丁往道《英语写作手册(中文版)》复习笔记(第6~10章)【圣才出品】
李长栓《非文学翻译理论与实践》第2版复习笔记（句子的长短和简繁）【圣才出品】
李长栓《⾮⽂学翻译理论与实践》第2版复习笔记（句⼦的长短和简繁）【圣才出品】李长栓《⾮⽂学翻译理论与实践》第2版复习笔记第10章句⼦的长短和简繁⼀、简明英语提倡短句和简单句简明语⾔的原则之⼀是使⽤短句，避免长句。
英语产⽣长句的原因，⼀是流⽔句，⼆是复杂的嵌套句式。
例如：流⽔句：Janice is an enthusiastic basketball player,and she is the top-scoring player on our team,but unfortunately,she will not be able to play in tomorrow’s game,for her sprained ankle is not completely healed.建议改为：Janice is an enthusiastic basketball player,and the top-scoring player on our team.Unfortunately,she will not be able to play in tomorrow’s game,for her sprained ankle is not completely healed.复杂句：The train stopped at the small station,which was a few miles from the center of the city,because it was a local run that picked up passengers who chose to ride in the late morning.建议改为：The train stopped at the small station a few miles from the center of the city.It was a local run that picked up passengers who chose to ride in the late moming.⼆、汉译英时化长为短，化繁为简汉译英时有两类长句值得注意。
自考“英语(一)”课堂听课笔记第六章(2)
自考“英语（一）”课堂听课笔记第六章（2）〔人脑的奇特构造吸引了许多领域的研究人员。
〕13. pipe n. 管子，导管；烟斗v.用管道输送Tell the pipelayer that he has to be careful with the gas pipe.〔告诉管道安装工煤气管道要小心。
〕The old man was sitting in the corner smoking a pipe.〔阿谁白叟坐在角落里抽着烟斗。
〕It won’t be ver y troublesome to pipe water into the house.〔用管道把水送进屋里不会很麻烦。
〕14. somewhat adv. 稍微，有点It is somewhat difficult for him to answer the question.（要他回答这个问题有点难。
）I felt somewhat awkward when I couldn’t remember his name.〔当我记不起他的名字时，我有点尴尬。
〕The working conditions in this factory have somewhat improved.〔这家工厂的工作条件已有所改善。
〕15. blast n. 疾风，强风；爆炸v.炸，炸掉A blast of cold air sent a shiver all over his body.〔一股冷气使他浑身战栗。
〕Furious blasts of thunder frightened everybody.〔一阵阵的霹雳炸雷吓坏了所有的人。
〕The driver blasted the horn continuously.〔司机不断地按喇叭。
〕Rock music blasted from the hall and the whole building seemed to be shaking.〔震天的摇滚乐从客厅传来，整座房子似乎都在摇动。
北外教授丁往道告诉你英语写作最重要
北外教授丁往道告诉你英语写作最重要注重写的练习。
强调听和说，听说领先，是对的；经常阅读，大量阅读，也是必要的。
但对于排在“四会”末尾的“写”，千万不要认为它可有可无。
“写”在学英语的过程中有其特别重要和不可替代的作用。
只要是写一篇短文，就得思考内容和观点，组织材料，安排层次，斟酌词句，这是极好的锻炼。
而且写对语言的正确性和表达的准确性的要求比口语要高些，因为可以考虑和修改。
这对提高语言质量十分有益。
要关心中国文化。
中国人都应关心中国文化，主修英语或别的外语的朋友们更要注意对中国文化的学习和钻研，因为在外语上用很多时间，可能会忽略中国文化的学习，结果是对所学语言国家的情况和文化特点知道得多，而对中国的文化特点知道得反而少。
中国文化源远流长，有很多宝贵的成份，我们应该珍视这份遗产，努力予以发扬光大。
中考书面表达专题指导：说明文说明文是中考写作题中常见的形式。
主要目的在于对所写事物进行解释，回答"为什么"或"怎么样"。
在初中阶段说明文主要的是让学生将活动、人物或地点进行清楚的描述，考察学生的观察能力和将表格或所给提示词转化为完整文字信息的能力。
说明文具有直观，具体等特点；它要求语言简明扼要，通俗易懂，说明过程讲究条理性和层次性。
常见的说明文考题有以下两种形式：1. 通过图表式形式，将所要说明的人物或事物的信息特点表达出来，如介绍一个新的同学或朋友，介绍如何使用某一具体的器材等。
2. 以提纲式呈现写作材料，主要是根据汉语提示来完成写作。
怎样写出一篇合要求的说明文？一审。
要做到文章切题、要点齐全，审题至关重要。
同学们在下笔之前就要将所给的材料看清楚，看准材料所要表达的内容或情景，写出符合要求的文章，如果提示语较多，就要严格按照要求来写。
二定。
一定要点：根据所给材料要点，定出中心句。
要特别注意首尾句，注意适当发挥，避免逐字逐句翻译。
二定方法：常用的说明方法有举例法、过程分析法、分类法、因果分析法、比较法、细节法等。
英语写作基础教程(1)
第 二 章 用 词 (Using Proper Words)
第三章造句
(Making Correct and Effective Sentences)
第四章
段 落 (Developing Paragraphs)
第 六 章 完 整 的 作 文 (Composing Essays)
第七章 应用文(Writing for Practical Purposes)
Chapter one
Manuscript Form and Punctuation 1. why is it important to write in correct
manuscript? 2. What are the rules for titles?
Focus 1 Manuscript Form (P1)
学习方法例举
根据自己的情况，选择不同的学习方式： 方式一：如果你能够写出语法基本正确的句子和
段落，那么，你就可以直接开始学习第六章（完整的 作文）或第七章（应用文写作）。将前面四章的学习 内容作为自学内容，如：标点符号的运用、信件的格 式等；
方式二：如果还没有自信能写出语法基本正确的 句子和段落的同学，可以从第一章开始逐章学习。基 础学习准备好后，对教学重点的内容也就容易把握了。
教学重点
1. 第六章“短文的写作” (Composing Essays) 2. 第七章“应用文的写作” (Writing for Practical Purposes)
巴基斯坦驻华大使鸿德致辞
非常感谢院长先生。谢谢您做介绍时的友好言辞。今天我们很 高兴来到这里。我夫人与我为有这次机会再次来到贵校访问感到 荣幸。感谢贵校对我们的欢迎，特别感谢鸿德学院的热情接待， 我们为此感到不胜荣幸，谢谢你们，我们此行带来了大使馆统和 巴基斯坦人民的良好祝愿。
丁往道《英语写作手册(中文版)》复习笔记(造句)【圣才出品】
第三章造句Ⅰ. 完整句和不完整句1. 完整句（1）完整句的语法结构必须完整，即一个完整句必修至少有一个主语和一个谓语动词；如果该谓语动词是及物动词，还得有一个宾语；若是个系动词，则必须有一个表语或补语：He came.She wrote a letter.Dr. Smith is a professor.（2）一个完整的句子以大写字母开始，以句号结束。
2. 不完整句有时为取得特殊效果可用到不完整的句子。
如：It is hard to hear a new voice, as hard as it is to listen to an unknown language...Why? Out of fear. The world fears a new experience more than it fears anything. Because a new experience displaces so many old experiences. And it is like trying to use muscles stiff for ages. It hurts horribly.—D. H. Lawrence He was, I think, very handsome. I gather this from photographs and from my own memories of him, dressed in his Sunday best and on his way to preach a sermon somewhere, when I was little. Handsome, proud, and ingrown, “like atoe-nail,” somebody said.—James Baldwin 在上面第一篇中有三个不完整的句子(“why?”“Out of fear.”以及“Because a new experience...”)，在第二篇中有一个(“Handsome，proud”)。
北外丁往道《英语写作手册》教案
延安大学西安创新学院外语系课程教案课程名称：英语写作主导教材：《英语写作教程》所属教研室：大学英语第二教研室课程讲授人：李蓉适用年级：英语专业14级授课时间：第2周—第18周2015—2016学年第一学期课程教案课程教案课程教案课程教案课程教案课程教案课程教案课程教案延安大学西安创新学院外语系课程教案课程教案课程教案课程教案1.1 Common features of good writing1. To express a clear point means to convey the writer's main idea or--in the case of descriptivewriting--the significance of the object, place or person described; in other words, an attentive reader should be able to grasp the writer's purpose.2. To be tightly structured, writing should contain logical or associative connections and transitions which clearly express the relationship of the ideas described.3. To be grammatically and syntactically correct, writing should adhere to the rules of Standard American English, including proper punctuation and spelling. If writers choose to use unconventional syntax, they should be able to justify their choices.1.2Cultural differences in writing1. Different ways of thinking2. Different ways of analysis3. Concrete thinking and abstract thinking4. Different valuesValues on space-timeValues on human behaviorsValues on social relationships1.3English writing VS. Chinese writing1.Chinese writers tend to be ―indirect‖, while Anglo-Americans are found to be more ―direct‖.2.English and Chinese writing differ in sentences and word variety.3.English is found to use more connectives than Chinese, both between clauses or sentences andbetween paragraphs.1.4Strategies in learning English writing1. From the beginning, you have to learn how to write an English essay.2. English writing tends to be more ―rigid‖ than Chinese writing.3. Remember that reading helps to learn how to write.4. Writing is also learned through writing.1.5 Homework1. Go over the following paragraphs, one in English and the other in Chinese, and decide which sentence in each paragraph express the author’s main idea. Write your answers on the space provided.2. What do you think translation form a preconceived Chinese version needs to be avoided when we are writing in English? Discuss with your partners and then list at least three reasons on the space provided.课程教案Part T wo Diction2.1Levels of words ----Three levels⑪Formal words: Also learned words, literary words or ―big‖ words, containing three or more than three syllables, seldom used in daily conversation, e.g. enough-sufficient; deal with-handle.⑫common words: Most of the words people use every day and appear in any types of writing, e.g. question, brother.⑬informal words: Mainly used in informal or colloquial words, short and seldom appear in formal writing, such as guy-man, puppy, daddy, slang.2.2 General and specific wordsComparatively speaking, some words are more general or more specific in meaning than other words. P rofessionals, for instance, is more general than scientists, doctors, teachers, lawyers, journalists, etc, all of which are more specific. But scientists may be called a general word then compared with physicists or chemists, which, in turn, is more general than biochemists.Specific words help to make the writing clear, vivid, exact, colorful and attractive; they can make the readers see, hear or feel what the writer wants to describe; they can provide more details and information, the writing will be effective and impressive. More examples:A good man----kind, honest, generous, warm-hearted, brave, selfless, etc.Good food----delicious, tasty, nourishing, wholesome, fresh, rich, etc.House----mansion, villa, cottage, cabin, hut, shed(棚屋，小屋)，etc.Laugh----smile, grin, giggle, chuckle(嗤的一声笑，低声笑)，etc.2.3 Rules to choose words in writing an essay (or a formal writing)⑪Sentences tend to be longer and more complex. E.g. see text book P30⑫Limit your use of subjective pronouns, often using ―it‖ or passive voice. E.g. see P31⑬A void using informal or colloquial words. E.g. take in—deceive; go back—return; a lot—several/many/much/a large amount/number of; let—allow/permit; fellow—person; kind of—somewhat; like—as if/appear.⑭A void using general words, using more specific words. E.g. good, bad great, interesting, very, really, too, etc, are general. (informal) Mary is an interesting person.----Mary is humorous and intelligent.(formal)⑮A void contractions(缩写)and abbreviations(缩略词): don’t—do not; we’ll—we will; can’t—can not; TV—television；i.e.—that is; ad—advertisement.⑯Do not start a sentence with a coordinating conjunctions, but a subordinating conjunction can serve the purpose.E.g. He is usually easy-going. But—however before his first cup of tea, he is a bear.2.4 Figures of speech1. Simile: a comparison between two distinctly different things and the compassion is indicated by the word ―as‖ or ―like‖.E.g. My love is lie a red rose.The old man’s hair is as white as snow.2. Metaphor: also a comparison of similarities between two different things, but the comparison is implied, not expressed by ―as‖ or ―like‖.E.g. My love is a red rose. He is the soul of the team.The life of poor people was carved so sharply in his heart that he could never forget it.3.Personification: to treat a thing or an idea as if it were human or had human qualities.E.g. this time fate was smiling to him. Dust came silently.4. Metonymy(借喻): using the name of one thing to refer to another thing which is closely related.E.g. When the war was over, he laid down the sword and took up the pen.His purse would not allow him to buy that car.5.Irony(反语): the use of words which are clearly opposite to what is meant, to achieve a special effect.E.g. Y ou come so early, I have waited for more than an hour!6. Overstatement and understatement(含蓄表达、保守说法、低调)：to exaggerate and play down respectivelyE.g. She is dying to know what job has been given her.It took a few dollars to build this indoor swimming pool.7. Alliteration(头韵): the appearance of the same initial sound in two or more words.E.g. He is as proud as a peacock.We are fighting for our health and home.2.5 Homework1.In each sentence, choose the more precise of the two in italics;2.Identify the sentences as formal, less formal and informal; the figure of speech used in each of the following sentences.4. Preview Chapter Three.课程教案Part Three Sentences3.1Error-free sentences1.subject-verb agreementRule: the subject and verb of each clause must agree in number. If you have a singular subject, you need a singular verb; if you have plural subject, you need a plural verb.E.g. The family are watching TV together.An average family today is a great deal smaller than it used to be.Either you nor I am responsible for the mistake.There is a sofa and two chairs in the room.One-third of the people/water were over 50/was polluted.2.Word orderRule: the subject precedes the verb which is followed by other elements, such as object, complements, and adverbials: basic pattern of an English sentence: subject+verb+objectE.g. I like reading novels.When two or more than two complements or adverbials, the following guidance should be followed:⑪ Two when-adverbials—P60 1⑫ Two time-adverbials of different types –P60 2⑬ Place-adverbials of several types—P60 3⑭A process-adverbial, a time-adverbial and a place-adverbial used together—P60 43.Shift in tenseRule: the tense of your verb tells when events are taking place—whether in the past, the present or future. When staring writing an essay, establish a ―base tense‖, and shift away form it only of good reasons.E.g. Exercises see P 654. Shift in personRule: establish a steady, reliable point of view and keep the point of view consistent in all the sentences, which can make the writing clear and help the readers know whom you are talking to.E.g. See P66 example⑪ First person singular⑫ First person plural⑬ Second person singular or plural⑭ Third person singular and pluralExercise: Write a paragraph to describe precisely how the following things are done.①How to make jiao-zi.②How o bowwow a book form the library.5. Balance and parallelismRule: using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. This can happen at the word, phrase or clause level, adding power to your writing.E.g. Two examples see P683.2 T ypes of sentences (or variety in sentences)1. According to their use, sentences are declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamatory.E.g. Making sentences by the students2. According to their structure, sentences are simple, compound, complex and compound-complex.⑴S imple sentence: containing only one subject part(主语部分) and one predicate part.E.g. See P 83⑵Compound sentence: being made up of two or more simple sentences. These simple sentences are related in meaning, and are usually linked by one of the connectives (for, and, but, or, so, nor, and yet) or by a semicolon (;).E.g. Examples see P 84⑶complex sentences: definition see P84E.g. Examples see P84⑷compound- complex(并列复杂句): being made up of two or more simple sentences and one or more subordinate clauses.E.g. Examples: see P843. According to their length, sentences are short sentences and long sentences⑴short sentence: with fewer than 15 words;⑵long sentence: with longer than 20 words.Rule: short sentences are powerful, working well at the beginning of a paragraph to get attention or at the end to summarize; long sentences are used in the body of a paragraph to express detailed information or complex ideas. Remember too many are bad for your writing, no matter short or long sentences.E.g. See example on P109⑶Ways to expand simple sentences①Tightening: cutting extra words, not contributing to your message.E.g. See P111②coordination: combining two or more independent main clauses into a compound sentence by using the connectives BOYFANS(but, or, yet , for ,and, nor ,so)E.g. See P113③subordination: combining two or more independent main clauses into a complex sentence or a compound-complex sentence by using the connectives BE WISE AT W AR(because, even though, when/where/why/who, if, since, even if; although, though, while, as, whereas)E.g. Tom was absent half of the classes last semester. His mother was seriously ill. He passed the final examination with high scores.4. From the rhetorical point of view, sentences are loose sentences（松散句）, periodic sentences(重尾句/调尾句) and balanced sentences.⑴Loose sentences: sentences that have the main point at the beginning are called as loose sentences, and the elements following the main point/clause are closers(can be words, phrases or clauses). This kind of sentences is clear and easy.E.g.Y ou will do better in the exam if you work hard nest term.I have to go to the library to read a new magazine today.⑵Periodic sentences: having the main point at the end of the sentences, and the elements before the main point/clause are openers(can be words, phrases or clauses).E.g. If you go to visit your grandma, do not forget to bring her this basket of apples.Following his advice, I passed the test.More examples see P141⑬Balanced sentences: in balanced sentences, words, phrases or clauses balance each other because of their likeness in structure, meaning or length. This kind of sentences emphasizes the correspondences or contrasts between the elements.E.g. See P 142Notes:1. Choose the content and examples with √ to teach in class;2. Choose some of the exercises to finish as there are many of them in books.课程教案Part Four Paragraphs4.1Effective paragraph1.UnityIf all the sentences in the paragraph lead to one central theme, the paragraph is unified. Thecentral theme is usually summarized in what is called the topic sentence.2.CoherenceThe sentences in a paragraph should be arranged in a clear, logical order, and the transitions should be smooth and natural, so readers can easily follow the writer’s thought and understand what he is talking about.3. TransitionsProper transitions can make the paragraph smooth and clear. (give students extra handouts) e.g. (three topic sentences to illustrate the above three points, ask students to write a paragraph based on one of them and choose one paragraph of students to explain in class)1. Once people were very afraid of ghosts.2. It is generally believed that being honest is not only beneficial to ourselves but also to others and the whole society.3. The students’ use of computers has grown rapidly in recent years.4.2 Ways of developing paragraphs4.2.1 Planning a paragraph1. Think of the topic or main idea or theme: a topic sentence is a sentence that indicates in a general way that idea the paragraph is going to deal with.（《写作教程》P136）;2. Express it in a complete sentence (topic sentences);3. Think of the details or examples or facts that may be used to support or explain the main idea;4. Arrange them in logical orderE.g. example see <英语写作教程>P158 √4.2.2 Development by exampleSome topics need to be supported by examples which can make our writing clear and persuasive. Examples can be a fact, a historical example, a statistic, an event, or a behavior. It may come from our general knowledge, from reading or from person experience.Transitions: such as, take…for example, a leading example is, more transitions see handout.E.g. example see P 160 √Exercise: theme/central idea1. this term several useful and interesting courses have been offered.2. a classmate who is hard working3. TV has negative effects on children4.2.3 Development by comparison and contrastComparison and contrast are formal ways to organize our thoughts. Comparison explains seminaries and contrast explains differences, both of which can help us evaluate subjects to understand their advantages and disadvantages, or strengths and weaknesses.There two basic types of organizing a comparison and contrast paragragh: the point-by point method and the block method. 解释见P165及P166 表格Transitions: likewise, in opposition to, differ from, more see handoutsE.g. example see P166 high school life and college lifeExercise:1. I prefer South Korean love stories on TV to the Chinese ones (or vice versa)2. Riding a bicycle is preferable to driving a car.3. Raising plants involves nearly as much care and knowledge as raising children.4.2.4 Development by cause-and-effectCause-and-effect paragraphs investigate why things are as they are, or why things happened, or the effects of an event or a situation. Generally, in a paragraph, it is better to deal with either causes or effects. Rather, it is a problem of the focus of your paragraph(虽然cause和effect同时出现，但必须有所侧重, 如earthquake 侧重描述后果,而环境污染侧重原因披露). Transitions:seeing that, thanks to, for that reason, more see handoutsE.g. see two examples on P167-168Exercise:1. the improvement of transportation in…2. college students doing part-time jobs3. The rate of teenage nearsightness is much higher in china than inmost other countries.4.2.5 Development by classificationA classification paragraph explains a subject by dividing into separated types or groups, i.e. categories. Y ou may break down your topic into different categories, but you should identify the basis for the classification, that is, to remember to group items into categories according to some consistent principle.Transitions: divide into, primary, secondary, more see handout.E.g. see example on P 164Exercise:1.the movies you have seen2.your clothes3.High school teachers tend to sort their students in to the following categories: pleasant highachievers, unpleasant high achievers, the average, pleasant underachievers, and unpleasant underachievers.4.3Homework1.In the following paragraphs, identify the topic sentence, emit the irrelevant sentences andpoint the transitions. (handbook P113)2. Write different types paragraphs on the basis of the materials provided in class.课程教案Chapter Five Passage writing----CET 4 5.1出题方式1. 提纲式文字命题2. 提纲式图表命题3. 情景式命题5.2高分作文1. 主题突出，内容切题、统一、充实2.表达清楚，文字连贯3. 句式多变，逻辑严密4.语言规范、准确，格式、标点规范5.字数130-1506.检查拼写、语法是否正确，句子是否完整5.3 写作类型一. 现象解释型：要求考生从试题的提示性文字或图表入手，描述其所反映出的现象，对该现象进行解释说明，分析其原因并加以评论。
丁往道《英语写作手册(中文版)》复习笔记(措辞)【圣才出品】
第二章措辞Ⅰ. 词的类型据语体风格，常用的词（规范英语词汇）可分为三类：正式的、一般的、非正式的。
1. 正式词汇（又称作学术性的词、文雅的词或“大”词）（1）适用文体正式文体，如学术性或理论性著作、政治和法律文件，以及正式的演讲或报告。
（2）特点多有三个以上的音节，多数源于希腊或拉丁文。
下面这段文章中包含一些体现正式文体的词汇：There is nothing new in the recognition, within a given language, of a distinction between common usage and uses of the language for more restricted purposes and often enough, perhaps characteristically, more elevated purposes. The monolithic nature of English is not questioned when literary essayists like Emerson contrast poetry and common speech. The latter is recognized in America to be the proper subject for the investigation of linguists who, however, now show some incipient inclination to investigate poetry, too, and other noncasual utterances in a given language.—C. F. Voegelin 正式的或学术性的词汇有：recognition, characteristically, elevated, monolithic,investigation, incipient, inclination, noncasual, utterances等。
新版八下units6--10复习提纲
Unit 6复习提纲翻译句子1．在过去，一个老人努力地移山。
（in the past）2他们将把山上的泥土和石头放哪儿？(would).3.接下来（他）发生了什么？4.他正在写一部小说。
他们正从事于移山。
（work on）5.他说他的家人在他死后可以继续移山。
（continue to do）6.愚公找到了一个解决他的问题的好方法，但是我认为它有点蠢。
7.移那座山看起来好像不可能。
8.如果你努力，一起皆有可能。
9.除了移山，愚公还能做点别的什么？（what else, instead of）10.对于这个故事，你们有不同的观点，你们俩没有一个是错误的。
11. be new to/be nice to/be friendly to/be special to/to his shape and size12.在一本中国传统名著中，一只猴子甚至看起来不像猴子。
13.它会把自己变成不同的动物和物体。
14.它若不（除非）把尾巴藏起来，它就不能把自己变成一个人。
15.为了和坏人斗争，猴王能把棍子（金箍棒）变得如此小，以至于能把它放进耳朵。
16.这个主要角色已经让中国孩子激动了好多年。
17.西方的孩子开始对读这个有趣故事变的感兴趣。
（become interested in）18.它保持（一直）帮助弱者并且从没有放弃过与坏人斗争。
19.as soon as/ if条件状从/unless(if…not)/not…until主将从现as soon/many/much as possible(you can)I will wait until he returns./As soon as he returns, I will tell you.If it rains, we won’t go camping./We will go camping unless it rains. Don’t eat the bread until you get to the forest.20.山太大了，以至于从山的一边走到另一边要花很长时间。
英语写作复习笔记
一．修辞手法1.Simile 明喻Eg. O my love's like a red,red rose.That man can not be trusted.He is as slippery as an eel 黄鳝She likes an apple in her eyes.2.Metaphor暗喻Eg. The picture of those poor people's lives was carved so sharply in his heart that he could never forget it.There was a medieval magnificence about the big dining hall.The street faded into a country road with straggling houses by it.There was a few lordly poplars before the house.All his former joy was drowned in the embarrassment and confusion he was feeling at the moment.Independent would not be a trial seperation,but would be a painful divorce.3.Personification 拟人Eg . Youth is hot and bold,age is weak and cold.The match will soon be over and defeat is staring us in the face.The storm was raging and an angry sea was continuously tossing抛their boat.4.Metonymy 借喻转喻不直接说明而是以另外一个与之相关的事物来说明Sword and cross in hand,the European conquerors fell upon the Americas.When the war was over,he lay down the sword and took up the pen.弃武从文His purse钱包would not allow him that luxuryThe kettle boils 水开了The room sat slient. 全屋人安静的坐着。
丁往道英语写作手册
对偶句
When a sentence contains two parallel clauses similar in structure but contrasted in meaning, it is a balanced sentence.
Loose sentences are easier, simpler, more natural and direct.
Whoever comes is welcome. The question is how he did it. I believe that I can fly. All that glitters is not gold. You are able to go wherever you like.
P35 Ⅱ. Type of Sentences 句子类型
(structure)
2 .simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex sentences 简单句、并列句、复合句或并列复 合句
simple sentence 简单句
It has one subject and one predicate verb. To see is to believe.
About titles关于题目 6）use a question mark if the title is a direct question, but do not use one if the titleia an indirct question 如果题目是疑问句 ，应加问号：如果是间接引语形式 的疑问句，则不加问号
(1) Emphatic sentences 整句强调
1. short sentences 短句 2. sentence fragments 不完整句 3. inverted sentences 倒装句 4. parallel constructions and balanced sentences平行结构和对称句 5. periodic sentences 圆周句
北外丁往道英语写作手册课程教案
Give a lecture on this part.
1.3 Capitalization
1/ Basic rules
2/Special usage of capital letters and punctuation in quoted words and sentences
(different from Chinese, see page 9)
第三英语教研室2007年8月与课程有关的信息教师编号000417课程名称英语写作课程编号41053081英文课名englishwriting2总学时30讲授学时30实验学时0课程学分2课程性质必修必修学科专业限选公共任选授课方式常规常规双语多媒体授课对象本科研究生本科高职成人上课时间20072008学年第1学期周学时2星期二第12节8
line across it. How to add a word? Write it above, not below.
1.5 Punctuation
． period 句号
， comma 逗号 ： colon 冒号 ； semicolon 分号 ！ exclamation 惊叹号 ？ question mark 问号 ￣ hyphen 连字符 ' apostrophe 省略号；所有格符号 — dash 破折号 ‘ ’ single quotation marks 单引号 “ ” double quotation marks 双引号 ( ) parentheses 圆括号 [ ] square brackets 方括号 { } Braces ... ellipsis 省略号 ¨tandem colon 双点号 " ditto 同上 ‖ parallel 双线号 ／ virgule 斜线号 ＆ ampersand = and ～ swung dash 代字号 §section; division 分节号 → arrow 箭号；参见号 ＋ plus 加号；正号 － minus 减号；负号 ±plus or minus 正负号 ×is multiplied by 乘号 ÷is divided by 除号 ＝ is equal to 等于号 ≠ is not equal to 不等于号 ≡ is equivalent to 全等于号 ≌ is equal to or approximately equal to 等于或约等于号 ≈ is approximately equal to 约等于号 ＜ is less than 小于号 ＞ is more than 大于号 ≮ is not less than 不小于号
七年级英语下册(1-6)复习提纲-经典教学教辅文档
七年级英语（下）UNIT(1-6)复习提纲Unit 1 Where’s your pen pal from?一．短语：1 ．be from = come from 来自于---- 2． live in 居住在--- 3． on weekends 在周末4 ．write to sb = write a letter to sb 给某人写信；写信给某人5 ．in the world 在世界上 6.in China 在中国 7．pen pal 笔友8. 14 years old 14岁 9.favorite subject 最喜欢的科目10．the United States 美国the United Kingdom 英国New York 纽11．speak English 讲英语like and dislike 爱憎9．go to the movies 去看电影play sports 做运动二．重点句式：1 Where’s your pen pal from? = Where does your pen pal from/2 Where does he live?3 What language(s) does he speak?4 I want a pen pal in China.5 I can speak English and a little French.6 Please write and tell me about yourself.7 Can you write to me soon? 8 I like going to the movies with my friends and playing sports.三．本单元的国家，人民、言语对应。
1 Canada---- Canadian---- English / French 2France------ French------French3 Japan------Japanese----Japanese4 Australia----Australian----- English5 the United States------ American---- English6 the United Kingdom---British----- EnghishUnit 2 Where’s the post office?一．A sking ways: (问路)1．Where is (the nearest) ……？（比来的）……在哪里？2．Can you tell me the way to ……？你能告诉我去……的路吗？3．How can I get to ……？我怎样到达……呢？4．Is there …… near here / in the neighborhood? 附近有……吗？5．Which is the way to ……？哪条是去……的路？二．Showing the ways: （指路）1. Go straight down / along this street. 沿着这条街不断走。
英语专业写作基础教程7-8单元笔记（共五则范文）
英语专业写作基础教程7-8单元笔记（共五则范文）第一篇：英语专业写作基础教程7-8单元笔记一、Definition and purpose of research paper定义：A research paper usually deals with an important issue, factual or theoretical, and it is usually fairly long and well-documented.目的：1.Learn how to use libraries, how to read books critically and efficiently, and how to use them wisely and correctly；2.Familiarize ourselves with the knowledge and mechanics necessary for writing a research paper；3.Gain some experience in writing long papers or reports.二、Steps of preparing research paperWe go through 5 steps or stages in the process of preparinga research paper:1.choosing a topic2.collecting information3.analyzing the information, organizing ideas, and working out an outline4.writing the first draft;and5.revising the draft and finalizing the paper.1.1 Ways of choosing a topic:(原则:from the general to the specific)①selecting a general topic(interested;already have some ideas;could develop it into a research paper)②③narrowing down the scope of our topic to a facet or facets which can be developed ④formulating the final topic1.2 Criteria for our final topic:It should be a topic①which is meaningful and serious.②which we are able to handle.③for which sufficient materials are available.④that can betreated objectively.⑤that is not too topical.2.1Ways of collecting information①using the library②reading③taking notes2.2How can we find books in library?We can find the books according to the first words of the titles of books or the;last names of the authors.2.3书目卡Calllast(姓),first(名)Number1城市：出版社，时间***p2.4 How are the books in libraries arranged?Books are arranged alphabetically according to their authors ,titles and the subjects they belong to.2.5How do you look for A Doll’s House?We go to the title catalogue file and look up Doll’s House and Color Purple ,ignoring the indefinite article “A” in the first book and the definit e article “The” in the second book.2.6 What do you do to get the information of E.M.Foster?We go to the author catalogue file and look up Foster, E.M., for the cards are arranged according to the last names of the authors.2.7 What is the right way of reading ?To read book quickly and critically.We may first look at the title of contents or the index to find out what chapter or parts of a book might give us some useful material.2.8 How can you be sure that your information is not outdated or biased ?We find the latest edition of the book and compare what is said in it with what other books say on the same topic to make sure that the information we have is not outdated or biased.2.9Rules of taking notes①take notes on cards, or on separate pieces of paper②place only one note on a card.③be selective.2.10 Kinds of information on a note carda.the fact, idea or opinion,b.the source.c.the author’s last name and the page number2.11 Kinds of notesa.the direct quotation(a note that takes down the exact wording of a particular effective statement on a subject)b.the paraphrase(a note that takes down the information of a source in our own words)c.the summary(a note that abstracts and condenses a large amount of material into a small space)Whichever method we use, we must cite the source of the information.如果原文有误，但仍就引用过来，须在后面标注[sic]。
2022西安邮电大学翻译硕士考研真题考研经验考研参考书
448 汉语写作与 百科知识
《自然科学史十二讲》
中国轻工业出
《中国文化读本（中文本）》 版社
外语教学与研
究出版社
卢晓江 叶朗
【初试】
我当时考研的时候，第一时间先是关注了《蛋核英语》的公众号，
朋友告诉我的，真的很好，上面的很多课程都非常全，我听了很多，
对我的帮助真的很大。接下来说说经验：
政治
用书：《肖秀荣精讲精练》、《风中劲草》、《肖秀荣 1000 题》、
《肖秀荣 4 套卷》、《肖秀荣 8 套卷》、《蒋中挺五套卷》
九月份开始看肖秀荣精讲精练，看一章精讲精练做一章 1000 题，一 开始漫不经心的学得很慢，一个多月才学了马原和毛概。十月份的时 候惊觉进度太慢了，放弃精讲精练，直接看风中劲草了，也是搭配 1000 题学下来。用了风中劲草以后速度快了很多，这时候才发现精 讲精练里废话太多了，很多东西应该是不会拿出来考的。建议大家精 讲精练只要看马原部分就好了，后面的直接看风中劲草，搭配 1000 题。这样刷了两遍风中劲草居然都十二月了，才开始做肖八选择题， 做得挺挫败的，因为发现风中劲草不够熟悉。没办法接着背风中劲草， 同时还得开始背时政，肖八大题没时间背了，后来直接背了肖四，事 实证明肖四足够用了，基本上都把大题覆盖到了。考前一周还做了蒋 中挺的选择题，确实补充了一些知识点，所以建议时间充裕的要把市 面上能买到的预测卷选择题部分都做做。 总的来说风中劲草很重要，一定要尽可能多背，多拿选择题的分数， 其实主观题部分大家都是背肖四答得差不多，想要考得比较好就只能 靠选择题。对了还要留出时间背时政，选择题里时政分值还挺高的。 主观题有一个 tip 是抄题干，考试时你会发现你背的很多东西就在题 干里，合适的话可以直接抄，另外如果这个题你没背到更是抄为上策， 题干里有很多可以利用的东西。
T详细笔记
整理一份详细的笔记，由各方网友的笔记而成，有关几个部分的解题，审题技巧，相关模板，和OG一起用。
其他经验谈就不用看了。
当然一切以OG为主，特别是评分标准。
复习流程安排方面，参考非牛人考T的贴子。
阅读和听力，还是选逻辑最直接的选项。
Reading部分OG的文章是一定要精读的，而且题目也要仔细研究，这是出题思路和考试最为接近的资料。
只要文章中出现如下内容，都要引起注意：举例证明，罗列式例举，转折（否定），因果，下定义，比较级（最高级），同位语（插入语），数字年代，特殊标点（引号，破折号等）。
阅读具体的做题顺序阅读最基本的做题顺序有两种：先读（全篇）文章再做题；先读题目再读文章（相应部分）然后做题它们又能衍生变化出两种做题顺序：读一段文章，做相应的题目，然后再读一段，再做相应的题目；读文章各段首句，然后看题目，再找文章内相应部分做题对于广大非牛来说，可能“读文章各段首句，然后看题目，再找文章内相应部分做题”会比较合适，读各段首句可以粗略掌握文章大意和结构，做题再看内容再做能大大降低“工作量”，但是这种做法不利于对全文的消化吸收，从而不利于做总结题，也可能会遗漏文章内的一些细节而导致做错细节题。
而新托福目前反馈大都是顺序出题的，所以建议练习时就尽量往“读一段做相应题目，再读一段再做相应题目”这一顺序去靠拢，可以对文章有全面的把握，虽然总量上还是要读完全文，但是对大脑的短期记忆的负担要比通读全文再做题目小很多。
在IBT阅读中，甚至可以扩展到ETS所有考试的阅读题目中，如果要用一个词来概括的话，那就是paraphrase，意译。
无论是题干还是正确选项，大都能在原文中找出一句话来与之相对应。
即题目是原文的意译。
这种意译是通过同义词来完成的。
即题干中多用近义词来对原文中的句子进行替换，来达到提出问题或者提出正确答案的意思。
准确把握意译，是多数题目中准确在原文中定位信息、或者在迷惑选项中选出正确的那个，都有着重要的作用。
李长栓《非文学翻译理论与实践》第2版复习笔记(句子的长短和简繁)【圣才出品】
李长栓《非文学翻译理论与实践》第2版复习笔记第10章句子的长短和简繁一、简明英语提倡短句和简单句简明语言的原则之一是使用短句，避免长句。
英语产生长句的原因，一是流水句，二是复杂的嵌套句式。
例如：流水句：Janice is an enthusiastic basketball player,and she is the top-scoring player on our team,but unfortunately,she will not be able to play in tomorrow’s game,for her sprained ankle is not completely healed.建议改为：Janice is an enthusiastic basketball player,and the top-scoring player on our team.Unfortunately,she will not be able to play in tomorrow’s game,for her sprained ankle is not completely healed.复杂句：The train stopped at the small station,which was a few miles from the center of the city,because it was a local run that picked up passengers who chose to ride in the late morning.建议改为：The train stopped at the small station a few miles from the center of the city.It was a local run that picked up passengers who chose to ride in the late moming.二、汉译英时化长为短，化繁为简汉译英时有两类长句值得注意。
丁往道《英语写作手册(中文版)》复习笔记(摘要和读书报告)【圣才出品】
第六章摘要和读书报告I. 摘要1. 定义摘要是指摘录一篇文章的要点而独立出来的短文。
摘要需简明扼要，用词精确，忠实于原文意思。
2. 用途（1）写摘要有利于提高读书效率和加强理解能力。
（2）写摘要有助于提高写作能力，能训练学生言简意赅、条理清晰地表达所摘原文的中心意思的能力，训练学生思维的逻辑性。
（3）写摘要不仅对工作有益，而且也是必备的本领。
3. 写作程序（1）阅读a. 仔细阅读，抓住文章大意b. 拟定题目，概括中心思想c. 勤做笔记，分清要点主次（2）写作a. 定出字数，长度不要超出原文的三分之一。
b. 用自己的语言，不要简单堆砌或重新编排原文词语。
c. 按照原文的顺序写，不要随便打乱原文内容的顺序。
d. 内容要完整，表达要清晰，不要有重大的遗漏。
e. 学会删除细节；削减范文；简化描述；避免重复；缩长为短；以泛代实；以简代繁；以“间接”代“直接”。
（3）修改a. 对照原文，检查是否遗漏重要内容。
b. 检查字数是否超出限制。
c. 检查标点、拼写、语法和习语是否准确、简单明了。
（4）小说摘要小说或剧本的摘要就是故事梗概，其长度可能只为原文的百分之一，甚至千分之一，且通常使用现在时态。
II. 读书报告1. 作用写读书报告能够帮助提高阅读理解能力以及分析和欣赏作品的能力，同时也是一项很好的写作练习。
2. 主要部分（1）作者生平和时代简介（2）故事梗概（3）评论要结合作者所处的时代特点来写他的生平以及促使作者创作本作品的事件、与作品内容有关的历史及社会背景。
3. 撰写读书报告（1）故事梗概应内容完整，条理清晰，浅显易懂，客观忠实。
（2）评论是读书报告的核心部分，是对作品的评论与评价，应放在读书报告的第三部分。
在这一部分，可以提出对作品内容、作品风格、作者的表现手法等的个人看法，评论优缺点，讨论其对现在及将来的影响等。
（3）小说或剧本的故事梗概通常使用一般现在时；非小说类作品的梗概需使用原著的时态。
07XDF作文笔记基本完整版
10、 内容（ 观点 、思维 ） 11、试卷结构
①A 节：100－120 词应用性短文，包括信件、 便笺、备忘录等
②B 节：160-200 词的短文
作业：讲义 P1、P2 P7-20 P45-5
第 3页 共 3 页
07 金榜题名系列之 XDF 作文笔记
hnxyscpl 友情制作
hnxyscpl 友情制作
需要背诵的小作文：补充材料的 1、5、6、10、14、 17（书信） 23、26（告示） 八字方针：背诵（精彩词汇；精彩句型；精彩的句子； 万能的框架；经典范文）、默写、中译英(补充材料 P19、P37)、写作 背诵的的要求：滚瓜烂熟 、脱口而出 新概念英语三册十大经典范文:1、12、22、23、27、 41、44、50、56、57
According to the recent survey／ data ／ figure／ statistics ／ study by the Chinese Academy of Social
Science, … %(per cent) … .
举 例（Exemplification）:
Numerous examples can be given, but this／these will suffice.
二、考研英语写作常见问题及对策 （讲义 P8） 1、2 指内容；3、4 指结构；5、6、7 指语言
考研英语写作一般考的是人们普遍关注的社会性话题： contemporary common interests 具有永恒价值的话题：permanent value 虐待： mistrart / maltreat / illtreat 赡养：financially support
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
丁往道《英语写作手册（中文版）》复习笔记
第六章摘要和读书报告
I.摘要
1.定义
摘要是指摘录一篇文章的要点而独立出来的短文。
摘要需简明扼要，用词精确，忠实于原文意思。
2.用途
（1）写摘要有利于提高读书效率和加强理解能力。
（2）写摘要有助于提高写作能力，能训练学生言简意赅、条理清晰地表达所摘原文的中心意思的能力，训练学生思维的逻辑性。
（3）写摘要不仅对工作有益，而且也是必备的本领。
3.写作程序
（1）阅读
a.仔细阅读，抓住文章大意
b.拟定题目，概括中心思想
c.勤做笔记，分清要点主次
（2）写作
a.定出字数，长度不要超出原文的三分之一。
b.用自己的语言，不要简单堆砌或重新编排原文词语。
c.按照原文的顺序写，不要随便打乱原文内容的顺序。
d.内容要完整，表达要清晰，不要有重大的遗漏。
e.学会删除细节；削减范文；简化描述；避免重复；缩长为短；以泛代实；以简代繁；以“间接”代“直接”。
（3）修改
a.对照原文，检查是否遗漏重要内容。
b.检查字数是否超出限制。
c.检查标点、拼写、语法和习语是否准确、简单明了。
（4）小说摘要
小说或剧本的摘要就是故事梗概，其长度可能只为原文的百分之一，甚至千分之一，且通常使用现在时态。
II.读书报告
1.作用
写读书报告能够帮助提高阅读理解能力以及分析和欣赏作品的能力，同时也是一项很好的写作练习。
2.主要部分
（1）作者生平和时代简介
（2）故事梗概
（3）评论
要结合作者所处的时代特点来写他的生平以及促使作者创作本作品的事件、与作品内容有关的历史及社会背景。
3.撰写读书报告
（1）故事梗概应内容完整，条理清晰，浅显易懂，客观忠实。
（2）评论是读书报告的核心部分，是对作品的评论与评价，应放在读书报告的第三部分。
在这一部分，可以提出对作品内容、作品风格、作者的表现手法等的个人看法，评论优缺点，讨论其对现在及将来的影响等。
（3）小说或剧本的故事梗概通常使用一般现在时；非小说类作品的梗概需使用原著的时态。
第七章正式和非正式文体
Ⅰ.文体的涵义
文体可以指一个作家习惯的或特有的使用语言的方式，也可指某一时期语言的最普遍的特点，还可指某一类文章的语言特色。
Ⅱ.正式和非正式文体
正式和非正式文体的差别：
1.语法方面的差别
（1）非正式文体中常使用缩约词(don’t,I’ve等)；正式文体中则把词的字母写全(do not,I have等)。
（2）非正式文体中常使用泛指的不定代词you；正式文体中则用one。
（3）非正式文体中，who可以代替whom在疑问句中作宾语，宾格代词可以充当被省略的动词的主语。
如：
Wang can speak French more fluently than me.(非正式)
Wang can speak French more fluently than I.(正式)
（4）非正式文体中，介词可放在定语从句、wh-疑问句或感叹句的句末。
如：
Which hotel is he staying at?
（5）非正式文体中，宾语从句前的that常省去，尤其在表示“说”和“想”的动词后面。
如：
She said(that)she would come.
（6）非正式文体中，they可以指代everyone，everybody，someone，somebody，anyone，anybody，no one，nobody。
如：
Anyone can take a brochure if they want it.(非正式)
Anyone can take a brochure if he or she wants it.(正式)
（7）非正式文体中，虚拟语气的句子主语如果是I，he，she或it等词，可用was代替were。
如：
I wish he was here with us.
（8）非正式文体中常用省略疑问句和缩略分句。
如：
Want a drink?
（9）分词短语和无动词分句、独立主格结构一般用于正式文体。
（10）一系列的名词、动词或形容词，插入语以及放在主语前作定语或状语的短语可使句子显得正式。
（11）长句、并列复合句、带有平行结构的句子、对偶句、圆周句常用于正式文体。
2.词汇方面的差别
（1）日常用语(非正式)大多来自盎格鲁-撒克逊语；正式的或学术性的词汇则大多来自希腊文、拉丁文和法文(尤其是多音节词)。
（2）短语动词偏口语化(非正式)，常用于谈话体中。
有些短语动词可能不止一个意思，既有及物又有不及物的用法。
如：
短语动词(非正式)go on；carry on
动词单词(正式)continue vi.
（3）一些缩写词，如photo，ad，bike，gym等，常用在非正式的日常谈话中，在
正式文体中并不多见。
（4）俚语因比较随便，有时流行了几年就消失了，或变为了口语词汇，因此在正式文体中很少见。