culture shock中英文对照
culture shock 第九段翻译(中英文+重要词组)
在新环境下你应对自如，没有 忧虑感，尽管有遇到社会压力 的时刻。
4
cue n. 行动方向； 准则；暗示
Only with a complete grasp of all the cues of social intercourse will this strain disapper.(only+状语放在句首 的部分倒装句）
在完全适应之后 ，你不仅接受了 东道国家的食物 ，饮料，习惯， 习俗，而且开始 享受其中。
7
When you go home on leave,you may even take things back with you;and if you leave for good,you generally miss the country and the people to whom you became accustomed.
当你休假回家时， 你甚至可能会带些 东西回去；如果你 永远地离开时，你 通常会想念这个习 惯了的国家和人民。
on leave become accustomed to 休假 习惯于；对......变 得习以为常
for good 永远地
8
THANKS
9
intercourse n. 相互作用； 交际；交往
只有在你完全掌握社会交往中 的所有准则时，这些压力才会 消失。
5
For a long time the individual will understand what the national is saying but is not always sure what the national means.
-------Paragraph 9
In the fourth 在第四阶段，你的 stage,your adjustment is 适应达到了尽可能 的完善状态。 about as （达到了完全适应状态） compห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ete as it can be.
中西方文化差异 culture shock
2. vi. to separate a solid substance from a liquid by chemical action, or to be separated in this way沉淀 This material causes most of the alumina in the solution to precipitate quickly. 3. n. a solid substance that has been chemically separated from a liquid 沉淀物 老师让他在沉淀物溶解后再加热混合物。 The teacher asked him to warm the mixture after the precipitate dissolved.
Key Words
• • • • • • • • • • Transplant Abroad Ailment Symptom Cure Precipitate Symbol Intercourse Orient Invitation • • • • • • • • • • Facial Efficiency Efficient Series Regression Tremendous Irrational Glorify cultural Capacity
H ave you ever th ou gh t abou t you r ow n w ed d i n g d ay?
culture-shock中英文对照
Culture Shock Cause and SymptomsKalvero ObergCulture shock might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. Like most diseases, it has its own symptoms.文化休克是突然移居国外的人的一种职业病.像大多数疾病一样,它有自己的征兆.Culture shock is caused by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. Those signs or cues include the thousand and one ways with which we are familiar in the situation of daily life: when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to go shopping, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not. These cues, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms, are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, often with our conscious awareness.文化休克是由于失去我们熟悉的标志和社会环境而导致的焦虑.这些标志包括我们熟悉的日常生活,遇到别人知道何时握手,说些什么,知道什么时候如何给小费,如何购物,何时接受或拒绝邀请,何时严肃何时放松.这些可能是语言,手势,面部表情,风俗或规定,我们成长的过程中一直遵守,是文化的一部分,就像我们语言或信仰一样.我们依靠这些思想和标志,成为我们的潜意识.Now when a person enters a strange culture, all or most of these familiar cues are removed, He or she is like a fish out of water. No matter how broad-minded or full of goodwill you may be,a series of props have knocked from under you, followed by a feeling of frustration and anxiety. People react to the frustration in much the same way. First they reject the environment which causes the discomfort. “The ways of the host country are bad because they made us feel bad.” When foreigners in a strange land get together to grumble about the host country and its people, you can be sure they are suffering from culture shock. Another symptom of culture shock is regression. To the foreigner everything becomes irrationally glorified. All the difficulties and problems are forgotten and only the good things back home are remembered. It usually takes a trip home to bring one back to reality.当一个人进入一个陌生的环境,所以这些熟悉的线索都消失了.他就像一条离开了水的鱼,不管你有多么的思想开放多么的友好善良,一系列的问题会来到你的身边,带给你沮丧和焦虑.人们对挫折的反应大致相同,首先是拒绝带给他不适的环境, “这个国家很坏因为它让我感觉很坏”.当一个陌生地方的人一起抱怨这个国家和这个国家的人,你就可以肯定他们正在遭受文化冲击.文化休克的另一个症状就是逃避.对于一个外国人来说每一样事物都变的无法忍受.所有的困难和问题都忘记了,只剩下回家这一个念头.通常只有一趟回家之旅才会把他带回现实.Some of the symptoms of culture shock are: excessive washing of the hands; excessive concern over drinking water, food dishes, and bedding; fear of physical contact with attendants; the absent-minded stare; a feeling of helplessness and a desire for dependence on long-term residents of one's own nationality; fits of anger over minor frustrations; great concern over minor pains and eruptions of the skin; and finally, that terrible longing to be back home.文化休克的另一些症状是:过度的洗手,过度关注饮用水,食物,床上用品,恐惧与服务员身体接触,失神凝望,感觉很无助,渴望依赖在这里长期居住的同国籍的人,小事就能引起愤怒,对轻微的疼痛和皮疹过度关注,最终极度渴望重返家园.Individual differ greatly in the degree in which culture shock affects them. Although not common, there are individual who cannot live in foreign countries. However, those who have seen people go through culture shock and on to a satisfactory adjustment can see steps in the process.文化冲击对不同的人有不同程度的影响.尽管并不普遍,有些人不能在国外生活.然而,可以看看有些已经克服文化冲击并且有一个满意的调整,可以参照一下步骤.Stages of AdjustmentRaymond ZeuschnerKalvero Oberg describes four stages that people go through when they experience situations that are very different from those to which they are accustomed. Examples of such situations include moving to a new city, traveling to anew country, and becoming part of a new organization, military unit or corporation.Kalvero Oberg介绍了适应与他们熟悉的环境有很大不同的情况有四个阶段.包括移居到一个新的城市,前往一个新的国家,成为一个组织,军队或公司的一员.Stage one is a honeymoon phase, during which the new experience is perceived to be interesting, picturesque, entertaining, and charming. You may notice several superficial differences such as music, food and clothing, and the fresh appeal of the new experience keeps you feeling interested and positive. If you are a real tourist, you probably do not stay long enough for this phase to wear off but go on to the next new location or experience. There are people who frequently change jobs, majors, romantic partners, travel plans, clothing styles, foods, diets, or cars so that they never get very far away from the honeymoon stage of culture shock. It is very pleasant to travel and to try out and explore whatever is new.第一阶段是一个蜜月期.在此期间新的体验被认为是有趣的,美丽的,好玩的,迷人的.你可能会注意到一些肤浅的差异,比如音乐,食物,衣服,新经验让你感觉新鲜有趣.如果你是一个真正的旅游者,在这个阶段不会停留很久,因为会去新的地方,有新的经历.有些人经常更换工作,专业的浪漫的合作者,旅行计划,服装风格,食品,饮食,或汽车,因此,他们离文化冲击很远.蜜月阶段是非常愉快的旅行,并尝试和探索一切新的东西.When you stay in a new environment for a while, you move to stage two——the crisis stage——in which the shine wears off and the day-to-day realities sink in. In a relationship, you notice annoying habbits; in a new country, you find barriers to establishing connections or to learning the language beyond a few polite phrases. Suddenly, your new major includes a class or a professor you dislike. The difficulties and unpleasantness of realities replace the charming and picturesque “honeymoon.' However, if you stick with the experience and try to deal with it realistically, you will probably move to the third phase of culture shock: recovery.当你在一个新环境待一段时间,你就进入了第二阶段——危机阶段——在这个阶段所以的光环消退,现实的环境摆在你面前.在人际关系方面,你发现了令人烦恼的障碍,在一个新的国家,你发现建立人际关系学习新的语言是有障碍的,比起第一个阶段来.突然之间,你的新专业涉及到的课程和教授你都不喜欢.困难和不愉快的现实取代了第一阶段迷人的蜜月期.然而,如果你能够坚持下去并且尝试去处理,你可能会进去文化冲击的第三阶段:恢复.In recovery, you learn the systems, procedures, language, or nonverbal behaviors of the new environment so that you can cope with it on the basis of some mastery, competence, and comfort. After about two weeks in London, I began to feel familiar with traveling by'tube,“ shopping nearly every day for groceries, paying in the correct currency, buying a newspaper, and using some phrases that are unique to English people. I had the advantage of speaking the same basic language and of sharing a great deal with the English in some broad, cultural aspects. In a country that was very different from my own, It would probably have taken me longer to move into the recovery phase.在恢复阶段,你学习新环境里的制度,程序,语言,行为以便能够熟练驾驭.在伦敦大概两周之后,我开始熟悉乘坐地铁旅行,几乎每天去杂货店物,用正确的货币支付,买报纸,使用一些当地人才用的英语.文化方面我有说同种语言的优势.在一个与我自己的国家有很大不同的地方,可能让我用更长的时间去进入恢复阶段.Finally,the fourth, or adjustment, phase occurs when you feel that you function well and almost automatically in the new culture. You no longer need to make mental conversions of the country's money; you know where services are located and how to use them; you understand some of the customs that accompany ordinary life, and it is relatively easy for you to adjust to them. A greater enjoyment of the new experience is now possible, and you may regain some of the initial positive regard you had in the honeymoon stage. If you stay long enough on a visit from a big city to a small town, or, the other way round, you may become so well adapted to the new environment that when you return to your original home, you will again experience culture shock. For some people, it may take several days to readjust. depending on the length of time they were away. Usually, however, since you are in your home culture, your shock wears off faster than the shock that you experienced in the new culture.最后是第四个阶段,也就是调整阶段.这时你感觉已经在一个新文化中适应良好.你不再需要在心里转换该国货币,你知道各项服务的位置以及如何使用它们,你了解如何适应生活习俗,那对你来说很简单.新的经历可能让你轻松愉快,你也许会重新感受到最初的蜜月阶段的甜蜜.如果你保持足够长的从大城市到小城镇的访问,或者反过来,你可能变得很好地适应新的环境.当你返回最初的家园,你可能还要体验一次文化冲击.对一些人来说,可能要花费几天去重新适应,根据他们离开的时间的长短有所不同.通常,比起你所经历的新的文化,在你自己的本土文化里,冲击要消退的更快一些.欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考。
Unit 2 Culture Shock
Honeymoon Phase
Everything usually goes fairly smoothly.
Rejection Phase
The newcomer may encounter many problems in transportation, shopping, or interpersonal communication. You may feel that people may no longer care about your problem, and they don’t like foreigners. The newcomer may start to complain and reject the host culture.
thing about your home country.
Recovery Phase
You become more comfortable with
the customs of your host country. You
start to realize that no country is much
What causes culture shock?
• Culture shock is caused by unfamiliarity with the new country, inability to speak the language fluently or understand the many new idioms, and not knowing how to behave in an unfamiliar culture. Not only is the language different, but gestures, facial expressions, and traditions are also different. Newcomers can sometimes feel like children because they cannot understand all these new things at once.
Unit 20 Culture Shock 文化冲击(精品文档)
Unit 20 Culture ShockKalvero Oberg1 Culture shock might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. Like most ailments, it has its own symptoms and cure.文化冲击又叫人们移居国外的职业病。
像大多数小病一样，它也有自己的症状和治疗方法。
2 Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. Those signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situation of daily life: when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to make purchases, when to accept and when to refuse invitations* when to take statements seriously and when not. These cues, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms, are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we do not carry on the level of conscious awareness.文化冲击是焦虑产生的，这种焦虑是由于丧失了指导我们进行社交的熟悉的信号和符号。
cultureshock课文翻译
culture shock课文翻译culture shock课文翻译对于一篇好的文章，翻译也是十分重要的事情，下面是小编为大家搜集整理出来的有关于culture shock课文翻译，希望可以帮助到大家！Culture shock has many stages. Each stage can be ongoing or appear only at certain times. The first stage is the incubation stage. In this first stage, the new arrival may feel euphoric and be pleased by all of the new things encountered. This time is called the “honeymoon” stage, as everything encountered is new and exciting.Afterwards, the second stage presents itself. A person may encounter some difficult times and crises in daily life. For example, communication difficulties may occur such as not being understood. In this stage, there may be feelings of discontent, impatience, anger, sadness, and feeling incompetence, this happens when a person is trying to adapt to a new culture that is very different from the culture of origin. Transition between the old methods and those of the new country is a difficult process and takes time to complete. During the transition, there can be strong feelings of dissatisfaction.The third stage is characterized by gaining some understanding of the new culture. A new feeling of pleasure and sense of humor may be experienced. One may start to feel a certain psychological balance. The new arrival may not feel as lost and starts to have a feeling of direction. The individual is more familiar with the environment and wants to belong. This initiates an evaluation of the old ways versus those of the new.In the forth stage, the person realizes that the culture hasgood and bad things to offer. This stage can be one of double integration or triple integration depending on the number of cultures that the person has to process. This integration is accompanied by a more solid feeling of belonging. The person starts to define him/herself and establish goals for living.The fifth stage is the stage that is called the “re-entry shock..” this occurs when a return to the country of origin is made. One may fin that things are no longer the same. For example, some of the newly acquired customs are not in use in the old culture.These stages are present at different times and each person has their own way of reacting in the stages of culture shock. As a consequence, some stages will be longer and more difficult than others. Many factors contribute to the duration and effects of culture shock. For example, the individual’s state of mental health, type of personality, previous experiences, socio-economic conditions, familiarity with the language, family and/or social support systems,and level of education.翻译文化冲击有许多阶段。
Culture shock
Culture shock.You’re lost, standing baffled in new surroundings with a heavy pack on your shoulders, unable to tell left from right, up from down, phone booths from trash cans or ripoff artists from friends.But this image of sudden shock isn’t quite accur ate.In reality, culture shock is a much more nuanced phenomenon that can take months to develop and overcome. Culture shock will flip your emotions topsy-turvy. It will effect you in completely unexpected ways.More than simply being surprised at unfamiliar social norms, weird new food or foreign modes of conversation, culture shock will impact you long after you become familiar and comfortable with the day-to-day customs of a new culture.Culture shock tends to move through four different phases: wonder, frustration, depression and acceptance.Of course, like all things that happen in our complicated little brains, it’s never really that simple or easy. Each of these stages take time to run their course, and how deeply one effects you is never set in stone. Even the order of these 4 stages can be unpredictable.Jet-Lag and WonderThe first stage of culture shock is often overwhelmingly positive and far from bewildering. This is often called the “honeymoon phase” –when you’re so fascinated with the lang uage, the people and the food that the trip seems like the greatest thing you’ve ever done. You’re having an adventure!The first stage of culture shock is often overwhelmingly positive andfar from bewildering.On shorter trips this honeymoon period can be a huge boon, as the rush of foreign stimulation makes a vacation all the better, and having a set return date can ward off the less enjoyable aspects of culture shock.Anyone who’s visited another continent has felt this rush of excitement the minute th ey got off the plane, and will no doubt never forget it.Guidebooks about Southeast Asia play on this fairly often, inevitably starting with a vivid description of Bangkok – the overwhelming smell of fish sauce, the muggy tropical air, the traffic straight out of hell – all things that contribute to the sense of having touched down on another planet.Settling In…To Frustration?!This is a difficult stage of culture shock, familiar to anyone who has lived abroad or traveled for a long time. You don’t under stand gestures. You get laughed at, you horribly offend a little old lady without knowing why.The usual response is anger. I often tell people that culture shock is is walking out the door, being greeted by a neighbor and wanting nothing more than to shout obscenities at them.It is a visceral reaction that permeates every part of the experience, from misunderstanding shopkeepers, to losing your keys or missing the bus. Frustration comes and goes, disillusion comes on like a monsoon and the pangs of homesickness can become debilitating.The first time I went to Asia I got it bad. After a month and a half of backpacking and two months teaching in Saigon, I was ready to go home.The city began to weigh on me in ways I couldn’t have forseen. Struggling aga inst the smog and noise felt like trying to keep my head above water while wearing lead boots. The food, the people, the language – nothing was exotic anymore. I just wanted a hamburger.Depression: Feeling StuckAh, the big one. We’ve all felt a little down before, but rarelywhen we’re so far from home.Depression on the road is a feeling of hopelessness andlonging, like nothing will ever be OK again until you hop onthat plane home.The worst part about this brand of moping is that it’sdifficult to see the link to culture shock – the feeling cansometimes seems disconnected from travel, and often even homesickness. It can take the form of simple, implacable malaise.It’s hard to be so far away, especially if you’re all by yourself. Frustration can bring on homesickness, but depression adds the dimension of feeling like you just have to get out.Acceptance: Home Away From HomeAfter weeks and months of blindly struggling through a thousand different emotional states every hour, acceptance finally arrives like a warm bath at the end of a hard day.Acceptance does not necessarily entail total understanding –it’s nearly impossible t o ever claim complete understanding of another culture – but instead involves the realization that you don’t have to “get” it all. You find what makes you happy and content in your new surroundings.For me, this realization happened a few months after I moved to Saigon a second time. I began to find my place in the motorbike horns, cigarette smoke and other expats floating through the fray. When Vietnamese started sounding more like a language than a fax tone and I ceased getting hopelessly lost on the potholed roads, the whole experience began to feel like a coherent whole instead of a random collection of aimless madness.And there lies the crux of culture shock: the bad stuff, like feeling lost, hopeless and out of place, will run its course no matter what happens.Going The DistanceEven though you can’t avoid culture shock entirely, there are things you can do to make it easier on yourself.The first step, of course, is to recognize that what you’re going through is culture shock. If you can come to te rms with wild mood swings and sad times, and recognize they’re part of the inevitable process, it’s a lot easier to convince yourself that the bad feelings will pass. And they will.Secondly, it’s crucial to learn the language as you go. Culture shock, at its simplest, is an inability to integrate, and the biggest barrier to that is generally language. The more able a traveler is to laugh, cry and seek solace with the locals, the easier it is to deal with ups and downs.Though it can be one of the toughest parts of traveling, culture shock is just as integral to the experience as food, people and scenery. By recognizing it for what it is and doing your best to cope, you can easily prevent culture shock from ruining an otherwise fantastic journey.'Culture shock' is used to describe the emotional rollercoaster that someone experiences when living in a new country. Anyone that has worked and lived in a foreign country will experience culture shock of some sort.Culture shock affects anyone from business personnel and their families, to EFL teachers to sports stars. Recognising culture shock is an important way of being able to deal with it. Dealing with it helps minimise the risk of becoming disillusioned with a new country and the possibility of deciding that a quick return 'home' is the only solution.Experts agree that culture shock has stages and all agree that once people get beyond the initial and most difficult stages, life in a new country becomes a lot better.Outlined below is an example of the stages people go through with culture shock:Stage 1 - ExcitementThe individual experiences a holiday or 'honeymoon' period with their new surroundings.They:. Feel very positive about the culture. Are overwhelmed with impressions. Find the new culture exotic and are fascinated. Are passive, meaning they have little experience of the cultureStage 2 - WithdrawalThe individual now has some more face to face experience of the culture and starts to find things different, strange and frustrating.They:. Find the behaviour of the people unusual and unpredictable. Begin to dislike the culture and react negatively to the behaviour. Feel anxious. Start to withdraw. Begin to criticize, mock or show animosity to the peopleStage 3 - AdjustmentThe individual now has a routine, feels more settled and is more confident in dealing with the new culture.They:. Understand and accept the behaviour of the people. Feel less isolated. Regains their sense of humourStage 4 - EnthusiasmThe individual now feels 'at home'.They:. Enjoy being in the culture. Functions well in the culture. Prefer certain cultural traits of the new culture rather than their own. Adopt certain behaviours from the new cultureAccording to Pamela Brink and Judith Saunders, there are four phases of the term culture shock. Culture shock is when people are in a new place and how they react to new situations and a new culture. There are several stories that back up the idea that Brink and Saunders wrote about in the explanation of culture shock. The four phases are the "Honeymoon Phase", the "Disenchantment Phase", the "Beginning Resolution Phase" and the "Effective Function Phase". The stories of people's accounts of their own culture shock experiences test these phases.An example of the four phases of culture shock is "Amitar Ray" by Portes and Rumbaut. Amitar Ray went to the United States in hope of opportunity of good work. In his story it says that after four years Ray and his family wanted to move back home because they were nostalgic and wanted to see if where they used to live had gotten any better. Ray's story contradicts a little bit of the culture shock phase theory but one thing that it has incommon with it is the fourth phase. Ray says that they plan to stay in the United States because their daughter has adapted well and would not want to go back to India. It is also mentioned that Ray visits his old home in India occasionally which suggests the fourth phase as well. Although Ray feels that he would be happier somewhere else, he is comfortable in America and his daughter is Americanized and he has accepted America as a home.The second story "Neji" is about a family that moves to America from Puerto Rico. This story also contradicts some of the phases. The first phase, the "Honeymoon Phase" is never experienced by the young girl. She says in the story that she didn't expect New York's streets to be paved in gold but she did expect more than she saw. The children in the family had trouble adapting, especially in school. They were good students in Puerto Rico and even when they improved in grades, they continued to be outcasts. Eventually however Esmeralda and her siblings adapted to American life and felt comfortable there. Although she continues to love Puerto Rico, she does not feel comfortable with the new immigrants that are like how she was when she first moved to America. Esmeralda accepted the language and culture and the fourth phase of culture shock.Another example of culture shock is the story of Ulli Steltzer. Steltzer's story is about Armenian families that come to America and how although he did not like American and the culture he assimilated because he did not have any other choice. Steltzer's story contradicts the fourth phase, unlike the other stories, because he mentions how he hopes to eventually move back to his homeland when it is safe.By what the stories of Steltzer, Esmeralda, and Amitar say about the phases of culture shock it looks as if the four phases are not true in all situations. In the situation of immigrants, the culture shock phases are incorrect, Culture shock is more when people go on vacations and the decide to move somewhere because they enjoy it. In the cases of immigrants, they had to move to America for reasons they had no or little control over and therefore do not experience the typical phases of culture shock that Brink and Saunders discuss.Critical Strategies for Academic Thinking and Writing. Ed. Mike Rose and Malcolm Kiniry. 3rd ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin. 1998.When a student or other individual relocates to a foreign country, he or she inevitably faces a host of emotions and reactions ranging from awe to rejection, isolation to assimilation. These emotions comprise the four stages of culture shock.Honeymoon PeriodWhile preparing to relocate and during the first days or weeks in the new country, a person will experience a Honeymoon Period during which he or she will feel extreme joy and enthusiasm. Responding to the new environment with fascination, an individual will enjoy the differences in fashion, food, social customs, etc. This period is exhilarating, full of observation and discoveries, lasting a few days to a few weeks. Like most honeymoons, however, this stage eventually ends. “When an individual sets out to study, live or work in a new country, he or she will invariably experience difficulties with language, housing, friends, schoolwork…”RejectionThe next phase of Culture Shock Syndrome is referred to as the period of Rejection. This stage is marked by criticism, resentment, and anger. When an individual sets out to study, live or work in a new country, he or she will invariably experience difficulties with language, housing, friends, schoolwork, and understanding the idiosyncrasies of the local culture, often resulting in frustration. The Rejection period can be triggered by the realization that, as an outsider in a new culture, language or misunderstandings of cultural cues can often make the simplest task seem like a daunting challenge. Furthermore, because the high expectations set during the Honeymoon Period appear much farther out of reach, the individual feels disillusioned.Regression & IsolationThe extreme letdown experienced during the Rejection Period prompts the individual to become critical of his new environment–of the people, their culture, and of all the perceived differences with the culture at home. This letdown often propels an individual into the stage of Regression & Isolation. In this stage, the culture from which the individual has come is idealized. For example, an Italian student studying in the U.S. for a semester may indiscriminately view his Italian university, past experiences or friendships as superior, regardless of any problems inherent to those relationships. The student risks further isolation from the new environment. Symptoms exhibited during this period include anxiety, sadness, homesickness, and anger. These feelings manifest themselves in changes in behavior: inappropriate anger over slight delays and minor frustrations, changes in sleep patterns, compulsive eating and/or drinking, irritability, poor concentration, and unexplainable crying. The stage of Rejection and Regression is variable in length but can last up to 6-8 weeks.Adjustment & AdaptationGradually the crisis of regression and isolation is resolved allowing the individual to begin recovery in the Adjustment & Adaptation stages. To resolve these feelings, the individual has to employ particular skills and resources essential for adjustment, as described in Coping with Culture Shock.For more information see:Coping with Culture ShockPsychological Effects of International StudyThe Opportunities & Challenges of International StudyStages of Culture ShockCommon theories describe the adjustment to living in a new culture comes in different stages of culture shock.Most often the term "culture shock" however is only used to describe the low points in the relocation process. Expats often hear standard explanations when experiencing irritation by new cultural cues. Many an advice will be: Oh, it is totally normal to feel homesick, have sleep problems, feel exhausted, your children get chickenpox, etc. when you are so far away. You are just suffering of culture shock.Yes, it is normal to experience this uprootedness with all its symptoms when relocation and living in a new cultural environment.But to be more specific you have to see these feelings of negativity evolving in the whole process of cultural adjustment over a longer amount of time, like the years of your expat posting.Kalvero Oberg was the first to set five distinct stages of culture shock in 1958. He included in his model of adjustment phases the experience of a reverse adjustment to the home country.Oberg described the stages of culture shock as:1. Honeymoon or tourist stage2. Irritation and anger stage3. Rejection or regression stage4. Integration or assimilation stage5. Reverse or reentry stageIn my description I will use the common four stages of culture shock (1.-4. of Obergs stages) including two further stages referring to the return to the home country after an expatriate assignment. When relocating to your home country you will experience these two phases and you should be aware of them, therefore I will describe them below as well.Culture Shock is a very individual process and you will most certainly experience this during your relocation. But to be informed about the different phases or stages of culture shock is already a good start to deal with it. The first phase is also often referred to as honeymoon stage in literature, so read on to learn more about this stage.First phase: Being happy and excitedWhen you arrive at your new posting abroad, everything seems to be exotic and interesting. You are curious to explore your new surroundings. You mainly see the positive side of your relocation. You are in a state of euphoria. Here in Cape Town it is easy to be carried away in that pink bubble as everything seems so colorful, happy, vibrant, cheap and exciting.This state lasts usually for a couple of weeks, depending if you are starting your new expat life in a hotel or have to find your ways around the city organizing your new life and looking for a new home right from the start.Second phase: Feeling overwhelmedAfter some weeks of this euphoria you will start to realize that it is difficult to be in constant contact with the new culture. You feel like you lost the ground and realize how different everything is here to your home. You begin to miss home, it seems to you that everything you know is turned upside down and you do not understand the locals and you feel misunderstood and disadvantaged.At the lowest point the culture shock manifests itself through the common symptoms of culture shock.You might feel you are at the wrong place at the wrong time and start avoiding people and places. This experience can actually be quite short but sometimes it might last up to several months before you realize the cause of your illness or unhappiness.Third phase: becoming more open and acceptingSlowly you will understand the new cultural cues. This happens usually during your first year of your relocation. You will feel safer and more content with your life and will become more proactive again. You will go out and take action to meet new people and maybe you try to find new ways to live and enjoy your new lifestyle.Life becomes easier and you understand more and more what is happening around you. You learn the local language, customs and way of living and will adjust slowly without loosing your own cultural identity.Fourth phase: feeling settledYou still will compare the advantages or disadvantages of your new home with your country, but you are comparing everything in a more realistic way of seeing things. Things normalize; you know your new routine.Life is not anymore so exciting and you are not so anxious anymore, and you feel comfortable with your new surroundings. You have got new friends and perhaps lead a different lifestyle here which you never thought possible to live or enjoy. You do not worry about everybody and everything but just feel at the right place.Fifth phase: being excited about going homeOnce your expat assignment comes to an end, you will feel anxious to leave your new found friends and your lifestyle, but on the other hand, and that will be dominating your feelings, there will be a great anticipation for being home again, to be back to all the people and things you missed. You plan already what you will do when you get home, but slowly have to acknowledge that people and things also changed or at least continued to grow or evolve back home.This stage actually relates to phase one of new expat relocations.Sixth phase: shocked about the differencesYou start realizing that the grass is not greener on the other side. You feel disappointed that things also have changed at your old home and start to miss things from your last expat assignment.But slowly as the whole process repeats itself again with usually less drastic effect you will settle again and live comfortably again.。
Unit2_Culture_Shock_1文化冲击
◆当人们去到一个与自己原来的文化迥异的地方时，绝大多
数人都会经历一种心理上的迷惑，这就是文化冲击。 ——Robert Kohls（Survival Kit for Overseas Living)
It means strong feelings of discomfort, fear, or anxiety, which people may have when they enter another culture.
Unit 2 Unit 2 Culture Shock
1.What is Culture Shock?
◆Culture shock can be described
as the feeling of confusion and disorientation that one experiences when faced with a large number of new and unfamiliar people and situations. (from College English, 2005,14th,10)
Privacy Some Chinese Students’ Views on Western privacy:
The westerners are not willing to let others know their income, age, marriage, and other privacy, especially to strangers. But as a Chinese student, even if we know their culture, I can't help doing things as our culture lets us do. The Western culture emphasizes individual independence. Parents always want their children to depend on themselves. The children are expected to depend on themselves. It has its historical and cultural reasons, Chinese parents love their children and will never let them in any danger. They want to keep an intimate relationship.
Culture Shock
[China]A woman walks her grandson home. She has bound feet, making it quite difficult to walk and at times very painful. The practice, now illegal, required breaking the arch of the foot, then constricting it, which resulted in a stylized, mincing gait in the name of beauty.
IN CHINA
在中国，狮子在传统建筑物中占有重要位置，古代建筑大多 雕刻狮子来作守门兽，此外，古人的陵墓，河流上的桥梁也 往往会刻上狮子，这是因为狮子给人一种威严、庄重的感觉， 古人认为能起避邪之功用，出了用于建筑物上外，我们都很 熟悉舞狮这一活动，在春节及一些重要活动中，舞狮和舞龙 一样已经成为中华文化的象征，但在汉语中有关狮的词汇确 不很多.对于中国人来说，狮子只不过是一种凶猛强悍的食肉 动物而已，并无多少庄严雄伟的喻意，更没有王者气概的内 涵，反倒是老虎能引发更多的联想，老虎是中国传统文化中 的百兽之王，山中无老虎，猴子充霸王，老虎才是王者，威 猛力量的象征，汉语中常用虎来形容威猛用武和雄心胆量等， 诸如虎将、虎威、藏龙卧虎、如虎添翼等等
[Puerto Rico]Transvestites dress up for "Madonna
Madness Night" at a nightclub in Santurce.
What is Culture Shock?
Definition： A condition of confusion and anxiety affecting a person suddenly exposed to an alien culture
Culture Shock中英对译及缩写
Culture shock英汉对译及原文缩写一、英汉对译Culture shock might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. Like most ailments, it has its own symptoms and cure.1．文化冲击又叫人们移居国外的职业病。
像大多数小病一样，它也有自己的症状和治疗方法。
Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. Those signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situation of daily life: when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to make purchases, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not. These cues, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms, are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we do not carry on the level of conscious awareness.2．文化冲击是焦虑产生的，这种焦虑是由于丧失了指导我们进行社交的熟悉的信号和符号。
culture shock的翻译
culture shock的翻译基本解释●Culture shock：文化冲击●音标：/ˈkʌltʃər ʃɑːk/●名词(n) 意思：指一个人进入一个新的文化环境时，因文化差异而产生的困惑、不适应或焦虑感。
具体用法●名词(n):o意思：文化冲击o同义词：cultural disorientation, cultural confusion, cultural surprise, cultural adjustment, cultural adaptationo反义词：cultural familiarity, cultural comfort, cultural ease, cultural understanding, cultural assimilationo例句：●When John moved to Japan, he experienced culture shockbecause everything was so different from what he was usedto in the United States. (当约翰搬到日本时，他经历了文化冲击，因为一切都与他在美国习惯的不同。
)●Culture shock can be overwhelming, but it often leads topersonal growth and a deeper understanding of the world.(文化冲击可能会让人不知所措，但它通常会带来个人成长和对世界更深刻的理解。
)●Many students studying abroad face culture shock, but withtime, they learn to adapt and appreciate the new culture. (许多留学生面临文化冲击，但随着时间的推移，他们学会适应并欣赏新的文化。
Culture_shock 文化冲击
What is Culture Shock?
◆Why? Smells, sounds, flavors, the very feeling of the air one is breathing; the natives unfamiliar language and behavior contribute to it, too. ◆People's response to culture shock : vary greatly, from excitement and energetic action to withdrawal, depression, physical illness, and hostility. ◆Keep in mind : First, most people experience some degree of culture shock when they go to a new country. Second, culture shock passes with time.
The Film: Pushing Hands （1992）
The debut film of director Ang Lee, who cowrote the script with James Schamus. Concerns with family and duty and how the two co-exists, for better or worst.
Culture Shock
Unit 12 Culture Shock
We requested that the next meeting be held on a Friday. 我们要求下次会议星期五举行。 我们要求下次会议星期五举行。 [剑桥高阶] 剑桥高阶]
He was transferred to another department at his own request. 应本人的要求他被调到别的部门去了。 应本人的要求他被调到别的部门去了。 [朗文当代] 朗文当代]
I owe you for your help.由于你的帮助，我还得谢谢你。 由于你的帮助， 由于你的帮助 我还得谢谢你。 [朗文当代] 朗文当代] She owes her good health to exercise.她把自己的健康归因于锻炼 她把自己的健康归因于锻炼 身体。 身体。 We couldn’t get there in time owing to an accident. 由于发生了事故，我们没能及时赶到那里。 由于发生了事故，我们没能及时赶到那里。 [朗文当代] 朗文当代] [美国传统] 美国传统]
These white socks have been much in request lately.这种白色短袜 这种白色短袜 近来很行销。 近来很行销。 [朗文当代] 朗文当代]
即学即用
⑦They made a request that the prisoners________set free. A．be ． B．should ． C．would be ． D．will be ．
5．absorb vt.吸收；理解；掌握；承受；使专心 ． 吸收； 吸收 理解；掌握；承受； 【精讲拓展】 精讲拓展】 absorb one’s attention吸引某人的注意力 吸引某人的注意力 be absorbed in专心致志于 专心致志于 be absorbed by被……吞并；为……所吸收 吞并； 被 吞并 所吸收 【典型例句】 典型例句】 A paper towel absorbed the water.纸巾吸干了水。[美国传统] 纸巾吸干了水。 美国传统] 纸巾吸干了水 My job after school absorbs all of my time.我的课余工作占据了 我的课余工作占据了 我的全部时间。 我的全部时间。 [美国传统] 美国传统]
大学英语4关于Culture Shock的作文(中英)
Culture ShockIt is more common to see people from abroad travel to China to study,or work ,which may cause to us culture shock.人们从国外到中国学习或工作，这可能会对美国文化造成冲击,已经是一种常态。
One thing I find both fascinating and discouraging is the fact that there are so many people who inhabit around us and we know so little about each other,of en to the point where we are almost afraid to interact.Most of us are afraid of t he differences that different cultures bring us and the embarrassment that co mesfrom them.That is what our biases about culture shock lead to.有一件事我觉得既有趣又令人失望，那就是我们周围有那么多人，而我们对彼此却知之甚少，我们大多数人都害怕不同的文化给我们带来的差异和由此带来的尴尬，这就是我们对文化冲击的偏见所导致的。
What should we do to deal with cultural shock is not discrimination or fear .we should identify with our own culture and respect the culture of other nations.I n cultural exchanges,we should respect differences,understand personalties,liv e in harmony and jointly ptomote the prosperity of world culture.应对文化冲击，不应是歧视和恐惧，要认同自己的文化，尊重别国的文化，在文化交流中，要尊重差异，了解个性，和谐相处，共同促进世界文化的繁荣。
Culture shock
（解释、同义词、反义词、习惯用语、构词法等）1.MannerA way of acting; bearing or behavior举止：行为的方式；good…,bad …,a very rude mannerIt's bad manners to talk with a full mouth.嘴里吃着东西说话是不礼貌的。
You should have good manners all the time.任何时候都应该有礼貌。
2.dietThe usual food and drink of a person or animal.饮食to go on a diet节食；吃限定食物He began his diet a week ago.他在一星期前开始节食。
People who are on a diet mustn't have chocolate.正在节食的人不能吃巧克力。
3.customA practice followed by people of a particular group or region.习俗，风俗His custom was to get up early and have a cold bath.他的习惯是早起，然后洗个冷水澡。
关税, 海关（pl.）At the airport; the customs officers searched his case.在机场，海关人员检查了他的箱子。
4.culture shockA condition of confusion and anxiety affecting a person suddenly exposed to an alien culture or milieu.文化震惊：某人突然身处异族文化或环境中而经受的一种困惑焦虑的状况5.definitely明确地Very similar to definite but as an adjective形容词, "definitely" tells us how can describe a noun.For example: I'm definitely sure that this deer can fly.6.accept /receiveI've received收到a gift from him, but I'm not going to accept接受it.我收到了他送的礼物，但是我不准备接受。
qiu U2 Culture Shock
Unit 2 Culture ShockText I Making a Cultural Change1.Culture Shock文化冲击：某人突然身处异族文化或环境中而经受的一种困惑焦虑的状况2.be limited to rich tourists限于The damage was limited to the roof.3.be common for the average person常见的；常有的It's common for new fathers to feel jealous of the baby.It is common for children to be afraid (NOT It is common that children are afraid) of the dark.4.the average person; average people普通人群men of average ability能力一般的人the average age of the boys这些男孩子的平均年龄students of average intelligence普通智力的学生5.in time最后，终于In time they came to accept the harsh facts. 他们最终承认了严酷的事实6.for pleasure为了取乐The graceful skaters were a pleasure to watch. 看优美的滑冰者是一种享受It's a pleasure for me to live with you. 和你一起生活对我来说是件愉快的事情。
for fun开玩笑, 不是认真的7.conference会议, 讨论会a fact-finding conference调查会a press [news] conference记者招待会8.challenging引起挑战性兴趣的a challenging course of study; 一门挑战性的课程；a challenging role for an inexperienced performer. 给一个无经验的演员一个挑战性的角色accept [take] a challenge应战face the challenge遇到问题, 面向挑战issue the challenge提出任务meet the challenge满足要求; 完成任务9.leave behind离开, 遗留,They had left the city behind and were heading into open country.Sarah, with her long legs, soon left the rest of us far behind.I think I might have left my wallet behind.10.He has his acquaintances 相识, 熟人I have no acquaintance with this book.我不熟悉这本书。
(完整word版)Unit 20 Culture Shock 文化冲击
Unit 20 Culture ShockKalvero Oberg1 Culture shock might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. Like most ailments, it has its own symptoms and cure.文化冲击又叫人们移居国外的职业病。
像大多数小病一样，它也有自己的症状和治疗方法。
2 Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. Those signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situation of daily life: when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to make purchases, when to accept and when to refuse invitations* when to take statements seriously and when not. These cues, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms, are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we do not carry on the level of conscious awareness.文化冲击是焦虑产生的，这种焦虑是由于丧失了指导我们进行社交的熟悉的信号和符号。
culture shock中英文对照
Culture Shock Cause and SymptomsKalvero ObergCulture shock might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. Like most diseases, it has its own symptoms.文化休克是突然移居国外的人的一种职业病. 像大多数疾病一样,它有自己的征兆.Culture shock is caused by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. Those signs or cues include the thousand and one ways with which we are familiar in the situation of daily life: when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to go shopping, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not. These cues, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms, are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, often with our conscious awareness.文化休克是由于失去我们熟悉的标志和社会环境而导致的焦虑.这些标志包括我们熟悉的日常生活,遇到别人知道何时握手,说些什么,知道什么时候如何给小费,如何购物,何时接受或拒绝邀请,何时严肃何时放松.这些可能是语言,手势,面部表情,风俗或规定,我们成长的过程中一直遵守,是文化的一部分,就像我们语言或信仰一样.我们依靠这些思想和标志,成为我们的潜意识.Now when a person enters a strange culture, all or most of these familiar cues are removed, He or she is like a fish out of water. No matter how broad-minded or full of goodwill you may be,a series of props have knocked from under you, followed by a feeling of frustration and anxiety. People react to the frustration in much the same way. First they reject the environment which causes the discomfort. “The ways of the host country are bad because they made us feel bad.” When foreigners in a strange land get together to grumble about the host country and its people, you can be sure they are suffering from culture shock. Another symptom of culture shock is regression. To the foreigner everything becomes irrationally glorified. All the difficulties and problems are forgotten and only the good things back home are remembered. It usually takes a trip home to bring one back to reality.当一个人进入一个陌生的环境,所以这些熟悉的线索都消失了.他就像一条离开了水的鱼, 不管你有多么的思想开放多么的友好善良,一系列的问题会来到你的身边,带给你沮丧和焦虑.人们对挫折的反应大致相同,首先是拒绝带给他不适的环境, “这个国家很坏因为它让我感觉很坏”.当一个陌生地方的人一起抱怨这个国家和这个国家的人, 你就可以肯定他们正在遭受文化冲击.文化休克的另一个症状就是逃避.对于一个外国人来说每一样事物都变的无法忍受.所有的困难和问题都忘记了,只剩下回家这一个念头. 通常只有一趟回家之旅才会把他带回现实.Some of the symptoms of culture shock are: excessive washing of the hands; excessive concern over drinking water, food dishes, and bedding; fear of physical contact with attendants; the absent-minded stare; a feeling of helplessness and a desire for dependence on long-term residents of one's own nationality; fits of anger over minor frustrations; great concern over minor pains and eruptions of the skin; and finally, that terrible longing to be back home.文化休克的另一些症状是:过度的洗手,过度关注饮用水,食物,床上用品,恐惧与服务员身体接触,失神凝望,感觉很无助,渴望依赖在这里长期居住的同国籍的人, 小事就能引起愤怒,对轻微的疼痛和皮疹过度关注, 最终极度渴望重返家园.Individual differ greatly in the degree in which culture shock affects them. Although not common, there are individual who cannot live in foreign countries. However, those who have seen people go through culture shock and on to a satisfactory adjustment can see steps in the process.文化冲击对不同的人有不同程度的影响.尽管并不普遍, 有些人不能在国外生活.然而,可以看看有些已经克服文化冲击并且有一个满意的调整,可以参照一下步骤.Stages of AdjustmentRaymond ZeuschnerKalvero Oberg describes four stages that people go through when they experience situations that are very different from those to which they are accustomed. Examples of such situations include moving to a new city, traveling to anew country, and becoming part of a new organization, military unit or corporation.Kalvero Oberg介绍了适应与他们熟悉的环境有很大不同的情况有四个阶段.包括移居到一个新的城市,前往一个新的国家,成为一个组织,军队或公司的一员.Stage one is a honeymoon phase, during which the new experience is perceived to be interesting, picturesque, entertaining, and charming. You may notice several superficial differences such as music, food and clothing, and the fresh appeal of the new experience keeps you feeling interested and positive. If you are a real tourist, you probably do not stay long enough for this phase to wear off but go on to the next new location or experience. There are people who frequently change jobs, majors, romantic partners, travel plans, clothing styles, foods, diets, or cars so that they never get very far away from the honeymoon stage of culture shock. It is very pleasant to travel and to try out and explore whatever is new.第一阶段是一个蜜月期.在此期间新的体验被认为是有趣的,美丽的,好玩的,迷人的.你可能会注意到一些肤浅的差异,比如音乐,食物,衣服,新经验让你感觉新鲜有趣.如果你是一个真正的旅游者,在这个阶段不会停留很久,因为会去新的地方,有新的经历.有些人经常更换工作, 专业的浪漫的合作者,旅行计划,服装风格,食品,饮食,或汽车,因此,他们离文化冲击很远.蜜月阶段是非常愉快的旅行,并尝试和探索一切新的东西.When you stay in a new environment for a while, you move to stage two——the crisis stage——in which the shine wears off and the day-to-day realities sink in. In a relationship, you notice annoying habbits; in a new country, you find barriers to establishing connections or to learning the language beyond a few polite phrases. Suddenly, your new major includes a class or a professor you dislike. The difficulties and unpleasantness of realities replace the charming and picturesque “honeymoon.' However,if you stick with the experience and try to deal with it realistically, you will probably move to the third phase of culture shock: recovery.当你在一个新环境待一段时间,你就进入了第二阶段——危机阶段——在这个阶段所以的光环消退,现实的环境摆在你面前.在人际关系方面,你发现了令人烦恼的障碍,在一个新的国家,你发现建立人际关系学习新的语言是有障碍的,比起第一个阶段来.突然之间,你的新专业涉及到的课程和教授你都不喜欢.困难和不愉快的现实取代了第一阶段迷人的蜜月期.然而,如果你能够坚持下去并且尝试去处理,你可能会进去文化冲击的第三阶段:恢复.In recovery, you learn the systems, procedures, language, or nonverbal behaviors of the new environment so that you can cope with it on the basis of some mastery, competence, and comfort. After about two weeks in London, I began to feel familiar with traveling by 'tube,“ shopping nearly every day for groceries, paying in the correct currency, buying a newspaper, and using some phrases that are unique to English people. I had the advantage of speaking the same basic language and of sharing a great deal with the English in some broad, cultural aspects. In a country that was very different from my own, It would probably have taken me longer to move into the recovery phase.在恢复阶段,你学习新环境里的制度,程序,语言,行为以便能够熟练驾驭.在伦敦大概两周之后,我开始熟悉乘坐地铁旅行,几乎每天去杂货店物,用正确的货币支付,买报纸,使用一些当地人才用的英语.文化方面我有说同种语言的优势.在一个与我自己的国家有很大不同的地方,可能让我用更长的时间去进入恢复阶段.Finally,the fourth, or adjustment, phase occurs when you feel that you function well and almost automatically in the new culture. You no longer need to make mental conversions of the country's money; you know where services are located and how to use them; you understand some of the customs that accompany ordinary life, and it is relatively easy for you to adjust to them. A greater enjoyment of the new experience is now possible, and you may regain some of the initial positive regard you had in the honeymoon stage. If you stay long enough on a visit from a big city to a small town, or, the other way round, you may become so well adapted to the new environment that when you return to your original home, you will again experience culture shock. For some people, it may take several days to readjust. depending on the length of time they were away. Usually, however, since you are in your home culture, your shock wears off faster than the shock that you experienced in the new culture.最后是第四个阶段,也就是调整阶段.这时你感觉已经在一个新文化中适应良好. 你不再需要在心里转换该国货币,你知道各项服务的位置以及如何使用它们,你了解如何适应生活习俗,那对你来说很简单.新的经历可能让你轻松愉快,你也许会重新感受到最初的蜜月阶段的甜蜜.如果你保持足够长的从大城市到小城镇的访问,或者反过来,你可能变得很好地适应新的环境.当你返回最初的家园,你可能还要体验一次文化冲击.对一些人来说,可能要花费几天去重新适应,根据他们离开的时间的长短有所不同.通常,比起你所经历的新的文化,在你自己的本土文化里,冲击要消退的更快一些.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Culture Shock Cause and SymptomsKalvero ObergCulture shock might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. Like most diseases, it has its own symptoms.文化休克是突然移居国外的人的一种职业病. 像大多数疾病一样,它有自己的征兆.Culture shock is caused by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. Those signs or cues include the thousand and one ways with which we are familiar in the situation of daily life: when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to go shopping, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not. These cues, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms, are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, often with our conscious awareness.文化休克是由于失去我们熟悉的标志和社会环境而导致的焦虑.这些标志包括我们熟悉的日常生活,遇到别人知道何时握手,说些什么,知道什么时候如何给小费,如何购物,何时接受或拒绝邀请,何时严肃何时放松.这些可能是语言,手势,面部表情,风俗或规定,我们成长的过程中一直遵守,是文化的一部分,就像我们语言或信仰一样.我们依靠这些思想和标志,成为我们的潜意识.Now when a person enters a strange culture, all or most of these familiar cues are removed, He or she is like a fish out of water. No matter how broad-minded or full of goodwill you may be,a series of props have knocked from under you, followed by a feeling of frustration and anxiety. People react to the frustration in much the same way. First they reject the environment which causes the discomfort. “The ways of the host country are bad because they made us feel bad.” When foreigners in a strange land get together to grumble about the host country and its people, you can be sure they are suffering from culture shock. Another symptom of culture shock is regression. To the foreigner everything becomes irrationally glorified. All the difficulties and problems are forgotten and only the good things back home are remembered. It usually takes a trip home to bring one back to reality.当一个人进入一个陌生的环境,所以这些熟悉的线索都消失了.他就像一条离开了水的鱼, 不管你有多么的思想开放多么的友好善良,一系列的问题会来到你的身边,带给你沮丧和焦虑.人们对挫折的反应大致相同,首先是拒绝带给他不适的环境, “这个国家很坏因为它让我感觉很坏”.当一个陌生地方的人一起抱怨这个国家和这个国家的人, 你就可以肯定他们正在遭受文化冲击.文化休克的另一个症状就是逃避.对于一个外国人来说每一样事物都变的无法忍受.所有的困难和问题都忘记了,只剩下回家这一个念头. 通常只有一趟回家之旅才会把他带回现实.Some of the symptoms of culture shock are: excessive washing of the hands; excessive concern over drinking water, food dishes, and bedding; fear of physical contact with attendants; the absent-minded stare; a feeling of helplessness and a desire for dependence on long-term residents of one's own nationality; fits of anger over minor frustrations; great concern over minor pains and eruptions of the skin; and finally, that terrible longing to be back home.文化休克的另一些症状是:过度的洗手,过度关注饮用水,食物,床上用品,恐惧与服务员身体接触,失神凝望,感觉很无助,渴望依赖在这里长期居住的同国籍的人, 小事就能引起愤怒,对轻微的疼痛和皮疹过度关注, 最终极度渴望重返家园.Individual differ greatly in the degree in which culture shock affects them. Although not common, there are individual who cannot live in foreign countries. However, those who have seen people go through culture shock and on to a satisfactory adjustment can see steps in the process.文化冲击对不同的人有不同程度的影响.尽管并不普遍, 有些人不能在国外生活.然而,可以看看有些已经克服文化冲击并且有一个满意的调整,可以参照一下步骤.Stages of AdjustmentRaymond ZeuschnerKalvero Oberg describes four stages that people go through when they experience situations that are very different from those to which they are accustomed. Examples of such situations include moving to a new city, traveling to anew country, and becoming part of a new organization, military unit or corporation.Kalvero Oberg介绍了适应与他们熟悉的环境有很大不同的情况有四个阶段.包括移居到一个新的城市,前往一个新的国家,成为一个组织,军队或公司的一员.Stage one is a honeymoon phase, during which the new experience is perceived to be interesting, picturesque, entertaining, and charming. You may notice several superficial differences such as music, food and clothing, and the fresh appeal of the new experience keeps you feeling interested and positive. If you are a real tourist, you probably do not stay long enough for this phase to wear off but go on to the next new location or experience. There are people who frequently change jobs, majors, romantic partners, travel plans, clothing styles, foods, diets, or cars so that they never get very far away from the honeymoon stage of culture shock. It is very pleasant to travel and to try out and explore whatever is new.第一阶段是一个蜜月期.在此期间新的体验被认为是有趣的,美丽的,好玩的,迷人的.你可能会注意到一些肤浅的差异,比如音乐,食物,衣服,新经验让你感觉新鲜有趣.如果你是一个真正的旅游者,在这个阶段不会停留很久,因为会去新的地方,有新的经历.有些人经常更换工作, 专业的浪漫的合作者,旅行计划,服装风格,食品,饮食,或汽车,因此,他们离文化冲击很远.蜜月阶段是非常愉快的旅行,并尝试和探索一切新的东西.When you stay in a new environment for a while, you move to stage two——the crisis stage——in which the shine wears off and the day-to-day realities sink in. In a relationship, you notice annoying habbits; in a new country, you find barriers to establishing connections or to learning the language beyond a few polite phrases. Suddenly, your new major includes a class or a professor you dislike. The difficulties and unpleasantness of realities replace the charming and picturesque “honeymoon.' However,if you stick with the experience and try to deal with it realistically, you will probably move to the third phase of culture shock: recovery.当你在一个新环境待一段时间,你就进入了第二阶段——危机阶段——在这个阶段所以的光环消退,现实的环境摆在你面前.在人际关系方面,你发现了令人烦恼的障碍,在一个新的国家,你发现建立人际关系学习新的语言是有障碍的,比起第一个阶段来.突然之间,你的新专业涉及到的课程和教授你都不喜欢.困难和不愉快的现实取代了第一阶段迷人的蜜月期.然而,如果你能够坚持下去并且尝试去处理,你可能会进去文化冲击的第三阶段:恢复.In recovery, you learn the systems, procedures, language, or nonverbal behaviors of the new environment so that you can cope with it on the basis of some mastery, competence, and comfort. After about two weeks in London, I began to feel familiar with traveling by 'tube,“ shopping nearly every day for groceries, paying in the correct currency, buying a newspaper, and using some phrases that are unique to English people. I had the advantage of speaking the same basic language and of sharing a great deal with the English in somebroad, cultural aspects. In a country that was very different from my own, It would probably have taken me longer to move into the recovery phase.在恢复阶段,你学习新环境里的制度,程序,语言,行为以便能够熟练驾驭.在伦敦大概两周之后,我开始熟悉乘坐地铁旅行,几乎每天去杂货店物,用正确的货币支付,买报纸,使用一些当地人才用的英语.文化方面我有说同种语言的优势.在一个与我自己的国家有很大不同的地方,可能让我用更长的时间去进入恢复阶段.Finally,the fourth, or adjustment, phase occurs when you feel that you function well and almost automatically in the new culture. You no longer need to make mental conversions of the country's money; you know where services are located and how to use them; you understand some of the customs that accompany ordinary life, and it is relatively easy for you to adjust to them. A greater enjoyment of the new experience is now possible, and you may regain some of the initial positive regard you had in the honeymoon stage. If you stay long enough on a visit from a big city to a small town, or, the other way round, you may become so well adapted to the new environment that when you return to your original home, you will again experience culture shock. For some people, it may take several days to readjust. depending on the length of time they were away. Usually, however, since you are in your home culture, your shock wears off faster than the shock that you experienced in the new culture.最后是第四个阶段,也就是调整阶段.这时你感觉已经在一个新文化中适应良好. 你不再需要在心里转换该国货币,你知道各项服务的位置以及如何使用它们,你了解如何适应生活习俗,那对你来说很简单.新的经历可能让你轻松愉快,你也许会重新感受到最初的蜜月阶段的甜蜜.如果你保持足够长的从大城市到小城镇的访问,或者反过来,你可能变得很好地适应新的环境.当你返回最初的家园,你可能还要体验一次文化冲击.对一些人来说,可能要花费几天去重新适应,根据他们离开的时间的长短有所不同.通常,比起你所经历的新的文化,在你自己的本土文化里,冲击要消退的更快一些.。