Phonetics
语言学chapter 2 phonetics
To make a speech sound visible so that we can measure its components objectively we must then go into the domain of acoustic phonetics, which studies the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted between mouth and ear.
3.1.2 Places of articulation
In terms of place of articulation, the English consonants can be classified into the following types:
bilabial
labiodental
j
4. Vowels (refer to Poole, 2000: 60)
4.1 cardinal vowels 基本元音(refer to Poole, 2000: 50-51)
British phonetician Daniel Jones first fixed the qualities of the two vowels which were produced with the tongue is as high and as far forward as possible in [i]. Another, represented by [a], is the sound produced when the tongue is as low as possible at the back. The other six vowels have been plotted down between these two extremes, the front vowels being plotted at equal acoustic distances as are the back vowels.
语言学phonetics解析
1.2 Three Phases in Communication process
speaker encodes meaning into sounds and utters strings of sounds
Articulatory phonetics:
（发音语音学）
speech production by
1. the place of articulation 2. the manner of articulation
1.7.1 The place of articulation
▪ Bilabial 双唇音 e.g. [p], [m]. ▪ Labio-dental 唇齿音 e.g. [f]. ▪ Dental 齿音 e.g. [ð] ▪ Alveolar 齿龈音 e.g. [t] ▪ Palatal 腭音 e.g. [j] ▪ Palato-alveolar 腭龈音 e.g. [ʃ] ▪ Velar 软腭音 e.g. [k] ▪ Glottal 声门音，喉音 e.g. [h] ▪ Retroflex 卷舌音 ▪ Uvular 小舌音 ▪ Pharyngeal 咽音ory phonetics
1.3 The process of producing speech
air breathed in lungs
air pressed out
Pharynx 咽
Larynx 喉 trachea (windpipe)
nasal cavity 鼻腔
Articulatory phonetics: （发音语音学）
speech production by speech organs
Acoustic phonetics: （声学语音学） physical properties of speech sounds
语音学phonetics整理
语音学phonetics整理●语言●语言的本质特征●任意性Arbitrariness 叫啥任意●二重性Duality 两层●能产性/创造性Productivity/Creativity 新词●文化传播性Cultural transmission 后天学习●互换性Interchangeability 可作为发出者和接收者●语言的主要功能●信息功能 Informative function 信息真假●移位性Displacement 时间空间●人际功能 Interpersonal f 称呼●施为功能 Performative f 做事情●情感功能 Emotive f 情感改变●寒暄功能 Phatic f 打招呼●娱乐功能 Recreational f for fun●元语言功能 Metalinguistic f 一种语言解释另一种语言●语音学phonetics●发音语音学，声学语音学，听觉语音学●英语语音分类（气流是否受阻）●元音vowels 20个●单元音monophthongs 12个●划分方式●位置:前4，央3，后5●高度:高4，中5，低3（开合，开大舌低）●长度/松紧:长5，短7，紧5松7●圆展度:圆4，非圆●双元音diphthongs 8个●（阻）辅音Consonants 28 个●按发音方式分●爆破音stops/plosives /p/ ，/b/ ，/t/ ，/d/， /k/●摩擦音fricatives /f /，/v/，/ s/，/Θ/ ，/δ/ ，/z/, /ς/, /3/，/h/，●塞/破擦音affricatives /tf/ /dg/ /dr/ /dz/ /tr/●鼻音nasals/m/，/n/，/n/●边音lateral /l/●近音approximants /w/ /r/ /j/●按发音部位分●双唇音 bilabial /p/，/b/，/m/，/w/●唇齿音 labiodental /f/，/v/，●齿间音dental /Θ/,/δ/●齿龈音 alveolar /t/,/d/,/s/,/z/,/l/,/r/●后齿龈音 post alveolar●硬腭音 palatal /j/●软腭音 velar /k/ /g/ /n/●声门音 glottal /h/●按带声性划分voicing（声带震动）●清辅音voiceless consonants●浊辅音voiced consonants。
音节划分phonetics解析
的轻音
浊辅音
/b/
/d/
/g/
/v/
/ð /
/z/
伯
得
个
勿 齿咬舌头
自
的浊音
轻辅音
/ʃ/
/h/
/ts/
/tʃ/
/tr/
西 轻音
和
次 轻音 七 轻音
缺
浊辅音
/ʒ/
/r/
/dz/
/dʒ/
/dr/
衣 浊音 蕊 浊音 自 浊音 姬 浊音 撅 浊音
鼻音
/m/
/n/
/ŋ/
呣
呢
半元音
/j/ / w/
也
我
边音
/ǀ/
[i:] [i] [e] [æ] [a:] [ʌ]
[p] [b] [k] [g] [t] [d] [f] [v]
[ɔ:] [ɔ]
[s] [z]
[ə:] [ə] [u:] [u]
[θ] [ð]
[ʃ] [ʒ] [tʃ] [dʒ]
[ei] [ai] [ɔi] [tr] [dr]
[əu] [iə]
[au] [eə]
请大声的读出下面的辅音
/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/ /f/, /v/, /∫/, /3 /, /θ /,/δ /, /s/, /z/, /h/, /r/ , /tʃ/, /d3/, /tr/, /dr/ ,/ts/, /dz/
/m/, /n/, /ŋ/ /l/ /w/, /j/
了
[m] 【嘴巴闭住，然后发音，气流从鼻子出 来，浊音】
[n] 【嘴巴微张，舌尖顶住上颚，气流从鼻 子出来而不是从嘴巴出来，浊音】
[ŋ] 【嘴巴长大，舌头向下弯曲，气流从鼻 子出来而不是从嘴巴出来，浊音】
语言学导论-第2章(1)Phonetics
Velar软腭音: back of the tongue raised to soft palate (velum) [k] [g] [ŋ]
Glottal喉音: at the larynx (space between vocal cords) [h]
Labial
Lips
Dental
Teeth
Consonants 辅音 Vowels 元音
Difference: In producing a vowel the air stream coming from the lungs meets with no obstruction whatsoever.
Consonants 辅音
In terms of manner of articulation 发音方式
Pah vs. Bah
•
• • •
b: voiced (bah), p: voiceless (pah) ba: vocal cord vibrates right away, pa has 80 ms delay What happens in between? No hybrids: either ba or pa
[k] [p] [s] (Speech sounds 语音)
What is phonetics 语音学
Phonetics: The study of speech sounds.
Articulatory(发音的)phonetics: how speech sounds are made. Acoustic(声学的)phonetics: physical properties of speech. Auditory(听觉的)phonetics: perception of speech sounds.
Phonetics 语言学方面
2.1 Phonetics
• Three Branches of phonetics
1. Articulatory phonetics 2. Acoustic phonetics 3. Auditory phonetics
Phonetics
----A branch of linguistics which studies the speech sounds that occur in all human languages.
Chapter 2 Phonetics & Phonology
语音学与音系学
Main Contents of the Lecture：
I. Phonetics语音学
II. Phonology音系学
Revision
1. The major branches of linguistics
2. Some important distinctions in linguistics
The diagram of speech organs 4. Hard palate 5. Soft palate (velum) 6. Uvula 小舌
The diagram of speech organs
7. Tip of tongue 8. Blade of tongue 舌面
9. Back of tongue 舌背
Articulatory phonetics
• 发音语音学： 研究语音的发生。
• Acoustic phonetics---deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air.
Acoustic phonetics
英语语言学lecture 3 Phonetics
fricatives
When the obstruction is partial and the air is forced through a narrow passage in the mouth so as to cause definite local friction at the point.[f][v][s][z]…(p.53)
Classification of English speech sounds:
Vowels (20):
the sounds are produced when the air-streams meet no
obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose, or the
Stops:or plosive consonants:
When the obstruction created by the speech organ is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a stop or a plosive: [p][b][t][d][k][g]
There are two kinds of transcription: narrow transcription and broad transcription. A narrow transcription records as many features of an utterance as possible. This is the transcription needed and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds. A broad transcription omits many of the irrelevant and predictable details of pronunciation . This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and textbook for general purposes.
语言学知识_语音学
语音学一．语音学（Phonetics）定义：语音学主要研究的是言语语音的特点，并提供对它们进行描写、分类和转写方法的科学。
言语表达过程通常分为三个部分：说话者、空气媒介以及受话者，因此语音学可以分为三个分支：1.发音语音学（articulatory phonetics）2.声学语音学（acoustic phonetics）3.听觉语音学（auditory phonetics）二．发音器官（Speech Organ）：人类的发音器官主要包含三个区域，分别是咽腔（pharyngeal cavity），口腔（oral cavity）以及鼻腔（nasal cavity）。
三．语言语音的正字表征（Orthographic Representation）：正字表征（Orthographic Representation）指的是某一种语言的标准化书写系统，也指规定性的拼写系统。
19世纪末诞生了国际音标（IPA），它同时为学者们提供了另外一套符号，称为变音符（diacritics）。
现今的音标分为两种：一种是宽式音标（broad transcription），另一种是严式音标（narrow transcription）。
宽式音标（broad transcription）指的是一种使用字母来表示音素的方法；而严式音标（narrow transcription）指的是一种使用字母和变音符（diacritics）同时来表示音素及细微语音特征的方法。
四．英语语音的分类（Classification of English Speech Sounds）：英语中语音有两种分类方式，首先可以分为分为元音（vowel）和辅音（consonant）。
其次，英语中的语音还可以分为清音（voiceless sound）和浊音（voiced sound）。
1. 元音（vowel）和辅音（consonant）：1.1 什么是元音元音指的是，在发音过程中，气流通过声道时不受到任何阻碍。
语言学Lecture4 Phonetics
(c) Alveolar ridge (齿龈): a prominent ridge at the very front of the hard palate, just behind the top teeth. (d) Teeth (e) Lips The lips can do many things: They can spread, round, open, close and vibrate. They can be employed independently with either of the two sets of teeth, or work together.
Three kinds of pronunciation: the /l/ in /li:f/, occurring before a vowel the /l/ in /fi:l/ and /bild/, occurring at the end of a word or before another consonant the /l/ in /helθ/, followed by an English dental sound
This gives more specific details about each sound unit, for example, is it aspirated or not?
Three main branches of phonetics
Articulatory phonetics ( 发音语音学 ): studying how speech sounds are produced/articulated by the various bodily organs. the mouth, nose, tongue and lips… Acoustic phonetics(声学语音学): studying the physical properties of speech sounds
语音学(Phonetics)是学习英文和通往国际资讯世界的重要知工具之一,我们
主 講：葉錦熙先生 (MA, BSW, RSW) 綱 址： 電址郵箱：toyipsir@
International Phonetic Symbols (IPS)
English Vowels (響音)
Front: Mid:
Back:
[iː] [ɪ] [æ] [e] [зː] [ə] [ʌ] [uː] [ʊ] [ɔː] [ɒ] [ɑː]
7.
shop
[ʃ╴ p]
8.
book
[b╴ k]
9.
four
[f╴ r]
10.
school [ s k ╴ l ]
11.
good
[g╴ d]
12.
god
[g╴ d]
13.
moon
[m╴ n]
14.
farm
[f╴ m]
15.
cook
[k╴ k]
16.
goose
[g╴ s]
17.
dog
[d╴ g]
18.
Ⴇࠪኪ(Phonetics)݊ኪ୦ߵ˖ձஷֻყ༟ৃ˰ޢٙࠠࠅٝ識ʈՈʘɓd Ңࡁ ̥ცࡈε˜ٙࣛග便̙ኪወdʘܝ便ঐԒա͜dɽɽ৷ኪ୦ߵႧٙڦːձঐ力f
͉ሙீཀݺਗኪ୦Җόʿ௴จাኳࡡ理dબߵႧყࠪᅺʿοࠦܳࠪdᜫ ኪࡰঐࣛගʫߵ˖οٙႧࠪܳΥ律d˚ܝ便ঐ࢙易፫Ⴉ̈ߵ˖͛οٙ೯ ࠪdீאཀ讀ࠪϾ識፫̈ߵ˖͛οٙ串جdΎ不͜ϥা˙ό̘াኳߵ˖͛οٙ 讀ࠪձ串جf
food
[f╴ d]
ኪߵႧܳࠪफ
Yipsir (葉ᎀဢ)
9
International Phonetic Symbol
[ i ː] [ ɪ ] [ e ] [ æ] [ зː] [ə] [ ʌ ] [uː] [ʊ] [ɔː] [ɒ] [ɑː] [eɪ] [əʊ] [a ɪ ] [aʊ] [ɔɪ] [ɪə] [eə]
Phonetics(语音)
Introduction
To have a good pronunciation means: (1) to pronounce correctly all the speech sounds of the language and all the combinations in their proper order not only in isolated words, but also in sentences; (2) to pronounce sentences fluently at the speed required by the situation, with correct stresses, linking of sounds, rhythm, pauses and intonation.
Introduction
• Pronunciation is also a symbol of people’s
identity, social status, career etc. The movie My Fair Lady is a good example. It’s a classical Oscar movie and the heroine is Audrey Hepburn. The movie tells us a story about how a phonetician cultivates a flower girl into a graceful lady by teaching her standard English pronunciation.
Front vowels
• [ i: ]: [ i: ] is a long, close front vowel. It
英语语言学概论 Chapter 3phonetics
Speech organs
• Oral cavity: lips, teeth, teeth ridge(alveolar ridge)(齿龈), hard palate(硬腭), soft palate(velum), glottis(声门), vocal cords • lip: labial; • teeth:dental • teeth ridge: alveolar • palate: palatal • velum: velar; glottis: glottal
3.4 coarticulation & IPA
• coarticulation(协调发音): the process of simultaneous and overlapping articulation of speech sounds. “pen’, • IPA: International Phonetic Alphabet(国 际音标) : one symbol stands for one sound and every symbol has a consistent value, 72 symbols for consonants, 25 for vowels. • IPA: International Phonetic Association(国际语音学协会)
• 2 the position of the tongue • The vertical distance between the upper surface of the tongue and the palate: high,mid,low vowels: • Which part of the tongue is raised: • front, central, back vowel:
音标Phonetics (VI)
双元音/əʊ /
/m n / p b t d k f v s z l r h ɡ /tr /w /d / ʃ ӡ əʊ / /dr ӡʃ t
看音标，写单词，看谁写得对？
stone nose rose
/stəʊn /
/nəʊz/
石头 鼻子 玫瑰花
/rəʊz/
/həʊl/ /sləʊ/
whole slow
昂贵
鹿 欢呼
/tʃIə/
双元音/ eə /
/m n / p b t d k f v s z l r h ɡ /tr /w /d / ʃ ӡ eə / /dr ӡʃ t
看音标，写单词，看谁写得对？
share dare stare
/ʃeə/
/deə/
分享 敢于 凝视
/steə/ /eə/
/tʃeə /
双元音/ Iə /
/m n / p b t d k f v s z l r h ɡ /tr /w /d / ʃ ӡ Iə / /dr ӡʃ t
看音标，写单词，看谁写得对？
near clear spear
/nIə/
/klIə/
附近 清楚 矛
/spIə/ /dIə/
/dIə /
dear deer
cheer
air chair
swear
空气
椅子 发誓
/sweə/
双元音/ ʊə /
/m n / p b t d k f v s z l r h ɡ /tr /w /d / ʃ ӡ ʊ ə/ /dr ӡʃ t
看音标，写单词，看谁写得对？
sure tour poor
/ʃʊə/
/tʊə/
肯定 游览 贫穷
/pʊə/ /pjʊə/
phonetics(精品英语资料)
48个国际音标半元音：[w] window ['wɪndəʊ] way [weɪ] white [waɪt] [j] yoyo yellow ['jeləʊ] yummy ['jʌmɪ]爆破音[k] candy ['kændɪ] milk [mɪlk][g] game [geɪm] grey [greɪ][p] pie [paɪ] map [mæp][b] banana [bə'nɑːnə] black [blæk][t] left [left] right [raɪt][d] dog [dɒg] dance [dɑːns]鼻音[m] miss [mɪs] come [kʌm][n] nose [nəʊz] ten [ten][] English ['ɪŋɡlɪʃ] thank [θæŋk]摩擦音[ ∫ ] fish [fɪʃ] sugar ['ʃʊgə][] television ['telɪvɪʒ(ə)n pleasure ['pleʒə][f] fat [fæt] father ['fɑːðə][v] van [væn] river ['rɪvə][s] salt [sɔːlt] salad ['sæləd][z] zoo [zuː] zip [zɪp][] thick [θɪk] thin [θɪn][] this [ðɪs] that [ðæt]似拼音[h] hill [hɪl] home [həʊm][r] right [raɪt] wrong [rɒŋ][l] floor [flɔː] table ['teɪb(ə)l]双辅音[] chocolate ['tʃɒk(ə)lət] cherry ['tʃerɪ][] bridge [brɪdʒ] juice [dʒuːs][tr] trick [trɪk] tree [triː][dr] drink [drɪŋk] dream [driːm][ts] cats [kæts] shorts [ʃɔːts][dz] birds [bə:dz] kids [kidz]单元音[] bird [bɜ:d] purple ˈpɜ:pl] nurse [nɜːs][] teacher ['tiːtʃə] worker [ˈwɜ:kə(r)] mother [ˈmʌðə(r)] [e] bed [bed] desk [desk] pen [pen][] cat [kæt] apple [ˈæpl] bag [bæg] [] tall [tɔ:l] short [ʃɔ:t] store [stɔ:(r)] [] cock [kɒk] fox [fɒks] clock [klɒk] [a:] car [kɑ:(r)] park [pɑ:k] arm [ɑ:m][] bus [bʌs] nut [nʌt] bug [bʌg] [i:] bee [bi:] sheep [ʃi:p] meat [mi:t][i] pig [pɪg] chick [tʃɪk] ship [ʃɪp][u:] wood [wʊ:d] shoe [ʃu:] noodles ['nu:dlz] [u] book [bʊk] cook [kʊk] look [lʊk]双元音[ai] fly [flaɪ] kite [kaɪt] sky [skaɪ] [ei] rain [rein] cake [keɪk] day [deɪ] [i] boy [bɔɪ] toy [tɔɪ] coin [kɔɪn] [i] deer [dɪə] ear [ɪə] here [hɪə] [] bear [beə] pear [peə] where [weə] [u] tour [tʊə] poor [pʊə] sure [ʃʊər] [] rose [rəʊz] snow [snəʊ] boat [bəʊt][au] cow [kaʊ] house [haʊs] flower ['flaʊə]Phonics SongA is for apple, a a apple.B is for ball, b b ball.C is for cat, c c cat.D is for dog, d d dog.E is for elephant, e e elephant.F is for fish, f f fish.G is for gorilla. g g gorilla. H is for hat, h h hat.I is for igloo. i i igloo. J is for juice, j j juice.K is for kangaroo, k k kangaroo. L is for lion, l l lion. M is for monkey, m m monkey. N is for no, n n no.O is for octopus, o o octopus. P is for pig, p p pig.Q is for question, q q question. R is for ring, r r ring. S is for sun, s s sun. T is for train, t t train.U is for umbrella, u u umbrella. V is for van, v v van. W is for watch, w w watch. X is for box, x x box.Y is for yellow, y y yellow. Z is for zoo, z z zoo.So many things for you to learn about.So many ways sing your song.So many things for you to learn about.So many ways sing your song.Phonics Song -a a appleb b ballc c catd d doge e elephantf f fishThis is phonics songbecause I like thatThe names of letters are A B Cthe sounds of letters are a b cg g gorillah h hati i iglooj j jacketk k kagrool l lionLet’s do the phonics song one more time The names of letters are E F Gthe sounds of letters are e f gm m monkeyn n noseo o octopusp p painq q questionr r rainThis is phonics songare you ready to sayThe names of letters are N O Pthe sounds of letters are n o ps s sunt t tigeru u umbrellav v violinw w watchx x foxThis is phonics songare you ready to writeThe names of letters are R S Tthe sounds of letters are r s tThe names of letters are X Y Zthe sounds of letters are x y zy y yellowz z zebraThat’s the end of the phonics song。
PHONETICS
初高中英语知识衔接——语音（phonetics）学习语言多是从学习语音开始的,英语也不例外.学好语音是掌握语言的基础,也是提告语言整体水平的关键.英语的音素分为元音和辅音两大类。
其中，元音20个，辅音28个。
我们很多中学生学习语言却不敢开口说话,大都是对自己的发音能否被别人接受缺乏信心.发音不标准的主要原因有以下几点:第一:受汉语母语和方言的影响.第二:初中阶段没有接受过系统的语音训练,加之初中阶段没有接触到标准的发音和纠正.第三:重音放不准.为什么要学习语音?要想提高英语口语能力,发准每一个单音是必要条件.如果发音不准,势必会带来很多影响.第一:自己说的别人听不懂,别人说的自己听不懂,势必影响交流.第二:英语单词的拼写和读音有密切的联系.语音不好,不仅难以记住单词,而且会导致拼写错误.第四:学习语言的重要途径是听和说,发音学不好,说不好,听也是很难进行的,必然影响听力水平。
怎样才能做到发音标准呢?首先必须具备基本的语音知识,知道辅音音标和元音音标,确定单词的各个音节及各音节的重音状况,即是重读、次重读还是弱读.其次要克服方言的干扰,查看一下48个音标的发音部位及发音方法,按其说明进行反复练习. 还可以多听原版录音,然后跟着模仿并持之以恒,定能收到满意的效果.一．辅音（consonants）不论声带振动与否，发音时呼出的气流通过口腔或鼻腔时受到一定的阻碍，这样形成的语音称为辅音。
英语用26个字母拼写单词，除了a、e、i、o、u是元音字母（有时y也做元音字母），其余都是福音字母。
辅音是依元音而存在的,辅音与元音配合产生音节,形成英语单词的多样化.I’ve been si(ck) for a day. ［ ］我病了一天。
不完全爆破不完全爆破就是爆破音和其他的辅音相邻时，此爆破音只是做好发这个音的准备，形成阻碍，该爆破音的气流移动到了后面的辅音上，立刻将后面的辅音发出，形成不完全爆破（只发生一点点爆破）。
英语语言学概论Phonetics
The articulatory apparatus of a human being, are contained in three important areas or cavities: thepharyngeal cavity--- the throat, theoral cavity--- the mouth, and thenasal cavity ---the nose.
教学内容（要点）
1. The definition of Phonetics
2. Sub-branches of Phonetics
3. Speech organs
4. Classification of sounds
5. Consonants
6. Vowels
7. Phonetic featuresAir coming from the lungs and through the windpipe passes through the glottis, a part of the larynx, which is a bony structure at the end of the windpipe. Lying across the glottis are the vocal cords. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants. such as [ b ], [ z ], and [m]. The speed of the vibration determines the pitch of the sounds. When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition arevoiceless, such as [t], [s], and [f] in English.
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Value of phonetic transcription
• A universal framework for the description of languages – 1 symbol – 1 sound – Many languages lack writing systems
• Superior to many writing systems
Preparing a transcription
• What are the sounds of the language? • How can they be represented?
Phonetic transcription
1. ‘driftwood’ 2. ‘cane’ 3. ‘footwear’ 4. ‘grease’ 5. ‘straight up’ 6. ‘your collarbone’
• Different languages produce sounds at different places of articulation
• Witsuwit’en [qis] ‘king salmon’ vs. English geese [gis]
English consonant place of articulation
lower
upper
example
articulator articulator
(bi-)
labial
binlabio- Nhomakorabeadental
fin
interdental thin
(apico-) alveolar tin
palatal shin
velar
kin
glottal him
Place of articulation
Degree of occlusion
• How close are lower and upper articulator? – Relatively close, constricted (‘occluded’) airflow: consonants – Relatively far apart, unconstricted airflow: vowels
adjectival descriptor labial dental alveolar palatal velar nasal laryngeal
Phonetic description
• Consonants: e.g. – Laryngeal setting voiceless – Place of articulation bilabial – Degree of occlusion/manner stop
coronal
Description of speech sounds
Main parameters for consonants:
• Place of articulation • Degree of occlusion (‘manner’) • Oral or nasal • Laryngeal setting
•Upper articulator •Lower articulator
Major lower articulators
Major structures of the tongue
structure tongue tip blade dorsum root
descriptor lingual apical laminal dorsal radical
Phonetic transcription
1. [tz] 2. [thz] 3. [qhE] 4. [XE] 5. [ntq] 6. [nt’q]
‘driftwood’ ‘cane’
‘footwear’ ‘grease’
‘straight up’ ‘your collarbone’
Vocal tract anatomy
• Articulatory phonetics: production of sounds/signs
Articulatory phonetics
Of spoken languages:
• Description of speech sounds – Vocal tract structures relevant for speech
Phonetics
LING 200 Spring 2002
What is phonetics?
• Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs
• Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs
• Defines classes of sounds – Vowels vs. consonants: [a] vs. [d] – Subclasses of vowels: [a] vs. [i] – Subclasses of consonants: [d] vs. [z]
Place of articulation: consonants
Phonetic transcription
• Alphabetic and other symbols which abbreviate phonetic descriptions – E.g. voiceless bilabial stop = [p]
• Different systems of phonetic transcription – ‘Americanist’ – International Phonetic Association
• Transcription of speech sounds • Sound inventories
Vocal tract anatomy
Major structures
structure (noun) lips teeth alveolar ridge hard palate soft palate = velum nasal cavity larynx