上外考研2018英语翻译基础(真题)(回忆版)
上海外国语大学翻译专业研究生历年真题
[hide][/hide]1991年上外研究生翻译考试真题Translate the following passage into Chinese.（25%）Thus far, our holiday has been simply a friendly sign of the survival of the love of letters amongst a people too busy to give to letters any more. As such it is precious as the sign of an indestructible instinct. Perhaps thetime is already come when it ought to be, and will be, something else; when the sluggard intellect of this continent will look from under its iron lids and fill the postponed expectation of the world with something better than the exertions of mechanical skill. Our day of dependence, our long apprenticeship to the learning of other lands, draws to a close. The millions that around us are rushing into life, cannot always be fed on the mere remains of foreign harvests. Events, actions arise, that must be sung, that will sing themselves. Who can doubt that poetry will revive lead in a new age, as the star in the constellation Harp, which now flames in our zenith, astronomers announce, shall one day be the polestar for a thousand years?(Excerpted from The American Scholar by R.W. Emerson)II.Translate the following passage into English.（25%）海风微微的吹过岛上，白日里剩下的热气全吹走了。
上外真题00-15
2015上海外国语大学翻译硕士笔试（回忆版）英语基础时间：12.27下午2:00~5:00一、Filling following blanks with a word.Nicholas Kristof is a New York Times columnist.©2014/the new york timesAmerican Dream is Leaving AmericaThe best escalator to opportunity in the US is education. But a new study underscores that the escalator is broken.We expect each generation to do better, but, currently, more young American men have less education (29%) than their parents than have more education (20%).Among young Americans whose parents didn’t graduate from high school, only 5% make it through college themselves. In other rich countries, the figure is 23%.The US is devoting billions of dollars to compete with Russia militarily, but maybe we should try to compete educationally. Russia now has the largest percentage of adults with a university education of any industrialized country—a position once held by the US, although we’re plunging in that roster.These figures come from the annual survey of education from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, or OECD, and it should be a shock to Americans.A basic element of the American dream is equal access to education as the lubricant of social and economic mobility. But the American dream seems to have emigrated because many countries do better than the US in educational mobility, according to the OECD study.As recently as 2000, the US still ranked second in the share of the population with a college degree. Now we have dropped to fifth. Among 25-to-34-year-olds—a glimpse of how we will rank in the future—we rank 12th, while once-impoverished South Korea tops the list.A new Pew survey finds that Americans consider the greatest threat to our country to be the growing gap between the rich and poor. Yet we have constructed an education system, dependent on local property taxes, that provides great schools for the rich kids in the suburbs who need the least help, and broken, dangerous schools for inner-city children who desperately need a helping hand.Too often, the US’s education system amplifies not opportunity but inequality. My dad was a World War II refugee who fled Ukraine and Romania and eventually made his way to France. He spoke perfect French, and Paris would have been a natural place to settle. But he felt that France was stratified and would offer little opportunity to a penniless Eastern European refugee, or even to his children a generation later, so he set out for the US. He di dn’t speak English, but, on arrival in 1951, he bought a copy of the Sunday edition of The New York Times and began to teach himself—and then he worked his way through Reed College and the University of Chicago, earning a PhD and becoming a university professor. He rode the American dream to success; so did his only child. But while he was right in 1951 to bet on opportunity in the US rather than Europe, these days he would perhaps be wrong. Researchers find economic and educational mobility are now greater in Europe than in the US.That’s particularly sad because, as my Times colleague Eduardo Porter noted last month, egalitarian education used to be the US’s strong suit. European countries excelled at first-rate education for the elites, but the US led the way in mass education.By the mid-1800s, most American states provided a free elementary education to the great majority of white children. In contrast, as late as 1870, only 2% of British 14-year-olds were in school.Then the US was the first major country, in the 1930s, in which a majority of children attended high school. By contrast, as late as 1957, only 9% of 17-year-olds in Britain were in school.Until the 1970s, we were pre-eminent in mass education, and Claudia Goldin and Lawrence Katz of Harva rd University argue powerfully that this was the secret to the US’s economic rise. Then we blew it, and the latest OECD report underscores how the rest of the world is eclipsing us.In effect, the US has become 19th-century Britain: We provide superb education for elites, but we falter at mass education.In particular, we fail at early education. Across the OECD, an average of 70% of 3-year-olds are enrolled in education programmes. In the US, it’s 38%.In some quarters, there’s a perception that American teachers are lazy. But the OECD report indicates that American teachers work far longer hours than their counterparts abroad. Yet American teachers earn 68% as much as the average American college-educated worker, while the OECD average is 88%.Fixing the education system is the civil rights challenge of our era. A starting point is to embrace an ethos that was born in the US but is now an expatriate: that we owe all children a fair start in life in the form of access to an education escalator.Let’s fix the escalator.二、Answer following questions大概，有出入）1、Why did the author’s father leave for America?2、What is educational mobility like in Europe?3、According to Claudia Goldin, what is the secret to the US’s economic rise?4、What is the 19th-century Britain education like?5、According to the author, how to fix the problem of American education system?三、WritingWrite a response essay:Would we be better off without religion?Write in the format why or why not英语翻译基础时间：12.28上午8:30~11：30一、write a description of future city based on the following passage.As much as the Internet has already changed the world, it is the Web’s next phase that will bring the biggest opportunities, revolutionizing the way we live, work, play, and learn. That next phase, which some call the Internet of Things and which we call the Internet of Everything, is the intelligent connection of people, processes, data, and things. Although it once seemed like a far-off idea, it is becoming a reality for businesses, governments, and academic institutions worldwide. Today, half the world’s population has access to the Internet; by 2020, two-thirds will be connected. Likewise, some 13.5 billion devices are connected to the Internet today; by 2020, we expect that number to climb to 50 billion. The things that are—and will be—connected aren’t just traditional devices, such as computers, tablets, and phones, but also parking spaces and alarm clocks, railroad tracks, street lights, garbage cans, and components of jet engines.All of these connections are already generating massive amounts of digital data—and it doubles every two years. New tools will collect and share that data (some 15,000 applications are developed each week!) and, with analytics, that can be turned into information, intelligence, and even wisdom, enabling everyone to make better decisions, be more productive, and have more enriching experiences.And the value that it will bring will be epic. In fact, the Internet of Everything has the potential to create $19 trillion in value over the next decade. For the global private sector, this equates to a 21 percent potential aggregate increase in corporate profits—or $14.4 trillion. The global public sector will benefit as well, using the Internet of Everything as a vehicle for the digitization of cities and countries. This will improve efficiency and cut costs, resulting in as much as $4.6 trillion of total value. Beyond that, it will help (and already is helping) address some of the world’s most vexing challenges: aging and growing populations rapidly moving to urban centers; growing demand for increasingly limited natural resources; and massive rebalancing in economic growth between briskly growing emerging market countries and slowing developed countries.PHYSICAL LIMITSMore than half of the world’s population now lives in or near a major urban area, and the move toward ever-greater urbanization shows no signs of slowing. According to the United Nations, the global population is expected to grow from seven billion today to 9.3 billion by 2050, and the world’s cities will have to accommodate about 70 percent more residents. The traditional ways of dealing with the influx—simply adding more physical infrastructure—won’t work, given limited resources and space. New ways of incorporating technology will be required to provide urban services, whether it’s roads, water, electricity, gas, work spaces, schools, or healthcare. In the future, there will be less emphasis on physical connections and more on access to virtual connections.Cities also face budgetary challenges, battling rising costs and shrinking resources. The world’s cities account for 70 percent of greenhouse-gas emissions, and according to UN-HABITAT, energy-related costs are one of the biggest municipal budget items. Technology could provide a simple fix just by updating aging street lighting systems. That would also improve citizen safety and create a more favorable environment for businessinvestments.There are similar issues in many of the world’s water systems, with aging pipes in desperate need of replacing. For instance, the United States’ water infrastructure is near the end of its lifecycle with approximately 240,000 water main breaks each year. The cost of fixing this crumbling infrastructure could exceed $1 trillion over the next 25 years, assuming that all pipes are replaced. By placing networked sensors in water mains and underground pipe systems as they are repaired and replaced, cities could more effectively monitor and better anticipate future leaks and other potential problems as the infrastructure is upgraded.More people also means more waste. The amount of municipal solid waste generated around the world is expected to reach 2.2 billion tons by 2025—up from 1.3 billion in 2012. Globally, solid waste management costs will rise to about$375.5 billion by 2025, according to predictions by the World Bank. Once again, the Internet of Everything offers ways to better manage and reduce these costs. For example, sensors in residential and commercial garbage containers could alert a city waste management system when they are full. Each morning, the drivers would receive their optimized route to empty the full containers. Compared to today’s fixed-route system, the new system could save millions of dollars by increasing efficiencies and worker productivity.The intelligent and efficient stewardship of growing cities must take top priority. And there, we are convinced that the Internet of Everything will bring one of the most significant technology transitions since the birth of the Internet. Connections between things and people, supported by networked processes, will enable everyone to turn data into actionable information that can be used to do things that weren’t possible before, or to do them better. We can more quickly discover patterns and trends; we can predict and prepare for anything from bus or assembly line breakdowns to natural disasters and quick surges in product demand.PUBLIC GOODPerhaps surprisingly, the public sector has been the most effective and innovative early adopter when it comes to making use of the Internet of Everything, especially in major metropolitan areas. New and innovative solutions are already transforming green fields and rundown urban centers into what we call Smart + Connected Communities, or Smart Cities. According to IHS Technology, the total number of Smart Cities will quadruple from 21 to 88 between 2013 and 2025. At Cisco, we are engaged with more than 100 cities in different stages of Smart City development.By definition, Smart Cities are those that integrate information communications technology across three or more functional areas. More simply put, a Smart City is one that combines traditional infrastructure (roads, buildings, and so on) with technology to enrich the lives of its citizens. Creative platforms and killer apps have helped reduce traffic, parking congestion, pollution, energy consumption, and crime. They have also generated revenue and reduced costs for city residents and visitors.For instance, one-third of the world’s streetlights use technology from the 1960s. Cities that update aging systems with networked motion-detection lights save administrative and management time as well as electricity and costs—as much as 70–80 percent, according to an independent, global trial of LED technology. By using such energy-saving technologies,cities can drastically lower their municipal expenditures on electricity. Cisco estimates that smart street lighting initiatives can also reduce area crime by seven percentbecause of better visibility and more content citizenry. Further, connected light poles can serve as wireless networking access points, enabling citizens and city managers to take advantage of pervasive connectivity. And networked sensors incorporated into utility lines could help reduce costs for both consumers and providers, with meters being ―read‖ remotely, and much more accurately. Cities such as Nice, France are already implementing smart lighting, which monitors lamp intensity and traffic sensors to reduce car theft, assaults, and even home burglary. These lighting initiatives are also expected to reduce the city’s energy bill by more than $8 million.Smart Cities are also saving energy indoors. Buildings outfitted with intelligent sensors and networked management systems can collect and analyze energy-use data. Such technologies have the potential to reduce energy consumption and cut costs by $100 billion globally over the next decade.Thanks to higher traffic, cities generate more than 67 percent of greenhouse gases released into our atmosphere. Experts predict that this figure will rise to 74 percent by 2030. In the United States alone, traffic congestion costs $121 billion a year in wasted time and fuel. Incredibly, drivers looking for a parking space cause 30 percent of urban congestion, not to mention pollution. To overcome this problem, the city of San Carlos, California has embedded networked sensors into parking spaces that relay to drivers real-time information about—and directions to—available spots. This program has helped reduce congestion, pollution, and fuel consumption. Moreover, parking fees can be dynamically adjusted for peak times, which generates more revenue for cities.Cities can also integrate sensors that collect and share real-time data about public transportation systems to improve traffic flow and better monitor the use of buses and trains, giving them the ability to adjust route times and frequency of stops based on changing needs. This alone will cut costs and bring new efficiencies. Mobile apps that aggregate the information, meanwhile, can help citizens track delays or check pick-up times for a more seamless commute. Barcelona, Spain has already changed the typical experience of waiting for a bus by deploying smart bus stops, where citizens can use touchscreen monitors to view up-to-date bus schedules, maps, locations for borrowing city-owned bikes, and local businesses and entertainment.Innovative municipal leaders understand the Internet of Everything’s incredible promise. In fact, these days, the most innovative cities have their own chief information officers or even chief digital officers.二、Write a summary of the following passage in English.树立高度的文化自信，讲好中国故事博大精深的传统文化、丰富多彩的民族文化、独具特色的红色文化、充满生机的当代文化——中华民族创造的文化,是我们引以为豪的软实力,也是我们文化自信的底气所在。
上外2018MTI真题回忆版
上外2018年MTI真题回忆版（超详细）（一）翻译硕士英语一、阅读，回答问题（哲学类，3页5面，四个问题，40分）标题：Barney's caseStudy of philosophy knowledgeBarney’s case of the study of history of philosophy?（Barney's case for the history of philosophy）……问题：1.What are the reasons Barney cite for the study of history by three goroups of people？2. According to the passage, what are Martin Lin's interpretation about philosphers?3.How does the author comment on the men's innate thirst for knowledge?4.Sum up how the author writes about Barney and Martin Lin’s discussion on philosophical progress二、Writing. 800words, 60分Digital Humanities in the New Era（二）英语翻译基础一、汉译英，翻译划线部分，70分对中国90后，00后深入骨髓的剖析现如今的家庭教育之难，难在什么地方？难在我们的教育有太多的悖论和问题需要面对。
各位父母，我先问你们一个问题，你了解现在的孩子吗？我在这个问题上很有发言权，因为近20年来，我大概接触了8000个家庭案例。
当今的孩子是怎么回事？当今的孩子是什么人？我们要从本质上来把握。
假如我们不能从本质上来把握，学校教育也好，家庭教育也好，都不会在点子上。
上外英语语言文学专业翻译考题
05年：Human Greatness.汉译英参考译文Confucius says, “Out of three men, there must be one that can teach me.” So pupils are not necessarily inferior to their teachers, nor teachers better than their pupils. Some learn the truth earlier than others, and some have special skills—that is all.”孔子曾经说过“三人行，必有我师焉。
”因此学生并不一定就低老师一等，老师也不见得就一定比学生优秀。
只不过有的人比别人更早地明白真理，有的人拥有特殊技能罢了。
A similar idea is expressed by the following well-known passage quoted from Xueji (The Subject of Education), a chapter of the ancient book Liji (The Book of Rites): 在《学记》和《礼记》的著名段落中我们也能找到类似的思想。
“食美与否，不吃不知其味也；理善与否，不学不知其真也”“However nice the food may be, if one does not eat it, he does not know its taste. however perfect the doctrine may be, if one does not learn it, he does not know its value. 因此，其学者知其不足，其教授者只其难也。
Therefore, when he learns, one knows his own deficiencies. when he teaches, one knows where the difficulty lies. 知不足，则学者省自身；知其难，则教授者得进取。
上海外国语大学考研翻硕MTI2015年真题回忆版分享
上海外国语大学考研翻硕MTI2015年真题回忆版分享第一部分：英语基础一、Filling following blanks with a word.Nicholas Kristof is a New York Times columnist.©2014/the new york timesAmerican Dream is Leaving AmericaThe best escalator to opportunity in the US is education. But a new study underscores that the escalator is broken.We expect each generation to do better, but, currently, more young American men have less education (29%) than their parents than have more education (20%).Among young Americans whose parents didn’t gr aduate from high school, only 5% make it through college themselves. In other rich countries, the figure is 23%.The US is devoting billions of dollars to compete with Russia militarily, but maybe we should try to compete educationally. Russia now has the largest percentage of adults with a university education of any industrialized country—a position once held by the US, although we’re plunging in that roster.These figures come from the annual survey of education from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, or OECD,and it should be a shock to Americans. A basic element of the American dream is equal access to education as the lubricant of social and economic mobility. But the American dream seems to have emigrated because many countries do better than the US in educational mobility, according to the OECD study.As recently as 2000, the US still ranked second in the share of the population with a college degree. Now we have dropped to fifth. Among 25-to-34-year-olds—a glimpse of how we will rank in the future—we rank 12th, while once-impoverished South Korea tops the list.A new Pew survey finds that Americans consider the greatest threat to our country to be the growing gap between the rich and poor. Yet we have constructed an education system, dependent on local property taxes, that provides great schools for the rich kids in the suburbs who need the least help, and broken, dangerous schools for inner-city children who desperately need a helping hand.Too often, the US’s education sy stem amplifies not opportunity but inequality. My dad was a World War II refugee who fled Ukraine and Romania and eventually made his way to France. He spoke perfect French, and Paris would have been a natural place to settle. But he felt that France was stratified and would offer little opportunity to a penniless Eastern European refugee, or even to his children a generation later, so he set out for the US. He didn’t speak English, but, on arrival in 1951, hebought a copy of the Sunday edition of The New York Times and began to teach himself—and then he worked his way through Reed College and the University of Chicago, earning a PhD and becoming a university professor.He rode the American dream to success; so did his only child. But while he was right in 1951 to bet on opportunity in the US rather than Europe, these days he would perhaps be wrong. Researchers find economic and educational mobility are now greater in Europe than in the US.That’s particularly sad because, as my Times colleague Eduardo Port er noted last month, egalitarian education used to be the US’s strong suit. European countries excelled at first-rate education for the elites, but the US led the way in mass education.By the mid-1800s, most American states provided a free elementary education to the great majority of white children. In contrast, as late as 1870, only 2% of British 14-year-olds were in school.Then the US was the first major country, in the 1930s, in which a majority of children attended high school. By contrast, as late as 1957, only 9% of 17-year-olds in Britain were in school.Until the 1970s, we were pre-eminent in mass education, and Claudia Goldin and Lawrence Katz of Harvard University argue powerfully that this was the secret to the US’s economic rise. Then we blew it, and the latest OECD report underscores how the rest of the world is eclipsing us.In effect, the US has become 19th-century Britain: We provide superb education for elites, but we falter at mass education.In particular, we fail at early education. Across the OECD, an average of 70% of 3-year-olds are enrolled in education programmes. In the US, it’s 38%.In some quarters, there’s a perception that American teachers are lazy. But the OECD report indicates that American teachers work far longer hours than their counterparts abroad. Yet American teachers earn 68% as much as the average American college-educated worker, while the OECD average is 88%.Fixing the education system is the civil rights challenge of our era. A starting point is to embrace an ethos that was born in the US but is now an expatriate: that we owe all children a fair start in life in the form of access to an education escalator.Let’s fix the escalator.二、Answer following questions1、Why did the author’s father leave for America?2、What is educational mobility like in Europe?3、According to Claudia Goldin, what is the secret to the US’s economic rise?4、What is the 19th-century Britain education like?5、According to the author, how to fix the problem of American educationsystem?三、WritingWrite a response essay:Would we be better off without religion?Write in the format why or why not第二部分：英语翻译基础一、write a description of future city based on the following passage.As much as the Internet has already changed the world, it is the Web’s next phase that will bring the biggest opportunities, revolutionizing the way we live, work, play, and learn.That next phase, which some call the Internet of Things and which we call the Internet of Everything, is the intelligent connection of people, processes, data, and things. Although it once seemed like a far-off idea, it is becoming a reality for businesses, governments, and academic institutions worldwide. Today, half the world’s population has access to the Internet; by 2020, two-thirds will be connected. Likewise, some 13.5 billion devices are connected to the Internet today; by 2020, we expect that number to climb to 50 billion. The things that are—and will be—conne cted aren’t just traditional devices, such as computers, tablets, and phones, but also parking spaces and alarm clocks, railroad tracks, street lights, garbage cans, and components of jet engines.All of these connections are already generating massive amounts ofdigital data—and it doubles every two years. New tools will collect and share that data (some 15,000 applications are developed each week!) and, with analytics, that can be turned into information, intelligence, and even wisdom, enabling everyone to make better decisions, be more productive, and have more enriching experiences.And the value that it will bring will be epic. In fact, the Internet of Everything has the potential to create $19 trillion in value over the next decade. For the global private sector, this equates to a 21 percent potential aggregate increase in corporate profits—or $14.4 trillion. The global public sector will benefit as well, using the Internet of Everything as a vehicle for the digitization of cities and countries. This will improve efficiency and cut costs, resulting in as much as $4.6 trillion of total value. Beyond that, it will help (and already is helping) address some of the world’s most vexing challenges: aging and growing populations rapidly moving to urban centers; growing demand for increasingly limited natural resources; and massive rebalancing in economic growth between briskly growing emerging market countries and slowing developed countries. PHYSICAL LIMITSMore than half of the world’s population now lives i n or near a major urban area, and the move toward ever-greater urbanization shows no signs of slowing. According to the United Nations, the global population is expected to grow from seven billion today to 9.3 billion by 2050, andthe world’s cities will h ave to accommodate about 70 percent more residents.The traditional ways of dealing with the influx—simply adding more physical infrastructure—won’t work, given limited resources and space. New ways of incorporating technology will be required to provide urban services, whether it’s roads, water, electricity, gas, work spaces, schools, or healthcare. In the future, there will be less emphasis on physical connections and more on access to virtual connections.Cities also face budgetary challenges, battling rising costs and shrinking resources. The world’s cities account for 70 percent of greenhouse-gas emissions, and according to UN-HABITAT, energy-related costs are one of the biggest municipal budget items. Technology could provide a simple fix just by updating aging street lighting systems. That would also improve citizen safety and create a more favorable environment for business investments.There are similar issues in many of the world’s water systems, with aging pipes in desperate need of replacing. For instance, the United States’ water infrastructure is near the end of its lifecycle with approximately 240,000 water main breaks each year. The cost of fixing this crumbling infrastructure could exceed $1 trillion over the next 25 years, assuming that all pipes are replaced. By placing networked sensors in water mains and underground pipe systems as they are repaired and replaced, citiescould more effectively monitor and better anticipate future leaks and other potential problems as the infrastructure is upgraded.More people also means more waste. The amount of municipal solid waste generated around the world is expected to reach 2.2 billion tons by 2025—up from 1.3 billion in 2012. Globally, solid waste management costs will rise to about$375.5 billion by 2025, according to predictions by the World Bank. Once again, the Internet of Everything offers ways to better manage and reduce these costs. For example, sensors in residential and commercial garbage containers could alert a city waste management system when they are full. Each morning, the drivers would receive their optimized route to empty the full containers. Compared to today’s fixed-route system, the new system could save millions of dollars by increasing efficiencies and worker productivity.The intelligent and efficient stewardship of growing cities must take top priority. And there, we are convinced that the Internet of Everything will bring one of the most significant technology transitions since the birth of the Internet. Connections between things and people, supported by networked processes, will enable everyone to turn data into actionable information that can be used to do things that weren’t possible before, or to do them better. We can more quickly discover patterns and trends; we can predict and prepare for anything from bus or assembly line breakdowns to natural disasters and quick surges in product demand.PUBLIC GOODPerhaps surprisingly, the public sector has been the most effective and innovative early adopter when it comes to making use of the Internet of Everything, especially in major metropolitan areas. New and innovative solutions are already transforming green fields and rundown urban centers into what we call Smart + Connected Communities, or Smart Cities. According to IHS Technology, the total number of Smart Cities will quadruple from 21 to 88 between 2013 and 2025. At Cisco, we are engaged with more than 100 cities in different stages of Smart City development.By definition, Smart Cities are those that integrate information communications technology across three or more functional areas. More simply put, a Smart City is one that combines traditional infrastructure (roads, buildings, and so on) with technology to enrich the lives of its citizens. Creative platforms and killer apps have helped reduce traffic, parking congestion, pollution, energy consumption, and crime. They have also generated revenue and reduced costs for city residents and visitors. For instance, one-third of the world’s streetlights use technology from the 1960s. Cities that update aging systems with networked motion-detection lights save administrative and management time as well as electricity and costs—as much as 70–80 percent, according to an independent, global trial of LED technology. By using such energy-saving technologies, citiescan drastically lower their municipal expenditures on electricity. Cisco estimates that smart street lighting initiatives can also reduce area crime by seven percentbecause of better visibility and more content citizenry. Further, connected light poles can serve as wireless networking access points, enabling citizens and city managers to take advantage of pervasive connectivity. And networked sensors incorporated into utility lines could help reduce costs for both consumers and providers, with meters being ―read‖ remotely, and much more accurately. Cities such as Nice, France are already implementing smart lighting, which monitors lamp intensity and traffic sensors to reduce car theft, assaults, and even home burglary. These light ing initiatives are also expected to reduce the city’s energy bill by more than $8 million.Smart Cities are also saving energy indoors. Buildings outfitted with intelligent sensors and networked management systems can collect and analyze energy-use data. Such technologies have the potential to reduce energy consumption and cut costs by $100 billion globally over the next decade.Thanks to higher traffic, cities generate more than 67 percent of greenhouse gases released into our atmosphere. Experts predict that this figure will rise to 74 percent by 2030. In the United States alone, traffic congestion costs $121 billion a year in wasted time and fuel. Incredibly, drivers looking for a parking space cause 30 percent of urban congestion,not to mention pollution. To overcome this problem, the city of San Carlos, California has embedded networked sensors into parking spaces that relay to drivers real-time information about—and directions to—available spots. This program has helped reduce congestion, pollution, and fuel consumption. Moreover, parking fees can be dynamically adjusted for peak times, which generates more revenue for cities.Cities can also integrate sensors that collect and share real-time data about public transportation systems to improve traffic flow and better monitor the use of buses and trains, giving them the ability to adjust route times and frequency of stops based on changing needs. This alone will cut costs and bring new efficiencies. Mobile apps that aggregate the information, meanwhile, can help citizens track delays or check pick-up times for a more seamless commute. Barcelona, Spain has already changed the typical experience of waiting for a bus by deploying smart bus stops, where citizens can use touchscreen monitors to view up-to-date bus schedules, maps, locations for borrowing city-owned bikes, and local businesses and entertainment.Innovative municipal leaders understand the Internet of Everything’s incredible promise. In fact, these days, the most innovative cities have their own chief information officers or even chief digital officers.二、Write a summary of the following passage in English.树立高度的文化自信，讲好中国故事博大精深的传统文化、丰富多彩的民族文化、独具特色的红色文化、充满生机的当代文化——中华民族创造的文化,是我们引以为豪的软实力,也是我们文化自信的底气所在。
上外研究生推免笔试真题-英语笔译推免笔试模拟卷1
上海外国语大学研究生推免考试MTI英语笔译回忆版完整模拟题1一．用英文解释下列短语1.诺贝尔生理学或医学奖2.社交媒体3.修昔底德陷阱4.TPP5.ASEAN二．用中文总结下文The best escalator to opportunity in the US is education.But a new study underscores that the escalator is broken.We expect each generation to do better,but,currently,more young American men have less education(29%)than their parents than have more education(20%). Among young Americans whose parents didn’t graduate from high school,only5% make it through college themselves.In other rich countries,the figure is23%.The US is devoting billions of dollars to compete with Russia militarily,but maybe we should try to compete educationally.Russia now has the largest percentage of adults with a university education of any industrialized country—a position once held by the US,although we’re plunging in that roster.These figures come from the annual survey of education from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,or OECD,and it should be a shock to Americans.A basic element of the American dream is equal access to education as the lubricant of social and economic mobility.But the American dream seems to have emigrated because many countries do better than the US in educational mobility,according to the OECD study.As recently as2000,the US still ranked second in the share of the population with a college degree.Now we have dropped to fifth.Among25-to-34-year-olds—a glimpseof how we will rank in the future—we rank12th,while once-impoverished South Korea tops the list.A new Pew survey finds that Americans consider the greatest threat to our country to be the growing gap between the rich and poor.Yet we have constructed an education system,dependent on local property taxes,that provides great schools for the rich kids in the suburbs who need the least help,and broken,dangerous schools for inner-city children who desperately need a helping hand.Too often,the US’s education system amplifies not opportunity but inequality.My dad was a World War II refugee who fled Ukraine and Romania and eventually made his way to France.He spoke perfect French,and Paris would have been a natural place to settle.But he felt that France was stratified and would offer little opportunity to a penniless Eastern European refugee,or even to his children a generation later,so he set out for the US.He didn’t speak English,but,on arrival in 1951,he bought a copy of the Sunday edition of The New York Times and began to teach himself—and then he worked his way through Reed College and the University of Chicago,earning a PhD and becoming a university professor.He rode the American dream to success;so did his only child.But while he was right in1951to bet on opportunity in the US rather than Europe,these days he would perhaps be wrong.Researchers find economic and educational mobility are now greater in Europe than in the US.That’s particularly sad because,as my Times colleague Eduardo Porter noted last month,egalitarian education used to be the US’s strong suit.European countries excelled at first-rate education for the elites,but the US led the way in mass education.By the mid-1800s,most American states provided a free elementary education to the great majority of white children.In contrast,as late as1870,only2% of British14-year-olds were in school.Then the US was the first major country,in the1930s,in which a majority of children attended high school.By contrast,as late as1957,only9%of17-year-olds in Britain were in school.Until the1970s,we were pre-eminent in mass education,and Claudia Goldin and Lawrence Katz of Harvard University argue powerfully that this was the secret to theUS’s economic rise.Then we blew it,and the latest OECD report underscores how the rest of the world is eclipsing us.In effect,the US has become19th-century Britain:We provide superb education for elites,but we falter at mass education.In particular,we fail at early education.Across the OECD,an average of70%of3-year-olds are enrolled in education programmes.In the US,it’s38%.In some quarters,there’s a perception that American teachers are lazy.But the OECD report indicates that American teachers work far longer hours than their counterparts abroad.Yet American teachers earn68%as much as the average Americancollege-educated worker,while the OECD average is88%.Fixing the education system is the civil rights challenge of our era.A starting point is to embrace an ethos that was born in the US but is now an expatriate:that we owe all children a fair start in life in the form of access to an education escalator.三．翻译划线句中国国家主席习近平上任以来对美国的正式国事访问，成果为世人关注。
上外考研2018英语翻译基础(真题)(回忆版)
上外考研2018高翻英语翻译基础（真题）（回忆版）一、汉译英，翻译划线部分，70分对中国90后，00后深入骨髓的剖析现如今的家庭教育之难，难在什么地方？难在我们的教育有太多的悖论和问题需要面对。
各位父母，我先问你们一个问题，你了解现在的孩子吗？我在这个问题上很有发言权，因为近20年来，我大概接触了8000个家庭案例。
当今的孩子是怎么回事？当今的孩子是什么人？我们要从本质上来把握。
假如我们不能从本质上来把握，学校教育也好，家庭教育也好，都不会在点子上。
从1993年以后孩子们就开始不一样了。
为什么这么说呢？理由是1993年中国取缔了粮票，这件事情年纪大的是不是还记得？在中国这样一个国家里面，取缔了粮票意味着什么？我们吃饭不愁了。
当一个民族吃饭不愁，尤其是到我们这样的民族吃饭不愁的时候，我们会愁什么呢？我们的需要开始变得不一样了，人对人的需要不一样了，家长对孩子的需要不一样了，社会对人的需要不一样，人对社会的需要不一样了。
我们来看1993年以后的人的基本特征，首先，他们都是独套公寓里的独子。
独套公寓里的独子有什么样的人生感受呢？你可以去试试，到春天的时候，买一只刚刚生出来的小鸡，养着它，给它好吃好喝，你看看是不是两个礼拜以后小鸡就死掉了，因为小鸡也会孤独。
现在的孩子带着天生的孤独感来到这个世界。
那么孤独会有哪些麻烦？一，人一孤独，无端伤感，莫名其妙流眼泪；二，人一孤独，思考力就变得非常强，所以麻烦就来了，既不思考吃，又不思考穿，他就过早地思考了一个终极问题，最高哲学问题，“我存在有什么意义？”我们现在的孩子，连四岁的孩子就会在那里发呆了，你不知道他小脑袋里想什么。
一旦人有这种问题，痛苦就伴随着他了。
所以我们教育面对的问题是我们得知道自己的子女是什么人，才可以有方向。
第一，当今的孩子背负着沉重的情感负担回想我们小时候，大部分人都生活在多子女家庭，父母很难投入过多的关注在某一个孩子身上。
但是现在的孩子是什么样？上海这样的城市里，一个孩子来到这个世界上，就有六个人围着他，这六个人会把最好的付出给他。
上海外国语大学翻译硕士考研真题解析
上海外国语大学翻译硕士考研真题解析上海外国语大学（回忆+原题）翻译硕士英语题型，无选项，无首字母完型，关于人类学的；超长阅读一篇，十分长非常长，4个回答问题吧；写作一篇，关于一句人生哲言的。
一篇cloze一篇阅读还有一篇作文cloze的那篇文章题目是Into Africa--human ancestors from Asia文章不长有15个空，但没有任何选项供选择，文章大概讲的是：人们一直认为非洲是人类祖先的发源地，但是近期考古学家发现的化石研究发现人类的组先很可能是从亚洲而来。
具体的填空不是很难，如果看懂文章的话。
无首字母，15空，2分一个，讲得大概是人类祖先并非起源于非洲，而是可能从亚洲迁移而来的.EvolutionInto Africa–the human ancestors from AsiaThe human family tree may not have taken root in Africa after all, claimscientists,after finding that its ancestors may have travelled fromAsia.By Richard Alleyne,Science Correspondent7:00PM BST27Oct2010While it is widelyaccepted that man evolved in Africa,in fact its immediate predecessors mayhave1colonised thecontinent after developing elsewhere,the study says.The claims are madeafter a team2unearthedthe fossils of anthropoids–the primate group that includes humans,apes andmonkeys–in Libya's Dur At-Talah.Paleontologistsfound that3amongstthe39million year old fossils there were three distinct families ofanthropoid primates,all of whom lived in the4area at approximately the same time.Few or anyanthropoids are known to have existed in Africa during this 5period,known as theEocene epoch.This could eithersuggest a huge gap in Africa's fossil record–6unlikely, say the scientists,given the amount ofarchaeological work undertaken in the area–7or that the species"colonised"Africafrom another continent at this time.As the evolutioninto three species would have8taken extreme lengths of time,combined with the lack of fossilrecords in Africa,the team concludes that Asia was the most likely9origin.Writing in thejournal Nature,the experts said they believed migration from Asia to be themost10plausibletheory.Christopher Beard,of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh, said:"11If our ideas are correct,this early colonisation of Africa by anthropoids was a truly12pivotal event—one ofthe key points in our evolutionary history."At the time,Africa was an island continent;when these13anthropoids appeared,there was nothing on thatisland that could compete with them. "It led to aperiod of flourishing evolutionary divergence amongstanthropoids,and one ofthose lineages14resultedin humans."If our earlyanthropoid ancestors had not succeeded in migrating from Asia to Africa,wesimply15wouldn'texist."He added:"This extraordinary new fossil site in Libya shows us that in the middleEocene,39million years ago,there was a surprising diversity of anthropoidsliving in Africa,whereas few if any anthropoids are known from Africa beforethis time."This suddenappearance of such diversity suggests that these anthropoids probably colonisedAfrica from somewhere else."Withoutearlier fossil evidence in Africa,we're currently looking to Asia as the placewhere these animals first evolved."阅读。
上海外国语大学考研英汉互译真题回忆版2016年
上海外国语大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试英汉互译真题回忆版一、英译汉选自伊莎多拉•邓肯的自传My LifeISADORA DUNCAN’S AUTOBIOGRAPHY:CHAPTER ONEThe character of a child is already plain,even in its mother’s womb.Before I was born my mother was in great agony of spirit and in a tragic situation.She could take no food except iced oysters and iced champagne.If people ask me when I began to dance I reply,“In my mother’s womb,probably as a result of the oysters and champagne—the food of Aphrodite.”My mother was going through such a tragic experience at this time that she often said,“This child that will be born will surely not be normal,”and she expected a monster. And in fact from the moment I was born it seemed that I began to agitate my arms and legs in such a fury that my mother cried,“You see I was quite right,the child is a maniac!”But later on,placed in a baby jumper in the center of the table I was the amusement of the entire family and friends,dancing to any music that was played. My first memory is of a fire.I remember being thrown into the arms of a policeman from an upper window.I must have been about two or three years old,but I distinctly remember the comforting feeling,among all the excitement—the screams and the flames—of the security of the policeman and my little arms round his neck.He must have been an Irishman.I hear my mother cry in frenzy,“My boys,my boys,”and see her held back by the crowd from entering the building in which she imagined my two brothers had been left.Afterwards I remember finding the two boys sitting on the floor of a bar-room,putting on their shoes and stockings,and then the inside of a carriage,and then sitting on a counter drinking hot chocolate.I was born by the sea,and I have noticed that all the great events of my life have taken place by the sea.My first idea of movement,of the dance,certainly came from the rhythm of the waves.I was born under the star of Aphrodite,Aphrodite who was also born on the sea,and when her star is in the ascendant,events are always propitious to me.At these epochs life flows lightly and I am able to create.I have also noticed that the disappearance of this star is usually followed by disaster for me.The science of astrology has not perhaps the importance to-day that it had in the time of the ancient Egyptians or of the Chaldeans,but it is certain that our psychic life is under the influence of the planets,and if parents understood this they would study the stars in the creation of more beautiful children.I believe,too,that it must make a great difference to a child’s life whether it is born by the sea or in the mountains.The sea has always drawn me to it,whereas in the mountains I have a vague feeling of discomfort and a desire to fly.They always give me an impression of being a prisoner to the earth.Looking up at their tops,I do not feel the admiration of the general tourist,but only a desire to leap over them and escape.My life and my art were born of the sea.I have to be thankful that when we were young my mother was poor.She could not afford servants or governesses for her children,and it is to this fact that I owe the spontaneous life which I had the opportunity to express as a child and never lost.My mother was a musician and taught music for a living and as she gave her lessons at the houses of her pupils she was away from home all day and for many hours in the evening.When I could escape from the prison of school,I was free.I could wander alone by the sea and follow my own fantasies.How I pity the children I see constantly attended by nurses and governesses,constantly protected and taken care of and smartly dressed.What chance of life have they?My mother was too busy to think of any dangers which might befall her children,and therefore my two brothers and I were free to follow our own vagabond impulses,which sometimes led us into adventures which,had our mother known of them,would have driven her wild with anxiety.Fortunately she was blissfully unconscious.I say fortunately for me,for it is certainly to this wild untrammeled life of my childhood that I owe the inspiration of the dance I created,which was but the expression of freedom.I was never subjectedto the continual“don’ts”which it seems to me make children’s lives a misery.二、汉译英林语堂的《秋天的况味》秋天的黄昏，一人独坐在沙发上抽烟，看烟头白灰之下露出红光，微微透露出暖气，心头的情绪便跟着那蓝烟缭绕而上，一样的轻松，一样的自由。
上外考研2018翻译硕士英语真题(回忆版)
1.What are the reasons Barney cite for the study of history by three goroups of people?
2.According to the passage, what are Martin Lin's interpretation about philosphers?
二、Writing. 800words,60分
Digital Humanities in the New Era
1、阅读，回答问题（哲学类，3页5面，四个问题，40分）
标题：
Barney's case
Study of philosophy knowledge
Barney’s case of the study of history of philosophy?
（Barney's case for the history of philosophy）……（正文不明）
3.How does the author r knowledge?
4.Sum up how the author writes about Barney and Martin Lin’s discussion on philosophical progress
高译教育是中国唯一专门致力于上海外国语大学考研全科辅导全国翻译硕士考研全科辅导全球8强翻译学院留学申请翻译考试培训和翻译学习资料开发的高端教育品牌2013年由北外上外广外对外经贸北二外等名校翻译名师发起创办拥有中国最权威的上外考研翻译考研翻译留学和翻译考证专家顾问团队和教学团队
上外考研2018翻译硕士英语真题（回忆版）
2012年上海外国语大学英语翻译基础真题试卷.doc
2012年上海外国语大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(总分：44.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、词语翻译(总题数：22，分数：40.00)1.英译汉__________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.Austerity measures（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.UNESCO（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.The US Senate（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.APEC（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.The Washington Post（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.NATO（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.Arab Spring（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.Gary Locke（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.Reuters（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 11.The Wall Street Journal（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 12.汉译英__________________________________________________________________________________________ 13.十二五规划（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 14.十七届三中全会（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 15.全国人大（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 16.新华社（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 17.软实力（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 18.中美战略经济对话（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 19.上海合作组织（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 20.珠江三角洲（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 21.西气东输（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 22.北京共识（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________二、英汉互译(总题数：4，分数：4.00)23.英译汉__________________________________________________________________________________________ 24.Reforming Education —The great schools revolution Education remains the trickiest part of attempts to reform the public sector. But as ever more countries embark on it, some vital lessons are beginning to be learned Sep 17th 2011|DRESDEN, NEW YORK AND WROCLAW| from the print edition From Toronto to Wroclaw, London to Rome, pupils and teachers have been returning to the classroom after their summer break. But this September schools themselves are caught up in a global battle of ideas. In many countries education is at the forefront of political debate, and reformers desperate to improve their national performance are drawing examples of good practice from all over the world. Why now? One answer is the sheer amount of data available on performance, not just within countries but between them. In 2000 the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) at the OECD, a rich-country club, began tracking academic attainment by the age of 15 in 32 countries. Many were shocked by where they came in the rankings. (PISA's latest figures appear in table 1.) Other outfits, too, have been measuring how good or bad schools are. McKinsey, a consultancy, has monitored which education systems have improved most in recent years. Technology has also made a difference. After a number of false starts, many people now believe that the internet can make a real difference to educating children. Hence the success of institution like America's Kahn Academy (see article). Experimentation is also infectious; the more governments try things, the more others examine, and copy, the results. Above all, though, there has been a change in the quality of the debate. In particular, what might be called "the three great excuses" for bad schools have receded in importance? Teachers' union have long maintained that failures in Western education could be blamed on skimpy government spending, social class and cultures that did not value education. All these make a difference, but they do not determine outcomes by themselves. The idea that good schooling is about spending money is the one that has been beaten back hardest. Many of the 20 leading economic performers in the OECD doubled or tripled their education spending in real terms between 1970 and 1994, yet outcomes in many countries stagnated —or went backwards. Educational performance varies widely even among countries that spend similar amounts per pupil. Such spending is highest in the United States—yet America lags behind other developed countries on overall outcomes in secondary education. Andreas Schleicher, head of analysis at PISA, thinks that only about 10% of the variation in pupil performance has anything to do with money. Many still insist, though, that social class makes a difference. Martin Johnson, an education trade unionist, points to Britain's "inequality between classes, which is among the largest in the wealthiest nations" as the main reason why its pupils under perform. A review of reforms over the past decade by researchers at Oxford University supports him. "Despite rising attainment levels," it concludes, "there has been little narrowing of long standing and sizeable attainment gaps. Those from disadvantaged backgrounds remain at higher risks of poor outcomes." American studies confirm the point; Dan Goldhaber of the University of Washington claims that "non-school factors", such as family income, account for as much as 60% of a child's performance in school.Yet the link is much more variable than education egalitarians suggest. Australia, for instance, has wide discrepancies of income, but came a creditable ninth in the most recent PISA study. China, rapidly developing into one of the world's least equal societies, finished first. Culture is certainly a factor. Many Asian parents pay much more attention to their children's test results than Western ones do, and push their schools to succeed. Singapore, Hong Kong and South Korea sit comfortably at the top of McKinsey's rankings (see table 2). But not only do some Western countries do fairly well; there are also huge differences within them. Even if you put to one side the unusual Asians, as this briefing will now do, many Western systems could jump forward merely by bringing their worst schools up to the standard of their best. So what are the secrets of success? Though there is no one template, four important themes emerge:decentralisation (handing power back to schools); a focus on underachieving pupils; a choice of different sorts of schools; and high standards for teachers. These themes can all betraced in three places that did well in McKinsey's league: Ontario, Poland and Saxony.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 25.汉译英__________________________________________________________________________________________ 26.国务院新闻办发表《中国特色社会主义法律体系》白皮书，这是2011年10月27号发布的。
上外2018年MTI真题回忆版
上外2018年MTI真题回忆版（超详细）（一）翻译硕士英语一、阅读，回答问题（哲学类，3页5面，四个问题，40分）标题：Barney's caseStudy of philosophy knowledgeBarney’s case of the study of history of philosophy?（Barney's case for the history of philosophy）……问题：1.What are the reasons Barney cite for the study of history by three goroups of people？2. According to the passage, what are Martin Lin's interpretation about philosphers?3.How does the author comment on the men's innate thirst for knowledge?4.Sum up how the author writes about Barney and Martin Lin’s discussion on philosophical progress二、Writing. 800words, 60分Digital Humanities in the New Era（二）英语翻译基础一、汉译英，翻译划线部分，70分对中国90后，00后深入骨髓的剖析现如今的家庭教育之难，难在什么地方？难在我们的教育有太多的悖论和问题需要面对。
各位父母，我先问你们一个问题，你了解现在的孩子吗？我在这个问题上很有发言权，因为近20年来，我大概接触了8000个家庭案例。
当今的孩子是怎么回事？当今的孩子是什么人？我们要从本质上来把握。
假如我们不能从本质上来把握，学校教育也好，家庭教育也好，都不会在点子上。
中译英翻译练习2—上外MTI考研 英语翻译基础
中译英翻译练习2—上外MTI考研英语翻译基础英语翻译基础是上外MTI考研初试中很重要的一科，总分是150分。
一般是考两篇翻译，一篇英译汉和一篇汉译英。
其中汉译英分值同常为80分，政治、经济、文化等主题都可能会涉及。
今天给大家分享几个中译英考研专项训练题，尝试做一下，感受一下题目的特点，平时也多做训练，加强应试能力。
练习六如何跨越这一阶段？答案是不能片面追求增长速度，而是要立足自身、放眼长远，推进结构性改革，探寻新的增长动力和发展路径。
要把握新工业革命的机遇，以创新促增长、促转型，积极投身智能制造、互联网+、数字经济、共享经济等带来的创新发展浪潮，努力领风气之先，加快新旧动能转换。
要通过改革打破制约经济发展的藩篱，扫清不合理的体制机制障碍，激发市场和社会活力，实现更高质量、更具韧性、更可持续的增长。
How should we get through this stage?Growth rate alone is not the answer. Instead,we should,on the basis of our current conditions and bearing in mind the long-term goal,advance structural reform and explore new growth drivers and development paths.We should seize the opportunity presented by the new industrial revolution to promote growth and change growth model through innovation.We should pursue innovation-driven development created by smart manufacturing,the"Internet Plus"model,digital economy and sharing economy,stay ahead of the curve and move faster to replace old growth drivers with new ones.We should eliminate impediments to economic development through reform,remove systemic and institutional barriers,and energize the market and the society,so as to achieve better quality,more resilient and sustainable growth.练习七金砖国家虽然国情不同，但处于相近发展阶段，具有相同发展目标。
上海外国语大学年MTI英语翻译硕士考研真题
上海外国语大学2017年M T I英语翻译硕士考研真题（回忆版）一、翻译硕士英语（211）1.选择题（20*1')考单词为主，后面有几道语法。
单词以专八词汇为主，少量的gre词汇。
2.阅读（20*1'）四篇阅读，个人觉得很简单，文章很短，只有一面的长度吧，用专八阅读练习足够了。
3.改错（10*1'）比专八改错简单、前几年考的是修辞和英美文化常识、或古希腊神话典故。
4.作文（50分，500字）谈谈你对happiness的定义。
二、英语翻译基础（357）1.英译汉（75分）该部分选取的是卢梭的《爱弥儿》（Emile, or On Education）部分文章，主要选自《爱弥儿》第三卷第一节。
全文1000多字，共11段，但题目只要求翻译划线部分，总计翻译872字，共6段。
完整原文如下：The whole course of man's life up to adolescence is a period of weakness; yet there comes a time during these early years when the child's strength overtakes the demands upon it, when the growing creature, though absolutely weak, is relatively strong. His needs are not fully developed and his present strength is more than enough for them. He would be a very feeble man, but he is a strong child.What is the cause of man's weakness? It is to be found in the disproportion between his strength and his desires. It is our passions that make us weak, for our natural strength is not enough for their satisfaction. To limit our desires comes to the same thing, therefore, as to increase our strength. When we can do more than we want, we have strength enough and to spare, we are really strong. This is the third stage of childhood, the stage with which I am about to deal. I still speak of childhood for want of a better word; for our scholar is approaching adolescence, though he has not yet reached the age of puberty.About twelve or thirteen the child's strength increases far more rapidly than his needs. The strongest and fiercest of the passions is still unknown, his physical development is still imperfect and seems to await the call of the will. He is scarcely aware of extremes of heat and cold and braves them with impunity. He needs no coat, his blood is warm; no spices, hunger is his sauce, no food comes amiss at this age; if he is sleepy he stretches himself on the ground and goes to sleep; he finds all he needs within his reach; he is not tormented by any imaginary wants; he cares nothing what others think; his desires are not beyond his grasp; not only is he self-sufficing, but for the first and last time in his life he has more strength than he needs.I know beforehand what you will say. You will not assert that the child has more needs than I attribute to him, but you will deny his strength. You forget that I am speaking of my own pupil, not of those puppets who walk with difficulty from one room to another, who toil indoors and carry bundles of paper. Manly strength, you say, appears only with manhood; the vital spirits, distilled in their proper vessels and spreading throughthe whole body, can alone make the muscles firm, sensitive, tense, and springy, can alone cause real strength. This is the philosophy of the study;I appeal to that of experience. In the country districts, I see big lads hoeing, digging, guiding the plough, filling the wine-cask, driving the cart, like their fathers; you would take them for grown men if their voices did not betray them. Even in our towns, iron-workers', tool makers', and blacksmiths' lads are almost as strong as their masters and would be scarcely less skilful had their training begun earlier. If there is a difference, and I do not deny that there is, it is, I repeat, much less than the difference between the stormy passions of the man and the few wants of the child. Moreover, it is not merely a question of bodily strength, but more especially of strength of mind, which reinforces and directs the bodily strength.This interval in which the strength of the individual is in excess of his wants is, as I have said, relatively though not absolutely the time of greatest strength. It is the most precious time in his life; it comes but once; it is very short, all too short, as you will see when you consider the importance of using it aright.He has, therefore, a surplus of strength and capacity which he will never have again. What use shall he make of it? He will strive to use it in tasks which will help at need. He will, so to speak, cast his present surplus into the storehouse of the future; the vigorous child will make provision for the feeble man; but he will not store his goods where thieves may break in, nor in barns which are not his own. To store them aright, they must be in the hands and the head, they must be stored within himself. This is the time for work, instruction, and inquiry. And note that this is no arbitrary choice of mine, it is the way of nature herself.Human intelligence is finite, and not only can no man know everything, he cannot even acquire all the scanty knowledge of others. Since the contrary of every false proposition is a truth, there are as many truths as falsehoods. We must, therefore, choose what to teach as well as when to teach it. Some of the information within our reach is false, some is useless, some merely serves to puff up its possessor. The small store which really contributes to our welfare alone deserves the study of a wise man, and therefore of a child whom one would have wise. He must know not merely what is, but what is useful.From this small stock we must also deduct those truths which require a full grown mind for their understanding, those which suppose a knowledge of man's relations to his fellow-men--a knowledge which no child canacquire; these things, although in themselves true, lead an inexperienced mind into mistakes with regard to other matters.We are now confined to a circle, small indeed compared with the whole of human thought, but this circle is still a vast sphere when measured by the child's mind. Dark places of the human understanding, what rash hand shall dare to raise your veil? What pitfalls does our so-called science prepare for the miserable child. Would you guide him along this dangerous path and draw the veil from the face of nature? Stay your hand. First make sure that neither he nor you will become dizzy. Beware of the specious charms of error and the intoxicating fumes of pride. Keep this truth ever before you--Ignorance never did any one any harm, error alone is fatal, and we do not lose our way through ignorance but through self-confidence.His progress in geometry may serve as a test and a true measure of the growth of his intelligence, but as soon as he can distinguish between what is useful and what is useless, much skill and discretion are required to lead him towards theoretical studies. For example, would you have him find a mean proportional between two lines, contrive that he should require to find a square equal to a given rectangle; if two mean proportionals are required, you must first contrive to interest him in the doubling of the cube. See how we are gradually approaching the moral ideas which distinguish between good and evil. Hitherto we have known no law but necessity, now we are considering what is useful; we shall soon come to what is fitting and right.Man's diverse powers are stirred by the same instinct. The bodily activity, which seeks an outlet for its energies, is succeeded by the mental activity which seeks for knowledge. Children are first restless, then curious; and this curiosity, rightly directed, is the means of development for the age with which we are dealing. Always distinguish between natural and acquired tendencies. There is a zeal for learning which has no other foundation than a wish to appear learned, and there is another which springs from man's natural curiosity about all things far or near which may affect himself. The innate desire for comfort and the impossibility of its complete satisfaction impel him to the endless search for fresh means of contributing to its satisfaction. This is the first principle of curiosity;a principle natural to the human heart, though its growth is proportional to the development of our feeling and knowledge. If a man of science were left on a desert island with his books and instruments and knowing that he must spend the rest of his life there, he would scarcely trouble himself about the solar system, the laws of attraction, or the differential calculus. He might never even open a book again; but he would never rest till he had explored the furthest corner of his island, however large itmight be. Let us therefore omit from our early studies such knowledge as has no natural attraction for us, and confine ourselves to such things as instinct impels us to study.2.汉译英（75分）2016年11月5日，上海外国语大学首届“中国学的国际对话：方法与体系”国际研讨会在虹口校区高翻学院同传室拉开帷幕，本次学术研讨会由上外主办，中国学研究所协同国际关系与公共事务学院、高级翻译学院联合承办，欧盟研究中心、俄罗斯研究中心、英国研究中心、中日韩合作研究中心以及马克思主义学院共同参与。
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上外考研2018高翻英语翻译基础（真题）（回忆版）一、汉译英，翻译划线部分，70分对中国90后，00后深入骨髓的剖析现如今的家庭教育之难，难在什么地方？难在我们的教育有太多的悖论和问题需要面对。
各位父母，我先问你们一个问题，你了解现在的孩子吗？我在这个问题上很有发言权，因为近20年来，我大概接触了8000个家庭案例。
当今的孩子是怎么回事？当今的孩子是什么人？我们要从本质上来把握。
假如我们不能从本质上来把握，学校教育也好，家庭教育也好，都不会在点子上。
从1993年以后孩子们就开始不一样了。
为什么这么说呢？理由是1993年中国取缔了粮票，这件事情年纪大的是不是还记得？在中国这样一个国家里面，取缔了粮票意味着什么？我们吃饭不愁了。
当一个民族吃饭不愁，尤其是到我们这样的民族吃饭不愁的时候，我们会愁什么呢？我们的需要开始变得不一样了，人对人的需要不一样了，家长对孩子的需要不一样了，社会对人的需要不一样，人对社会的需要不一样了。
我们来看1993年以后的人的基本特征，首先，他们都是独套公寓里的独子。
独套公寓里的独子有什么样的人生感受呢？你可以去试试，到春天的时候，买一只刚刚生出来的小鸡，养着它，给它好吃好喝，你看看是不是两个礼拜以后小鸡就死掉了，因为小鸡也会孤独。
现在的孩子带着天生的孤独感来到这个世界。
那么孤独会有哪些麻烦？一，人一孤独，无端伤感，莫名其妙流眼泪；二，人一孤独，思考力就变得非常强，所以麻烦就来了，既不思考吃，又不思考穿，他就过早地思考了一个终极问题，最高哲学问题，“我存在有什么意义？”我们现在的孩子，连四岁的孩子就会在那里发呆了，你不知道他小脑袋里想什么。
一旦人有这种问题，痛苦就伴随着他了。
所以我们教育面对的问题是我们得知道自己的子女是什么人，才可以有方向。
第一，当今的孩子背负着沉重的情感负担回想我们小时候，大部分人都生活在多子女家庭，父母很难投入过多的关注在某一个孩子身上。
但是现在的孩子是什么样？上海这样的城市里，一个孩子来到这个世界上，就有六个人围着他，这六个人会把最好的付出给他。
那么六个人爱一个孩子，你能体会到这个孩子的感受吗？你知道这个孩子的内心世界吗？他内心里面的苦闷你知道吗？其实人都有一种本能，谁对自己好，他就要报恩。
我看到一个四岁的孩子跟奶奶说，奶奶，我长大后赚钱给你用，是因为他觉得奶奶对他太好了。
可是等到十几岁他就搞清楚了，他报不了这个恩，为什么？因为这些大人又不会要他的钱来回报，他们要的是孩子去读名牌大学。
可名牌大学在中国就这么几所，凭什么就你们家孩子去呢？每年都有来自全国各地的高三的学生来找我咨询，他们所有的症状都是一样的：到了高三不投入学习，整天看手机，整天看小说。
你问他想不想考大学？他回答，想，还要考好的。
那为什么不投入呢？因为他们焦虑不堪。
我只要说一句话他们就会淌眼泪，我说：“你可能考不到你觉得理想的大学，然后你会觉得实在对不起你的家长，他们对你太好了，是不是？”孩子们一听眼泪就淌下来。
孩子们太可怜了。
我跟这些孩子说：“谁告诉你，你家长的幸福要你来负责任？孩子们，这个世界上没有一个人可以对另外一个人的幸福负责任。
比如说两个人谈恋爱，一个男的对女的说…嫁给我吧，我会给你一生一世的幸福‟，结果没有三天就吵翻天了。
孩子们，你记住，幸福是自己的主观人生体验。
”有一个妈妈，她培育了一个博士儿子，这个博士后来做了外交官，谁都羡慕这个妈妈，但是我们看她在干吗？天天在吃抗抑郁症的药；还有一个妈妈，她的儿子只不过是个普通工人，但是我们看到这个妈妈天天在乐呵呵地搓麻将。
所以，幸福不是别人能给的，而是自己的主观体验。
父母们要告诉孩子不要背这个包袱，轻装往前走，这个才是给孩子正能量。
我讲一句贴心的话，我们把孩子带到这个世界上来，你要记住，不是他要来的，如果他要选择未必会选你，你是单向选择。
我跟我儿子经常说的话是，“儿子，咱们母子一场，彼此不要嫌弃，你不嫌我，我不嫌你。
”孩子没有这种重担，他才能轻装往前走，他才不会有考试焦虑。
现在咱们国家有多少学生因为在临考前焦虑不堪，学习成绩才没有达到应该有的目标呀！我们能看到现在的孩子有空前的学业压力，这只是显性的，而隐性的东西是孩子们整天跟焦虑高危人群在一起，这些人是孩子的父母、老师。
你想想看，如果孩子在学校、在家里都要面对一群焦虑的人，人人对孩子拉橡皮筋，老师在学校里不停强调考试、学习；孩子回到家，家长也在强调考试、学习，那孩子可能就完了。
跟焦虑的人在一起，会疲惫不堪，我们孩子所遇到的压力是全世界没有的。
美国的学校不应试吗？也应试的，人家的学习任务也很重，可是人家的老师和家长不是我们这样的内心世界，我们（父母）自己太脆弱、不够强大。
第二，当今的孩子对话语权要求很高现在孩子的第二个特征是对话语权要求非常高。
这绝对是一个很特殊的现象，在中国几千年来是没有的。
我有时候在思考，独生子女政策虽然有很多弊端，但是它会推动民主进程。
为什么呢？首先，人的环境不一样。
我们小时候被教育成“大人说话，小孩别插嘴”，我们认为这是天经地义的。
现在孩子的生活是这样的，他在家里没有兄弟姐妹，直接跟大人对话，为什么你说话我不可以说话呢？反过来看我们现在的学校教育者，还是秉承老一套。
我们经常可以看到有的中学生被老师教育的时候，老师在训他，这个中学生就这样子，“你讲好了。
差不多了讲好了吧？我可以进教室了吧？”他根本不会听你讲的。
为什么？因为你不了解他话语权要求很高，你没有给他平等的对话。
这也就是我们职场上马上要面对的93年以后的人。
曾经有个老总找我，说他有一个名牌大学的实习生，这个实习生在开会的时候负责做记录，会上老总发完言，实习生说：“我也来讲”，老总说：“怎么轮到你讲？”他说：“我为什么不可以讲？我也了解啊！”于是这个老总就看不懂了。
我跟他说，你要看懂他们话语权要求很高，如果你不让他有话语的可能性，他就到网上去说，你堵不住他的。
所以各位，你想想看，有这种平等话语权要求的民族，它怎么不是进步的呢？这是对我们几千年文化的一种挑战，你要面对的是我们的文化怎么来衔接，只有把它衔接好了以后，孩子才能够平稳地过渡，而不受到他前代人的压制，这是我们所遇到的问题。
第三，当今的孩子知识面宽广各位在座的老师你不要生气，现在的孩子他未必是要到你这里来接受知识的，好多课都有光盘，他可以买来光盘自己看，而且都是名师讲的。
现在的老师没有权威性，不像我们小时候，家里如果没有一本书，老师就是万宝全书，现在没有这样的老师。
你也别指望你做这样的老师，或者说你可能得不到这样老师的感受。
老师不理解这点就会打击学生，就否定现在的学生不如过去的学生。
其实这就是时代的特征，跟不上的话，那是老师的问题。
在上海，有的孩子读初中的时候，已经走过半个地球了。
老师在教室里面讲加拿大，学生说，“我在加拿大待过很长时间，老师你去过没有？”那么各位，这个书怎么教？我讲的都是非常实际的东西，教育要针对这些问题才能对未来的学生有用。
第四，当今的孩子都很善良我们所有的1993年以后孩子的父母都会说他的孩子有这样那样的缺点，但是有一点，孩子是非常善良的。
这就是中国的希望所在。
理由如下：你在马路上，但凡看到一个乞丐，小孩子的脚步就有点迈不开了，他会拖住他妈妈尽量慢一点，实际上他想让他的妈妈捐点钱给这个乞丐。
小孩子很善良，原因是他有爱，他是浸润在爱当中长大的，他是在一个物质丰厚的时代里长大的，这样的人他一定善良，一定有爱心。
爱心不是空穴来风，爱心是有条件的。
现在的孩子具备了基础条件，所以他有同情心，他同情弱者，他爱别人。
所以他的道德判断水平要比我们这代人高多了。
因为不同的身世，两代人的道德水准是不同的。
所以我觉得非常有信心，后面的年轻人他们会越来越好，他们没有经过文化大革命，这一代孩子是有希望的。
我们做家长的绝对不要辜负了他们，他们都是好孩子。
第五，当今都市孩子现实感非常弱当今都市孩子现实感非常弱也是教育的结果。
我们的孩子从小到大一切现实事务都被替代了，他们只知道好好学习，而我们的学校也没有提供给孩子处理事务的可能性，除了学习和补课没有其他活动。
孩子在现代化的电脑世界里生活，现实感很弱。
他们在虚拟的世界体会到真实感，在真实的世界里有虚拟感，这就是他们的特征。
比如说现在的中学生都在玩“手办”，人数大概比例是1/4。
什么叫手办？“手办”就是以日本动漫为模板所制作的那些玩偶。
他一个人跟这些玩偶在玩，有的时候玩偶还带一些色情，一个男孩子玩到他会爱上这个玩偶，然后就会在虚拟世界里捣鼓真实感。
他们在网上交流，似乎这个玩偶是一个活人一样，最后他反而在真实世界里有虚拟感。
两个人在网上聊好了以后准备见面，坐在一起，居然没有话，结果说，“我们网上去说吧，再见。
”就到网上去说了。
有一个场景，有几个四、五岁的孩子，他们在一间没有大人的房间里。
如果我们以常识来看，这个房间一定翻天了，地上都是水，弄得一塌糊涂。
但现实是，这个房间门一打开，鸦雀无声，每个小孩都很安静，比老人院还宁静。
这就是我们的孩子，他们“一不怕死，二就怕苦”。
你跟孩子说不好好学习，将来会过什么什么苦日子，他会跟你说，“不可能的，如果到那天我会去死的。
”人家连死都不怕还会怕什么？让我们怎么教育？我不知道在座的有没有德育校长，如果有，请思考一下：我们现在中小学的德育活动应该做什么？因为孩子们现实感很弱，学校应该提供这种帮助，模拟法庭，模拟超市，模拟社区……去搞这些东西。
有一个高中生跟我说，学校请来一个老掉牙的战争年代的老军人跟他们说，“我们战争年代如此艰苦，你们这些人到现在满脑子资产阶级思想，天天想着穿名牌”，那个高中生说，“老爷爷，你们革命不是为了我们穿名牌，是为了什么呀？”所以我们的德育教育真该动动脑筋了。
孩子缺什么？你要给他什么？德育教育是育人，不是灌输某些东西，你要把他育成一个健康的人，不然一个没有现实感的人，到后来他的人格会有问题的。
曾经有一次有个重点中学高中的学生，她带了一个手机给我们看，她说，“老师，我们在玩这个东西”，我一看吓一跳，玩什么？一人割自己一刀，很好玩吗？这种行为我们怎么理解？这就是现实感缺乏的表现，他必须这样才能找到自己真实的存在。
可惜，我们教育者全然不知。
我们只知道他的成绩上去了还是下去了，而成绩下来有太多的因素。
我们一定要了解我们的孩子，这些都是他的内心的一些痛苦点。
第六，当今的孩子对个性化生活要求非常高我们来看他们还有一个特征，个性化要求非常高。
我们小时候被教育成“你是大海里的一滴水，你是沙漠里的一粒沙”，现在的孩子是“我来过了，雁过留声，你们怎么可以不知道我来过？”他必须要展现个性。
那么我们的教育允许吗？设计出来让他展现个性的平台了吗？我们班级的班会课是不是提供了呢？有一个孩子跑到我这边，说他就是非要留长头发，穿花衣服，校服到门口就脱掉了，结果教导主任跟他说，要不剪头发就不要来。