高中英语语法非谓语动词(过去分词)
非谓语动词高中总结
11. I think the question difficult ________ (answer).12. It’s I who am ________ (blame).13. The officer ordered the soldiers ________ (fire) the guns.14. The officer ordered the guns _________ (fire).三._ing形式的时态:_ing形式的一般式通常表示该动作与谓语动词同时发生或发生在谓语之后；完成式则表示动作先于谓语动词而发生。
如：15. ________ (Walk) through the park, I saw some lovely flowers.16. He was praised for __________ (teach) for 60 years.17. I heard him __________ (sing) when I passed his room.18. _________ (Finish) the work, he went home.19. He insisted on _________ (join) the army.四._ing形式的语态：一般情况下，需要找准—ing动词的逻辑主语，若它们之间是主谓关系，—ing动词常用主动；若它们之间是动宾关系，—ing动词就要用被动。
但在动词need, want, require,及形容词worth之后的—ing必须用主动表示被动。
如：20. He won’t come without __________ (invite).21. The flowers in the garden need _______ (water).22. Thank you for _________ (give) us so much help.23. The building ________ (build) now will be a hospital.24. ________ (give) such a good chance, how could she let it slip?25. The book is well worth ________ (read).第三节非谓语动词的用法比较一、作主语动词不定式和动词的_ing形式都可以在句子中作主语。
高中英语语法 非谓语动词 全
非谓语动词非谓语动词。
在英语中，不能作句子谓语，而是担任其它语法功能的动词叫做非谓语动词。
非谓语动词的时态和语态的不同形式动词不定式动名词分词主动to do doing doing（同时，主动）被动to be done being done done（被动，完成）进行主动to be doing进行被动being done进行，被动主动完成to havedone having done having done（主动，完成一般作状语)被动完成to havebeen done having beendonehaving beendone(被动，完成一般作状语）非谓语动词在句中的作用主语宾语表语补语定语状语不定式√√√√√√动名词√√√√分词√√√√一：分词(现在分词和过去分词，分别表示：主动，行进&被动，完成)1)作定语The girl standing by the window is my sister.=The girl who is standing by the window is my sister.This is a book written by a famous Chinese writer.= This is a book which was written by a famous Chinese writer.2) 作状语（一般表示时间，原因，条件，伴随）有时可将从句中when/while /unless/if 等保留(While/When)Walking in the street ,I saw her.=While/When I was walking in the street ,I saw her.（表示时间）Seen from the hill,our school looks more beautiful.=When our school is seen from the hill,it looks more beautiful.从小山上看，我们学校更美了。
高中英语语法非谓语动词
European football is played in 80 countries, making it the most famous sports in the world.
过去分词作状语一般表被动或完成 The pop singer, followed by two body guards, came to meet his fans.
3)在want, need, require等动词后,常用动名词的主动形 式表示被动的意思，必须物作主语。例如： My hair needs cutting. (= My hair needs to be cut.)
3.不定式可作独立成分。 to tell the truth / to be honest / to be frank 4.动名词的复合结构 I don’t mind Tom’s/ Tom/his / him opening the window Tom’s /His coming late made his teacher angry.
(进行式) He intended to have told you that.
(完成式主动态) This work of art seemed to have been created long ago. (完成式的被动态) We’re happy to have been working with you.
非谓语动词的形式
动词不定式 一般式 进行式 完成式 完成进行式
现在分词/动名词
主动态 to do to be doing to have done to have been doing 主动态 doing having done done
被动态 to be done to have been done 被动态 being done having been done
高中英语语法非谓语动词
非谓语动词动词在句子中除了充当谓语外，还可以起名词、形容词或副词的作用，在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语、补语、定语和状语。
这就是动词的非谓语形式。
当句子中需要用某种动作作主语、宾语或作某种修饰、说明的成分时，就要使用这种形式。
动词的非谓语形式有三种：（1）动词不定式：to study (to + 动词原形)（2）分词：studying (现在分词)、studied (过去分词)（3）动名词：studying (形式与现在分词相同)动词非谓语形式仍具有动词的一般特征，可以带有宾语、状语等构成短语。
动词非谓语形式有以下几种形式变化（以write为例）：一、动词不定式其形式是“to+动词原形”。
to是不定式符号，无词义。
其否定式是在to前面加上not, never等否定词。
不定式可以有自己的逻辑主语，由for引出，加在不定式短语前面。
如果不定式的逻辑主语是表示不定式动作的承受者，则不定式用被动语态。
所谓逻辑主语，就是指非谓语动词等动作的执行者。
由于非谓语动词等带有动词的特征，但又不是谓语动词，所以这个动作的执行者就不能称为主语，而在逻辑上又是这个动作的执行者，所以就称为逻辑主语。
如果不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，这个不定式一般要用被动语态。
疑问词（who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why, how还包括whether）等后面加不定式构成不定式短语，可做主语，表语，宾语等。
（一）作主语。
在不定式短语作主语的句子中，往往用it 作形式主语，而不把不定式短语放在句子的后面。
如：To die like that is a terrible thing.=It is a terrible thing to die like that.象那样死去是一件可怕的事。
（it 作形式主语，把真正的主语to die like that放在后面）To know oneself is difficult.=It’s difficult to know oneself.有自知之明不容易。
高中英语非谓语动词讲解_(整理)
非谓语动词非谓语动词包括不定式(to do)、动名词(－ing)、现在分词(－ing)与过去分词(－ed)。
动词不定式不定式的句法功能：1、作主语：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，例如上面两句可用如下形式：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.It means failure to lose your heart.常用句式有：1、It+be+名词+to do。
2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。
3、It+be+形容词+of sb +to do。
4 It+be+形容词+for sb.+to do。
常用careless,,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词，不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。
2、作表语：Her job is to clean the hall.3、作宾语：口诀决心学会想希望，decide/ determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish拒绝设法愿假装；refuse, manage, care, pretend主动答应选计划，offer/order, promise, choose, plan,同意请求帮一帮。
agree, ask/beg, help如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如：I have no choice but to stay here.He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如：He gave us some advice on how to learn English.4、作宾语补足语：在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema．有些动词如在使役动词make, have, let和感官动词see, watch, notice, observe, feel, hear, listen to, look at等词后接不定式作宾补，不定式不带to，表示做某事的全过程。
(完整版)高考英语非谓语动词知识点
非谓语动词一、非谓语动词的概念非谓语形式有三种： 1.动词不定式：to do表示目的和将来2、动词的ing(动名词) : doing表示主动和进行 3.动词的过去分词：done表示被动和完成二、非谓语动词的时态和语态一般式完成式进行式不定式主动to do to have done to be doing被动to be done to have been doneing 形式主动doing having done被动being done having been done过去分词被动done三、非谓语动词的做题步骤：1、判定是否用非谓语形式。
方法：看看句子中是否已有了谓语动词了。
2、找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。
方法：非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语。
3、判断主被动关系。
方法：非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动还是被动关系。
4、判断时间关系。
方法：分析句子，看看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时。
之前常用done; 之后常用to do; 同时常用doing。
一、非谓语动词作主语和表语的比较1、不定式和动名词作主语和表语：1）. 不定式表示一次性的、具体的动词。
动词ing 常表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的动作。
如：________ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.A. The walkB. WalkingC. To walkD. Walk2）. 不定式作主语时，常用it 作形式主语，即用句型：It is + adj. / n. + (for / of sb. ) to do sth.It’s important for us to learn English well. It’s kind of you to help us.注意：下面几个句型是用动名词：It’s no good / use doing sth. There is no point（in）doing sth2、不定式、动名词、分词作表语的比较：1）、不定式、动名词作表语，.表示主语的内容。
高中英语 语法 非谓语动词 过去分词作宾语补足语 (共25张PPT)
② He won’t like such questions discussed at the meeting.
③ The readers wished the serial story continued.
1. Match the two parts to make sentences.
B. Entering; gone
C. To have entered; being stolen
D.
Having entered; to be stolen
5. We are pleased to see the problem ___. A. settled B. having been settled C. be settled D. settling
A. I wonder how B. I don’t wonder C. Sorry, it’s out of order. D. No wonder, here it is
17. ---How is everything going? ---________
A. Everything is finished B. Everything has been done C. Not so bad, you know D. Not doing wrong, you know
Choose the correct answers.
1.Because of my ____ English, I can’t make myself ______. A.broken; understood B. broken; understand C. break; understood D. breaking; understanding
高中英语语法非谓语：过去分词的用法归纳总结(带自测题)
高中英语语法非谓语：过去分词的用法过去分词是非谓语动词的一种形式。
从语法功能分析，过去分词兼有动词、形容词或副词的特性，可在句中充当定语、表语、宾语补足语或状语。
过去分词通常与逻辑主语之间存在被动关系，表示被动或完成。
一、过去分词做定语1. 过去分词做定语时的意义不及物动词的过去分词做定语，只表示动作已完成，不表示被动的意义；及物动词的过去分词做定语表示被动意义或已完成的被动动作。
①只表示完成，不表示被动fallen leaves落叶a retired teacher一位退休的教师②表示被动或完成an honored guest一位受尊敬的客人a guided trip一次有导游的旅行the broken glass碎了的杯子the question discussed yesterday昨天讨论的问题a divided country一个分裂的国家2. 过去分词做定语时的位置①前置定语：单个的过去分词做定语，通常放在被修饰的名词之前。
The broken vase has been thrown outside.那个打烂的花瓶已被扔到外面去了。
The injured workers are now being taken good care of in the hospital.受伤的工人现在正在医院受到良好的照料。
②后置定语：过去分词（短语）做定语时，通常放在被修饰的名词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。
I was instructed to carry out a plan supported (= which was supported) by most people.我被要求执行一个多数人支持的计划。
This will be the best novel of its kind ever written (= that has ever been written).这将是这类小说中写得最好的。
高中英语：英语语法中的非谓语动
高中英语：英语语法中的非谓语动词在英语语法中，非谓语动词是指不用于描述句子主语动作或状态的动词形式。
非谓语动词有三种形式：动词-ing形式，动词过去分词形式和不定式形式。
它们通常用作动词、形容词或副词的补语，或者在复合句中作为主语、宾语或定语。
一、动词-ing形式动词-ing形式一般表示正在进行或正在发生的动作，也可以表示某个行为的结果或影响。
例句：- I enjoy reading books.（我喜欢读书。
）- Smoking is bad for your health.（吸烟对健康有害。
）- She left the room, humming a tune.（她哼着曲子离开了房间。
）练习题：1. Choose the correct form of the verb in brackets.a. She was (peddling, pedaled) her bike to work every day.b. (Singing, Sung) in the shower is a great way to start the day.c. The (boiling, boiled) water spilled out of the pot.答案：a. pedaling; b. Singing; c. boiling2. Rewrite the following sentences using the -ing form of theverbs in brackets.a. She ate breakfast and then she left the house. (walk)b. I heard a noise and I woke up. (look)c. He finished his work and then he went to bed. (read)答案：a. She left the house, walking.b. I woke up, looking around.c. He went to bed, reading.二、动词过去分词形式动词过去分词形式一般用来表示被动、完成或已经发生的动作，也可以作为形容词或状语的补语。
英语语法：非谓语动词 -过去分词
作表语
〔注〕有些带-ed结尾的词，并不是过去分词，而是由名词变 化而来的形容词。
作表语
〔注〕有些带-ed结尾的词，并不是过去分词，而是由名词变 化而来的形容词。 I'm ashamed of myself for it. 为此我自感羞愧。
1）构成谓语
①“have+过去分词done”可以构成谓语动词完成时态或非谓语动词的完成 式。
I haven't been out much recently. （现在完成时） 我最近没太出门。 I knew you had been busy for a long time. （过去完成时） 我知道你一直很忙。 I'm sorry not to have given you enough care. （不定式完成式） 我很抱歉没有给你足够的关心。
Don’t say that! She was annoyed at your saying that. 不要说啦！你这样讲她很不高兴。
We were so bored that we couldn't help yawning. 我们厌烦得要命，禁不住打起了呵欠。
作表语
注意：这种结构和被动语态是有差别的：
作表语
注意：这种结构和被动语态是有差别的：
①“be+表语”结构表示一种状态，而被动语态表示一个动作。 试比较下面句子： The shop is closed now. 商店已关门。(be+表语，表状态) The shop is usually closed at 8 o’clock. 商店通常8 点关门。（被动语态，表动作） He was wounded in the arm. 他手臂受了伤的。(be+表语，表状态)
高中英语非谓语动词知识点
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高中英语非谓语动词
one’s / N’s + doing / There + being
- His attending the meeting surprised everyone here. - Tom’s winning made us excited. - I’m proud of your performing in the exam. - I don’t mind Tom’s smoking here. 注：复合结构作宾语时可用宾格或普通格代替 - I’m proud of you performing in the exam. - I don’t mind Tom smoking here.
/surprising.
•主语和表语 宾语 一致 eg. Seeing is believing.
=To see is to believe. Saying is one thing but doing is another.
= To say is one thing but to do is another.
emperor in the procession.
A. laugh at C. laughing at
B. to laugh at D. laughing on
二. forget remember regret mean stop try go on 后接 doing 和 to do 含义不同
eg. -I remember seeing him somewhere before.曾做过
How about two of us _C___ a walk down the garden A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking
非谓语动词-过去分词
非谓语动词三过去分词定义:过去分词既具有动词的特征,又具备形容词和副词的语法功能. 表完成、被动、状态。
1做定语表完成\被动。
表完成----这类词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
Boiled water [开了的水] Fallen leaves[落叶] Newly arrived goods[0新到的货] The risen sun[升起的太阳] The changed world The changed out looking.表被动：A invited client [一位受邀请的客人] The window broken by the little boy The car found by the local police The injured worker was sent away.※注※:分词单独作定语时,放在被修饰词语前面Our class went on an [organized] trip last Monday.分词短语做定语时,放在被修饰词语后面Those [elected as committee members] will attend the meeting. ※注※:过去分词做定语,相当于一个定语从句:Our class went on an trip [which was organized] last Monday.Those [ who were elected as committee members] will attend the meeting.2做表语: 表状态----表示其[逻辑主语] 所处的状态：[注：被动语态中，动作的承受者称为[逻辑主语],如She was seen by me中She是逻辑主语，Me是实际主语。
] The window is broken. We feel bored. She looks disappointed.They became confused. The door remained locked. We are pleased with the meal.The case stay closed. They were frightened at the sad sight.※注※:作表语的过去分词在字典中已经被列为形容词Crowed Devoted Discouraged Done Dressed Experienced Frightened Broken Drunk Learned Satisfied interested killed known Undressed Surprised Hurt Gone Worried Lost Completed Shut covered Astonished Pleased※注※:表状态的过去分词有：Lost Seated Hiddden Lost in Dressed inFrightened Satisfied tired Disappointed Interested Relaxed Pleased Scared.常用的词组Stationed Absorbed in[沉溺于] Born Dressed in Tired of Fixed on Prepared for Furnished with Equipped with Devoted to Armed with Caught in Located in situated in Employed in Delighted at Disappointed at Surprised at Shocked at Astonished at Experienced in Satisfied with concerned with Worried about Supposed to crowed with Determined to.※注※: B e+过去分词，过去分词可作表语也可充当被动语态。
高中英语非谓语动词讲解
高中英语非谓语动词讲解非谓语动词包括不定式(to do)、动名词(－ing)、现在分词(－ing)和过去分词(－ed)。
它们不受主语人称和数的限制，不能充当谓语，但可以充当句子的其他成分，并且有时态和语态的变化。
动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，不能独立作谓语，但可以有自己的宾语和状语。
一般式表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后，而进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语的动作同时发生。
动名词相当于名词，可以作主语、宾语、表语、宾补、定语和状语。
它往往有将来意味，指经常性、惯性的动作或有现在意味。
现在分词和过去分词分别相当于形容词和副词，可以作定语和状语。
现在分词往往有进行意味，而过去分词则表示被动或完成的意义。
在上述各种非谓语动词形式之前直接加not可以构成否定式。
此外，动词不定式还有完成式、进行式和完成进行式，分别表示完成、正在进行和完成正在进行的动作或状态。
被动形式则表示该动作或状态的承受者。
需要注意的是，当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动式(to be done)。
例如，The building to be finished next month is for our ___.3.关于不定式的完成式：当不定式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示的动作或状态之前时，使用完成式。
如果带有被动含义，则使用完成被动式(to have been done)。
例如：据说他写了一本关于长征的小说。
他据说在儿时学过法语。
4.关于不定式的完成进行式：如果不定式的动作在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行或可能继续进行，则使用完成进行式。
例如：我们很高兴一整个月都在和专家们一起工作。
二、不定式的用法：1.不定式做主语：不定式作主语一般表示具体的某次动作，而动名词doing则表示惯性的、经常性的动作。
具体表现为：1）不定式作主语时，谓语使用单数形式，例如：做这样的事情是愚蠢的。
高中英语语法复习---非谓语动词-过去分词
高中英语语法非谓语动词（三）过去分词非谓语动词（三）——过去分词（三）过去分词：1、过去分词的基本用法：过去分词只有一种形式，也没有主动语态，它所表示的动作是一个被动的或是已完成的动作。
过去分词在句中也可用作定语、表语、宾语或状语等成分。
过去分词在句中作某种成分时，其逻辑主语一般为该分词所表示的动作的承受者，如：（1）作定语：过去分词作定语时，如果这个分词是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前，如果是分词短语，就位于其修饰的名词之后。
被过去分词所修饰的名词，就是该分词的逻辑主语，如：The stolen car was found by the police last week.（2）作表语：过去分词作表语时，表示其逻辑主语所处的状态，其逻辑主语就是句中的主语，如：The glass is broken.这个玻璃杯是破的。
注：过去分词作表语时，和动词的被动语态结构相似，但两者表达的意义不同，如：The glass was broken by my little brother.这个玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的。
作表语用的过去分词在许多词典中已列为形容词，如：crowded, devoted, discouraged, done, dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened, gone, hurt, interested, killed, known, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, undressed, worried, astonished, broken, completed, covered等。
（3）作宾语补足语：过去分词作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语就是其逻辑主语，如：When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves. 注：动词have后的复合宾语中，宾语补足语如为过去分词，常表示该分词所表示的动作是由别人来执行的而不是句中主语自己来执行的，如：I had my bike repaired yesterday. 昨天我（找别人）把我的自行车给修了。
高中英语非谓语动词用法详解及练习(含答案详解)
非谓语动词非谓语动词（一）——动词不定式动词不定式、分词(现在分词，过去分词) 和动名词统称为非谓语动词。
现代英语将现在分词和动名词合为一大类叫作 v + ing 形式。
这些动词的形式不能在句中单独作谓语用，因而没有语法主语。
但可以有逻辑主语。
由于没有语法主语，也就不受人称和数的限定，因为不是谓语，也就没有时态和语态，但这些词仍能表示动作和状态，所以仍有表示与其他动词相对时间关系的形式。
由于与其它词有逻辑上的主谓关系，因此也有表示主、被动的形式，同时也有自己的宾语和状语，一起构成非谓语动词的短语(动词不定式短语，分词短语，动名词短语 )。
动词不定式、过去分词及v-ing 形式在句中均不能作谓语用，所以叫做非谓语动词。
（一）动词不定式：动词不定式由―to+动词原形‖构成，如：to study, to play，动词不定式虽然不能作谓语动词用，但仍留着动词的特征，它可以带有所需要的宾语或状语而构成动词不定式短语，如：to study hard, to play table tennis 。
1、动词不定式的形式变化：动词不定式有下列时态和语态的形式变化。
不定式一般式完成式进行式完成进行式主动to build to have built to be building to have been building 被动to be build to have been build2、动词不定式的基本用法：动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用，可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用，如：（1）作主语： To help each other is good. （动词不定式作主语时，一般可用it 作形式主语，而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末，如：It is good to help each other.（2）作表语： My job is to drive them to the power station every day.动词不定式在系动词be 之后作表语，与表示将来时的be + 动词不定式结构有所区别，如：Our plan is to set up another middle school for the peasants children. 我们的计划是给农民子弟再成立一所中学。
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简析: 该题应选D。测试过去分词短语作定 语放在所修饰的名词后,可以用非限制性定 语从句“which was opened last year”代替。
. The first textbooks ____ for teaching
. Don’t use words, expressions, or phrases _______ onlyDto people with specific knowledge. A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known
2. What’s the language ___ in Germany?
A. speaking
B. spoken
C. be spoken D. to speak
简析: 该题应选B。测试过去分词作后 置定语表达被动,等于定语从句 which is spoken。
3. Most of the artists ____ to the party
they would like to see _______ the
next year.
A. carry out
B. carrying out
C. carried out
D. to carry out
1. The Olympic Games, ___ in 776 B. C., didn’t include women until 1912. A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be playing
were from South Africa.
A. invited
B. to invite
C. being invited D. had been invited
The computer centre, ___ last year, is very popular among the students in this school.
English as a foreign language came out
in the 16th century.
A.
having written B. to be written C.
being written D. written
简析: 该题应选D。测试过去分词作后置 定语表达被动,等于定语从句which were written。
(2) He is retired. 他已退休。
过去分词作定语
作定语用的过去分词相当于形容词，其逻辑主语就是 它所修饰的名词。及物动词的过去分词作定语，既表 被动又表完成；不及物动词的过去分词作定语，只表 完成。
1. 过去分词用作定语，如果是单个的，常置于其所修饰 的名词之前。
We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们 必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况。
非谓语
过去分词作表语 过去分词作定语 过去分词作状语 过去分词作宾语补足语
过去分词作表语
1. 及物动词的过去分词作表语，与句子主语是被 动关系，表示主语的状态，既表示被动，又表示 完成。
(1) The cup is broken. 茶杯破了。
2. 不及物动词的过去分词作表语，与句子主语是 主动关系，表示主语的状态，只表示动作的完成。
非谓语动词的用法讲解 ：
过去分词的用法
非谓语
谓语or非谓语?
1.Tom came in the classroomho,_ld_i_n_____(hold) a
book in his hand.
g
2. Tom came in the classroom anhde_ld_______(hold)
A leave / send B left / to send
C left / send
D leaving / send
作介词but ,expect ,besides 的宾语，前 面又有实意动词 do时，不定式通常省去to
have nothing to do but do sth.
2. The manager discussed the plan that
a book in his hand.
3.Tom who h_e_l_d_____(hold) a book in his hand
came in the classroom. 4.Tom came in the classroom but hfoergot
________(forget) to take the textbook.
解析：答案D。know与words，expressions ，phrases构成动宾关系，故用过去分词表 示被动。
过去分词作状语
1. 过去分词作状语过去分词作状语表示被动的和完成的动作。 (1) Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! 因为写
得匆忙，这篇文章不是很好。
【注意】written 为过去分词作状语，表示这篇文章是被写 的，而且已经被写。 值得注意的是，有些过去分词因来源 于系表结构，作状语时不表被动而表主动。这样的过去分 词及短语常见的有： lost （迷路）； seated （坐）； hidden （躲）； stationed （驻扎）； lost / absorbed in （沉溺于）； born （出身于）； dressed in （穿着）； tired of （厌烦）。
2. 过去分词短语用作定语时，一般置于其所修饰的名词 之后，其意义相当于一个定语从句，但较从句简洁， 多用于书面语中。
The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行 的音乐会大为成功。
There seemed to be nothing _C__to do but ___for the doctor .