渐进: Progression of thought, e.g. I came, I saw, I conquered.12.Anti-climax突降: Sudden descent of thought, e.g. He lost his empire, his familyand his pen.13.Paradox隽语: A seemingly contradictory statement, e.g. The child is father of theman.14.Oxymoron矛盾修辞: the combination of contradictory terms, e.g. cruel sweetlove15.Transferred epithet 移就: a descriptive term transferred from the appropriatenoun to modify another to which it does not really apply, e.g. sleepless night, expensive tastes, sweet teeth16.Alliteration头韵: Head rhyme, e.g. Practice makes perfect.17.Assonance腹韵: V owel rhyme, e.g. First thrive, then wife.18.Consonance尾韵: End rhyme, e.g. East or west, home is best.19.Rhyme押韵: e.g. Man proposes; god disposes. Well begun is half done. Well fed,well bred.20.Pun双关: Humorous use of homonymy, e.g. Seven days without water make oneweak/week.21.Allusion引喻: an implicit reference to an event/story, e.g. pound of flesh22.Metonymy转喻: The use of the name of one thing for another with which it isclosely associated, e.g. The pen is mightier than the sword. the gray hair, the bottle, the tongue23.Synecdoche提喻: the substitution of the whole for the part, or vice versa, e.g.short of hands,24.Antonomasia换喻: the use of a proper name to stand for sth else having anattribute associated with that name, Judas for a traitor, Solomon for a wise man, Nero for a tyrant25.Irony反语: The expression of actual intent in words that carry the oppositemeaning.sarcasm明讽: a strong form of irony, e.g. Gentlemen like you carry only large notes.innuendo暗讽: a mild form of irony, e.g. In a group they were brave.satire讽刺文学: An ironic literary work1.parody 仿拟: Beauty is more than skin deep. Once choose, always use.2.zeugma 轭式搭配: He gets out of bed and humor.3.syllepsis一语双叙: take the oath and his seats,He lost his temper and his hat.4.palindrome回文: No X in Nixon. Step on no pets. Madam, I’m Adam.5.epigram警句: brief, pointed saying that has the nature of a proverb6.malapropism词语误用: 200 light years ago, brus diver (bus driver), brive a dus 1.Analogy: a comparison in which different items are compared point by point,usually with the idea of explaining something unknown by something known.Analogies are offered to provide insights, and can be very instructive. Dictionaries are like watches; the worst is better than none, and the best cannot be expected to go quite true.2.Symbolism: In writing, symbolism is the use of a word, a phrase, or a description,which represents a deeper meaning than the words themselves.3.Plantification: giving man or things plant-like characters. The sky was like a fadedrose.4.materialization: 美感垂手可得却无法靠前5.Zoosemy: reverse personification, animal or things attributes applied to people.e.g. Children are flowers of our country.6.Apostrophe顿呼: England! Awake! Awake! Awake!7.Rhetorical question修辞问句: The rhetorical question is usually defined as anyquestion asked for a purpose other than to obtain the information the question asks.8.Periodic sentence圆周句: a complex sentence in which the main clause comeslast and is preceded by the subordinate clause (loose sentence松散句)9.anagram变位词: Words or phrases rearranged, William Shakespeare = I swearhe's like a lamp. We all make his praise. Has a peer, I ask me? Ah, I speak a swell rime (rhyme).10.Hypallage移就: synaesthesia通感, empathy移情and transferred epithet转类通感Sweet voice/ icy look/ sharp cry/ sour remark/ oily-tongued移情Lazy clouds drifted across the sky.转类His dry humor doe sn’t seem intentional.修辞格(figures of speech) 大体分为三类：音韵phonological词义semantic句法syntactical。
unit 9 英语修辞学(Rhetoric)
Metaphor
• It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. • mark: be • Experience is the mother of wisdom • she is shedding crocodile tears • Mark my words, the first woman who fishes for him, hooks him. • The diamond department was the heart and center of the store. • 钻石部是商店的心脏和核心
Rhetorical Devices
English Figures of Speech
• how many figures of speech do you know? • identify the following sentences, using certain rhetorical devices. • 你像个神人 • 你是个神人 • 神人，神事啊！ • 你还真是个“神人”啊。 • 。。。。
Simile
• It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison Marriage is like a between two unlike• elements having at least one beleaguered fortress; quality or characteristic in common. to make the those who are without comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like want to get in, and are used to transfer the quality we associate with those within want go one to the other. get out . • mark: like, as, seem, as if, similar to, such as • 婚姻象是一个被包围 • I wandered lonely as a cloud. 的 堡垒；外面的想 • He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen 要进去，里面的人想 to hear him crow. 要出来。
英语修辞学ENGLISH RHETORIC - i syntactic figures of speech-I
Examples
• Two classic examples of the incredible power of repetition are Mark Antony's "They are all honorable men" speech in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar （3.2）, and Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "I have a dream" speech at the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in 1963.
Examples
• Justice came down from heaven to view the earth; Justice returned to heaven, and left the earth.
• "Much of what I say might sound bitter, but it's the truth. Much of what I say might sound like it's stirring up trouble, but it's the truth. Much of what I say might sound like it is hate, but it's the truth." -- Malcolm X
Lindbergh’s book of 1955, Gift from the Sea: “Perhaps this is the most important
thing for me to take back from beachliving: simply the memory that each cycle of the tide is valid, each cycle of the wave is valid, each cycle of a relationship is valid.”
(最新整理)英语修辞学(Rhetoric)
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▪ 4. 英语被动句用得多，汉语主动句用得多。这更说明了英语 的“物称倾向”。
▪ An illustration is furnished by an editorial in the Washington Post (January 17, 1962).
▪ 《华盛顿邮报》（1962年1月17日）的一篇社论提供了一个 例子。
挨户去唱五朔节赞歌，祝福主人。在一些农村，每 年5月1日凌晨，青年们便奏着音乐、唱着赞歌，结 伴去树林砍树枝，待太阳出来后返回，将树枝插在
门窗上。
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▪ What is simile? E.g. ▪ The snow was like a white
blank drawn over the field. ▪ The structure: ▪ The signified, the simile
That is our policy and that is our declaration. ▪ 这就是我们的国策。这就是我们的宣言。
▪ If winter comes, can spring be far behind? ▪ 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？
▪ This is the reason why he is leaving so soon. ▪ 这就是他所以这么快就要离开的原因。
▪ To find out the common ways people know the world and ways people express themselves.
▪ To appreciate the beauty, explicit or not, of the language.
英语修辞学(Rhetoric)
Syllepsis
Syllepsis是指用一个词（如动词、形容词、介词等）同时与两个或更多的词相搭配，在越一个词搭配时用一种词义，而在与另一个词搭配时则用另一种词义,这种搭配在句法规则和语义上都是正确的，并产生不同的字面意义和比喻意义。
He lost the game and his temper. 他输了这一局，大发脾气。
半谐音也可称“无韵”，是指一组词、一句话或一行诗中同一元音重复出现，它具有音乐的节奏感，可增强语言的表现力。例如：
It’s fair and square affair from the beginning to the end. 这件事自始至终都是光明正大的。
All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。
Pun
双关（pun） 就是用发音相似的词来表达特殊意义的修辞手法，它非常能够体现使用者的睿智机敏、幽默俏皮，造成印象隽永的效果。它的使用场合亦庄亦谐，既常见于故事、笑话、谜语、儿歌等，又可用于正式场合，表达严肃的思想和深邃的感情。 — Why is an empty parse always the same? — Because there is never any change in it.(change既表示“零钱”，又表示“变化”。“空钱包”里边没“零钱”当然就永远瘪着，毫无“变化”了。)
2。主体和喻体一般指两个不同的事物。
本体和喻体通常一个抽象一个具体，一个熟悉一个陌生
Simile(明喻)
希腊语Metapherein (transfer )转换
无需借助比喻词，直接将甲事物当作乙事物来描写。也称隐喻，是依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似或相关关系而构成的修辞格。 例如：
英语修辞学
英语修辞学(Rhetoric) English Figures of Speech英语修辞的一般规律与特点General principles and features of English rhetoric▪1.关系词丰富，介词、连词、关系代词和关系副词等的充分利用，使英语成为一种更为形式的语言，即以形合为主的语言。
而汉语是以意合为主的语言。
That is our policy and that is our declaration.▪这就是我们的国策。
这就是我们的宣言。
▪If winter comes,can spring be far behind?▪冬天来了，春天还会远吗？▪This is the reason why he is leaving so soon.▪这就是他所以这么快就要离开的原因。
▪ 2.英语名词用得多，汉语动词用得多。
因此，从总体修辞效果上看，英语呈静态，汉语呈动态。
▪I fell madly in love with her,and she–with me.▪我疯狂地爱上了她，她也疯狂地爱上了我。
▪A woman with fair opportunities,and without an absolute hump may marry whom she likes.▪一个女人只要不是驼背驼得厉害，机会好的话，想嫁给谁就嫁给谁。
▪Laser is one of the most sensational developments in recent years,because of its applicability to many fields of science and its adaptability to practical uses.▪激光可以应用于许多科学领域，又适合于各种实际用途，因此成了近年来轰动一时的科学成就之一。
▪ 3.英语有“物称倾向”，即主语往往是表示无生命物体的名词或表示事物的名词词组。
英语修辞Rhetoric Study
Rhetoric Study语体文体修辞学：（Stylistics）语体部分研究语言在不同的交际领域中所形成的功能分化，如科技语体、公文语体、新闻语体、法律语体、口语语体等；文体部分则研究文学语言与风格，包括个人风格与时代、流派风格。
人文修辞学：（Rhetoric）重点研究控制读者或听者反应的技巧，具体包括：语言符号在各种交际活动中的影响力，深化认识和影响感情的手段，劝说的各种论辩技巧，表达内容与表达方式之间的关系等。
交际修辞（Communicative Rhetoric）在内容表达上偏重炼字煅句、明确流畅，在形式的结构上偏重于平均慎密、严谨妥帖，总体上讲究逻辑思维，叙述准确，鞭辟入里，以有效地发挥语言的交际功能。
•美学修辞（Aesthetic Rhetoric）运用逻辑思维的同时，偏重随情应景，运用想象和联想，通过辞格（figures ofspeech）唤起生动的意象，使语言文字新鲜活泼，意韵优美，发挥更大的感染力和说服力，取得艺术性的表达效果。
1.Metaphor : One object is likened to another by speaking of it as if it were that other.The world is a stage.“These magical beasts”, as they have been called, are assisting hassled, often incompetent teachers.2.Metonymy: The name of one thing is applied to another thing with which it is closely associated.Are you reading much Shakespear?The English simply worship the crown.He is too fond of the bottle.3.Synecdoche: commmonly, the naming of a part to mean the whole, as in “hands” for “men who do manual labor” ,“a fleet of 50 sails” for “ a fleet of 50 shi ps”. But various other such substitutions are also included in the term. Have you any coppers?He is the Newton of this century.4.Allusion引喻: it is a casual mention or an indirect reference to some person, fact, idea, event, either historical orfictional. The purpose is to make or arouse association and vivid imagination.Those same kids on line are just a few key strokes击键away from Pandora’s hard drive.5.Onomatopoeia拟声: The use of words that, when pronounced, suggest their meaning, such as “hiss” or “buzz”. Inpoetry it involves suiting sound to sense and thereby creating verses that carry their meaning in their sound.And murmuring of innumerable bees…The ice was all around; It cracked and growled, and roared and howled.6.Euphemism the s ubstitution of an inoffensive expression for one that may be disagreeable, as in the use of “passaway or pass on” for “die”, “misinform” for “lie” in “the gentleman is misinformed”, “remain” for a “corpse”, “visiting the necessary” for “going to the toilet”, etc.7.Hyperbole a conscious exaggeration for the sake of emphasis, not intended to be understood literally.The wave ran mountain high.8.Paradox (雋语) a statement that appears to be logically contradictory and yet may be true, the purpose of which isto provoke fresh thought.雋语辞格指似是而非的俏皮话。
修辞手法rhetorics
修辞手法rhetorics第一篇：修辞手法rhetorics隐喻在英语中（汉语见“暗喻”），隐喻(Metaphor)是和明喻不同，不用like或as表示出来，而是进行隐藏的比较的这样一种修辞手段。
隐喻又称暗喻。
表达方法：A是B隐喻是一种比喻，用一种事物暗喻另一种事物。
隐喻是在彼类事物的暗示之下感知、体验、想象、理解、谈论此类事物的心理行为、语言行为和文化行为。
诗歌特别是现代以来的诗歌，在词句搭配方面有重要特点，喜欢突破词句之间的习惯联系，把一些似乎毫无关联的事物联系到一起。
把相互之间似乎缺乏联系的词句结合在一起，新批评家一般称其为隐喻。
例如：1.He is a pig.他简直是头猪。
（比喻：他是一个像猪一般的人，指肮脏，贪吃的人。
）2.She is a woman with a stony heart.她是一个铁石心肠的女人。
（比喻：这个女人冷酷无情。
）3.Mark Twain is a mirror of America.马克•吐温是美国的一面镜子。
（用镜子比喻美国的现实，很贴切。
）例如：All the world's a stage.(Shakespeare)仿拟（Parody）是英语语言学分支修辞学的重要修辞手法。
这是一种巧妙、机智、而有趣的修辞格。
它有意仿照人们熟知的现成的语言材料，根据表达的需要临时创造出新的语、句、篇来，以使语言生动活泼，或讽刺嘲弄，或幽默诙谐，妙趣盎然。
在运用时所仿拟的一般是人们所熟知的语言材料，如成语、谚语、名言、警句。
仿拟(parody)仿拟是为了表示新的内容所进行的修辞性改造.它可用在许多地方,但广告无疑是一块可以大事发挥仿拟的肥沃土地.广告为了争夺潜在顾客,常常借助仿拟修辞格.在广告中,仿拟可以分为“仿词”,“仿语”和“仿句”.《大学英语》中就有许多仿拟辞格(Parody),如:Lady Hermits---Down But Not Out.(潦而不倒的女隐士们)它仿拟的是习语down and out(贫困潦倒);T o Lie or Not T o Lie,that is a question 它仿拟的是莎士比亚名著哈姆雷特的名句：To be or not to be,that is a question。
English Rhetoric
英语修辞(English Rhetoric)1. 生动形象的Simile（明喻）2. 含而不露的Metaphor（隐喻）3. 无灵有灵的Personification（拟人）4. 结构精巧的Transferred Epithet（移就）5. 蕴涵新意的Synecdoche（提喻）6. 明抑暗扬的Understatement（低调陈述）7. 闪烁其词的Euphemism（委婉）8. 强化语意的Hyperbole（夸张）9. 含蓄典雅的Allusion（引喻）10.相映相衬的Antithesis（对照）11.排迭匀称的Parallelism（平行）12.发人深思的Paradox（隽语）13.矛盾统一的Oxymoron（矛盾修饰）14.妙趣横生的Anticlimax（突降）15.一唱三叹的Repetition（重复）16.音律优美的Alliteration（头韵）17.一语两意的Pun（双关）18.冷嘲热讽的Irony（反语）19.趣味盎然的Parody（仿拟）20.化腐为奇的Zeugma（轭式搭配）Figures of speech (修辞) are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech.1) Simile (明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold watersto a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法，是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体的关系，两者都在对比中出现，其基本格式是“A像B”，常用的比喻词有as, like, as if, as though等。
英语修辞学
英语修辞学Definition of Rhetoric修辞1) The art of using words in speaking or writing so as to persuade or influence others.2) The art of effectively using language in speech or writing, including the use of figures of speech.3) Rhetoric is the theory of informative and persuasive discourse.4) Rhetoric is a kind of art which deals with how to mairpulate language effectively.5) What make an effective choice between two synonymous expressions.6) Rhetoric should study the misunderstanding in human communication and find a solution to it.Historical Background of RhetoricAbout 23 centuries ago, during the time of Aristotle(亚里士多德) in Greece, rhetoric was considered as one of the few.In Aris totle’s Rhetoric it embraced only the following three subjects capable of systematic treatment, namely:1. the possible sources of proofs 2 the style 3 The right ordering of the parts of a speechIt remained so all through the Middle Ages. Even down of the 18th century it was not much changed.◆John Locke(English philosopher of late 17th century): Rhetoric was the science of oratory.What Rhetoric Treats A bout T odayRhetoric is considered to consist of the combination of two sciences, the science of logic and the science of grammar.Both logic and grammar deal with the expression of thought.1. Logic deals with the law of thinking; its aim is to determine what sequences of thought are sound and self-consistent.2. Grammar deals with the forms, inflections, and choice of words and their relation to each other in phrases, clauses(分句), orsentences.Rhetoric is therefore called the art of adaptation(适应性).Francis Christensen:Grammar maps out the possible; Rhetoric narrows the possible down to the desirable and effective.Grammar is law of the language , considered as language.Two types of rhetoric:Communicative rhetoric Aesthetic rhetoricIn Chinese civilization, rhetoric has been primarily written, not oral, due to regional differences in language.Complete sentence & Sentence fragments For example: It was raining hard, he (He)kept on running in the field.Analysis● A complete sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a period.●Punctuation●Comma, colon:●Period. Question mark?●Semicolon；exclamation mark!Types of Sentences1. Declarative(陈述), interrogative(疑问), imperative(祈使), and exclamatory(感叹) sentence (function)2. Simple, compound(复合), complex(复杂), and compound-complex sentences (structure)● A simple sentence has only one subject and one pre dicate-verb, but it may contain more than one object, attribute or adverbial.有一个主语和一个predicate-verb,但它可能包含一个以上的对象、属性或状语。
英语修辞学(Rhetoric)
谈到暗喻，有必要说说它的两种变体 （variety）：博喻（sustained 博喻（ 博喻 metaphor）和延喻（extended ）和延喻（ metaphor），它们是英语比喻中的特殊类 ） 型。 （1）博喻 连续使用多个喻体去比喻主体 ） 的方法就叫做博喻。 的方法就叫做博喻。比如：
There again came out the second flash, with the spring of a serpent and the shout of a fiend, looked green as an emerald, and the reverberation was stunning.(爆发了第二次闪 电，她像蛇一样蜿蜒，如魔鬼般嘶叫，像翠玉般碧 绿，轰隆隆震耳欲聋。) 这个例子中对闪电的比喻 就用了三个喻体，spring of a serpent（动态）， shout of a fiend（声音），green as an emerald(颜色)，它们从不同角度绘声绘色地把闪 电呈现在读者面前。由此可见，多喻体的使用其优 势是单一喻体所无法比拟的。它可以多角度、多侧 面、多层次、多结构地表现主体。
名词型和动词型
"noun" pattern名词型 A is B 名词型: "verb" pattern动词型 动词型: 名词型 动词型 Time is money. 时间就是金钱。 Snow clothes the ground. 雪覆盖了大 地。 Beauty without virtue is a rose without fragrance. The case snowballed into one of the most famous trials in U.S. history. 没有德行的美丽好比没有芬芳的玫 瑰。 这个案子像滚雪球似地最终成了美国 历史上最著名的审判之一。 Some people think that marriage is a lottery. 有些人认为婚姻是缘分。 A stranger then is still dogging us. 一 个陌生人仍在跟踪我们。 He is the eyes and ears of the manager. 他是经理的耳目。 My desk is flooded with paper. 我的 桌子上堆满了纸，就像洪水泛滥一样。 Look at that guy all meat and no potatoes. 瞧那个家伙，浑身都是肉。 The years have silvered her hair. 岁 月已使她的鬓发如霜。 I was, inwardly, all white flag. 我内 The population mushroomed in the 心里却妥协了。 postwar decades. Greece was the cradle of Western culture. 希腊是西方文化的发源地/ 战后数十年里人口快速增长。 摇篮。 My heart was pumping. 我的心怦怦 The old man's face is a map of 直跳。 time. 那老人脸就是岁月的写照。 He doesn't have any idea of his own. He just parrots what other people say. 他没有自己的观点，只会鹦鹉学舌。
Rhetoric英语修辞
３.Synecdoche
提喻(Synecdoche)，并不是中文词汇。其实就 是借代，指代。它有以下特点：
(1)以局部代表整体，或反之以整体代表局部
Great minds think alike He has many mouths to feed in his family. They were short of hands. The poor man is now left without a roof. The car broke down.
heart hair table eyes Her heart is like a fire, blazing with passion. His hair is as messy as a bird’s nest. The table is as long as the length of a swimming pool. Her eyes are like two headlights, showing us the way.
The moon gently lays her hand at our head. The wind whispered in the trees.
Hyperbole
(1) 借助数字夸张
I have phoned him hundreds of times, but got no response. Mary smiled and the entire world was happy.
(2) 借助强调成分或最高级进行夸张
(3) 借助形容词和副词进行夸张
All at once she discovered a splendid diamond finger ring.