四川大学华西医学院医学分子生物学2019年考博真题考博试卷
四川大学华西医学院药理学2015年考博真题试卷
C阿昔洛韦
D干扰素
E更昔洛韦
4．长期使用糖皮质激素不产生（）
A肾上腺皮质萎缩
B高血糖
C胃溃疡出血穿孔
D骨质疏松
E淋巴细胞增加
5．调节细胞内NO浓度，导致cGMP变化发挥作用的是（）
A硝普钠
B硝苯地平
C硝酸甘油
D糖皮质激素
E戊四硝酯
1.细菌对抗菌药物产生耐药性的机制。
2、伊伐布雷定的作用机制及临床应用。
3、抗肿瘤药要的主要不良反应及机制。
4、抗高血压药分类及机制。
四川大学华西医学院
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
四川大学华西医院
2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：药理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（20分）
1、Transporter
2、曲美他嗪
3、cholinesterase reactivator
4．Receptor regulation
5.efficacy and potency
二、多选（10分）
1.属于G受体的是（）
A肾上腺素受体
B N受体
C M受体
D甾体受体
E GABA受体
2、主要作用于S期的抗癌药有（）
A环磷酰胺
B甲氨蝶呤
C顺铂
D长春新碱
E 5-氟尿嘧啶
3、主治乙型肝炎的有（）
A利巴韦林
四川大学华西医学院病理学2016年考博真题试卷
二、简述题：7*8=56分
1.简述说出血尿至少三种病因及其临床病理特点。
2.什么是表观遗传调控？举两例说明在肿瘤发生中的作用。
3.CT示左肺有3cm结节，简述三种疾病的临床病理特征。
四川大学华西医学院
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
四川大学华西医院
2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释：2*12=24分
中文部分：
冷脓肿、肉芽肿、免疫组织化学、干酪样坏死、基因扩增、凋亡
英文部：
4.三种常用的病理学方法及应用。
5.慢性萎缩性胃炎的A，B型区别。
6.原发性高血压晚期心、脑、肾的病理学表现。
7.门脉性肝硬化，坏死性肝硬化，胆汁性肝硬化的病因和基本病理特点。
8.说明炎症介质在炎症中的作用，举两个炎症介质。
三、分析题：10*2=20分
1.以结肠癌为例，说明肿瘤是多步骤发生的过程。
2.因某某发现DNA损害修复机制而获得2015诺贝尔奖，说明DNA损害修复机制在肿瘤发生的分子机制。
四川大学内科学(呼吸内科)2019年考博真题考博试卷
医学考博真题试卷
四川大学华西医院
第1页 共1页2019 年攻读博士学位研究生 Nhomakorabea学考试试题
考试科目：内科学（呼吸内科） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
二、呼吸内科 1. 限制性通气功能和阻塞性通气功能的肺功能异常指标的不同（五个） 2. 哮喘的诊断标准 3. AECOPD 的 2019GLOD 定义及治疗 4. IPF 的 HRCT 分类标准 5. 病毒性肺炎的病例题 6. 肺移植的适应症和禁忌症 7. 五个肺部病原菌病史症状特征及 X 线特征
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2001年四川大学华西校区博士分子生物学试题
2001年四川大学华西校区博士分子生物学试题名词解释1.模体: 模体(motif)表示具有特定功能的或作为一个独立结构域一部分的相邻的二级结构的聚合体，它一般被称为功能模体（functional motif）或结构模体（structural motif），相当于超二级结构（super-secondary structure）。
模体和结构域一起组成了蛋白质的三级结构。
结构模体作为结构域的组分，介于蛋白质二级结构和三级结构之间，由相邻的二级结构单元彼此相互作用，组合在一起，排列成规则的，在空间结构能够辨认的二级结构组合体，并充当三级结构的构件，其基本形式有aa、bab和bbb等。
糖胺聚糖: 糖胺聚糖分为：透明质酸、4-硫酸软骨素、6-硫酸软骨素、硫酸皮肤素、硫酸乙酰肝素、肝素和硫酸角质素素等。
1.淋巴细胞归巢2.载脂蛋白的双性α-螺旋3.Lipid transfer protein：脂质转运蛋白，介导了VLDL和HDL之间的脂质转移，在LDL、VLDL/及HDL的代谢中其重要作用。
4.Jak 与STAT：大部分细胞因子受体本身缺乏内在的络氨酸蛋白激酶活性。
这类受体的信号转导，是借助胞内具有络氨酸激酶活性的另外一类蛋白质分子即非受体型TPK分子完成的。
JAKS家族即属于这类蛋白质分子。
JAKS又通过激活胞内信号转导子和转录激活子而最终影响到基因的转录调节。
因此，称之为JAKS-STATs信号传递途径；STATS也是一类蛋白质，具有信号传递和转录因子的双重功能，STAT的近C端有SH2和SH3结构域，而且有一保守的络氨酸位点，该位点被激活的JAKS磷酸化，使STAT活化。
5.SH2:Src癌基因家族的蛋白质，产物含有一段同源序列，大约有100个氨基酸残基构成，简称SH2，SH2结构具有识别和结合磷酸化络氨酸残基的功能。
是活化生长因子受体识别胞内靶蛋白的桥梁，也是第二信息分子。
6.DNA变性: DNA变性是指核酸双螺旋碱基对的氢键断裂，双链变成单链，从而使核酸的天然构象和性质发生改变。
四川大学博士入学考试试题汇总
目录四川大学华西医学部博士入学考试口腔内科试题 (2)2004年 (2)四川大学华西医学部病理学博士入学考试试题 (2)2006年 (2)四川大学华西医学部骨科专业博士入学考试试题 (3)2004年 (3)2004年 (4)四川大学华西医学部博士入学考试口腔内科试题2004年1.牙髓牙本质复合体2.根尖基点3.牙龈素4.副肿瘤性天疱疮5.显著性龋均指数1.牙菌斑是如何致龋的2.根管治疗的进展3.控制牙菌斑对牙周炎治疗的意义及控制方法4.复发性口疮为什么可以用免疫抑制剂，也可以用免疫增强剂，举例说明5.根据自己的知识讲述中国口腔疾病的现状，并提出防治策略及方法四川大学华西医学部病理学博士入学考试试题2006年四川大学华西医学部骨科专业博士入学考试试题2004年一、名词解释：（每题2分）Tissue engineeringColles’ fractureBone-fascia compartment syndromeGaleazzi’s fractureThomas sign二、问答题：⒈上下肢骨传导音的检查方法及意义？⒉股骨头血供的特点及其对股骨颈骨折的临床治疗、预后的指导意义？⒊脊柱“三柱”理论的原理及其对脊柱骨折治疗的指导意义？请简述脊柱骨折治疗的基本原则？⒋人工髋关节置换术后骨溶解的病理生理及临床表现？目前有效的治疗方法？⒌骨关节结核与慢性骨关节化脓性感染的异同？请简述两者治疗方法的特点？⒍病案分析男性，30岁，伤后8小时入院，双下肢活动障碍，双骶髂关节部肿胀疼痛。
X 光片下示耻骨联合分离3Cm，双侧骶髂关节脱位，骶骨骨折。
请给出治疗方案并说明理由。
四川大学华西医学部局解（骨科专业基础）博士入学考试试题2004年每题10分，选做100分⒈脊椎骨间的主要连接？⒉股鞘的结构与内容？⒊阑尾的常见位置，怎样寻找阑尾？⒋腹股沟管的构成？⒌甲状腺的位置、毗邻、甲状腺血管与神经的关系？⒍胸膜腔的体表投影？⒎子宫的位置及毗邻？⒏直肠的形态和毗邻？⒐心脏的血供？⒑肝外胆管的组成及毗邻？⒒后纵隔的结构及排列关系？⒓肾脏的位置与毗邻？⒔会阴中心体的构成及作用？⒕女性乳房的结构特点及主要淋巴引流？。
生物化学与分子生物学 考博真题
2012 生化分子一、名词解释1.氧化磷酸化【答案】伴随电子从底物到氧的传递，ADP被磷酸化形成ATP的酶促过程即是氧化磷酸化作用(oxidative phosphorylation)。
氧化磷酸化的全过程可用方程式表示如下：NADH+H++3ADP+3Pi+1/2 O2 NAD+ + 4H2O + 3ATP2.操纵子【答案】操纵子即基因表达的协调单位(coordination unit), 它们有共同的控制区(control region) 和调节系统(regulation system)。
操纵子包括在功能上彼此有关的结构基因和控制部位，后者由启动子(promoter, P) 和操纵基因(operator, O)所组成。
一个操纵子的全部基因都排列在一起，其中虽然包括若干个结构基因，可是通过转录形成的确是一条多顺反子mRNA (polycistronic mRNA)。
操纵子中的控制部位可接受调节基因产物的调节。
3.非编码RNA【答案】非编码RNA（Non-coding RNA）是指不编码蛋白质的RNA。
其中包括rRNA，tRNA，snRNA，snoRNA 和microRNA 等多种已知功能的 RNA，还包括未知功能的RNA。
这些RNA的共同特点是都能从基因组上转录而来，但是不翻译成蛋白，在RNA 水平上就能行使各自的生物学功能了。
非编码RNA 从长度上来划分可以分为3类：小于50 nt，包括microRNA，siRNA，piRNA；50 nt到500 nt，包括rRNA，tRNA，snRNA，snoRNA，SLRNA，SRPRNA 等等；大于500 nt，包括长的mRNA-like 的非编码RNA，长的不带polyA 尾巴的非编码RNA等等。
4.表观遗传调控【答案】表观遗传学（epigenetics）则是指在基因的DNA序列没有发生改变的情况下，基因功能发生了可遗传的变化，并最终导致了表型的变化。
四川大学华西医学院肿瘤学2012--2018年考博真题
一、选择题：很简单，都是基本常识，1.5分一个共20个 二、简答题 每题5分 1. 肿瘤多步骤转移机制 2. 肿瘤亚临床病灶的定义及意义 用临床物理检查方法所不能发现的肿瘤病灶。可位于肿瘤主体的四周，也可 位于远离肿瘤的某处。临床上无任何表现，也不易被发现。治疗应尽量与原 发肿瘤同时进行。若采用放射治疗或化学治疗，它们的用量一般比临床病灶 要低。临床对这部分病灶治疗的忽略、不足或无力，常是肿瘤治疗失败的原 因。 3. 肿瘤溶解综合征 4. Driver gene的定义及其临床意义 5. PD-1/PD-L1的含义及其临床意义 PD1主要在激活的T细胞和B细胞中表达，功能是抑制细胞的激活，这是免疫系 统的一种正常的自稳机制，因为过度的T/B细胞激活会引起自身免疫病，所以 PD1是我们人体的一道护身符。但是，肿瘤微环境会诱导浸润的T细胞高表达PD -1分子，肿瘤细胞会高表达PD-1的配体PD-L1和PDL2，导致肿瘤微环境中PD1通路持续激活，T细胞功能被抑制，无法杀伤肿瘤细胞。PD1的抗体可以阻断这一通路，部分恢复T细胞的功能，使这些细胞能够继续杀 伤肿瘤细胞。 PD-L1在多种肿瘤细胞中均有上调表达，它与 T细胞上的PD-1结合，抑制 T细胞增殖和活化，使T细胞处于失活状态，最终诱导免疫逃逸。两种抑制剂 均可阻断PD-1和PD-L1的结合，上调T细胞的生长和增殖，增强 T细胞对肿瘤细胞的识别，激活其攻击和杀伤功能，通过调动人体自身的免疫 功能实现抗肿瘤作用。 6.食管癌的症状？哪些症状预示着食管穿孔 早期 症状常不明显，但在吞咽粗硬食物时可能有不同程度的不适感觉，包括咽下 食物梗噎感，胸骨后烧灼样、针刺样或牵拉摩擦样疼痛。食物通过缓慢，并
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四川大学医学生物综合2019年考博真题试卷
2、现在常用高通量测序，对转录组测序了解多少，试述。
3、试述至少三种与影响基因表达相关的技术原理。
4、将重组好的DNA载体导入受体细胞的手段有哪些，试述至少三种，原理及优缺点。
5、蛋白质临近标记与免疫共沉淀相比，原理及优缺点。
6、导师给你一个DNA片段，你设计一个载体能将此片段导入到人体内表达。画出载体图，并标出每一个部分并详细描述。
医学考博真题试卷
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四川大学华西医院
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：医学生物综合（含医学细胞生物学和医学生物学）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、论述题（共8题，100分）
1、将目的DNA连接到载体的手段有哪些，试述至少三种。
医学考博2019真题
Listening ：无Vocabulary ：Section A31. According to the Geneva ______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. Routines 32. Environmental officials insist that something be done to ______acid rain.A. curbB. sueC. detoxifyD. condemn33. It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen______, and itwill not be a long process.A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. principallyD. approximately34. Diabetes is one of the most______ and potentially dangerous disease in the world.A. crucialB. virulentC. colossalD. prevalent35. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medicalhelp to ______the problem.A. affiliateB. alleviateC. aggravateD. accelerate36. How is it possible that such______ deception has come to take place right underour noses?A. obviousB. significantC. necessaryD. widespread37. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from______on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A. configurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD. contamination38. Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have ______effects onbones.A. adverseB. prevalentC. instantD. purposeful39. Generally, vaccine makers _____ the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a processthat can take four to six months.A. penetrateB. designateC. generateD. exaggerate40. We are much quicker to respond, and we respond far too quickly by giving ______to our anger.A. ventB. impulseC. temperD. offenceSection B41. The patient's condition has worsened since last night.A. improvedB. returnedC. deterioratedD. changed42. Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at nightwhen it ’s lit up.A. decoratedB. illustratedC. illuminatedD. entertained43. Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problemof traffic congestion.A. amelioratedB. aggregatedC. deterioratedD. duplicated44. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing oneappropriate for this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countable45. The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understandswhy.A. deficitB. deviationC. draw backD. discrepancy46. He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A. successorB. replacementC. surrogateD. choice47. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number ofindustrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices,and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.A. ancientB. carefullyC. very largeD. carefully protected48. When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overlydependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves.A. extremelyB. exclusivelyC. exactlyD. explicitly49. The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite of a full array ofemergency room of doctors and nurses.A. preoccupiedB. unwaryC. watchfulD. dozing50. The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-preventiontechniques that hiscolleagues accused him of inconsistency.A. waveredB. instigatedC. experimentedD. reliedClozeWe spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social 51 —it helpsus understand a person ’emotions, and make decisions about how to respond to them. We also know that adults avoid eye contact when anxious. But researchers have knownfar 52 about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by Kalina Michalska, assistant professor of psychologyat the University of California, Riverside, we now, know that anxious children tend toavoid making eye contact, and this has consequences for how they experience fear. The53 and less frequently they look at the eyes of others, the more likely they are to beafraid of them, even when there may be no reason to be. Her study, “Anxiety Sympand Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Leaming”w,as published in the journal TheJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry."Looking at someone ’s eyes helps us understand whether a person is feeling sad, angry, fearful, or surprised. As adults, we then make decisions about how to respondand what to do next. But, we know much less about eye patterns in children —so,understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of sociallearning, ”Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchersshowed 82 children, 9 to 13 years old,images of two women ’s faces on a computer screen. The computer was equipped withan eye tracking device that allowed them to measure54 on the screen children werelooking, and for how long. The participants were originally shown each of the twowomen a total of four times. Next, one of the images was55 with a loud scream anda fearful expression, and the other one was not. At the end, children saw both facesagain without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1. All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired withthe loud scream t han the face that was not paired with the scream, 56 they payattention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2. Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment, for both kinds of faces. This had consequences for how afraid they wereof the faces.3. The more children avoided eye conta；cthe more afraid they were 57 the faces.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of aface when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay moreattention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about thesituation and plan what to do next.However, anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, which leads togreater 58 experience. Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety59 , the study finds that — over time — children may be m i s s6i n0g_ o i m u p t ortantsocial information. This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary,and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51. A. environment B. cues C. relations D. answers52. A. less B. more C. enough D. beyond53. A. longer B. more anxious C. shorter D. more54. A. where B. when C. how D. what55. A. followed B. recorded C. paired D. marked56. A. suggest B. suggesting C. suggests D. being suggested57. A. to B. of C.at D. about58. A. fear B. surprise C. sad D. angry59. A. in the long run B. for a long timeC. in the short timeD. in a long time60. A. with B. without C. of D. onReading ComprehensionPassage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parentsduring the sensitive “attachment p”e riod from birth to three may scar a child ’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby' s work that children shouldnot be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separationit entails, and many people do believe this. It has been argued that an infant under threewho is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modem societies that comparisonsbased on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly, anthropologists point out that theinsulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does notusually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as theNgoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone —far from i Certainty, Bowlby ’s analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayedeffects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. However, statisticalstudies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the resultswould certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children hadproblems with it. Thirdly, in the last decade, t here have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children ’s development.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effectsdifficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parentsand show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children findthe transition to nursery eas，yand this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experienceand available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.61. According to the passage, the consequence of parental separation________.A. still needs more statistical studiesB. has been found negative is more seriousC. is obviousD. in modem times62. The author thinks that John Bowlby ’s concern___________.A. is relevant and justifiableB. is too strong to RelieveC. is utterly groundlessD. has something that deserve our attention63. What ’s the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A. The children ’s unhappiness and protest was due to the day care the children received.B. The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C. The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children ’s development.D. Early care was reasonable for babies since it ’p sracti c ed by so many peoplenowadays.64. According to the passage, which of the following is probably a reason forparents to send their children under three to day care?A. They don ’t know about day care ’s negative effect.B. They are too busy to care fortheir children.C. They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D. They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65. What ’s the author ’s attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion fromBowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age ofthree?A. He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's proposition is well-grounded.B. He is sympathetic for them, for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C. He doesn't totally agree with them, since the long-term effect of day care still needsfurther study.D. He doesn't quite understand them, as they are contradictory in themselves.Passage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increasebetween one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animalhabitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the risein temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant andmarine life and economic activity in Canada’N sort h are important to the country's future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississaugawho is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem alongthe Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice inthe region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oiland gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of thecountry home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research hasalready found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing animportant change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（淳游植物） is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Manyanimals time their annual migration to the Arctic forwhen food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. " ' Animals' behaviorcan evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of adecade, r ather than hundreds of years, ”says Moore, " Animals can't change theirbehavior that quickly. ”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in theregion, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resourceextraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will helpgovernment, industry and communities make decisions about resource management,economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study — which involves Canadian, American and Europeanresearchersand government agencies will also use a novel technology to gatheratmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. "The drones have the capability of a largeresearch aircraft，and they ’re easier to deploy, ” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with pilotedaircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will ______.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67. To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicatedby the passage, the international study ______.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC. involves so many countries for different investigationsD. is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he ways, “Animals can ’t change their behavior that quickly, ”what doesMoore mean by that quickly?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D. The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in theArctic______.A. becomes more difficult than ever beforeB. is likely to build a novel economy in the regionC. will surely lower the average world temperatureD. needs the research-based supporting information70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will _______.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do nowB. get more data to be required for their researchC. use more novel technologies in researchD. conduct their research at a regular basisPassage ThreeHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby ’s liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood, according to a study published in theJournal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights, altered growth and stress hormonelevels and impaired liver development. Thestudy findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development, and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of 300 mg/day ormore in women, which is approximately 2 to 3 cups coffee per day, can result in lower birth weights of their children. Animalstudies have further suggestedthat prenatalcaffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liverdevelopment with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, adebilitating condition normally associated w ith obesity and diabetes. However, theunderlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver developmentremains poorly understood. A better understanding of how caffeine mediates theseeffects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future.In this study, Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China,investigated the effects of low (equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee) and high dose(equivalent of 6-9 cups of coffee) caffeine, given to pregnant rats, on liver function andhormone levels of their offspring. Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower levels of the liver hormone, insulin likegrowth factor (IGF-1), and higher levels of thestress hormone, corticosteroid at birth. However, liver development after birth showed a compensatory 'catch up' phase, characterised by increased levels of IGF-1, which is important for growth.Dr. Yinxian Wen, study co-author, says, “Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother, which inhibits IGF-1 activityfor liver development before birth. However, compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normalliver function, as IGF-1 activity increasesand stress hormone signalling decreases. The increased risk of fatty liver disease causedby prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced,compensatory postnatal IGF-1 activity. ”These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lowerbirth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our currentunderstanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest thepotential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future. However, theseanimal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr. Wen comments, "Our work suggeststhat prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findingsstill need to be confirmed in people, I wouldrecommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."71. Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats givencaffeine?A. Lower birth weight.B. Smaller stress.C. Liver development problem.D. Growth problem.72. If a pregnant woman takes 3 cups of coffee, what will probably happen?A. Her weight will get lower and lower.B. The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C. She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a long run.D. Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.73. Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A. A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has beenachieved.B. 4-5 cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C. Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.D. The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.74. What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development whentaking in prenatal caffeine?A. Lower stress hormone, lower birth weight before birth.B. Higher stress hormone, lower growth hormone before birth.C. Higher stress hormone, more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D. Lower stress hormone, less accelerated growth of liver after birth.75. What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A. The research hasn ’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.B. The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C. Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.D. We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the healthPassage FourThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists, and fascinated writers for centuries. There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers.Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs, solve mathematical problems, composemusic, walk through plate-glass windows, and commit murder in their sleepHow many of these stories have a basis in fact, and how many are pure fakery?No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrelof salt, others are a matter of record.In Revere, Massachusetts, a hundred policemen combed a waterfrontneighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep and woke up five hours lateron a strange sofa in a strange living room, with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep.And the great French writer V oltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed,dressed himself, made a polite bow, danced a minuet, and then undressed and went backto bed.At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting upin the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River. He would take a swim and then go back tohis room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, PanditRamrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that hehad left his bed. Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer. The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep. The farmer,in his sleep, visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker.He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, a physiologist at the University of Chicago. He is said toknow more about sleep than any other living man, and during the last thirty-five yearshad lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep. Says he, "Of course, I know that there are sleepwalkers becauseI have read about them in the newspapers. B ut none of mysleepers ever walked, and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, Idoubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality. Like hypnosis, it is one of thosedramatic, eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic. Itlends itself to controversy and misconceptions, what is certain about sleepwalking isthat it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is muchmore common than is generally supposed.Some have estimated that there are fourmillion somnambulists in the United States. Others set the figure even higher. Manysleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record, which means that anaccurate count can never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vividdream. The dream usually comes from guilt, worry, nervousness, o r some otheremotional conflict. The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare ’L asdy Macbeth. Hernightly wanderings were caused by her guilty conscience at having committed murder. Shakespeare said of her, “The eyes are open but their sense is shut. ”The age-old question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep. Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half. Like Lady Macbeth, he has weightyproblems on his mind. Dr. Zeida Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, says, “Some people stay awake all night worrying about t heir problems. The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep. He is awake in the muscular area, partially asleep in the sensory area." In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and do other things, but he does not think about what he is doing.76. The second sentence in the second paragraph means that_________.A. no one knows, but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB. the sleepwalking stories are like salt adding flavor to people ’s lifeC. sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD. the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions, yet there are stilltruthfully recorded stories77. ________was supposed to be the world's champion sleepwalker.A. The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB. The man danced a minuet in his sleepC. The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD. The boy walked five hours in his sleep78. Sleepwalking is the result of ______ according to the passage.A. emotional disorderB. a vivid dreamC. lack of sleep and great anxietyD. insanity79. Dr. Zeida Teplitz seemed to_________.A. agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB. conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC. disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD. think that sleepwalking can turn into madness80. The writer makes it obvious that_________.A. sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB. most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC. it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD. sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisPassage FiveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identifiedtwo sources of psychic energy, which he called "drives ”: aggression and libido. The keto his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without themediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams.The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplaythe role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processesinconscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud s drives really do exist,and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operatesmostly below the horizon of consciousness.Now more commonly referred to as emotions, the modem suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress,lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers.Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of theforebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, aneurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a placenear the cortex known as the ventraltegmental area, which in humans lies just abovethe hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, theanimal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something.Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matterany other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a generaldesire for something new. “What I was seeing, ” he says, “was the urge to do stuff.Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that soundsvery much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seekpleasure in the world of objects, ” says Solms. "Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically. ” Solms studied the same region of the brain forhis work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takesplace during a particular form of sleep known as REM — rapid eye movement — whichis associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. WhenSolms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the “”s e e m k i o n t g i o n. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libid—o which is just what Freud had believed.Freud's psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it alsohappensto be the most coherent and, from the standpoint of individual experience,meaningful theory of the mind. “Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin,who lived before the discovery of genes, ” says Panksepp. “Freud gave us a vision ofmental apparatus. We need to talk about it, develop it, test it. ” Perhaps it ’sof proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.。
四川大学华西临床医学院国重基法部分专业的考博真题生化真题_.doc
2016 年名词解释：生物转化蛋白模体信号肽细胞编程G蛋白简答：1,生物信息分子有哪些？细胞信号转导2,蛋白折叠过程3,酶的抑制剂有哪些4,细胞凋亡因子的作用5,蛋白分选机制论述：1, DNA复制RNA合成蛋白合成的保真2,DNA复性的影响因素3,你对合成生物学、系统生物学的认识2011年K乙他辅侑A任：人代谢屮的作川2、代谢调杠细胞水半的调i'i3、变构调肯和化学修饰的井同4、作川J DNA衣达的药物的机理•制述3类药物5、翻译施的蛋门质修饰2012年・、名詞解释（20分）1、RNA splicing2、岱号肚3、构住与构象4、蛋门硕模休令结构域5、SiRNA二、分析简答龛（32分）1、试述卜列冈素如何影响DNA的夂性过程<1）RIW （（2）低J * Tm 度（3〉高浓度的DNA 链2、«A»U冰的原理及其应川3>匝嘤细胞Mi'rW fYf哪叫？兀作川机制如何？4、仆•种混介液MA、B、C -种蛋m 这二种蛋门分了;1匕等电点如卜：A1M000,8.5； B 64000 , 5.9 : C 6000・6.0按分/讹和竽电点将J〔分肉纯化这三种蛋仏并列：||签定方汰.二论述題（48分）K DNA M制、RNA介成、蛋门质介成如何保证冀保戊性?2、细胞内们号传导及冀作川机制3、运川化物化学用I关掠理说明药物介理设讣2013年・、名诃解释（20分）K信号从2.诵导肚3.模休4.Gutn5 •转化二简签越1.DNA M制、转录和胡译如何保允2.什么朋抑制剂？简述右哪儿种抑制剂.分别冇什么待点?3・细胞倍号转导7、论述鬆K细胞核编码的蛋门的分选途径？2、Flftl 7个冈素足怎么影响DNA变性的，高浓度阳离仇低Tmffi, ft浓度的DNA ?3、列;I；朗个实鲨分肉纯化乐门.并说岀原理.蛋门分fWflPI分别为64000、8.0；18000、5.91 6000 . 6.0.2014 年・、名词解释1、RNA splicing2、Apoptosis3、Instructs enzyme4、Stemp cell engering5、Systemic biology二、简答悪K 例举关「2013年保学或生理学方Ifil91尔并说期冀上嘤内容及门＜2 的见解2、DNA V兴的彩响W^：(l)Blwr浓度(2)隘度Tm (3)DNA 浓度3、un^t的比沾性测足\论述理1、H«；素与碳胺类药物的作用机制？2、允核生物与原核生物转杀麻的加I：Y J H井同？3、对r儿种人匸合成底物1刑一酶《i结介时•侑9底物納介的亲和力人小不同・怎样说明？2015 年仁名诃解释(40)K端粒(酶)2、两性a •螺旋3、G PCR4、G WAS5、磷酸无糖途径6、氏链II编码RNA7、朋体8、化学注透学说9、R NAi10、Ubiquitination1、扎糖操纵/和色奴酸操纵/的调控作川2、苏门质结构与功能的关系3、信号转9途径井常9疾病发僅的关系.并设讣种町能的I•扰FBI4、描述〔种不同的组学研丸方法及其任医药学中的嗣IJ5、匕醸辅侑A任物质代谢屮的匝耍作川6、•般1何二DNA损伤对生物体祁是冇害的・”!实质上也右右益的•仏即DNAftl伤仆双咆效应，你如何解释这•观点•。
四川大学考博真题-生物学综合2005-2014
《生物学综合》《生物学综合2014》1、请简述在你的研究领域或你感兴趣遏领域中最让你感到振奋的两个突破性进展，并说明其对生物科学研究的作用和影响。
在此领域中，哪些科学问题你愿以毕生精力去解决？为什么？（20分）答：2、在你亲自参加的研究课题中，请叙述一组令你特别兴奋或者标志性的实验（可用简图帮助说明），包括：1）实验目的/要回答的问题，2）实验设计和手段，3）实验中所遇到的具体问题和解决办法，4）实验结果和对该领域的贡献，5）下一步实验设计和想法。
（20分）答：3、阐述宏基因组学在什么领域的研究策略与应用。
（20分）答：4、阐述如何医用微生物生产生物柴油，以及微生物生产生物柴油的优点和可能存在的问题。
（20分）答：5、论述引种与生物入侵的关系及其现实指导意义。
（20分）答：6、对于转基因的争论，谈谈你的看法或感悟。
（20分）答：7、2013年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的获奖内容是细胞内蛋白质分选的膜泡运输调节机制。
请回答细胞内蛋白质分选的主要路径有哪些？（20分）答：8、植物激素在调节生长发育过程中发挥着重要作用，列举一种激素，详细阐明其生理功能及其作用机制。
（20分）答：9、论述植物抗病的生理和生子生物学基础。
答：10、物质循环是生态系统的基本功能之一，简述碳循环过程，并阐述其余全球气候变化有什么重要联系，以及提倡低碳的重要意义。
（20分）答：11、比较原核与真核细胞基因表达及调控在那些水平上存在着差异。
（20分）答：一、原核生物基因表达调控的特点：（1）基因表达一般以操纵子为单位；（2）只有一种RNA聚合酶，识别原核细胞的启动子，催化所有RNA的合成；（3）无核膜，转录和翻译过程是偶联的；（4）基因一般不含内含子，在原核细胞中缺乏真核细胞和转录后加工系统；（5）基因表达的调控主要在转录水平，这种调控比对基因产物的直接调控要慢。
二、真核生物基因表达调控的特点：（1）基因组DNA的存在形式可影响基因表达；（2）真核基因的转录和翻译不是偶联在一起的，基因转录在细胞核中进行，翻译在细胞质中进行；（3）真核基因表达的调控是多层次的；（4）基因表达具有组织和细胞类型特异性；（5）不同的真核细胞在基因表达调控中对信号分子的反应不同。
四川大学神经病学2019年考博真题试卷
2、帕金森的诊断，鉴别诊断和治疗
3、急性脑梗死急性期的诊断和治疗
4、重症肌无力诊断鉴别诊断和治疗
5、线粒体脑肌病的临床表现和诊断
6、截瘫后尿潴留的原因
三、病例分析
1、结脑
2、急性脑栓塞
பைடு நூலகம்四川大学华西医学院
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
四川大学华西医院
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经病学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
1、hornor综合征
2、NMO
3、朊蛋白病
4、难治性癫痫
5、Meige征
二、问答题
考研考博分子生物学习题集精解历年试题及答案最全(已解密)之三(要点型).(DOC)
核酸结构与功能一、填空题1. 病毒①X174及M13的遗传物质都是单链DNA。
2. AIDS病毒的遗传物质是单链RNA。
3. X射线分析证明一个完整的DNA螺旋延伸长度为3.4nm。
4. 氢键负责维持A-T间（或G-C间）的亲和力5•天然存在的DNA分子形式为右手B型螺旋。
二、选择题（单选或多选）1. 证明DNA是遗传物质的两个关键性实验是：肺炎球菌在老鼠体内的毒性和T2噬菌体感染大肠杆菌。
这两个实验中主要的论点证据是（ C ）。
A .从被感染的生物体内重新分离得到DNA作为疾病的致病剂B . DNA突变导致毒性丧失C •生物体吸收的外源DNA （而并非蛋白质）改变了其遗传潜能D. DNA是不能在生物体间转移的，因此它一定是一种非常保守的分子E. 真核心生物、原核生物、病毒的DNA能相互混合并彼此替代2. 1953 年Watson 和Crick 提出（A ）。
A •多核苷酸DNA链通过氢键连接成一个双螺旋B . DNA的复制是半保留的，常常形成亲本-子代双螺旋杂合链C•三个连续的核苷酸代表一个遗传密码D •遗传物质通常是DNA而非RNAE.分离到回复突变体证明这一突变并非是一个缺失突变3. DNA双螺旋的解链或变性打断了互补碱基间的氢键，并因此改变了它们的光吸收特性。
以下哪些是对DNA的解链温度的正确描述？（CD ）A .哺乳动物DNA约为45C，因此发烧时体温高于42C是十分危险的B .依赖于A-T含量，因为A-T含量越高则双链分开所需要的能量越少C •是双链DNA中两条单链分开过程中温度变化范围的中间值D .可通过碱基在260nm的特征吸收峰的改变来确定E.就是单链发生断裂（磷酸二酯键断裂）时的温度4. DNA的变性（ACE ）。
A .包括双螺旋的解链B•可以由低温产生C.是可逆的D •是磷酸二酯键的断裂巳包括氢键的断裂5•在类似RNA这样的单链核酸所表现岀的二级结构"中，发夹结构的形成（AD ）oA •基于各个片段间的互补，形成反向平行双螺旋B •依赖于A-U含量，因为形成的氢键越少则发生碱基配对所需的能量也越少C .仅仅当两配对区段中所有的碱基均互补时才会发生D .同样包括有像G-U这样的不规则碱基配对E.允许存在几个只有提供过量的自由能才能形成碱基对的碱基6. DNA分子中的超螺旋（ACE ）A 仅发生于环状DNA 中。
四川大学麻醉学2019年考博真题试卷
四川大学华西医学院
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
四川大学华西医院
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：麻醉学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、简答题（每题10分，共60分）
第1页 共1页
1.疼痛的传导通路 2.过敏性休克的治疗原则 3.人在紧急应急状态下的交感神经和副交感神经系统有哪些变化，变化的生理意义？ 4.右心衰竭的临床表现 5.人意识消失后的病理生理变化有哪些？ 6.呼吸的储备功能的影响因素？
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研究生入学考试-2019年四川大学华西医学院卫生综合真题回忆
2019年四川大学华西医学院卫生综合真题回忆[2019初试真题回忆] 2019年四川大学华西医学院卫生综合真题回忆（353）油腻学长，深夜发帖。
最近准备复试闲来无事逛了逛帖子，发现别的学校的的真题回忆热火朝天的，但是华西的真题回忆好像没有看到，所以我就整理了一个尽我所能比较完整的真题回忆版，希望能帮助到大家。
首先说明一点，我考的是353，不过705的孩子们你们也不用担心，咱们流病统计是一样的，而且我有一个好基友考的就是705，他也和我分享了他毒理的回忆。
（每年705考的好少，心疼你们找不到组织的）。
反正闲来无事能帮就帮，也是为初试结果攒点人品，希望改卷老师下手轻点。
咳咳，好了，不扯远了，直接说正事！！上353~第一部分卫生统计学一、简答：（8x10）1.对于糖尿病患者和非糖尿病患者的血糖分布，宜用哪个统计图来描述？为什么？2.尿铅过高是危险的（单侧）尿铅医学参考范围，资料为负偏态分布，给你一个公式，判断这个公式正不正确3.给了一个随机双盲多中心多国家的临床试验，要你从实验设计的三大原则和三大要素来评价4.雪球抽样的适用人群和特点5.三组的等级资料，卡方检验能不能算不同等级的程度，秩和能说明两两差距吗6.根据方差分析表表（英文），算相关系数7.p的大小能不能说明差异很大8.生存分析二、综合分析题（2x10）1.重复测量方差2.配对卡放整体来说统计不是太偏，最重要的是我报的那个考研机构的内参卷居然基本上都押中了，哈哈容我开心一会儿第二部分流行病学一、名词解释（6×3）（全英文）普查公共卫生监测流行过程现场实验生态学谬误出生队列分析二、单选（20×2）---是的！！你没看错，今年的流病不是bt的不定项选择，是单选！！哈啊哈，所以整体难度是有所下降的1.下列哪个是传染病2.如果要进行因果推断，最基础的步骤是3.心脑血管病的危险因素/一级预防？4.流感的流行特征5.下列哪些不属于伤害的一级预防6.计算联合试验中并联试验的灵敏度和其中某个试验的阳性预测值7.被动免疫8.队列研究优点其他基本上都是总论部分的还有一个循证医学各论有两三道，有流感心脑血管病其他的还有没有记的不是太清三、简答与计算1.选择新发的病例的理由2.配对设计，计算or值3.因果推断步骤4.混杂偏倚的控制要点5.算不同时间的患病率和发病率，这个还是听基础的，6.给了两地一个疾病的的发病率，患病率还有时间，问你哪个地的死亡率更高？-----这道题目我是真的不知道怎么做，恕我无能为力第三部分社会医学一、填空1.家庭的功能2.现代压力理论的三个方面3.健康中国的战略主题4.社会医学概念健康社会决定因素分类5.定性研究常用的抽样方法6.A型性格容易得什么病肿瘤和哪个性格有关7.把医学引向实验医学的是那种医学模式8.第二次医学革命的目标；德国的谁第一次把健康和疾病同社会因素结合起来9.经济发展对健康的促进作用10.效度是什么；哪两个效度指标是用专家评价法11.卫生服务需要量和利用量指标12.卫生服务综合评价哪一型是过度利用13.生命质量中的生理状态是什么，包括什么14.21世纪人人享有卫生保健的三个总目标目标和基础；15.医改四大卫生体系；健康治理的特点；城镇居民医保针对的人群；16.谁提出了控烟政策17.实现人人享有卫生保健的途径18.相对于城镇居民，流动人口最容易犯什么病19.伤残调整寿命年是哪两个指标的结合二、简答1 整体健康观定义和传统健康观区别2 中国目前人口结构变迁及其造成的影响3.卫生服务利用状况的指标社医太杂了，学长我我尽力了。
四川大学华西医学院考博试题
考博详解与指导局部解剖学：一、名词解释：颈动脉窦，肺根，面部危险三角区，膀胱直肠陷凹，胆囊三角，(还有一个想不起了)二、问答题：(9选7)1.临床作气管切开的位置，经过的层次，切开过深可损伤的器官，过低可造成什么后果2.盆腹部消化管道的动脉血供及来源3.上、下腔静脉系的吻合支4.腹部器官、结构的体表投影(至少10个)5.子宫的位置，及影响其位置的因素6.股三角的内容、排列及交通7.腮腺肿大可压迫那些结构8.颈根部的结构9.左右纵隔之间的血管、神经名称及位置病理真题1，名词解释：肉芽组织，老化，autopsy,瘘管，转移钙化，紫癜，类白血病反应，肺褐色硬化，纤维素样坏死2，选择题：老样子很简单3，简答体：肿瘤增生和非肿瘤增生的区别。
病案讨论：冠心病及其合并症有关的。
为什么说淤血总是病理性的?说出3种胃肠道的肉芽肿性炎。
说出3种病理诊断方法及其特点。
肿瘤的TNM分期，举例1个第一部分、传统面试问题（Sample Traditional Interview Questions）1、What can you tell me about yourself?（关于你自己，你能告诉我些什么？）这一问题如果面试没有安排自我介绍的时间的话。
这是一个必问的问题。
考官并不希望你大谈你的个人历史，他是在寻找有关你性格、资历、志向和生活动力的线索，来判断你是否适合读研或者MBA。
下面是一个积极正面回答的好例子：“在高中我参加各种竞争性体育活动，并一直努力提高各项运动的成绩。
大学期间，我曾在一家服装店打工，我发现我能轻而易举地将东西推销出去。
销售固然重要，但对我来说，更重要的是要确信顾客能够满意。
不久便有顾客返回那家服装店点名让我为他们服务。
我很有竞争意识，力求完美对我很重要。
”In high school I was involved in competitive sports and I always tried to improve in each sport I participated in.As a college student,I worked in a clothing store part-time and found that I could sell things easily.The sale was important,but for me,it was even more important to make sure that the customer was satisfied.It was not long before customers came back to the store and specifically asked for me to help them.I’m very competitive and it means a lot to me to be the best.2、What would you like to be doing five years after graduation?（在毕业以后5年内你想做些什么？）你要清楚你实际上能胜任什么。
华西医科大学博士复试考试试题及答案
四、论述1.桡骨远端骨折的诊断，治疗进展，对手术和非手术治疗的理解。
桡骨远端骨折根据病史、临床症状、体征及X线检查可作出诊断。
根据受伤机制可分为伸直型骨折、屈曲型骨折、关节面骨折伴腕关节脱位，伸直型骨折主要以手法复位外固定治疗为主，部分需要手术治疗，指征：1、严重粉碎骨折移位明显，桡骨下端关节面破坏2、手法复位失败，或复位成功，外固定不能维持复位。
屈曲型骨折主要采用手法复位，夹板或石膏固定。
复位手法与伸直型骨折相反，基本原则相同。
复位后若极不稳定，外固定不能维持复位者，行切开复位或内固定。
桡骨远端关节面骨折伴腕关节脱位是桡骨远端骨折的一种特殊类型临床上常漏诊或错误诊断为腕关节脱位。
只要仔细阅读X线片，诊断并不困难，治疗首先采用手法复位、夹板石膏外固定方法治疗。
复位后很不稳定者，可切开复位，钢针内固定。
2.股骨转子间骨折的髓内和髓外固定的选择。
滑动髋螺钉在术中股骨骨折、术后股骨骨折、内固定切出风险、再手术风险、随访期内残留髋部或大腿疼痛方面明显优于Gamma钉，与股骨近端髓内钉相当。
对于稳定型股骨转子间骨折，髓内和髓外固定均可获得满意的疗效。
使用动髋螺钉固定不仅整体稳定性较好，而且操作简单、低成本，并发症也更少，有学者认为动力髋螺钉是治疗稳定性转子间骨折的最好选择。
随着2孔和3孔动力髋螺钉的应用，髓外固定同样可做到小切口微创置入，另外髓外固定对于不稳定转子间骨折及反转子间骨折，多数学者认为髓内系统优于髓外固定系统，应选择股骨近端髓内钉或股骨近端抗旋髓内钉等髓内固定系统进行固定。
股骨近端髓内钉和股骨近端抗旋髓内钉等髓内固定系统不仅创伤小，而且允许患者固定后早期负重，减少固定后并发症，是治疗不稳定型股骨近端骨折的理想选择。
髓内固定系统治疗转子间骨折是近年来研究热点，2004年初推出的Gamma3在第一代Gamma钉的基础上改良而成，可以根据不同的骨折类型，选择动态加压、静态加压、静态支撑，以达到最好的固定效果，适用于各型股骨转子间骨折。
(完整版)各个名校分子生物学考博历年真题
08中科院分子生物学试题1、表观遗传，及调控方式，还有蛋白质通过哪些共价修饰调控其功能？2、蛋白质与DNA结合的方法和比较，EMSA和DNase1足迹法？3、密码子改造研究新蛋白药物，原理，关键和方法4、设计研究未知基因（预测两个跨膜区域）功能的实验方案（不低于4个）5、质粒改造原则6、诱导全能干细胞的方法，实验方案等。
（去年的nature上发表的）个人认为除了第二和五题之外，其它的题目都属于一骑绝尘的，要么会，要么不会，想蒙是绝对没门的。
这门专业课能及格，我想都不错了，特别是1，3，6题。
不知道大家做的如何，反正第一题，我是意思都没看懂，不知道连续的3问是不是指1个东西。
还是最后1问是单独的，与前面的2问无关2008年中科院动物所生物化学与分子生物学博士题一名词解释密码子的变偶性程序性死亡冈崎片断单克隆抗体基因治疗 SD序列移码突变 Z型DNA 蛋白质组学反向PCR二大题简述真核生物5’帽子结构和功能。
简述NO作为信号分子的调节作用。
运用你所学的知识和可能的实验经验，研究一个新基因的生理功能。
已知A和B蛋白质作用于同一生理功能，至少用三种方法证明A和B之间有无相互作用，并给出所用原理。
结合当前科学前沿，阐述真核生物基因表达调控。
2008年浙江大学分子生物学考博试题问答题：双向电泳的原理及应用三种分子标记方法描述两种大规模研究ＤＮＡ的方法２００７年诺贝尔生理与医学奖授予什么技术，该技术的应用人类基因组中有一基因为２Ｋｂ，提到的基因组为１０微克，计算该基因的含量名词解释：免疫沉淀，ＲＮＡ剪切，核糖开关，分子伴侣，浙江大学2006秋博分子生物学考题分子生物学（甲）名词解释（每个4分）原位杂交、顺式作用元件、信号肽、选择性剪接、C-值矛盾（c-value paradox）问答题（每个20分）1、RNAi的优缺点，如何避免改正2、何为正向遗传学、反向遗传学，阐述一条反向遗传学研究功能基因的方法3、真核生物基因表达调控的途径4、近年分子生物学中诺贝尔奖有哪些，请举二例，说明内容和意义2008年华中科技大学生化与分子考试试题生化与分子共七道题：1. 蛋白质的结构原则2. 进化中为什么选择蛋白和RNA作为酶3.关于盐浓度对蛋白与DNA结合能力的影响（具体的题太长，叙述难免出错，所有把考点给出来大家斟酌）4.基因功能的研究方法，简述3类及原理5.真核与原核细胞的启动子的结构和功能及翻译起始的差异与共同点6.关于基因CDNA克隆和蛋白表达的方法的实验设计题！有一植物中共有的基因与某重要功能有关。