英语国家社会与文化入门(下册)(简称国概)美国重要单元之一UNIT3——AMERICAN_BEGINNINGS
英语国家社会与文化入门(下册)-答案
Key to Exercises 001
UNIT ❶
I. 1. 毛利人，毛利人的 2. 库克海峡 3. 绿党 4. 《21 世纪议程》 5. 沉浸式强化学习（外语）
II.
1. T
2. F
3. F
4. F
5. T
6. F
7. T
8. F
III. 1. Southwest Pacific; Australia 2. Байду номын сангаасothern; July 3. English, Maori 4. isolation 5. Waitangi Tribunal 6. East Polynesia 7. nuclear-free 8. South Pacific; European
UNIT ❸
I. 1. 中世纪 2. 清教徒 3. 五月花号 4. （白人）契约奴 5. 贵格会，教友派 6. 波士顿倾茶党
II.
1. T
2. T
3. F
6. F
7. T
8. F
III. 1. Letters from An American Farmer 2. Asia, Europe, Africa 3. the Incas, the Mayas 4. 1492 5. John Cabot 6. Martin Luther, John Calvin 7. Virginia 8. tobacco 9. Maryland, Catholic 10. The American Revolution
2. T
3. F
4. F
5. F
6. T
7. F
8. F
III. 1. melting pot; salad bowl 2. New York; Wall 3. Mississippi; Missouri 4. antebellum; agricultural 5. breadbasket; salad bowl 6. colonists; Northern Europeans; Southern Europeans 7. Ireland; Potato Famine 8. literacy 9. Protestant; Catholic 10. John F. Kennedy
英语国家社会与文化入门下册unit 3(课堂PPT)
Your company slogan
联邦权力机构 federal executive agency
行政机关：即总统，总统提名和参议院批准的内阁官员及 其下属，负责行使基于联邦法律的治理权；
Your company slogan
联邦权力机构 federal executive agency
即最高法院(the Supreme Judicial Court ( SJC )和下 级的联邦法院， 法官由总统提名 并经参议院批准； 拥有释法权和推 翻违宪的法律的 权力。
Some considered it an honor to be sacrificed
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Incas 印加文化（秘鲁地区）
Largest empire in Pre-Columbian era
Incan Empire broken in civil war and destroyed by Spanish
Nicknames for the flag: Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, and The StarSpangled Banner
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National anthem:
The Star-Spangled Banner 《星条旗 永不落》
Nev?ada ?
Massachusetts Connecticut
Ma?ine
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Illinois
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New York
Penn?sylvania
California
Texas
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Ge?orgia ?
Florida
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英语国家社会与文化简答题 单元 第三版下册
UNIT 31.what is an American? Comment on the answer to the question by crevecoeur?(1)American is either a European, or the descendant of a European , hence that strange mixture of blood, which you will find in no other country.He is an American, who leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices and manners, receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced, the new government he obeys, and the new rank he holdsThe American is a new man ,who acts upon new principles. He must therefore entertain new ideas and form new opinions...this is an American.(2)According to Crevecoeur, The American in those days had the mixed blood of Europeans or their descendants without taking into consideration other nationalities such as American Indians ans blacks. But today , the picture of an American is more complex.2 How did modern development in Europe influence the settlement of North American colonies?Some new and powerful social forces began to emerge which led to the awakening of Europe and the discovery of America.The first new force was the development of capitalism, and it produced the bourgeois class and the working class.The second major force was Renaissance, which was marked by a changing outlook on life.The third influential force was Religious Reformation, a religious reform movement that started form Germany.3 What was the unique American phenomenon ? How did it come into being? Do you think it still exists in today's American society?on the one hand, the English and other Europeans went to North American for seeking freedom. But on the other hand, these very white people who were seeking and fighting for their own freedom deprived black Africans of their freedomThe two events combined constituted a unique American . First one is that on July, 30,1619,the first meeting of an elected legislature took place in North American. The second one is a dutch ship brought in over 20 Negroes, who were acted as servants for years.Yes, I do.4 In what way did Puritanism influence American culture?The Puritans believed that governments should enforce God's morality. They strictly punished drunks, adulterers, violators of the Sabbath and other religious believers different from themselves. Roger Williams, one of the Puritans who protested that the state should not interfere with religion, was driven out of Massachusetts. In 1635, he set up Rhode Island colony, which guaranteed religious freedom and the separation of church and state. The Puritans also have left rich cultural heritage to future Americans. The American values such as individualism, hard work, respect of education owe very much to the Puritan beliefs.5.what were some causes of the American RevolutionLong-term social, economic, and political changes in the colonies before 1750 provided the basis for an independent nation with representatives political institutions.More immediately, the French and Indian War (1754-1763) changed the relationship between the colonies and their mother country.Finally, a decade of conflicts between the British government and the colonist, beginning with the Stamp Act crisis in 1765, led to the outbreak of war in 1775 and the Declaration of Independence inUNIT 51. do you agree that cultivators of the earth are most valuable citizenYes, I do agree the point that “cultivators of the earth are the most valuable citizens”. My reasons for my agreement can be illustrated as follows:Firstly, though outward forms have changed, the vital importance of agriculture has not. Agriculture provid es the sustenance that meets people’s most basic needs. Agriculture and its related industries serve as the foundation of American economic lifeSecondly, They have shown a spirit of individualism that the rest of society has admired. To a large extent, agricultural values have been adopted and celebrated by the society as a whole.Thirdly, American agriculture is big business. It provides the rest world with lots of food. So as the main body of agriculture, cultivators of the earth contribute a lot to Ame rican’s economic.2. It is known to all that buying and selling stocks is a risky business. Why do you think there are still so many people involved in it?In order to invest, individuals do not have to have a great deal of money: they can buy just a small portion of a business—called a share. The business of buying and selling shares in enterprises has become so big that offices have had to be set up where the selling of shares, or stock , can take place. These places, located in many cities in the United States and around the world, are called stock exchanges.3.Give examples of industries which are declining, and industries which are fast developing in the US.Generally speaking, declining industries would be industries where labor cost is high and its growth potential is limited. The Auto industry is in a declining state but of course if they reinvent their automobiles things could pick up for them. Developing industries would be the hi tech sector. Especially in companies that are developing new types of technology to help our environment by developing new types of technology in many areas. Especially energy conservation technology and new types of alternative energies. Also, new types of technology where we would be using fewer resources for our daily usage.4.What is the current economic situation in America? How did the great recession begin?what does it show?(1)In late 2007 the US economy suffered a severe recession, it was a crisis that began in Americabut soon turned global. Millions of people in America and all over the world lost their homes and jobs. It has resulted in the collapse of large financial institutions, and downturns in stock markets around the world,(2)Many economists believe that the problems are revealing defects in the free market systemand US government financial policies.(3)Question the soundness of this country's economy and even the appropriate shape of acapitalist system,UNIT 61 In what way do you think that religious freedom was a historical necessity in the United States?A few Americans were so influenced by the new science and new ideas of the Enlightenment in Europe that they became deists, believing that reason teaches that God exists but leaves man free to settle his own affairs. Many traditional Protestants and deists could agree, however,"all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights," and that "the laws of Nature and Nature's God" entitled them to form a new nation. Among the rights that the new nation guaranteed, as a political necessity in a religiously diverse society, was freedom of religion. The First Amendment insured that American government would not meddle in religious affairs or require any religious beliefs of its citizens.2 What is the relationship between government and religion in America?In some ways, the government supports all religions. Religious groups do not pay taxes in the United States. But government does not pay ministers' salaries or require any belief—not even a beliefin God—as a condition of holding public office. Oaths are administered, but those who, like Quakers, object to them, can make a solemn affirmation, or declaration, instead3 What promotes the diversity in American religion?Continuous immigration.The united states has always been a fertile ground for the growth of new religious movements. Frontier American provided plenty of room to set up a new church or found a new community.Many religious communities and secular utopias, or experiments in new forms of social living.were founded in 18th, and 19th century America.Other world religions are increasing their numbers and influence in America such as Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism.4. What are some of the features in religion that are particularly American? What are some of the major differences between American religion and religion in Europe?First of all, Americans with different religions live together under the same law.Secondly, the religious beliefs of Americans continue to be strong with social progress.In Europe, scientific and economic advance and rising material prosperity have accompanied by a decline in religious observance bu in the US, this has not happened.Thirdly, in the United States every church is a completely independent organization, and concerned with its own finance and its own building.There has been little concentration on doctrine or religious argument such as in European history,UNIT 81. What is the goal of education in the United States? Discuss the similarities and differences in Great Britain, the United States and China concerning the goals of education.The goal is—and has been since the early decades of the republic—to achieve universal literacy and to provide individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary to promote both their own individual welfare as well as that of the general public. Though this goal has not yet been fully achieved, it remains an ideal toward which the American educational system is directed. The progress which has been made is notable both for its scope and for the educational methods which have been developed in the process of achieving it.2. How did American education begin to develop?In 1634, they opened a “lateen grammar” school, a school for those who wanted to prepare for college.In 1636, Harvard College was founded for the training of religious ministers.In 1634 and 1638, the Puritans passed laws declaring that all property could be taxed for the common good, which included the support of school.In 1642 and 1647, the Bay Colony passed laws requiring all parents to provide reading educating for their children.At the end of the 18th century, elementary education throughout the United States was in local hands.3. What are the major characteristics of education in America?(1)Different education laws for different states.(2)Several levels of schooling：Elementary Schooling，Secondary Schooling and High Schooling.(3)curricula for students: there is no national curriculum in the United States.(3)Compulsory education for all students.(4)Equal education opportunities for minority groups.(5)Strong demand for higher education.(6)The complex system of higher education.Some states play a strong role in the selection of learning material for their students.Schools were asked not only to teach this new information, but to help students ask their own questions about it. The “inquiry” method of learning , focusing on solving problems rather than memorizing facts, became popular.。
(完整版)英语国家社会与文化入门下册
New England also established another Americantradition —a strainof often intolerant moralism. The Puritans believedthat governments shouldenforce God'smorality. They strictly punished drunks, adulterers, violators of the Sabbath andother religious believers different from themselves. Roger Williams, one of the Puritans whoprotestedthatthe state shouldnotinterfere withreligion, was drivenout of Massachusetts. In1635, he set up Rhode Island colony, whichguaranteedreligious freedomand the separationof churchand state. The Puritans also haveleft rich cultural heritage to future Americans. The American values such as individualism, hard work, respect of education owe very much to the Puritan beliefs.1) Long-term social, economic, and political changes in the colonies before1750 provided the basis for anindependent nationwithrepresentatives political institutions.2) More immediately, the French and Indian War (1754-1763) changed the relationship between the colonies and their mother country.3) Finally, a decade of conflicts between the British government and thecolonist, beginningwiththe StampAct crisis in1765, ledtothe outbreak of war in 1775 and the Declaration of Independence inIf Congress proposes a law that the president thinks is unwise, the presidentcanvetoit. Thatmeans theproposal does notbecomelaw. Congress canenactthelaw despite the president's views only if two-thirds of the members of bothhousesvote in favor of it.If Congress passes a law which is then challenged in the courts as unconstitutional, the Supreme Court has the power to declare the law unconstitutional and therefore no longer in effect.The president has the power to make treaties with other nations and to make all appointments to federal positions, including the position of Supreme Court justice. The Senate, however, must approve all treaties and confirm all appointments before they become official. Inthis way the Congress canpreventthe president from making unwise appointmentsIn the essay Emerson clearly expresses the main principles of his Transcendentalist pursuit andhis love for nature. Emersondevelops his concept of"Over-Soul" Or "Universal Mind". Last but not the leas, it affirms the divinity of the human beingsThe "LostGeneration" is a termusedtodescribe the generationof youngmen andwomenwhocametomaturity inthe20s. Someof themfoughtinWorldWar I.They became disgusted with war and disillusioned with the post-war society. They shared the same sense of dislocation, rootlessness and disillusionment.The goal is —and has been since the early decades of the republic —toachieve universal literacy and to provide individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary to promote both their own individual welfare as well as that of the general public.Though this goal has not yet been fully achieved,it remains anideal toward which the American educational system is directed. The progress which has been made is notable both for its scope and for the educational methods which have been developed in the process of achieving it.2 Discuss the social and cultural values embodied inthe Dreaming. 讨论社会和文化价值在做梦中的体现Membership ina particular language group was of great social and cultural significance. Traditionally, languages belong to tracts of country which, in the belief systemof the Dreaming, have beenputintheir places by Dreamtime creatorfigures.。
英语国家社会与文化入门下册uni
The Democratic Party (民主党) and the Republican Party(共和党). No. they have the same purpose that protect the rule of the capitalist
3,What are some of the major powers of each of the three branches of the US government? How are the three branches supposed to check and balance each other?
5,What are the two political parties in the US? Do you think they are fundamentally different?
If Congress passes a law which is challenged in the courts as unconstitutional, the Supreme Court has the power to declare the law unconstitutional and no longer in effect.
A federal system has a strong central government. Under this system, the US is a united country. But a confederation can’t achieve this purpose.
《英语国家社会与文化入门》(简称英美概况)美国答案
美国UNIT 3 1。
What is an American? He is either a European, or the descendant of a European，hence that strange mixture of blood，which you will find in no other country。
He is an American，who leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices and manners, receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced，the new government he obeys，and the new rank he holds. .。
Here individuals of all nations are melted into a new race of men，whose labors and posterity will one day cause great changes in the world。
.。
The American is a new man，who acts new principles；he must therefore entertain new ideas，and form new opinions。
4 。
In what way did Puritanism influence American culture？A. Today, Puritans are no longer in existence. But their legacies are still felt in American society and culture。
For example，the Puritans hoped to build ”a city upon hill” an ideal community. Since that time, Americans have viewed their country as a great experiment，a worthy model for other nations. This sense of mission has been very strong in the minds of many Americans。
英语国家社会文化入门下次 第三单元 (人工翻译)
Unit3:美国的开始什么是美国？这已经变成了一个经典的问题，这个问题不仅是外国人参观美国时会发出的，连美国人自己也在问这个问题。
当美国人感到困惑的时候，当他们处在危机当中时，他们会问他们到底是谁，并且尝试去查明作为一个美国人的意义在哪里。
实际上，这个著名的问题是出自一位名叫赫克托·圣约翰·德克雷夫科尔的法国人所提出来了，他在18世纪定居于宾夕法尼亚州。
在1782年，这位法国农夫在伦敦出版了一本名为《一封来自美国农民的信》，在这本书中，他提出了这个问题，并且反问他自己：“那美国人呢，他们是新的种族吗？他既不是欧洲人，也不是欧洲人的后裔，他们是一种在任何国家都看不到的强大的血缘融合。
我可以向你例证在一个家庭中，爷爷可能是英国人，他的妻子是荷兰人，他的儿子嫁给了一个法国人，而且他们的儿子娶了4个不同国家的老婆。
美国人是这样的人：他们把所有过去的偏见和习俗抛在脑后，而从他们所热爱的新生活方式、他们所依附的新政府、他享有的新地位中接受新的一套。
来自各个民族的人，在此熔成为一个新的名族，他们的劳动及他们的后代必将给世界带来大的变化......美国人是一种新人，他按新的原则办事，他们因此必须吸取新的思想，形成新的见解......这就是美国人。
”按照德克雷夫科尔所说的，如今的美国人和他们的后裔都是欧洲人混种，但是却没有把美洲印第安人和黑种人考虑在内。
如今，对于美国人的描述越来越复杂。
在美国的家庭中，女婿和儿媳可能是欧洲人的后裔，也可能是非洲美国人或是亚洲移民，尽管这种家庭是由白人黑人亚洲人混血而成，但这毕竟只是少数。
想要去了解美国的话，让我们先回到美国的过去。
新大陆美洲大陆居住的是两次长期人口迁移运动所带来的人民，第一次是从亚洲来的，第二次是从欧洲和非洲。
向美洲的第一次人口迁移运动大约始于25000年之前，当时在西伯利亚的部族为了寻找新的猎场或逃避追赶的敌人越过白令海峡，到达阿拉斯加。
到1492年，大约1000～2000万土生土长的美洲人生活在美洲，他们被哥伦布错认为印度人。
英语国家社会与文化入门下册PPT教学课件-U1
Māoritanga
-the iwi: a Māori tribe, the main social organization in Māori society;
Left: Auckland, the largest city of New Zealand; Right: Wellington’s Beehive, the national symbol of executive power
• Climate and Wildlife
-the southern temperate latitudes midway between the Equator and the South Pole; -maritime climate; -seasons opposite to the Northern Hemisphere; - isolated from the rest of the world for 80 million years, New Zealand developed unique flora and fauna. -80% of the trees, ferns and flowering plants are endemic (found only in New Zealand); -6.2 million hectares of native forest
I. Land and Environment
• Georgraphy: “Aotearoa”--“Land of the long white cloud”
英语国家社会与文化入门下册课件BII U3
I. The Discovery of the Americas
• The first long-continuing immigration movement to the Americas from Asia began probably 25000 years ago, and Siberian tribes crossed over the Bering Strait to Alaska, mistakenly called Indians (The second immigration movement from Europe began with the expansion of Europe from the 16th century)
resistance.
Quakers
Quaker Pennsylvania—the Holy Experiment
• Religious freedom for all settlers; • Easy for people to get land; • Encouraging the spirit of equality; • Attracting Germans, French, Irish and English settlers
Quiz
Give the English and a brief explanation for the following:
1 马丁·路德 2 哥伦布 3 清教徒 4 五月花公约 5 波士顿倾茶事件
Focal Points
• The discovery of the Americas • The Three forces that led to the development of
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》笔记和考研真题详解-下册(美国)-第3~6章【圣才出品】
美国第3章美国的起始3.1 复习笔记I. What is an American?1. A new race2. Current situationII. Two immigration movements1. From Asia2. From Europe and AfricaIII. The Forces that led to the modern development of Europe (Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries)1. The growth of capitalism2. The Renaissance3. The Religious ReformationIV. The colonial Patterns1. The settlement in Virginia2. Puritanism3. Catholic Maryland4. Quaker PennsylvaniaV. The American Revolution (The War of Independence)1. The causes2. The eve3. The process4. The major leaders (The Founding Fathers)5. The significanceI. What is an American? （美国民族性）1. A new race（新的民族）(1)In 1782, the French farmer J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur, who settled in Pennsylvania, first asked this question in Letters from An American Farmer. (2)He thought the American was a new man who had the mixed blood of Europeans or their descendants, and who left behind him his ancient prejudices and manners and received new ones. Individuals were melted into a new race who acted upon new principles, entertained new ideas and form new opinions. The idea that America is a melting pot originated from his words.(1)赫克托·圣约翰·德克雷夫克尔于1782年著成《美国农人简史》，首次提出了美国民族性这一问题。
《英语国家社会与文化入门》课后问答答案!!!
《英语国家社会与文化入门》课后问答答案英国Unit 3 第6题What kind of institution(部门is the House of Lords（上议院）? What role dose it play in 部门) 部门（上议院）British government? A: It consists of the Lords Spiritual(神职议员)who are the Archbishops(大主教) and most prominent （杰出的、卓越的）bishops （主教）of the church of England ;and the Lords Temporal(世俗议员)，which refers to everyone else。
②They inherited(继承) the seat from their forefathers or been appointed by the sovereign （郡主、最高统治者）parliament 议会）they speak and vote .In （as individuals （个人）,not as representatives （代表）of the greater interests of the country. They do not receive salaries and many do not attend Parliament at all.unit5 3.What are the three main areas in national economies？Describe the development of each of the three areas in the UK economy. 答案National economies can be broken down into three main areas,‖primary‖ industries, such as agriculture ,fishing, and mining,‖second-ary‖industries, which manufacture complex goods from those primary products ;and tertiary industries .often described as services,such as banking, insurance, tourism, and the selling of goods. Britain’s agricultural sector is small （producing 1.4%of the national wealth ）but efficient, producing 58% of the UK’s food needs with only 2%of its workforce.Three quarters of Britain’s land is used for agriculture. With about a quarter of that under crops-wheat and barley are the two commonest. The rest is grazing for animals, including cattle (both dariy and beef), The fishing industry provides 55%of the UK demand for fish Sconish ports land the majority of the fish caught. In the secondary sector of the economy. Manufacturing industry remains important, producing 22% of national wealth. British companies are are active in all major fields of manufacturing industry, but are particularly strong in pharmaceuticals(the British company Glaxo-Wellcrme is the biggest drug company in the world),chemicals([C]is the second largest paint manufacture in the world),aerospace overall the UK industry is third in （size in the world）and food drink (Scotch whisky being a major export). ）unit7 1. (1)What are the purposes of the British education system? (2)Please comment on these purposes. (3)What are the main purposes of the Chinese education system? (4)Are there any differences or similarities in the education of the two nations? 答：(1)The purpose of the British education system is to teach children practical skills and socialize them. (2)Children learn practical skills, and the rules and values they need to become good citizens, to participate in the community, and to contribute to the economic prosperity of an advanced industrial economy. (3)The purpose of the Chinese education is to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of society. (4) In china, people think school is just about teaching children what are often called‖ the three R’s---―reading, writing and ‘ar ithmetic‖(reading, writing and arithmetic). 2. How does the British education reflect social class? British education reflect the deeper divisions in British society in which social class is still very important: class inequality can be erased or continued according to education policy. What’s more, the enduring feature of British education is the continuing debate over how ―equal‖ educational opportunity should be. In British, the accent you speak with, the clothes you wear, and the schools you attend are all markers that identify your social class. The school (or college)tie is a clear marker of social class. Even on informal occasions you will sometimes see men wearing their school ties as belts to hold up their trousers –proudly displaying their attendance at a certain school. In Britain, where you are educated is very important to you future. 3 what are the majorchanges that have taken place since World war 2? Is British education moving towards more progress or more equality? Pick up some examples from the text toillustrate your points. Other major changes to the British education system were caused by world war Ⅱ。
英语国家社会与文化入门下册unit 3PPT参考课件
4
宪法U.S. federal constitution
美国是现存历史最悠久的立宪 共和国，1789年正式生效的 《宪法》是世界上最早并仍在 运作的成文宪法。
美国宪法以及权利法案等一系 列修正案致力维护公民自由： 包括言论、宗教信仰和出版自 由；接受公正审判的权利；拥 有和携带武器的权利；选举权、 被选举权和财产权。虽然美国 珍视并追求以人权为核心的价 值观，但在具体实践中也有争 议：直到1964年《民权法案》 才立法禁止种族歧视。
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Your company slogan
The Star-Spangled Banner
啊！在晨曦初现时，你可看见是什么让我们如此骄傲？ 在黎明的最后一道曙光中欢呼， 是谁的旗帜在激战中始终高扬！ 烈火熊熊，炮声隆隆， 我们看到要塞上那面英勇的旗帜在黑暗过后依然耸立！ 啊！你说那星条旗是否会静止， 在自由的土地上飘舞，在勇者的家园上飞扬？
In which state is
Nev?ada ?
Massachusetts Connecticut
Ma?ine
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Illinois
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New York
Penn?sylvania
California
Texas
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Ge?orgia ?
Florida
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Your company slogan
Your company slogan
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The Star-Spangled Banner
歌词是一位名叫弗朗西斯·斯科特·基（Francis Scott Key）的美国律师，在1814年英美战争期间的巴 尔的摩，透过战场上的硝烟看到星条旗经过英军炮轰后 仍在要塞上空高高飘扬时感慨万分而即景写下的。歌词 写出来后，在一名法官的建议下，配上了美国作曲家约 翰·斯塔福德·史密斯（John Stafford Smith）创作 的《To Anacreon in Heaven》，并取了现在的名字， 从此流传开来。
英语国家社会与文化入门(下册)(简称国概)美国重要单元之一UNIT3——AMERICAN BEGINNINGS
Text什么是美国的？这已经成为一个经典的问题不仅是美国访问的外国人，更是美国人常常问自己。
当美国人感到困惑，或者当他们在危机时，他们问他们是谁，并试图找出什么是美国人的手段。
事实上，这个著名的问题时，首先问一个法国人称为J.海克特圣约翰日克雷弗克谁定居在宾夕法尼亚州的18世纪。
在1782年，这个法国农民在伦敦出版了一本书，从美国的农民，他所提出的问题，并回答了自己提出的信：“那么，什么是美国，这个新好男人？他要么是欧洲，或子孙欧洲，因此，随着血液中奇妙的混合在一起，你会发现在没有其他国家。
我可以向你指出，一个家庭，其祖父是英国人，他的妻子是一位荷兰人，他的儿子娶了一位法国妇女，其目前有4个儿子现在4个不同国家的妻子。
他是美国人，谁在他身后留下他的所有古老的偏见和方式，收到他的生活已经接受，他的新政府遵循的新模式新，而新职，他认为。
···在这里个人的所有国家都成为一个男人，他们的劳动力和子孙后代新一轮融化总有一天会导致世界。
···美国是一个新好男人，谁原则的行为后，新的巨大变化，他因此必须招待新的想法，和形式。
· ·新意见·这是一个美国人。
“据克雷弗克，在那些日子里，美国有没有考虑到欧洲人的或其后代混血儿，如美洲印第安人和黑人其他民族。
今天，美国情况较为复杂。
在美国家庭中，有可能是儿子，儿媳或女儿女婿与欧洲后裔或非裔美国人和亚裔移民尽管这些白人混血与其他黑人或亚洲人的家庭占少数。
为了理解这一点，美国，让我们回到美国的过去。
A New Land美国大陆的人居住，作为两个结果长期持续的移民运动，第一个来自亚洲，欧洲和非洲的第二位。
第一乐章开始大概25 000年前，当西伯利亚部落，在新的狩猎区或从追求寻求避难的敌人，在越过白令海峡到达阿拉斯加。
到1492年，超过10-20万人，误称为居住克里斯托弗哥伦布在美洲，印第安人。
英语国家社会与文化入门(下册)(简称国概)美国重要单元之一UNIT4——political system
Absolute Decline and RelativeDecline到19世纪80年代英国经济在世界上占主导地位产生一个世界上，一半的煤，铁，半制成品的棉花三分之一。
英国航运数额更大的世界其他地区加起来比。
但即使到1900年这不再是这样，英国有超过都被美国和德国，当然也从1945年到现在，对英国经济的故事通常是作为一个思想的下降。
这是可以理解的，而是误导，因为它实际上一直是经济稳定增长时期，迅速提高生活水平。
英国仍然是七工业经济大集团之一。
但也有描述为这一时期下降的原因之一。
中英双方作为第二次世界大战的成功盟友之一战后世界，同其主要竞争对手的一些国家，如德国和日本，经济遭到破坏。
同时英国是一个更加庞大帝国的中心。
数字显示，英国是仅次于美国在国际经济中。
因此，英国当时显然是在强大的经济地位，它的地位显然不再占据，这表明一些下降排序。
但基本的正面描述的经济规模表面上的事实，世界贸易是英国比例很高，因此在1945年，没有透露有关英国的立场，重要的负面事实即使这样。
首先该国了负债累累，以资助战争，累计出售其海外资产多，借用美国和加拿大的大量资金。
这些债务意味着英国进入一个重大的经济问题，战后时代。
其次，帝国时代已经结束。
印度，俗称为“在大英帝国的皇冠”珠宝称，1947年取得独立，只有2年后战争结束。
这是在帝国的最大元素，提供原材料，并为英国商品的大市场。
这与印度的关系已不再可用，帝国的其它国家也纷纷仿效印度独立，剩下的只是一个中等规模的欧洲国家，英国的人口只有五分之一的美国的大小，第三，尽管相对快速和顺利的非殖民化自由的过程中，英国仍然不得不维持一个庞大而昂贵的地方，许多海外的军事存在，直到该进程完成（主要是由60年代末）。
此外，政府立场的其中一个职位的塑造者，战后世界需要大量的军事贡献，作为北约的主要伙伴之一两者，作为安理会常任理事国。
所有这一切的结果是英国用于军事比其大多数竞争对手其国民财富（尤其是其研究和开发预算）的比例较高。
英语国家社会与文化入门名词解释下册3到11单元
英语国家社会与文化入门名词解释下册3到11单元第一篇：英语国家社会与文化入门名词解释下册3到11单元Unit 31.The first english settlement: was founded in1607in virginia, and it was organized by the London Company with a charter from the English king James I.2.Puritanism: in the 16th and 17th cent., a movement for reform in the Church of England that had a profound influence on the social, political, ethical, and theological ideas of England and America.3.The declaration of independence: written by Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, proclaimed the independence of 13 North American colonies.4.George Washington: is the first president of the United states, from 1759 to the outbreak of the American Revolution, he managed his lands around Mount Vernon.5..Benjamin Franklin: was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America.he is credited as being foundational to the roots of American values and character.Unit 4The Articles of Confederation: After the War was won, the new nation of the United States was organized under the agreement of the Articles of Confederation with a weak national government called the congress.Each state had its own government, made its own laws and handled its internal affairs.The states did not cooperate with the congress and with each other.The congress had no power to force any state to contribute money to the national government and the congress could not tax any citizen either.As a result, the Articles of Confederation failed.A federal system: It is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts, with some rights reserved to each.The making of the U.S Constitution:The Articles of Confederation failed.The Congress decided to hold a constitutional convention to revise the Articles of Confederation.The delegates from 12 states(Rhode Island refused to participated)gathered in Philadelphia in 1787 and end up in writing a new constitution and set a federal system with a strong central government.The Constitution provided that an election of the president would be called for, federal laws would be made only by a Congress made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate and a Supreme Court would be set up.This new Constitution was finally approved by the majority of the citizens in over 9 of the 13 states and was officially put into effect in 1787.The executive: The chief executive is the president, who is elected to a four year term.A president can be elected to only two terms according to an amendment passed in 1951.The president can propose legislation to Congress.He can veto any bill passed by Congress.The veto can be overridden by a two-thirds vote in both houses.The president can appoint federal judges as vacancies occur.He is the commander in chief of the armed forces.The president has other broad authorities in running the government departments and handling foreign relations.The bill of rights: It consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791.It was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to assemble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on.Homeland security is short for the United States Department of Homeland Security(abbreviated as DHS).It is found on March 1,2003, and is a Cabinet department of the United States federal government with the primary responsibilities of protecting the territory of the US from terrorist attacks and responding to natural disasters.With more than 200,000 employees, DHS is the third largest Cabinet department, after the Departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs.Other agencies with significant homeland security responsibilities include the Department of Health and HumanServices, and Energy.Unit 51.Eli Whitney: made cotton production more efficient by inventing the cotton gin, which rapidly removed the seeds from the bolls of cotton.2.Samuel Slater: built a cotton cloth factory, which started a process of chang that turned the northeastern region of the United States into an important manufacturing center.3.Industrial revolution In England, especially machinery run by water power and later by steam power was used to manufacture cloth, this changed the ways that people worked.4.Corporation:In the early years of the United States , banks were one of the few businesses organized in the form of corporations, the creation survived the death of its founder of founders.5.Service industries: industries that sell a service rather than make a product , and now dominate the economy.6.Agribusiness: has been coined to reflect the large-scale nature of agricultural enterprise in the modern US economy.7.Stock:very early, people in the United States saw that they could make money by lending it tothose who wanted to start or to extend a business.That led to a creation of an important part of the current economic scene.8.Migrant workers: on large farms ,many of the workers are hired only for a specific chore, many of these seasonal workers travel form farm to farm, staying only until the crops are picked.Unit 61.Religious liberty in the US: the great awakening of the 1740s, a “revival” movement which sought to breathe new feeling and strength into religion, cut across the lines ofprotestant religious group.2.The baptists in the US: are the largest protestant group.They believe in adult baptism by immersion, symbolizing a mature and responsible conversion experience.3.Catholic in the US :the largest single religious group , about one-quarter of all Americans are of the Roman Catholic faith, and the majority of them are descendants of immigrants from Ireland.4.Three faiths: by the 1950s, it had developed, Americans were considered to come in three basic varieties: Protestant, Catholic and Jewish,the order reflecting the strength in numbers of each group.5.Religious diversity:since the US has always been a fertile ground for the growth of new religious movements, many religious communities and secular utopias in new forms of social living were founded in 18th and 18th century American.unit 7Transcendentalists In his book Nature, Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803-1882)claimed that by studying and responding to nature individuals could reach a higher spiritual state without formal religion..A circle of intellectuals who were discontented with the New England establishment gathered aroun d Emerson.They accepted Emerson’s theories about spiritual transcendence.They are known as Transcendentalists.The Scarlet Letter 红字was published in 1850.Set in the Puritan past, this masterpiece is the stark drama of a woman harshly cast out from her community for committing the sin of adultery.In this novel, Hawthorne explored certain moral themes such as guilt, pride and emotionalrepression.3 Leaves of Grass was American poet Walt Witman’s masterpiece.Throughthe poems, Witman praised the ideas of equality and democracy andcelebrated the dignity, self-reliant spirit and the joy of thecommonman.Unit 81.Elementary school: it usually means grades kindergarten(K)through 8, but in some places, the elementary school includes only grades K to 62.Higher education: the system of higher education in the US is complex, it comprises four categories of institutions:1 the university 2 the four-year undergraduate institution 3 the technical training institution 4 the two-year or community college.3.ACT: in 1944, congress passed the servicemen' s readjustment ACT, it promised financial aid, including aid for higher education , to member of the armed forces after the end of World War 2.4.affirmative action programs: by the end of 1960s, some colleges introduced special plans and programs to equalize educational opportunities, some of these plans were called“..”.Their goal was to make up for past inequality by giving special reference to members of minorities seeking jobs or admission to college.Unit 9The Greensboro sit-in was an instrumental action, leading to increased national sentiment at a crucial period in US history.It was a series of nonviolent protests in 1960 which led to the Woolworth's department store chain reversing its policy of racial segregation in the Southern United States.The civil rights movement was a worldwide political movement for equality before the law occurring between approximately 1950 and 1980.it took the form of campaigns of civil resistance aimed at achieving change by nonviolent forms of resistance.3.The Montgomery Bus Boycott, a campaign lasted from December 1, 1955, when Rosa Parks, an African American woman, was arrested for refusing to surrender her seat to a white person, to December 20, 1956, when a federal ruling, Browderv.Gayle, took effect, and led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws requiring segregated buses to be unconstitutional..Martin Luther King, Jr.(January 15, 1929 –April 4, 1968)was an American clergyman, activist, and prominent leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement.[1] He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights in the United States and around the world, using nonviolent methods following the teachings of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi.[2] King has become a national icon in the history of modern American liberalism.[3]Counterculture: Counterculture was a movement of revolt against the moral values, the aesthetic standards, the personal behavior and the social relations of conventional society.Unit 101.the black “underclass”:some blacks have been left behind, and urban ghettos now contain a permanently impoverished “underclass” of habitually unemployed or underemployed black people.2.Poverty as a social problem: it means greater susceptibility to disease , to alcoholism, to victimization by criminals, and to mental disorders.Poverty can mean low self-esteem, despair,and stunting of human potential.poverty raises some serious moral problems and inevitably creates fierce conflicts of interest and many political controversies.3.Socially stratified American society: it is divided into social classes that have varying degrees of access to the rewards the society offers.4.Drug abuse as a social problem: it is in the US has come to be regarder as one of the most challenging social problems facing the nation.the “drug problem” is perceived by most Americans as a major threat to our society, particularly to its younger members.5.White-collar crimes: theyare affected by police reporting practices and have to be viewed against the fact that many crimes are unreported.since higher-income classes are far more involved in white-collar crime, the higher classes may actually have a higher rate of crime than the lower classes.6.The abuse of power by government: it has been apparent that the major organizations in American society sometimes work in concert to advance their own interests rather than those of the people.The lack of public answerability of these organizations has become a major social problem.,7.The power by corporations:they argue for legislation to serve their own ends, influence the appointment of officials, block reforms they consider undesirable.8.Richard Nixon: he was marked by a well-founded public belief that his administrations were deliberately and systematically lying to the people.He was pardoned by his successor and escaped accountability for his acts in office.第二篇：英语国家社会与文化入门2名词解释1.American IndiansAmerican Indians , who were mistakenly called by Columbus, moved to theAmericas from Asia about 25 000 years ago.They developed their own aboriginal cultures and some of them such as the Aztecs, the Incas and the mayas were very advanced when Europeans arrived in the New World.But, as a result of European conquest, the Indian population was quickly reduced and their cultures were ruthlessly destroyed.2.the Declaration of IndependenceThe Declaration of Independence was mainly drafted by Thomas Jefferson and was adopted by the Congresson July 4,1776, when the people of 13 English colonies in North America were fighting fortheir freedom and independence from the British colonial rule.The documentdeclared that all men were equal and that they were entitled to have some unalienable rights such as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.It also explained the philosophy of governments:the powers of governments came from the consent of the governed and the purpose of governmemts was to secure the rights mentioned above.The theory of politics and the guiding principles of the American Revolution mainly came from John Locke.3.Ggeorge WashingtonGeorge Washington was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic.He was the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army in the War of Independence against the British colonial rule and the first President of the United States.4.Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic He was the chief author of the Declaration of Independence and the third President of the United States.5.Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic.He participated in writing the Declaration of Independence and making the U.S.Constitution.6.the Articles of ConfederationAfter the War of Independence was won, the new nation of the United States was organized under the agreement of the Articles of Confederation with a weak nationalgovernment called the Congress.Each state had its own government, made its own laws and handle its internal affairs.The states did not cooperate with the Congress and with each other.The Congress had no power to force anystate to contributemoney to the national government and the Congress could not tax any citizen either.As a ressult,the Articles of Confederation failed.7.the Bill of RightsThe Bill of Rights consssists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791.The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to assemble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on.8.Eli WhitneyEli Whitney is an American inventor who invented the cotton gin, which maderemoving the seeds from the bolls of cotton much easier.He also began manufacuring rifles with machinery, using interchanageable part.This contributed to the American system of massproduction.9.service industriesService industries are industries that sell a service rather than make a product.Service industries range from banking to telecommunications to the provision of meals in restaurants.Aas more and more people are employed iin service industries in the US, it is sometimed said that the US has moved into a “post-industrial era “.10.stockWhen starting or expanding business, corporations need to borrow money.They may issue stocks for people to buy.When people buy stock, they become part owner of the company.If the company makes a profit, they receive a share of it.Likewise, if the company loses money, the stockholders will not make a profit or the value of their shares will drop---they lose money.Therefore buying s tock is a risk.11.Mattin Luther Ling,JrMartin Luther King,Jr.,an Atlanta-born Baptist minister, was the leader of theSouthern Christian Leadership Conference during the civil rights movement of the 1960s.To promote his philosophy of nonviolent protest against segregationand other kindds of social injustice, King organized a series of “marches”.King delivered his famous “I Have a Dream” speech.Due to his strong belief in nonviolent peaceful protest, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.He was assassinated in the city of Memphis in April 1968.12.Counter CultureIn the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left appeared aphenomenon that historians called the “counter culture.” The Counter Culture rejected capitalism andd other American principles.They had morals different from those taught by their parents.Some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life.The counter culture exerted a great influence upon people’s attitudes toward socialmores,marriage,career,and success.13.Now:With the publication of The Feminine Mystique in 1963,Betty Friedan became the chief spokesperson of the Women’s Liberation Movement.In her book,she compared the American family,or the American society as a whole,to a “comfortable concentration camp”,where women were discriminated against and oppressed.In 1996,she helped to found the national Organization for Women(NOW).A reform organization,NOW battle for “equal rights in parnership with men.14.white-collar crimesWhite-collar crimes are those committed by higher income groups such as thecrimes of fraud,false advertising,corporate price fixing,bribery,embezzlement,industrial pollution,tax evasion andso on.Yet the statistics provided by the FBI tend to overrlook white-collar crimes.In fact,white-collarcrimes are often ignored by law enforcement agencies.Some sociologists aargue that the higher classes may actually have a higher rate of crime than the lower classes.15.the abuse of power by governmentPeople believe that public organizations in the United States sometimes work in concert to advance their own interests rather than those of the ernment in America is widely distrusted for the lack of answerability.Americans were convinced that the Johnson and Nixon administrations were deliberately and systematically lying to the people in the war against Vietnam and in the Watergate scandal.The FBI and the CIA are responsible for thousands of illegal acts.All these acts show the abuse of power by government.16.Richard NixonRichard Buxib was the former P resident of the United states… Iin the early 1970s, he was involved in the Watergate scandal, for which he was forced to resign from the presidency.17.the Prairies The prairie provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba lie east of the Rockies.The prairies are flat and featureless and have a harsh continental climate.They are called the breadbasket of Canada becaussse the land is well-suited to farming, and wheat is one of the biggest agricultural crops in this area.The praairies are also rich in energy resources.18.central Canada Central Canada, Ontario and Quebec, are the parts of the country that were first settled.They are the industrial heartland of the country and are also the most densely populated provincees.They have the largest cities like Toronto and Montreal.19.The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms The canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which was introduced in 1982, expressed the idea thaat any ethnic, racialand religious groups which wanted to retain their cultural identity would be supported by the federal government.This promise was further strengthened and explained in the 1988 Multiculturalism Act.20.Structures of governmeentCanada’s systerm of government is based on the British system of parliamentary democracy.Like Britain,Canada is a monarchy.The official head of state is the Queen, but she is represented by an official called a Governor General as she doesn’t live in Canada.Canada is a federation with ten provinces and two territories.The government of the country is referred to as “the federal government”,to distinguish it from the lower level government of each province.21.Immigration Act 1976 The Immigration Act 1976 encouraged Asian immigration, offering passports to those with capital and entrepreneurial skills.Would-be immigrants with more than $250 000(Cdn)to invest in businesses that will create jobs and wealth wer welcomed to settle in Canada.This created a new category of ”entrepreneurial immigrants”.22.The Canadian Mosaic Canada is a nation of immigrants.When Canada is described as a mosaic, itmeaans that each if the immigrant groups do not have to throw off their oldd customs, languages and traditions, because there is no particular concept of an overarchingCanadian identity..This resembles a mosaic of different cultures which overlap but do not overwhelm each other.23.“the First Nnations”The First Nations are the native tribes of aboriginal people who lived in Canada before the European explorers settled.They were officially referred to as “the FirstNation s”because they are the original inhabitants of thecountry, and because there is not one single group or culture----there are many”nations”,or tribes, which have different languages,customs and beliefs.24.migrant workersMany big farms hire temporary workers only for a specific chore---such as picking crops.Many of these seasonal workers travel from farm to farm,staying only until the cropss are picked…They are known as migrant workers.25.Samuel Slater In 1793,Samuel Slater built the first factory in the United States---a cotton cloth factory in Pawtuckket,Rhode Island.He built the factory from memory, because it was a crime to carry factory plant out of England.The success of his factory started a process ofchange that turned the northeastern region of the United States into an important manufacturing center and helped the nation become a major cotton producer.第三篇：英语国家社会与文化入门英语国家社会与文化入门节日蒙特利尔爵士音乐节世界上最有名的国际爵士音乐节之一。
英语国家社会与文化入门（下册）（...
Going to School in America Today每年秋季近50万青少年通过美国约10万小学和中学新学年开始学校的门口走。
从幼儿园教室灌装到12年级，他们参加为5小时，平均每天班，每周5天，直到第二年夏天开始。
这些学生中的一部分的教育历史上最雄心勃勃的承诺之一：美国的教育工作，整个国家人口。
我们的目标是和自共和国的最初几十年中一直对实现普遍扫盲，并提供必要的知识和技能，以便促进他们自己的个人福利以及个人的广大市民。
尽管这个目标尚未完全实现，但它仍然是对美国的教育系统是针对理想。
在已取得的进展，显见其范围和已在对实现这一目标过程中形成的教育方法。
约85％的美国学生参加公立学校（学校由美国纳税人的支持）。
另外15％参加私人学校，他们的家庭选择要特别出勤费。
5的美国私立学校都是由4个教堂，犹太教堂或其他宗教团体。
在这样的学校，宗教教义的课程，其中还包括阅读，数学，历史，地理和科学传统的学术课程。
（宗教教育的一部分，是在公立学校不给。
）两种教育系统，合并后的公共和私人开支，超过一千九万点零万美元一年。
从这个角度看，美国的教育是一个功能强大的消费。
谁决定如何数百万美元的这些人中许多应该用于教师工资，新的计算机或额外的书籍，每年？私立学校符合国家标准的使用费，他们收集他们认为最好的。
但是，在涉及公共税收，支出遵循教育委员会学校（决策者在国家）和/或地区的水平。
同样的事情也是如此对学校课程，教师标准和认证的决定，以及全面衡量学生的进步。
Education—A Local Matter从夏威夷到特拉华州，从阿拉斯加到路易斯安那州，在美国50个州都有其自己的法律规范的教育。
从国家与国家，有些法律是相似，有些则没有。
例如：所有的州都要求青年人上学。
（不同的年龄限制：32个州要求参加到16岁，8至18岁;等）因此，在美国每一个儿童都享有高达13年的教育。
这是真的，不论孩子的种族，宗教，性别，学习问题，肢体伤残或不能讲英语。
西方国家社会与文化入门Unit Three
The Birth of the Prime Minister and Cabinet
1. the Cabinet ※ How: To ensure good relations between Crown and Parliament ※ Who: a group of important Parliamentarians the king or queen met regularly. (Cabinet minister were appointed by the sovereorced by some feudal barons and the Church, Signed by King John ※ Function: place some limits on the King's power ; It's regarded as Britain's key expression of the rights of citizens against the Crown.
The Parliament
1. The term was first used offically in 1236 to describe the gathering of feudal barons and representatives from counties and towns which the king occasionally summoned if he wanted to raise money. ※"parliament" comes from the verb "to parley"-------to discuss or talk
3. The civil war ※ Time: in the 17th century ※ Root: a dispute over the power of the king and Parliament; the effort to reassert the rights of Parliament ※ Both sides: republican "Roundheads" led by Oliver Cromwell VS royalists; Parliament VS the King
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Text什么是美国的？这已经成为一个经典的问题不仅是美国访问的外国人，更是美国人常常问自己。
当美国人感到困惑，或者当他们在危机时，他们问他们是谁，并试图找出什么是美国人的手段。
事实上，这个著名的问题时，首先问一个法国人称为J.海克特圣约翰日克雷弗克谁定居在宾夕法尼亚州的18世纪。
在1782年，这个法国农民在伦敦出版了一本书，从美国的农民，他所提出的问题，并回答了自己提出的信：“那么，什么是美国，这个新好男人？他要么是欧洲，或子孙欧洲，因此，随着血液中奇妙的混合在一起，你会发现在没有其他国家。
我可以向你指出，一个家庭，其祖父是英国人，他的妻子是一位荷兰人，他的儿子娶了一位法国妇女，其目前有4个儿子现在4个不同国家的妻子。
他是美国人，谁在他身后留下他的所有古老的偏见和方式，收到他的生活已经接受，他的新政府遵循的新模式新，而新职，他认为。
···在这里个人的所有国家都成为一个男人，他们的劳动力和子孙后代新一轮融化总有一天会导致世界。
美国是一个新好男人，原则的行为后，新的巨大变化，他因此必须招待新的想法，和形式·新意见·这是一个美国人。
据克雷弗克，在那些日子里，美国有没有考虑到欧洲人的或其后代混血儿，如美洲印第安人和黑人其他民族。
今天，美国情况较为复杂。
在美国家庭中，有可能是儿子，儿媳或女儿女婿与欧洲后裔或非裔美国人和亚裔移民尽管这些白人混血与其他黑人或亚洲人的家庭占少数。
为了理解这一点，美国，让我们回到美国的过去。
A New Land美国大陆的人居住，作为两个结果长期持续的移民运动，第一个来自亚洲，欧洲和非洲的第二位。
第一乐章开始大概25 000年前，当西伯利亚部落，在新的狩猎区或从追求寻求避难的敌人，在越过白令海峡到达阿拉斯加。
到1492年，超过10-20万人，误称为居住克里斯托弗哥伦布在美洲，印第安人。
他们发展了自己的原住民文化，从原始的部落那些从简单到复杂不等的阿兹特克人，印加人，玛雅人和灿烂的文明。
但他们的技术发展已经落后于欧洲和亚洲。
第二迁移到美洲开始与欧洲在16世纪的现代时期的开始扩张。
1492年，哥伦布说服西班牙国王和王后为了资助他的航程。
他认为，欧洲的帆船从西，他可以达到远东。
他没有成功，而是他降落在巴哈马群岛的一个在加勒比海和“发现”新大陆。
根据哥伦布发现，西班牙国王可以要求在美洲地区，后来西班牙征服了新的土地，并建立了一个庞大帝国，抓住了印度人的巨大财富。
在1497年，另一家意大利水手，谁是约翰卡博特在英国国王的服务在今天抵达加拿大，和英国国王声称，在整个北美地区属于英国。
执行这项索赔，英国人开始建立由17世纪初在北美的永久定居点。
Europe in the 16th and 17thCenturies在北美英国永久定居点始于17世纪时，西欧正在经历的巨大变化。
在中世纪时期（公元500年之间和AD1500），欧洲是根据罗马天主教会的单一精神权威。
在封建农奴制度的盛行。
农民或农奴被束缚在土地上，并在他们的领主下地干活。
商人和工匠残疾人的社会混乱。
艺术和学习是由教会控制。
到了16世纪，一些新的和强大的社会力量开始出现，而导致觉醒，欧洲和美洲的发现。
第一个新的力量是资本主义的发展。
资本主义的发展产生2 *，资产阶级和工人阶级的新类。
随着商业和贸易的快速发展，日益强大的资产阶级在政治以及经济。
他们希望分享封建领主，在一些国家，如英国的权力，他们希望从国王，使更多的权力，他们可以自由发展。
英国革命是资本主义的这种增长的结果。
第二个主要力量，对欧洲现代发展带来了文艺复兴时期，这是由一个改变生活面貌显着。
上帝为中心的世界是在挑战自然和社会科学的重大进展。
人们开始对自己更有信心，表现出更多的关于他们在全世界的利益。
许多挑战圣经的权威。
并愿意观察，实验和测试自己的真理。
这种态度推动了技术的发展。
第三个有影响力的是宗教改革，宗教的改革运动，从德国开始。
在1517年，马丁路德，德国的神学教授，提出了“九十五条论纲”，防止滥用和腐败抗议教会的教堂大门。
他认为，教皇无权出售“的宽容，为缓解的罪孽”。
他认为，有罪的人既可以赢得良好的工作也不是通过教会和教宗得救，但只有在耶稣基督的信仰，并通过直接关系到上帝。
而唯一真正的指南上帝的意志是圣经。
由于马丁路德反对天主教会抗议，宗教改革来到被称为新教改革。
马丁路德后不久开始了他的反抗，约翰加尔文，法国人，谁逃到瑞士，开始了他的改革运动。
加尔文曾在英国许多追随者将稍缓。
在英格兰，亨利八世，因为与罗马天主教会的政治争端和，因为他的个人婚姻问题，脱离了罗马天主教会，并成立英国教会，他成为英国教会负责人自己。
这些宗教的改革有许多共同之处。
他们都提出了挑战教皇和天主教会的权威控制人民的宗教信仰和民族国家政治事务的干扰。
谁支持的个人认为，人可以拯救只有通过建立一个信仰与上帝直接接触，通过教会或其priests.These改革没有，改革基督教信徒反映了在欧洲的民族主义的兴起，代表了需求资产阶级的自由发展，并表达了普通劳动人民的愿望，特别是为从农奴的封建统治的解放。
因此，新教改革表示欢迎的领导人，中产阶级和欧洲劳动人民，特别是在西欧国家。
因此，新教徒和面额远播。
对新出现的新力量的背景下，英国殖民地，将成为美国在北美种植。
The Settlement in Virginia第一批英国永久定居于1607年在弗吉尼亚州。
这是由一个由英国国王詹姆斯一世的公司章程伦敦公司组织发送的144至弗吉尼亚州英三人小型船舶。
在跨越大西洋的远航，44人死亡，100名幸存者的河流一边降落，詹姆斯河，他们在他们的国王命名，并开始建立一个小镇称为詹姆斯敦。
100殖民者的大多是冒险的英国绅士，包括一些商业人士谁拒绝做任何手工劳动，也没有多少人愿意劳动者。
然而，伦敦的公司曾希望有一个快速的投资回报，并指示他们对黄金和其他财富追捕，尽快为他们在弗吉尼亚州降落。
当殖民者定居下来，他们没有种植粮食。
相反，其中一些劳动者开始挖掘黄金和其他财富的外观，同时这些英国绅士闲置，无所事事。
不幸的是，什么也没有找到。
很快，他们遇到了粮食短缺。
当第二组的男子被送到了伦敦与物资公司，除第一次来港定居人士38人死亡。
詹姆斯敦是一个很大的危机。
然后了约翰史密斯上尉领导。
他让每个人施加的工作纪律。
几年后，另一个殖民地，约翰罗尔夫开始尝试与西印度烟草和生长良好，这家工厂在弗吉尼亚州的土壤。
烟草种植的迅速蔓延向上和向下的解决，取得了出售烟草到欧洲的利润。
与此同时，约翰罗尔夫娶了一个印第安部落长公主。
这导致了婚姻的结束两岸敌对状态的白人和印第安人的一段时间。
烟草的种植保存定居者和婚姻的时间发展的殖民者。
1619年，两个事件发生在弗吉尼亚州，地方会影响美国文化的塑造了很多。
在1619年7月30日，在詹姆斯敦教堂，来自弗吉尼亚州的各个社区选出的代表开会作为市民等级众议院讨论，以及省长和他的委员会成员被任命谁，为殖民地13条立法。
这是对未来的美国第一个例子，一个选举产生的立法机关，代表大会在北美，第一次会议。
这被认为是自我的光辉榜样，美国政府的公务员，但白没有他们的代表。
一个月后，发生在弗吉尼亚州有另一个事件。
一名荷兰船舶带来超过20黑人，谁被收购作为多年期的公务员担任英寸因此，一开始取得了非洲人对在什么是美国共和奴役。
这两项活动结合起来构成一个独特的美国现象。
一方面，英国和其他欧洲国家去北美洲寻求自由。
但在另一方面，这些人很白谁正在寻找和争取自己的自由被剥夺自由的非洲黑人。
乔治华盛顿是美国的一个自由的伟大战士，托马斯杰斐逊是美国独立宣言的主要作者，但两人是奴隶主与黑人奴隶超过200元。
Puritan New England今天，包括新英格兰马萨诸塞州，康涅狄格州，新罕布什尔州，佛蒙特州，缅因州的美国东北部和罗得岛。
第二持久英国定居成立于1620年马萨诸塞湾。
它是由谁脱离英国教会本身的英语清教徒。
如上所述，亨利八世切断了与罗马教皇的政治关系，成立了英国教会，但没有在宗教信仰和习俗的改革。
一种认为，英国天主教教会过于一群人，要“净化”的教会，因此称为“清教徒”。
这些清教徒新教徒谁之后，约翰加尔文的学说。
他们有来自天主教会不同的宗教信仰。
他们认为，上帝是不懂的人，上帝的力量是全知的，但隐藏的，不知道的人，而天主教徒相信上帝可以通过他在地球上，教皇的代表达成的。
清教徒拯救了不同天主教徒。
清教徒确信，人类是由上帝注定他们born.15之前，有些人神的选民，而其他人注定要被该死的地狱。
因此，没有好的作品可以拯救任何人，也没有人知道，如果他或她是上帝的选举。
但是天主教徒认为，一个人可以承认他或她的罪孽，做好工作，把钱交给教会和买回他或她的灵魂。
是否有任何的清教徒证据显示，一些人是上帝的选民？清教徒认为，每个人都有一个电话，这是神所赋予。
一个人的工作或在他的繁荣要求的成功是被上帝所拣选的迹象。
因此，每个人都必须努力工作，花费少和投资，更多的业务。
努力工作和生活的道德生活是他们的道德。
清教徒怎么能找到上帝的旨意并与上帝建立直接联系？他们认为，圣经是他们的理论权威。
因此，每一个清教徒必须阅读圣经，以寻找上帝的意志，为自己的个人与上帝联系人搜索。
为了能够阅读和理解圣经上帝的意志，教育是必不可少的清教徒。
这种清教徒信仰是异端的英国教会，使他们受到残酷迫害。
其中一些人被关进监狱，甚至他们的宗教信仰处决。
其中一些反击，开始了英国革命。
奥利弗克伦威尔的清教徒之一，成为革命领袖，推翻了君主制，在国王查理一世斩首，成立共和国。
认为英国太损坏和绝望，并决定脱离英国清教徒自己的其他一些。
他们逃到荷兰那里是宗教freedom.33在那里，他们被允许举行会见和不受干涉他们的服务。
但作为外国人，他们是不能加入荷兰工匠行会，所以他们长期工作在低技术，低工资的工作努力。
他们进一步困扰他们的孩子们开始说荷兰语的，嫁到荷兰的家庭，失去了英国性。
在清教徒的一些决定再次搬迁，横跨大西洋，当时他们可能觉得更快乐的生活的机会，也崇拜他们感到高兴。
这种清教徒组发现的领导人在伦敦一些商人航程必要的资金。
1620年，35清教徒和67非清教徒了船舶的五月花，离开北美荷兰。
在他们到达目的地，在清教徒前辈一制定了一个被称作罗杰威廉斯，由乘客的41个签署的协议。
他们形成了自己的宗教社区，设立一般殖民地他们会很好地在新的发现一个文官政府。
他们落脚在普利茅斯，美国马萨诸塞州。
阿更大的清教徒殖民地成立于1630年波士顿地区由1635年的清教徒定居者迁移到附近的康涅狄格州。
逐渐下降，边境环境和人口的流动性。
随着时间的推移，新的一代许多不再坚持正统清教。
许多人移居美国的西方和其他地区。
今天，清教徒不再存在。
但他们的遗产仍然认为在美国社会和文化。