谓语动词的时态和语态

动词的时态和语态英语的时态是一种动词形式.不同的时态用以表示不同的时间与方式. 英语动词有16种时态，常用的有8种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时。

但高中学生需要了解13种,除了以上8种,还须掌握以下5种:将来进行时(一般将来进行时、过去将来进行时)、一般将来完成时、完成进行时(现在完成进行时、过去完成进行时)。

下面分别介绍。

【注】构成时态的助动词be (is, am, are), have (has), shall, will 等需根据主语的变化来选.一.一般现在时1).表示经常性或习惯性的动作或状态. 常与表示频度的时间状语连用.如:often, usually, always, sometimes, now, seldom, now and then, every day, occasionally等.I usually leave home for school at 7 every morning.We have meals three times a day.He is always ready to help others.2).表示客观事实、普遍真理、谚语、格言、警句。

Guangzhou is situated/lies in the south of China. Everything is much lighter on the moon. There are four seasons in a year: spring, summer, autumn and winter.The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. The earth goes around the sun.Light travels faster than sound. Practice makes perfect.Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。

Actions speak louder than words.注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。

Columbus proved that the earth is round.The day before yesterday I was told that in time of danger one’s mind works fast.3).表示主语目前的特征、性格或说话时的感觉或状态。

Ann writes good English but does not speak well.He works very hard. He is very happy. I’m glad to see you again. You see what I mean.4). 在时间状语从句、条件状语从句或让步状语从句中，用一般现在时表将来。

这时主句是将来时或祈使句.When he arrives, he’ll tell us all about the match. Tell him the news as soon as he comes.When I graduate, I’ll go to countryside.What are you going to be when you grow up. We’re to go outing if it’s fine tomorrow. I’ll not go unless I’m invited.Even if she doesn’t come this Saturday, I’ll go fishing by myself.注意:make sure, take care, mind, it doesn’t matter, I don’t care 后跟从句时, 从句中用一般现在时表将来.We must take care that no one sees us.Our staff will do their best to make sure you enjoy your visit.It doesn’t matter where we go on holiday.5).表示按时刻表拟定（如火车、飞机、轮船等定点的驶进驶出，起飞降落。

）或安排好将要发生的事情。

这时句中都带有一个表示将来的时间状语。

能用于此种用法的少量动词有：begin, come, leave, go ,arrive, take off, start , stop, return, open, close等。

The train leaves at 10 a.m. the plane for Canada departs/takes off at 9:15 a.m.The film starts at 9:30 p.m. The new term starts at the beginning of September.The program ends at 11:10 pm When does the train stop at Jinan?6).在某些以here，there开头的句子中用一般现在时表示正在发生的动作或存在的状态。

Here comes the bus!=the bus is coming here!There goes the thief!=the thief is going there!7).用于文章标题，小说、戏剧、电影等的剧本或图片的文字说明中。

Hundreds of people die in the earthquake. (新闻标题)When the curtain rises, Juliet is sitting at her desk.Mary, _____ here— everybody else, stay where you are.A. comeB. comesC. to comeD. coming二.一般过去时1).表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。

常常与过去的时间状语连用。

yesterday, last night, just now, at that time, 3 years ago, in1949, the other day, then…等等He graduated from No.1 Middle School in 1978.I went to the movies/cinema last night. Marry worked in the company for five years. Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome2).表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，往往与often, usually, always, would, used to连用。

He often asked a lot of strange questions when he was a boy.She used to walk dogs along the river in the morning.Often at night she would hear a long low whistle and a sound of metallic noise.3).用于一些常用结构，表示刚刚，刚才…Oh, it’s you. I didn’t recognize you at first. I didn’t know you were here.Sorry, I forgot to bring my money. You look young. I thought you were 30. Sorry, but I didn’t mean to hurt you.Edward, you play so well. But I you played the piano.A. didn't knowB. hadn't knownC. don't knowD. haven't known4).在时间、条件、让步状语从句中用一般过去时代替过去将来时。

这时主句中是过去将来时或表示将来意义的动词。

She said he would give me a gift when she came again.They planed to go outing if it was fine the next day.He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raiseHelen had left her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband came home.三.一般将来时1).表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。

I will/shall do it again tomorrow. Tom will be here next week.He will be six years old next month. We shall know more and more as time goes on.2).表示事物固有的属性或必然趋。

Fish will die without water.Oil will float on water.一般将来时常与时间状语tomorrow, soon, next week, in (the )future, in three days等连用。

注意:won’t可用来表示“不能,没法”,表示主语不具备某种功能.The door won’t open. This machine won’t work.What’s the matter with the pen? The ink won’t come out.除了用shall/will（美语中，一般不论人称都用will）表示将来时之外，还有5种表达将来时的方法。

①be going to do (1)表示按照计划或安排“打算做…”（2）有迹象表明，注定要，必定要发生某事。

He is going to watch TV this evening.Look, dark clouds are gathering .It’s going to rain注意：be going to表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备。