专业英语结课作业
英语结课作业专业英语
专业英语导师：XXXXX姓名：XXXX学号：XXXXFrench fashion17th century, the Barroque and ClassicimFrance is a leading country in the fashion design industry, along with Italy, Germany, the United Kingdom, Japan and the USA. Fashion is an important part of the country's cultural life and society, and the French are well known for good taste. Haute couture and the prêt-à-porter, among other fashion styles, remain part of French traditional life. France has many famous designers.French design became prominent during the 15th century through today. The fashion industry has been an important cultural export of France since the 17th century and the modern haute couture where originated in the 1860s.Paris acts as the center of the country's fashion industry. Along with New York City, London and Milan, it is considered a leading fashion capital. Paris is home to many premier fashion designers including Chanel, Pierre Cardin, Céline, Chloe, Dior, Givenchy, Jean Paul Gaultier, Hermès, Lanvin, Rochas, Vuitton, and Yves Saint Laurent.Many French cities, including Lyon, Marseille, Toulouse, Lille, Strasbourg, Bordeaux, Nantes or Rennes, host important luxury districts and avenues. In recent centuries, these cities have transformed into developed cities and heavy producers and costumers of luxury goods. Île-de-France, Manosque, La Gacilly (near Rennes), and Vichy lead the cosmetic industry, basing well-known international beauty houses as L'Oreal, Lancôme, Guerlain, Clarins, Yves Rocher, L'Occitane, Vichy, etc.The cities of Nice, Cannes, St. Tropez, among others of the French riviera, are well known as places of luxury, annually hosting many international media celebrities and personalities, potentates, and billionaires.17th century, the Barroque and ClassicimThe association of France with fashion and style (la mode) is widely credited as beginning during the reign of Louis XIV [3] when the luxury goods industries in France came increasingly under royal control and the French royal court became, arguably, the arbiter of taste and style in Europe. The rise in prominence of French fashion was linked to the creation of the fashion press in the early 1670s (due in large part to Jean Donneau de Visé), which transformed the fashion industry by marketing designs to a broad public outside the French court and by popularizing notions such as the fashion "season" and changing styles.Over his lifetime, Louis commissioned numerous works of art to portray himself, among them over 300 formal portraits. The earliest portrayals of Louis already followed the pictorial conventions of the day in depicting the child king as the majestically royal incarnation of France. This idealisation of the monarch continued in later works, which avoided depictions of the effect of the smallpox that Louis contracted in 1647. In the 1660s, Louis began to be shown as a Roman emperor, the god Apollo, or Alexander the Great, as can be seen in many works of Charles Le Brun, such as sculpture, paintings, and the decor of major monuments.The depiction of the King in this manner focused on allegorical or mythological attributes, instead of attempting to produce a true likeness. As Louis aged, so too did the manner in which he was depicted. Nonetheless, there was still a disparity between realistic representation and the demands of royal propaganda. There is no betterillustration of this than in HyacintheRigaud's frequently-reproduced Portrait of Louis XIV of 1701, in which a 63-year-old Louis appears to stand on a set of unnaturally young legs.Rigaud's portrait exemplified the height of royal portraiture in Louis's reign. Although Rigaud crafted a credible likeness of Louis, the portrait was neither meant as an exercise in realism nor to explore Louis's personal character. Certainly, Rigaud was concerned with detail and depicted the King's costume with great precision, down to his shoe buckle.[7] However, Rigaud's intention was to glorify the monarchy. Rigaud's original, now housed in the Louvre, was originally meant as a gift to Louis's grandson, Philip V of Spain. However, Louis was so pleased with the work that he kept the original and commissioned a copy to be sent to his grandson. That became the first of many copies, both in full and half-length formats, to be made by Rigaud, often with the help of his assistants. The portrait also became a model for French royal and imperial portraiture down to the time of Charles X over a century later. In his work, Rigaud proclaims Louis's exalted royal status through his elegant stance and haughty expression, the royal regalia and throne, rich ceremonial fleur-de-lys robes, as well as the upright column in the background, which, together with the draperies, serves to frame this image of majesty.Louis XIV notably introduced one of the most noticeable feature of the men's costume of the time: immense wigs of curled hair. A commonly held belief is that Louis XIV started to wear wigs due to balding, and to imitate this his courtiers put on false hair. The wearing of wigs lasted for over a century; they went through many changes, but they were never quite so exaggerated as during this period.18th century, the Rococó and rising new classicismThe extravagant styles of the French Royal court racked up enormous debts to keep up its pace, at the peasants' expense. Such fashion sprees notably ruined Marie Antoinette’s reputation, and were one of the many factors paving the way for the French Revolution.Long after her death, Marie Antoinette remains a major historical figure linked with conservative and the Catholic Church positions; and a major cultural icon associated with high glamour, wealth and a certain style of life based on luxury and celebrity appealing today to the social and cultural elites; frequently referenced in popular culture,[9] being the subject of several books, films and other forms of media. Most academics and scholars, have deemed her the quintessential representative of class conflict, western aristocracy and absolutism government in addition to being frivolous, superficial; and have attributed the start of the French Revolution.The phrase "Let them eat cake" is often attributed to Marie Antoinette, but there is no evidence she ever uttered it, and it is now generally regarded as a "journalistic cliché".[10] It may have been a rumor started by angry French peasants as a form of libel. This phrase originally appeared in Book VI of the first part (finished in 1767, published in 1782) of Rousseau's putative autobiographical work, Les Confessions: "Enfin je me rappelai lepis-allerd'unegrandeprincesse à qui l'ondisaitque les paysansn'avaient pas de pain, et qui répondit: Qu'ilsmangent de la brioche" ("Finally I recalled the stopgap solution of a great princess who was told that the peasants had no bread, and who responded: 'Let them eat brioche'"). Apart from the fact that Rousseau ascribes these words to an unknown princess, vaguely referred to as a "great princess", some think that he invented it altogether as Confessions was largely inaccurate.The Sans-culottes (lit. “without knee-breeches”) rejected the powdered wigs and the knee-breeches assimilated to the nobility, and instead favored informal styles (full-length trousers, and natural hair), which finally triumphed over the brocades, lace, periwig, and powder of the earlier eighteenth century.19th century, full Neoclassicism and Empire styleAfter the fall of the Jacobins and their Sans-culottes supporters, the supporters of the Thermidorian Reaction were known as the Incroyables and Merveilleuses. They scandalized Paris with their extravagant clothes. The Merveilleuses wore dresses and tunics modeled after the ancient Greeks and Romans, cut of light or even transparent linen and gauze. Sometimes so revealing they were termed "woven air", many gowns displayed cleavage and were too tight to allow pockets. To carry even a handkerchief, the ladies had to use small bags known as reticules. They were fond of wigs, often choosing blonde because the Paris Commune had banned blonde wigs, but they also wore them in black, blue, and green. Enormous hats, short curls like those on Roman busts, and Greek-style sandals were the rage. The sandals were tied above the ankle with crossed ribbons or strings of pearls. Exotic and expensive scents fabricated by perfume houses like ParfumsLubin were worn as both for style and as indicators of social station.ThérésaTallien, known as "Our Lady of Thermidor", wore expensive rings on the toes of her bare feet and gold circlets on her legs.The Incroyables wore eccentric outfits: large earrings, green jackets, wide trousers, huge neckties, thick glasses, and hats topped by "dog ears", their hair falling on their ears. Their musk-based fragrances earned them too the derogatory nickname muscadins among the lower classes, already applied to a wide group of anti-Jacobins. They wore bicorne hats and carried bludgeons, which they referred to as their "executive power." Hair was often shoulder-length, sometimes pulled up in the back with a comb to imitate the hairstyles of the condemned. Some sported large monocles, and they frequently affected a lisp and sometimes a stooped hunchbacked posture.In addition to Madame Tallien, famous Merveilleuses included Anne Françoise Elizabeth Lange, Jeanne Françoise Julie AdélaïdeRécamier, and two very popularCréoles: Fortunée Hamelin and Hortense de Beauharnais. Hortense, a daughter of the Empress Josephine, married Louis Bonaparte and became the mother of Napoleon III. Fortunée was not born rich, but she became famous for her salons and her string of prominent lovers. Parisian society compared Germaine de Staël and MmeRaguet to Minerva and Juno and named their garments for Roman deities: gowns were styled Flora or Diana, and tunics were styled à la Ceres or Minerva.The leading Incroyable, Paul François Jean Nicolas, vicomte de Barras, was one of five Directors who ran the Republic of France and gave the period its name. He hosted luxurious feasts attended by royalists, repentant Jacobins, ladies, and courtesans. Since divorce was now legal, sexuality was looser than in the past. However, de Barras' reputation for immorality may have been a factor in his later overthrow, a coup that brought the French Consulate to power and paved the way for Napoleon Bonaparte.Final 19th - early 20th century and the Belle ÉpoqueFrance renewed its dominance of the high fashion (French: couture or haute couture) industry in the years 1860-1960 through the establishing of the great couturier houses, the fashion press (Vogue was founded in 1892 in USA, and 1920 in France) and fashion shows. The first modern Parisian couturier house is generally considered the work of the Englishman Charles Frederick Worth, who dominated the industry from 1858-1895.[14] In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the industry expanded through such Parisian fashion houses as the house of Jacques Doucet (founded in 1871), Rouff (founded 1884), Jeanne Paquin (founded in 1891), the CallotSoeurs (founded 1895 and operated by four sisters), Paul Poiret (founded in 1903), Louise Chéruit (founded 1906), Madeleine Vionnet (founded in 1912), Elsa Schiaparelli (founded in 1927) or Balenciaga (founded by the Spaniard Cristóbal Balenciaga in 1937).Chanel founded by Coco Chanel, it first came to prominence in 1925, it's philosophy was to emphasize understated elegance through her clothing. Her popularity thrived in the 1920s, because of innovative designs. Chanel's own look itself was as different and new as her creations. Instead of the usual pale-skinned, long-haired and full-bodied women preferred at the time, Chanel had a boyish figure, short cropped hair, and tanned skin. She had a distinct type of beauty that the world came to embrace.The horse culture and penchant for hunting so passionately pursued by the elites, especially the British, fired Chanel's imagination. Her own enthusiastic indulgence in the sporting life led to clothing designs informed by those activities. From her excursions on water with the yachting world, she appropriated the clothing associated with nautical pursuits: the horizontal striped shirt, bell-bottom pants, crewneck sweaters, and espadrille shoes—all traditionally worn by sailors and fishermen.World War IIMany fashion houses closed during the occupation of Paris in World War II, including the MaisonVionnet and the Maison Chanel. In contrast to the stylish, liberated Parisienne, the Vichy regime promoted the model of the wife and mother, the robust, athletic young woman, a figure who was much more in line with the new political criteria. Germany, meanwhile, was taking possession of over half of what France produced, including high fashion, and was considering relocating French haute couture to the cities of Berlin and Vienna, neither of which had any significant tradition of fashion. The archives of the ChambreSyndicale de la Couture were seized, mostly for their client lists as Jews were excluded from the fashion industry at this time.During this era, the number of employed models was limited to seventy-five and designers often substituted materials in order to comply with wartime shortages. From 1940 onward, no more than thirteen feet (four meters) of cloth was permitted to be used for a coat and a little over three feet (one meter) for a blouse. No belt could be over one and a half inches (four centimeters) wide. As a result of the frugal wartime standards, the practical zazou suit became popular among young French men.In spite of the fact that so many fashion houses closed down or moved away during the war, several new houses remained open, including Jacques Fath, MaggyRouff, Marcel Rochas, Jeanne Lafaurie, Nina Ricci, and Madeleine Vramant. During the Occupation, the only true way for a woman to flaunt her extravagance and add color to a drab outfit was to wear a hat. In this period, hats were often made of scraps of material that would have otherwise been thrown away, sometimes incorporating butter muslin, bits of paper, and wood shavings. Among the most innovative milliners of the time were Pauline Adam, Simone Naudet, Rose Valois, and Le Monnier.Post-war fashion returned to prominence through Christian Dior's famous "New Look" in 1947: the collection contained dresses with tiny waists, majestic busts, and full skirts swelling out beneath small bodices, in a manner very similar to the style of the BelleÉpoque. The extravagant use of fabric and the feminine elegance of the designs appealed greatly to a post-war clientele. Other important houses of the period included Pierre Balmain and Hubert de Givenchy (opened in 1952). The fashion magazine Elle was founded in 1945. In 1952, Coco Chanel herself returned to Paris.Fashion In France - TodayPost-war fashion returned to prominence through Christian Dior's famous "New Look" in 1947: the collection contained dresses with tiny waists, majestic busts, and full skirts swelling out beneath small bodices, in a manner very similar to the style of the BelleÉpoque. The extravagant use of fabric and the feminine elegance of the designs appealed greatly to a post-war clientele. Other important houses of the period included Pierre Balmain and Hubert de Givenchy (opened in 1952). The fashion magazine Elle was founded in 1945. In 1952, Coco Chanel herself returned to Paris.In the 1960s, "high fashion" came under criticism from France's youth culture (including the yé-yés) who were turning increasingly to London and to casual styles.[18] In 1966, the designer Yves Saint Laurent broke with established high fashion norms by launching a prêt-à-porter ("ready to wear") line and expanding French fashion into mass manufacturing and marketing (member houses of the ChambreSyndicale were forbidden to use even sewing machines). In 1985, Caroline Rennolds Milbank wrote, "The most consistently celebrated and influential designer of the past twenty-five years, Yves Saint Laurent can be credited with both spurring the couture's rise from its sixties ashes and with finally rendering ready-to-wear reputable."[20] He is also credited with having introduced the tuxedo suit for women and was known for his use of non-European cultural references, and non-white models.Further innovations were carried out by PacoRabanne and Pierre Cardin. Inpost-1968 France, youth culture would continue to gravitate away from the "sociopolitically suspect" luxury clothing industry, preferring instead a more "hippy" look (termed baba cool in French). With a greater focus on marketing and manufacturing, new trends were established by Sonia Rykiel, Thierry Mugler, Claude Montana, Jean-Paul Gaultier and Christian Lacroix in the 1970s and 80s. The 1990s saw a conglomeration of many French couture houses under luxury giants and multinationals such as LVMH.Since the 1960s, France's fashion industry has come under increasing competition from London, New York, Milan and Tokyo. Nevertheless, many foreign designers still seek to make their careers in France: Karl Lagerfeld (German) at Chanel, John Galliano (British) at Dior, Paulo MelimAndersson (Swedish) at Chloe, Stefano Pilati (Italian) at Yves Saint Laurent, Marc Jacobs (American) at Louis Vuitton, and Kenzo Takada (Japanese) and Alexander McQueen (English) at Givenchy (until 2001).France is known as a country of luxury, fashion and beauty, with Paris as one of the world's fashion capitals. It also has many cities and towns with an important history and industry of the entry, with various sized events and shows as fashion weeks and fests.ParisParis is regarded as the world fashion capital, and spread throughout the city are many fashion boutiques. Most of the major French fashion brands, such as Chanel, Louis Vuitton, Dior, and Lacroix, are currently headquartered here. Numerous international fashion labels also operate shops in Paris, such as Valentino, Gucci, Loewe, Escada, BottegaVeneta, and Burberry, as well as an Abercrombie & Fitch flagship store which has become a main consumer attraction. Paris hosts a fashion week twice a year, similar to other international centers such as Milan, London, Tokyo, New York, Los Angeles and Rome.The Avenue des Champs-Élysées is the avenue of luxury and beauty of France and is the location of many headquarters of upscale fashion, jewelry and beauty houses. It is often compared with the 5th Avenue of NYC and the Avenue Montaigne, an adjacent avenue that is also known for its prestigious fashion headquarters since the 1980s. The fashion houses have been traditionally situated since the 17th century in the quarter around the Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré. Other areas, such as Le Marais, a traditional Jewish quarter, have also included the clothing industry. The city's numerous fashion districts consolidate it as a fashion capital.LyonLyon, the second largest city of France, is a growing fashion industry center. It has been the world's silk capital since the 17th century, with an important textile industry and a strong fashion culture. It is the second biggest luxury goods consumer of the country, with major streets and districts holding houses of high fashion.The Presqu'île is the upscale district of the city, containing luxurious malls, streets and avenue. The famous Rue de la République is compared with Avenue desChamps-Elysées of Paris.The Rue Édouard-Herriot, the Avenue des Cordeliers Jacobines, the Place Bellecour among others, with elegant boutiques of Armani, Dior, Prada, Dolce &Gabbana, Calvin Klein, MaxMara, Armand Ventilo, Sonia Rykiel, and Cartier.La Croix-Rousse is a fashion district heavily marked by the silk industry, and known for receiving government support for the newcomer fashion designers. The city is the home of the headquarters of international fashion houses such as Korloff, Millesia and the jeweler Augis. Other famous Lyonnaise fashion houses in France include Nicholas Fafiotte, Nathalie Chaize and GarbisDevar.MarseilleMarseille, the third largest city of France, and the principal port of the country and of the Mediterranean, and second of all Europe.The city is affectionately called "The Old Lady of the Mediterranean" or "The City of Contrasts".[25] The city has enjoyed its position on the continent being a fluvial port with ships full of fashion products. The avenue Canebière is called the "Champs Elysées of Marseille". Rue Paradis and the Rue Grignan are known for being the avenues of luxury in the city, holding high fashion boutiques such as Louis Vuitton, Hermès, YSL, Chopard, Kenzo, Tara Jarmon, Gérard Darel and many others. The Rue de la Tour is called La Rue de la Mode ("The Fashion Street"), where the newest Marsellaises fashion designers and artisans are supported by the city government, for creating and growing the fashion industry in the city. Some of the famous fashion houses here are Diable Noir and Casa Blanca.In the Centre and Vieux Port (downtown and old port) are other of the city shopping districts, in these areas are a lot of fashion houses for both nationals and internationals.Other citiesAlthough biggest cities, there are a lot "fashionable" cities and towns in France, there are fashion districts, avenues, streets, shopping malls and many places specialized for all the needs of customer.Cannes, Nice, St. Tropez and Monte Carlo, year by year host thousands of socialites, artists, potentates and personalities who come up for events including the Cannes Film Festival and the NRJ Music Awards. For that reason, the fashion houses have taken advantage of establishing boutiques in ostentatious districts of the French riviera, Bordeaux is classified "City of Art and History". The city is home to 362 monuments historiques (only Paris has more in France) with some buildings dating back to Roman times. Bordeaux has been inscribed on UNESCO World Heritage List as "an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble" and is the world's top prime wine tourism place, focus it's luxury district around the Cours de l'intendance. Toulouse with pink and stylish architecture, Rennes with antique and medieval beauty (around the "rue de la Monnaie"), Nantes with its passage Pommeraye, Strasbourg offering French-German architecture and Lille's downtown in north France holds several luxury houses.Fashion showsMain article: Paris Fashion WeekThe Paris Fashion Week takes place twice a year after the Milan Fashion Week. It is the last and usually the most anticipated city of the fashion month. Dates are determined by the French Fashion Federation. Currently, the Fashion Week is held in the Carrousel du Louvre.∙Africa Fashion Week Paris∙Bordeaux Fashion Week∙Elite Model Look∙Cannes-Nice Fashion Week∙Le Bal des Débutantes∙Lille Fashion Week∙Lyon Fashion Week (FashionCity Show)∙Marseille Fashion Week∙Nantes Fashion Week∙Rennes Fashion Week∙Toulouse Fashion Week∙Strasbourg Fashion Week (EM Fashion Week)∙St. Tropez Fashion Week∙Spring 2004 Dior couture collectionMonacoMontecarlo Fashion Week (Fashion Fair Week)翻译法国时尚历史17世纪，巴洛克和古典主义法国是在时装设计行业领先的国家，随着意大利，德国，英国，日本和美国。
专业英语作业4.doc
MetalsMan fist began using metals at least 5000 years ago. He found that they could be hammered into tools and weapons that remained sharp. From small beginnings the use of metals has brown to such an extent that civilization as we know it today could not exist with them.Metals make up a large part of the earth's outer layer, or crust. But only a few of them appear in the metal form we are familiar with. Most metals, such as iron and tin, are found combined with other chemical elements. Most of these compounds do not look anything like metals. They are often lumps of rocks. But many of them can be treated to produce metals. These are called ores.Not many metals are used widely in their pure state. Other metals are usually added to them to form mixtures called alloys. Sometimes chemical elements other than metals are included in alloys. The most important is carbon. In engineering, metals and alloys are usually called metals. Metals are divided into tow groups, the ferrous, which contain a large percentage of iron, and the nonferrous, which contain no iron.Steel, our most useful metals is alloy of iron and carbon. Because of its strength, steel is used in large buildings and bridges. It is also used to make motor cars, railways and ships. Most of the machinery that makes practically everything we use is made of iron or steel.Many other metals are important to us, too. The spoons, knives and forks we eat with are made of stainless steel. We cook in aluminum boilers. Copper cables carry electricity to factories and families. The coins we carry in our pockets contain copper, nickel, and zinc. The list of the uses of metals is endless.Pure iron is quite a weak metal, and it is not very hard, either. But add a little carbon as well as traces of certain other metals, and it becomes both strong and hard. According to what is added, the iron can be given other desirable properties as well. Adding other substances to a metal to change its properties is called alloying, and the product an alloy.Most of the alloys of iron are better known to us as steels. Many other metals form useful alloys, too. Brass and bronze are common alloys of copper. Solder is a well-known lead alloy. Aluminum and zinc alloys are also in widespread use. However, it is the iron alloys that are by far the most important.The pig iron that is made in the blast furnace can be considered one kind of iron alloy, but it is a very crude one. It contains far too many impurities and other materials as well as being uneven in composition. By only slight refining , it can be made into cast iron. Cast iron is an ideal material formaking engine blocks and machine frames. It is strong, hard, rigid, and absorbs shock well. Its main disadvantage is that it is brittle.Wrought iron is a more refined form of pig iron which is quite pure iron (0.1 〜0.2 per cent carbon) with threads of slag running through it. Wrought iron is made by heating the pig iron with iron oxide in a “puddling" furnace. The oxygen in the oxide combines with the impurities, which either boil away as gas or form a slag. But the temperature of the furnace is not high enough to make the metal melt. That is why it contains threads of slag. Wrought iron is seldom used directly in industry.Refining pig iron in the various steelmaking furnaces reduces the carbon content and removes other unwanted substance. The steel-maker stops the refining process when the metal has reached the carbon content he wants. Then he adds controlled amounts of other elements to bring the steel to the desired composition.There are two principal kinds of steels, carbon steels and alloy steels. The properties of carbon steels depend mainly on the amount of carbon present. Mild steel (up to 0.25 per cent carbon) is the ordinary kind of steel that is used for girders, automobile bodies, bicycle frames, and so on. Medium-carbon steel (0.25〜0.45 per cent) is stronger than mild steel and is used for bridge members, nuts and bolts, and tools of many kinds. High-carbon steel (0.45〜1.5 per cent) is hard and tough, and is used for cutting tools, drill bits, saws, and so on.The properties of alloy steels depend not on the carbon they contain, but on other alloying elements. One of the most familiar alloys is stainless steel. As we all know, ordinary steel corrodes, or rusts if it is left out in the rain, is stained by fruit juices, and so on. But adding chromium and nickel to steel makes it resist corrosion and stains. Both chromium and nickel resist corrosion well, and they tend to impart that property to their alloys. One of the most common kinds of stainless steels contains about 18 percent chromium and 8 percent nickel.Exercises1.Mark the following sentences with T(true) of F(false) according to the article.(1)The civilization could exist without metals.(2)Many metals appear in the metal form we are familiar with.(3)Only a few of metal are used in their pure state.(4)Metal mixtures are called alloys.(5)Carbon is the most important element to form alloy.(6)Solder is a well-known iron alloy.(7)The pig iron is a kind of iron alloy.(8)Iron alloys are the most important alloys in engineering.(9)Most engine blocks and machine frames are made of cast iron.(10)Wrought iron can be used directly in industry.(11)The properties of alloy steels depend mainly on the amount of carbon present.(12)Carbon steels and alloy steels are two main kinds of steels.(13)Cutting tools and drill bits are made of medium-carbon steel.2.Answer the following questions according to the article・(1)When did man first begin using metals?(2)How many groups of metals? What are they?(3)What kind of metal is most useful in engineering?(4)Is steel an alloy? What is it made from?(5)Please list the usages of iron and steel in daily life.3.Translate the following sentences into Chines・(1)In the old days, man found that metals could be hammered into tools and weapons that remainedsharp.(2)Most metals, such as iron and tin, are found combined with other chemical elements.(3)Other metals are usually added to pure metals to form mixtures called alloys.(4)Metals are divided into two groups, the ferrous, which contain a large percentage of iron, and thenonferrous, which contain no iron.(5)Most of the machinery that makes practically everything we use is made of iron or steel.4.Fill in the blanks with the words or expressions given below and change the forms wherenecessary.Corrosion, contain, element, stain, property, corrode, depend, leave, alloy, add The properties of alloy steels (1) not on the carbon they contain, but on other alloying (2) . One of the most familiar (3) is stainless steel. As we all know, ordinary steel(4) , or rusts if it (5) out in the rain, (6) by fruit juices, and so on but (7)chromium and nickel to steel makes it resist (8) and stains. Both chromium and nickel resist corrosion well, and they tend to impart (9) to their alloys. One of the most common kinds of stainlesssteels (10) about 18 percent chromium and 8 per cent nickel.。
英语结课作业
英语结课作业总结
英语结课作业总结引言本文旨在总结我在英语课程结课作业中的学习心得和体会。
通过对完成作业的过程和结果的分析，我将探讨我在英语学习方面的不足和需要改进的地方，并提出相应的解决办法。
作业一：口头报告第一次作业是进行一次口头报告，要求以自己最感兴趣的话题为题材。
作为一个非英语专业的学生，我选择了自己热爱的音乐作为报告的内容。
在准备口头报告的过程中，我遇到了一些困难。
首先，我在口语表达方面存在很大的不足，自信心不足，对于如何组织语言和表达观点感到迷茫。
其次，我在文化背景知识方面了解有限，对于音乐的英语术语和相关的文化背景了解不够全面。
为了克服这些困难，我采取了以下措施。
首先，我通过自学英语的口语表达技巧，并通过大量练习来提高自己的口语表达能力。
其次，我进行了大量的音乐术语和相关文化背景的研究，以便更好地在口头报告中展示我的知识。
尽管在准备报告的过程中遇到了一些困难，但最终我成功地完成了口头报告。
通过这次报告，我不仅加深了对音乐的理解，而且提高了自己的口语表达能力。
作业二：阅读理解第二次作业是一篇阅读理解练习。
我们需要阅读一篇英文新闻报道，并回答相关问题。
这次作业的难点在于理解文章的内容以及准确回答问题。
在完成这次作业的过程中，我认识到自己阅读理解的能力还有待提高。
我发现自己在阅读英文文章时容易迷失在细节上，导致对文章整体内容的把握不够准确。
此外，我在回答问题时有时会理解偏差，导致答案不准确。
为了提高阅读理解能力，我开始注重提高自己的阅读速度和理解能力。
我通过阅读更多的英文文章，并尝试使用一些阅读理解技巧来帮助自己更好地理解文章。
此外，我还开始认真阅读问题，并思考问题的答案，而不是急于回答。
通过这次作业，我意识到阅读理解是英语学习中非常重要的一部分，我将继续努力提高自己的阅读理解能力。
作业三：写作练习第三次作业是一篇写作练习，我们需要根据提示写一篇短文。
这次作业的难点在于写作能力和语法运用。
在写作这篇短文的过程中，我发现自己的写作能力有很大的提升空间。
英语结课英语作文
As the English course comes to an end,reflecting on the journey through the language has been both enlightening and enriching.The English language,with its vast vocabulary and complex grammar,has been a challenging yet rewarding subject to delve into.Here are some key aspects of the course that have made a significant impact on my learning experience:1.Grammar Mastery:The course started with a solid foundation in grammar. Understanding the intricacies of tenses,sentence structure,and parts of speech has been crucial.It has allowed me to construct wellformed sentences and express complex ideas clearly.2.Vocabulary Expansion:The English language is rich with words that can convey the same idea in various ways.The course helped me expand my vocabulary,enabling me to choose the most appropriate word for the context,which has been essential for both written and spoken communication.3.Reading Comprehension:Through the course,I have been exposed to a wide range of texts,from literary classics to contemporary articles.This has not only improved my reading comprehension but also broadened my understanding of different cultures and perspectives.4.Writing Skills:Writing essays and reports has been a significant part of the course.It has taught me how to organize my thoughts,develop a coherent argument,and present it in a structured manner.The feedback from the instructor has been invaluable in refining my writing style.5.Listening and Speaking:Engaging in conversations and listening to native speakers has improved my listening skills and helped me to pick up on nuances in pronunciation and intonation.Participating in group discussions and presentations has boosted my confidence in speaking English.6.Cultural Insights:Learning a language is not just about the words and grammar its also about understanding the culture behind it.The course included cultural studies that provided insights into the history,literature,and traditions of Englishspeaking countries.7.Critical Thinking:Analyzing texts and discussing different viewpoints has honed my critical thinking skills.It has taught me to question assumptions,consider multiple perspectives,and form wellreasoned opinions.8.Technological Integration:The use of technology in the course,such as languagelearning apps and online resources,has made the learning process more interactive and accessible.It has also prepared me for the digital age where English is a key component of global communication.9.Peer Collaboration:Working on group projects and engaging with classmates from diverse backgrounds has been a highlight of the course.It has taught me the importance of teamwork,effective communication,and mutual respect.10.SelfMotivation and Discipline:Lastly,the course has instilled in me the importance of selfmotivation and discipline.Consistent practice and selfstudy have been essential in achieving progress and mastering the language.In conclusion,the English course has been a comprehensive and transformative experience.It has equipped me with the necessary skills to communicate effectively in English and appreciate the beauty and complexity of the language.As I move forward,I am eager to apply these skills in my academic and professional pursuits,and continue to grow as an English speaker.。
专业英语结课作业
Professional English final work Customer satisfaction analysisof 7-day Chain HotelClass Business Administration 2016-1 Class Student IDNameComplete time June 23, 20191.The background of surveyThe development of budget hotels has developed under the stimulation of mass consumption. In China, the budget hotel industry has faced wonderful development opportunities, while it also faced fierce reality and fierce competition. It is conducive to improving the overall quality of employees that improving service quality and consumer satisfaction, also helpful to enhance hotel service capabilities and competitiveness, gain customers’ recognition, thus winning longer-term development in the industry. This survey is targeted at consumers of 7- day hotel chain, to analysis the satisfaction of service.2.The introduction of 7-day hotel7 Days Hotel is one of the brands of the Platinum Hotel Group. It is the first Chinese hotel group listed on the New York Stock Exchange. In addition, it is the owner of the largest membership system in China's hotel industry and the leader in the technology and innovation model of China's hotel industry. It was founded in 2005 and listed on the New York Stock Exchange on November 20, 2009(Stock Code: SVN).On June 27, 2013, 7-day hotel chain delisted from the United States. On July 17, in the same year, it was acquired by the Platinum Hotel Group.Adhering to the vision of “sleeping well every day”, 7- Days Hotel is committed to providing clean, environmentally friendly, comfortable and safe accommodation services for value-oriented business travelers to satisfy their core requirements in accommodation.3.The method of investigationi.QuestionnaireThe questionnaire survey method is a widely used method in social surveys at home and abroad. Our group’s survey work lasted for one week. We adopt the method of issuing questionnaires , survey some consumers of 7- day hotel in Guilin Qixing District. A total of 35 questionnaires were collected in this survey.1)The purpose of the survey : the purpose of this survey is to grasp the real situationof the 7- day hotel chain customer experience to find out some problems.2)Scope of investigation : around 7 Days hotel, in Guilin Qixing District.3)The object of survey : consumers of 7-day hotel chain.4)Prophase : design survey questions and create survey questionnaires.5)Medium term : issue questionnaires6)Later stage : collect questionnaires and analyze data to conduct servicesatisfaction by using IPA analysis.ii.IPA analysisIPA analysis is the “importance-performance analysis”, which is widely used in the analysis of customer satisfaction, and is a comprehensive method for people to compare the importance and expressiveness of image attributes. People can map the importance and performance mean in the two-dimensional matrix corresponding to the dominant area, the maintenance area, the opportunity area and the improvement area respectively, and conclude that the evaluation object needs to continue to maintain the advantage, reduce the attention, appropriate improvement and key improvement indicators.The IPA analysis method has been widely used in domestic and foreign research, and its application in the tourism field has also been applied. For example, foreign scholars Uysal, chen, wiliiams ( 2000 ) used IPA analysis to conduct an IPA analysis of Virginia's tourism image in the United States, thereby helping it find the target market and improve customer satisfaction.4.Survey’s results and analysis1)The analysis of basic informationAccording to the statistical distribution table of the sample of Table 1, the total sample size is 35, and the age of the interviewed population is concentrated at 18 to35 years old. The youth is the main subject of investigation, and the education level is mainly undergraduates.2)The IPA analysis of Customer Experience of 7 Days Hotel Chain Hotel inGuilin.Calculating the mean and performance mean of the four measurement dimensions ( environment and facility experience, service skills and skills experience, safety and management experience, public space experience) for the 7-day hotel chain in Guilin. Table 1 shows that the average of total importance is 4.419 and the total performance average is 3.918.Taking (4.419, 3.918) as the coordinate origin, taking the importance mean variable as the x-axis, and the performance mean as the y-axis, plot the IPA analysis (as shown in Figure 1), and simultaneously set the position coordinates of each measurement item. One-to-one correspondence, and then data analysis.14The storage of consumers’ information 4.574average value 4.419285714 3.917857143Figure 1 IPA analysis chart➢Continue to maintain the advantage of the projectThe importance and performance of the first quadrant are high and are the main source of competitiveness of the company, so its service quality should continue to be maintained. There are a 14 project variables in this survey, 4 of which are distributed in the area, A2 has qualified professional licenses, A5 can be booked in advance, A6 can use WeChat or Alipay payment, and A14 hotel's custody of personal information falls here. region. Due to the popularity of online payment methods and the improvement of people's awareness of rights protection, more and more hotels pay more attention to this aspect, and the above four aspects should continue to be maintained.➢Reduce concerns about maintenance areasThe importance of the second quadrant is not high, but the satisfaction is very PerformanceImportancehigh, so the quality of service has excessive supply. Two of them are located in the area. The business hours of A1 meet the demand, the traffic of A3 is convenient, and the location is easy. For the above two aspects, the 7-day hotel chain should save resources without excessive emphasis and investment.➢Appropriate improvement of the opportunity zone projectThe importance and performance of the third quadrant are not high, so the quality of service is less important and the priority is lower. Two of them are located in the area, the A4 parking space is sufficient, and the A8 bedding is comfortable and tidy. In the above two aspects, the 7-day hotel chain can be appropriately improved.➢Focus on improvement zone projectsThe fourth quadrant has a high degree of importance, but the degree of satisfaction is not high. It is the main disadvantage of the enterprise. Therefore, its service quality has the decisive key factor for the future development of the enterprise, so it is a key improvement project. Five of them are located in the area, A9 hotel disposable supplies hygiene, A10 room smell is comfortable, A11 room sound insulation effect, A12 store interior design, A13 hotel overall service status, through the investigation can be concluded that 7- day hotel chain These aspects have not met the customer requirements, so in the development process, we should focus on improving hotel hygiene, improving the quality of hotel services, and paying attention to the interior decoration. （As shown in table 2）.Table 2 IPA Analysis5.Proposali.Designed decorationIn the decoration, the 7-day hotel is cheap, but the room decoration is similar, you can buy small accessories for different needs, such as small bulbs, balloons, puppets, tatami, etc., to satisfy the needs of customers at a lower cost, enhance thehotel Attractive.In the division of the room, it can be divided into several categories according to the needs. For the tourists, the tourist area can be divided, and the pictures of the scenic spots and the welcome words to the tourists are hung in the corridor of the tourist area, for example, "Guilin welcomes you, 7 Welcome to you, "live for 7 days, enjoy 7 days of beautiful holidays" and so on, highlighting the regional culture. In the naming of the room, it can be more interesting, rather than a simple number, to create features from the details.ii.Focus on the interactive atmosphereFirst of all, the scholars want to create an interactive atmosphere with the customers. As the saying goes, “The family atmosphere is also an interactive atmosphere. The operators need to have a family cultural concept, sincerely think for the customers, and use actions to make customers feel. We are a family, we can provide public rest on each floor. In terms of the tourist area, we can enhance the communication of each tenant, and even find like-minded friends, so that customers have the same sense of freedom and comfort at home. Secondly, the standard Standardized services and timely answers to questions can give customers a better and more enjoyable experience. Therefore, operators must provide service personnel with training in service skills, standardization, standard service procedures, and strengthen language training so that they can respond to customers’ consultation in a timely manner.iii.Keep the facilities inside and outside the hotel clean and tidyModern people not only consider the hotel price, but also the requirements for hotel hygiene. Keeping the environment clean and conducive to the customer's first impression of the hotel, the environment is clean and tidy, including the hotel's internal and external facilities, for the hotel's periphery, to ensure that the parking lot is adequate, regular cleaning and parking The field, for the interior of the hotel, focuses on the room hygiene, to ensure that the quilt towel has no stains, the air has no odor, and can specifically train the cleaning personnel to improve their own seriousness.6.ConclusionThis paper considers the problems that exist in the 7-day hotel in the environment and design experience, service skills, security and management experience, and public space experience through IPA analysis, and puts forward relevant suggestions for indicators with lower actual experience. It is recommended that operators pay attention to the interactive atmosphere experience, enhance the distinctiveness of the room design and improve the network status. The aim is to promote the sustainable development of the 7-day hotel in Guilin and improve the market share of the hotel, so that it has an advantage in the hotel competition.。
专业英语作业
龙岩学院化学与材料学院专业英语翻译专业及班级：材料2班姓名及学号：石文艺2013061631Part I. Translate the following English sentences into Chinese.1. One reactant is delivered to the other in a series of known amounts. The equivalence point (specified as a volume of reactant added —— sometimes called the equivalence volume) of the titration is that point when the reaction mixture has the reactants present in stoichiometric equivalence.将一种反应物加入到其他的一系列已知物当中。
滴定的等量点(定义为加入反应物的体积——有时又被称为当量体积)是指当反应混合物中具有以化学计量的反应物的点。
2. A functional group is a chemically reactive atom or group of atoms that imparts characteristic properties to the family of organic compounds containing it. The site of reaction in an organic molecule is often a functional group, a multiple covalent bond, or a polar single bond. An electron-poor atom or group that will bond with an atom that has an available electron pair is called an electrophile. An electron-rich atom or group that will bond with an electron-deficient atom is called a nucleophile.一个官能团是一个化学反应的原子或原子团，它能使包含这些原子团的一类有机化合物显示特殊的性质。
专业英语结课作业
专业英语结课作业通信与信息工程学院专业英语结课作业班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：作业时间：成绩：评语：通信与信息工程学院二〇一五年Passage B Binary System and Logic Systems1.Binary SystemA digital system functions in a binary manner.It employs devices which exist only in two possible states.A transistor is allowed to operate at cutoff or in saturation, but not in its active region.A node may be at high voltage of, say, 4±1V or at a low voltage of, say, 0.2±0.2V, but no values are allowed.Various designations are used for these two quantized states, and the most common are listed in Table 3.1.In logic,a statement is characterized as true or false, and this is the first binary classification listed in the table. A switch may be closed or open, which is the notation under 9, etc.Binary arithmetic and mathematical manipulation of switching or logic functions are best carried out with classification 3, which involves two symbols, 0(zero) and 1 (one).The binary system of representing numbers will now be explained by making reference to the familiar decimal system.Inthe latter the base is 10(ten), and ten numerals,0,1,2,3···,9, are required to express an arbitrary number.To write numbers larger than 9, we assign a meaning to the position of numerals in an array of numerals.For example, the number 1264 (one thousand two hundred sixty four) has the meaning1264=1×103＋2×102＋6×101＋4×100Thus the individual digits in the number represent the coefficients in an expansion of the number in powers of 10.The digit which is farthest to the right is the coefficient of the zeroth power; the next is the coefficient of the firth power.and so on.In the binary system of representation the base is 2, and only two numerals 0 and 1are required to represent a number.The numerals 0 and 1 have the same meaning as in the decimal system ,but a different interpretation is placed on the position occupied by a digit.In the binary system the two rather than ten as in the decimal system.For example, the decimal number 19 is written in the binary representation as 10011 since10011=1×24＋0×23＋0×22＋1×21＋1×20 =16＋0＋0＋2＋1=19A short list of equivalent numbers in decimal and binary notations is given in Table3.2.A general method for converting from a decimal to a binary number is indicated in Table 3.3.The procedure is the following.Place the decimal number (in this illustration,19) on the extreme right.Next divide by 2 and place the quotient (9) to the left and indicate the remember (1) directly below it.Repeat this process (for the next column 9÷2=4 and a remainder of 1) until a quotient of 0 is obtained.The array of 1’s and 0’s in the second row is the binary representation of the origin decimalnumber.In this example, decimal 19=10011 binary.A binary digit (a 1 or a 0) is called a bit.A group of bits that has the same significance is called a byte, word, or code.For example, to represent the 10 numerals (0,1,2,3···,9) and the 26 letters of the English alphabet would require 36 different combinations of 1’s and 0’s.Since 25<36<26, then a minimum of 6 bits per bit arerequired in order to accommodate all the alphanumeric characters.In this sense a bit is sometimes referred to as a character and a group of one or more characters as a word.2. Logic SystemsIn a DC, or level-logic, system a bit is implemented as one of two voltage levels.If, as in Figure 3.6(a), the more positive voltage is the 1 level and the other is the 0 level, the system is said to employ DC positive logic.On the other hand, a DC negative-logic system,as in Figure 3.6(b),i s one which designates the more negative voltage state of the bit as the 1 level and the more positive as the 0 level.It should be emphasized that the absolute values of the two voltages are of no significance in these definitions.In particular, the 0 state need not represent a zero voltage level (although in some systems it might).The parameters of a physical device (for example,VCE·sat of a transistor) are not identical from sample to sample,and they also vary with temperature.Furthermore, ripple or voltage spikes may exist in the power supply or ground leads, and other sources of unwanted signals, called noise,may be present in the circuit.For these reasons the digital levels are not specified precisely, but as indicated by the shaded region in Figure 3.6,each state is defined by a voltage range about a designated level, such as 4±1V and 0.2±0.2V.In a dynamic,or pulse-logic,system a bit is recognized by the present or absence of a pulse.At 1 signifies the existence of a positive pulse in a dynamic positive-logic system; a negative pulse denotes a 1 in a dynamic negative-logic system a 0 at a particular input (or output) at a given instant of time designates that no pulse is present at that particular moment.B篇二进制系统和逻辑系统1.二进制系统一个数字系统作用以二进制方式。
第二学期英语作业题第五册(正本)
护理专业英语作业题姓名：学号：I. Choose the best answer. (选择填空。
)1. The jokes Bill told in an effort to cheer us up didn’t quite______.a. come offb. come outc. comethrough d. come up2. He showed great ______ in pursuing the new learning.a. comparisonb. valuec. recreationd. enthusiasm3. The Chinese use chopsticks ______ knives and forks.a. in place ofb. in spite ofc. in partof d. in front of4. There are two colors in the Chinese flag, ______ red and yellow.a. mostlyb. lovelyc.fairly d. namely5. She always puts her bedroom in good _____ .a. orderb. trialc. trendd. trunk6. The boxer ______ his opponent in the second round.a. hanged upb. turned offc. knockedout d. headed for7. They expected a country with water ______ abundant that it could their needs forever.a. asb. soc. suchd. too8. Does the audience believe _____ the newscaster is lying and concealing something important.a. thatb. whatc. alld. which9. What would you do about the problem ______ you were in my shoes?a. thoughb. wherec. ifd. unless10. No sooner ______ there than he fell ill.a. had he arrivedb. he had arrivedc. hearrived d. arrived he11. I ______ you more help, but I had been so busy with my study.a. might giveb. should givec. might havegiven d. should have given12. When I arrived at the station, the train had already ______ .a. depositedb. depressedc.departed d. deprived13. He ______ over the letter and letter and walked away without a word.a. glancedb. sawc. watchedd. observed14. I could ______ understand what this book talks about.a. usuallyb. formerlyc. scarcelyd. virtually15. By this time next year we ______ academic study in university.a. shall complete c. shall have completedb. should complete d. should have completed16. The house ______ at the corner of the street is the museum of fine art crafts.a. stoodb. standsc.standing d. be standing17. I saw him walking ______ the park to the school.a. againstb. aboutc. amongd. across18. It’s no use ______ to him as he clings very much to his own opinions.a. talkb. talksc. to talkd. taking19. All ______ is to keep waiting in the cold wind.a. that you have to dob. how you have to doc. which you have to dod. what you have to do20. ______ everybody is here, let’s work out the traveling plan.a. In thatb. Now thatc. Sothat d. That21. Although it was extremely cold, ______ give up.a. but nobody wanted to c. nobody wanted toc. however nobody want tod. anybody yet wanted to22. He wrote down her name ______ he should forget it.a. becauseb. for fear thatc.since d. considering that23. Please bring it near ______ I may see it clearly.a. so thatb. forc. suchd. now that24. They left in such a hurry ______ they forgot to turn off the TV.a. whichb. thatc. so thatd. why25. ______ the five girls came on the trip.a. Neitherb. No body ofc. No oneof d. None of26. No one was ______ in the accident.a. injuredb. knockedc. damagedd. suffered27. Several people were killed ______ the accident.a. as a resultb. as a result ofc. asfrom d. as to28. Well, it is no wonder really, ______ ?a. wasn’t itb. isn’t itc. wasit d. is it29. The committee members resented _______ them of the meeting.a. the president that he didn’t tellb. the president not to informc. the president’s not informingd. the president that he failed to inform30. It’s about time people ______ notice of that women did during the war.a. tookb. takec. have takend. will take31. I wish you ______ me yesterday.a. tellb. could tellc. would telld. had told32. I’d rather you ______ those important documents with you.a. not takeb. don’t takec. won’ttake d. didn’t take33. ______ logging roads is thought to be helpful for protecting wildlife.a. Clearingb. Closingc. Closingoff d. Clearing up34. It was in 1985 ______ a hole in the ozone layer over the Antarctic was noticed.a. whichb. wherec.little d. that35. Only when you have obtained sufficient data ______ come to a sound conclusiona. can youb. would youc. youwould d. you can36. “ Hurry up, or the tickets ______ out by the time we get there.”a. will have been soldb. will sellc. have soldd. have been sold37. The atmosphere on the earth is ______ the moon.a. much denser than c. much denser than that ofb. more dense than d. more dense than those of38. ______, she couldn’t work out he problem at that moment.a. Clever although she wasb. As she was cleverc. She was clever, thoughd. Clever as she was39. At the sight of the bear, the ______ girl burst into tears.a. frightenb. frightenedc.frightful d. frightening40. He stopped the car to ______ a young girl who was hitch-hiking across Europe.a. take inb. get onc. putdown d. pick upII. Reading comprehension. ( 阅读理解。
商务英语结课作业
商务英语结业作业一、汉译英1.很遗憾地通知你方，我方不能接受你方报价，因为你方所要求的价格高于本地同等质量产品的市场价格水平。
We are sorry to tell you that we cannot take you up on the offer as the price you are asking is above the market level here for the quality in question.2.我们建议，如果你方在所报价格的基础上给予优惠，也许会有助于你方产品的市场推介。
May we suggest that you could perhaps make some allowance on your quoted prices that would help to introduce your goods on this market.3.希望你方考虑我方的还盘，并尽早发传真表示接受。
We hope you will consider our counter-offer most favorable, and fax us acceptance at your early convenience.4.我们已收到你方10月4日信函，并非常高兴地向你方订购以下货物。
We are in receipt of your letter of October 4th and are pleased to place an order with you for the following goods.5.我们确认以不可撤销信用证付款。
We would like to confirm that payment is to be made by irrevocable letter of credit.6.如果本次订货令我方满意，我方将继续向你方订货。
We will submit further orders, if this one is completed to our satisfaction.7.贵公司7月10日函收悉，对此次订货，我公司表示感谢。
计算机英语结课作业
计算机英语（2）结课作业|专业班级：学生姓名：学号：成绩：指导教师：李刚提交日期：2013-6-4Electronic products floods our daily life,what do you think of it？In the rapid development of today, with increasingly intense pace of life and rising intensity of work, more and more digital products flooding our lives. An increasing number of people are accustomed to bring their own digital products in their leisure time. As everyone knows, such a habit hides a possibility of damage to the brain. Loren Frank, who from the University of California told the "Weekly": "Sometimes, people need to reject electronic products to make the brain work better."The digital products let us lazyThere is a scene for the students that we are too familiar with --- playing mobile phone and playing computer all the time and regardless of on class or not.In a whole day of 24 hours, we will spend at least eight hours to face with high-definition mobile phone or computer screen. Today’s people use the cell phones and other electronic equipment to complete some work even in the exercise. The most important is that it can help them to pass some time, eliminating boredom.Many people feel this habit is normal no more. Using these electronic devices with some entertainment features to extract the boredom without any harm. However, there are some American scientists who have pointed out that these casual little habits have brought an unexpected side effect: when people make their brain too busy to accept the continuing digital information, they will lose the necessary "rest time” for their brain. "Do not underestimate the "rest time", which is an irreplaceable way that it allows people to better learn and remember information, or hold a thought of a new. In other words, the use of electronic products in a "multitasking" way is easy to damage the brain's ability to learn. Like calligraphy and typing, and now, there will be such a phenomenon - people typing faster and faster while their handwriting is getting worse. Otherwise, today’s students are not as focusing on their peers’neat standardized font as the past years. "A lot of kids think that the chance of handwriting is very little in the future. The only thing they should notice is to write in the line and not care the wording is graceful”.“More exaggeratedly, as long as the time goes, the words we usually come in handy are “disappeared”. And just like my classmates said, "After playing for a few years computers, a lot of words they just know, but do not know how to write." As is known to all that the popularizing of computer in life has greatly improved people's working efficiency. But at the same time, due to have an excessive dependence on the "keyboard" ,many people have the phenomenon of forgetting words in pen, leaving the computer on the thinking of a short circuit, and growing poor handwriting. In "paperless" age, "handwritten” will really drift away yet?Chinese calligraphy art has always been a proud of the cultural treasures, but this art have gradually appeared in an "aging" trend. Calligraphy, character assessment, quality word, these fun writing characters are becoming more and stranger for a new generation.May 2011, the Ministry of Education, the State Language Commission released the 2010 Chinese Language Situation Report. The report noted that with the arrival of the information age, the Chinese student’s abilities have decreased not only in reading, but also in writing. August 2011, the Ministry of Education issued a notice that in the primary and secondary school, it will carry out calligraphy education through curriculum and related activities. The notification requires that the introduction of calligraphy education in compulsory language courses must be in accordance with the requirements of curriculum standards, the calligraphylesson in three to sixth grade language courses a week for a lesson.In real life, there are more people will not care about their own handwriting degradation or even does not care about they are write wrong. Because the “handwritten era” has passed, the universal keyboard makes most people completing the writing of Chinese characters by known pinyin only.But using this convenient way more frequently will lead to people use the specific wording of Chinese characters become increasingly blurred. Someone made a "symptom analysis": because of tying the words along with the computer and the phone so frequently and lacking a sense of handwriting and a sense of writing that the language center of the brain does not produce a stimulating effect and resulting in a temporary amnesia cortex.Our human being are so proud of being distinguished from other animals is that we have a strong ability to learn, but alon g with the “convenience” that the digital products have brought about, our brain can't be weighed no more. It is very common that someone sat down and took out his cell phone to play games, surf online or micro blog in a meeting of friends or someone holding a cell phone to play games, read novels in a crowed bus?? With the ever-changing electronic products and widely used, many young people's lifestyles and habits have changed. And the excessive use and dependence to the electronic products is becoming a hot topic widely discussed.Digital products to harm our bodyWith the accelerated pace of work and the information appeared in large numbers, the first thing many people will do after their get up is to open their mobile phone’s software and glance at the daily news. Many people like sending a message when they are walking or using a mobile phone or iPad for watching movies, playing games, reading e-books on the bus. In this regard, some experts pointed out that using a mobile phone while walking is usually make people look down at the screen hardly and made the neck, the shoulders and the spine under enormous pressure and reduced the blood flow, the poor blood flow will make the neck, shoulders and spine stiffness and pain, and even inflammation. In addition, looking at the screen in unstable state is easy to cause eye dryness and fatigue and to affect vision thereby. And this behavior can lead to not hear car horns or not see stairs and the traffic accidents will happen easily.Besides, many people have dependency to the digit products with the popularity of microblogging. Not only during the day time stop using all fragmented they will not only interstice of time in daily life to brush the microblogging ceaselessly , but also open the microblogging at bedtime to see if anyone interaction uncontrollably. This kind of update make the time difficult to be controlled down. Some people made a rough estimate microblogging dependency syndrome "patient" who has reduced the sleep time at least three hours for playing phone.A recent study shows that most people forced out after a day of technology products, will feel severe psychological and physiological discomfort , panic, confusion and extreme loneliness after be forced out to the technology products a day. These symptoms are very familiar with the feeling ofdependent user who abandon drug habits or quit smoking unexpectedly, which is called "high tech addiction" disease.Though digital products has brought us convenience, but also let us getting lazy, the more worse is it will bring harm to our body. A cancer research expert of UK recently reached an astonishing conclusion: the number of deaths due to use of mobile phones will surpasssmoking victims. This is so far the most serious warning that the phone will probably bring harm to our health. Community mobile phone users have reached three times as much as the number of smokers. Therefore, Khurana believes that mobile phones have more serious harm than cigarettes. There are 500 million people worldwide die of smoking-caused each year currently. Today, mobile phones are no longer a simple conversation tool, but also an entertainment device including a function of MP3. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data show that 12.5 percent of children and adolescents (6-19 years old) and 17% of adults (20-69 years old), approximately 30 million people, have been caused permanent hearing damage due to excessive noise. In normal conversation, the voice is 60 decibels, 85 db may damage hearing and MP3 sound from the headphones up to 100 decibels.The intuitionistic effect that playing computer has brought is playing games. Pros and cons of playing electronic products have both advantages and disadvantages, but in general, there is more harm than good. The game in electronic products can enhance our practical abilities, which is favorable aspect. However, the disadvantages of playing electronic products are far greater than the benefits. The main reasons are that with the electronic products’ screen brightness and contrast always change, taking a long time on screen will have the result that a man who has long lifted his arm and makes his muscles stiff. Similarly, because irrational contrast, brightness, flashing electronic screens, people closing look at an object will make the ciliaris move frequently and cause eye fatigue. , if work over time, the ciliaris will spasm and cause pseudo-myopia. If pseudo myopia receives treatment timely in 1 to 3 months, it can restore normal vision. But it will evolve into a true myopia soon if the treatment posterior to the best period.China is a country contact the digital products relatively late. And China has changed gradually from the era of hanging that the original BP machine on waist and holding the Big Brother in hand to a country who consume the iphone, ipad and other digital products most. Therefore, most foreign enterprises has see China as the number one consumer country. China is definitely the brunt whether luxury or digital products. This is a good phenomenon was also a bad phenomenon.The good news is the high consumption is fully reflects our people's living standards have improved a lot comparing with the past. Per capita GDP has also been a very significant increase; but in which there are no lacking of consumers who bite off more than they can chew. It still has a good side in overall.The bad aspect is that digital products dominate our lives gradually. Although they are fast, convenient, but gradually, people are no longer willing to act and reluctant to communicate with the community, in contrary, they are more willing to sit on the couch as SMS fans. And the harm of mobile phones has been self-evident, but it is still very difficult to change people's habits. Long-term use mobile phones may affect the brain, because basically, you are in the course of transmission of information to the brain first, and then analyze and answer to the information. If things continue like this, the phone will bring many brain injuries given by high intensity radiation; there are also the potential symptoms and psychiatric symptoms. The damage is not show up immediately, but this is not entirely to blame phone because the manufacturers who have hidden it so wonderfully.Overall, the risk is always accompanied with us, but we do not know. So in the face of the issue of recycling old mobile phone, it should also give priority to it. The most important thing on our environment and our health is reasonable recycling old mobile phones.。
专业外语结课作业
专业英语结课作业专业英语作业第一部分：汉译英原文：1.增加抗弯构件的有效宽度。
由于当其他条件不变时能够直接减小扭矩，并以宽度增量的三次幂形式减小变形，因此这一措施非常有效。
但是必须保证加宽后的竖向承重构件非常有效地连接。
2.在设计构件时，尽可能有效地使其加强相互作用力。
例如，可以采用具有有效应力状态的弦杆和桁架体系；也可在墙的关键位置加置钢筋；以及最优化钢架的刚度比等措施。
3.增加最有效的抗弯构件的截面。
例如，增加较低层柱以及连接大梁的翼缘截面，将可直接减少侧向位移和增加抗弯能力，而不会加大上层楼面的质量，否则，地震问题将更加严重。
4.通过设计使大部分竖向荷载，直接作用于主要的抗弯构件。
这样通过预压主要的抗倾覆构件，可以使建筑物在倾覆拉力的作用下保持稳定。
5.通过合理地放置实心墙体及在竖向构件中使用斜撑构件，可以有效地抵抗每层的局部剪力。
但仅仅通过竖向构件进行抗剪是不经济的，因为使柱及梁有足够的抗弯能力，比用墙或斜撑需要更多材料和施工工作量。
6.每层应加设充足的水平隔板。
这样就会使各种抗力构件更好地在一起工作，而不是单独工作。
7.在中间转换层通过大型竖向和水平构件及重楼板形成大框架，或者采用深梁体系。
1.译文：Increase the effective width of the moment-resisting subsystems .This is very useful because increasing the width will cut down the overturnforce directly and will reduce deflection by the third power of the widthincrease , other things remaining cinstant . However , this does require thatvertical components of the widened subsystem be suitably connected toactually gain this benefit.2.Design subsystems such that the components are made to interact in themost efficient manner . For example , use truss systems with chords anddiagonals efficiently stressed , place reinforcing for walls at criticallocations , and optimize stiffness ratios for rigid frames .3.Increase the material in the most effective resisting components . Forexample , materials added in the lower floors to the flanges of columns andconnecting girders will directly decrease the overall deflection and increasethe moment resistance without contributing mass in the upper floors wherethe earthquake problem is aggravated .4.Arrange to have the greater part of vertical loads be carried directly on theprimary moment-resisting components . This will help stabilize thebuildings against tensile overturning forces by precompressing the majoroverturn-resisting components .5.The local shear in each story can be best resisted by strategic placement ifsolid walls or the use of diagonal members in a vertical subsystem .Resisting these shears solely by vertical members in bending is usually lesseconomical , since achieving sufficient bending resistance in the columnsand connecting girders will require more material and construction energythan using walls or diagonal members .6.Sufficient horizontal diaphragm action should be provided floor . This willhelp to bring the various resisting elements to work together instead ofseparately .7.Create mega-frames by joining large vertical and horizontal componentssuch as two or more elevator shafts at multistory intervals with a heavyfloor subsystems , or by use of very deep girder trusses .第二部分：英译汉原文：In the past two decades, this traditional approach has become less popular for a number of reasons, particularly for large scale projects. The A/E firms, which are engaged by the owner as the prime professionals for design and inspection, have become more isolated from the construction process. This has occurred because of pressures to reduce fees to A/E firms, the threat of litigation regarding construction defects, and lack of knowledge of new construction techniques on the part of architect and engineering professionals. Instead of preparing a construction plan along with the design, many A/E firms are no longer responsible for the details of construction nor do they provide periodic field inspection in many cases. As a matter of fact, such firms will place a prominent disclaimer of responsibilities on any shop drawings they may check, and they will often regard their representatives in the field as observers instead of inspectors. Thus, the A/E firm and the general contractor on a project often become antagonists who are looking after their own competing interests. As a result, even the construct ability of some engineering designs may become an issue of contention. To carry this protective attitude to the extreme, the specifications prepared by an A/E firm for the general contractor often protects the interest of the A/E firm at the expense of the interests of the owner and the contractor.译文：在过去的二十年里，这种传统的方式因为一些原因已经变得不再那么受欢迎，尤其是对于大型的项目来说。
电商英语结课作业
FAQ for B2CWhat is B2C E-commerceWhile the term e-commerce refers to all online transactions, B2C stands for “business-to-consumer” and applies to any business or organization that sells its products or services to consumers over the Internet for their own use. When most people think of B2C e-commerce, they think of , the online bookseller that launched its site in 1995 and quickly took on the nation’s major retailers. However, in addition to online retailers B2C has grown to include services such as online banking, travel services, online auctions, health information and real estate sites.FAQ 1. What is difference between B2C and B2B e-commerce?For one thing, the customers are different—B2B(business-to-business)customers are other companies while B2C customers are individuals. Overall, B2B transactions are more complex and have higher security needs. Beyond that, there are two big distinctions.(1)Selling to another business involves haggling over prices, delivery and product specifications. Not so with most consumer sales. That makes it easier for retailers to put a catalog online, and it’s why the first B2B applications were for buying finished goods or commodities that are simple to describe and price.(2)Retailers don’t have to integrate with their customers’ systems. Companies selling to other business, however, need to make sure they can communicate without human intervention.FAQ 2. Is B2C commerce really dead? With so many dotcoms dying, is it worthwhile to move ahead with B2C e-commerce?B2C e-commerce may be ailing, but it isn’t dead. In fact, the North American online retail market is expected to grow 45percent in 2001 to $65 billion, according to a joint study conducted by the industry group and the Boston Consulting Group. And Forester Research predicts that B2C e-commerce in the United States will grow from $38.8 billion in 2000 to $184.5 billion in 2004.It’s true that 2001 has seen a lot of dotcom carnage. As of June, 330 dotcoms had closed their doors since the star of the year. At the same time, brick and mortar retailers are attracting more online visitors and profiting from multi-channel strategies in which they promote their websites in stores and advertise in-store promotions on their websites.So yes, it’s still worthwhile to g o ahead with B2C e-commerce. Just make sure you have a business plan that includes profitability mot too far down the road.FAQ 3. How should companies organize their B2C initiative?In the early days, e-commerce initiative were often led by groups that were separate from the main IT department. The extreme example of this kind of separation was the spinoff model, in which stand-alone Web units were created thousands of miles from company headquarters with entirely new staffs. In these cases, IT leaders at the home office often had little to do with the B2C projects. Increasingly, e-businessdepartments are coming back under the corporate umbrella and CIOs are often in charge.。
英语结课作业
2.2 中文摘要Βιβλιοθήκη 本文概述了一种用化学性敏感导电复合材料 修饰常规的射频识别标签的新方法。将导电复合 膜整合到射频识别标签中，当遇到目标分析物时， 该膜就会发生膨胀，电阻也会随着增大，射频识 别标签的传递能力就会下降。这种复合膜以顺丁 烯二酸酐作为传感材料，可以检测到食品腐败过 程中不同种类的生物胺。射频识别标签的响应度 取决于胺的浓度，标签的初始电阻，生物胺的种 类。这种射频识别传感器在气体传感器行业的许 多应用中极具吸引力。
译文：当遇到目标分析物时，该膜就会发生膨胀，电阻也
会随着增大，射频识别标签的传递能力就会下降。
高效液相色谱荧光法检测卡诺娜酒和维蒙蒂 Charpter 3 诺酒中的丹酰化氨基酸和生物胺
3.1 English Abstract
Free amino acids (AA) and biogenic amines (BA) were quantified for the first time in Cannonau and Vermentino wines, the two most popular “Controlled Designation of Origin’’ wines from Sardinia (Italy). Analytical method for the simultaneous determination of AA and BA was developed, using selective derivatization with dansyl chloride followed by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Thirty-two compounds were identified in the wines analysed. High levels of AA were found, with proline being the most abundant with average levels of 1244 ± 398 and 1008 ± 281 mg/L in Cannonau and Vermentino wines, respectively. BA were detected at average concentrations <10 mg/L, except putrescine which reached 20.5 ± 10.2 mg/L in Cannonau wines. Histamine was never detected in any Vermentino wines. ᵧ-Amino-butyric acid, 4-hydroxyproline, glycine, leucine + isoleucine and putrescine proved to be useful for differentiating Cannonau wines from Vermentino wines.
专业英语课程考试题库
专业英语课程考试题库1. Multiple Choice Questions- Which of the following is NOT a component of SWOT analysis?A. StrengthsB. WeaknessesC. OpportunitiesD. Threats- The process of dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers who have different needs, characteristics, or behaviors is known as:A. Market segmentationB. Market positioningC. Market penetrationD. Market development- What does the acronym GDP stand for?A. Gross Domestic ProductB. General Distribution PointC. Gross Development ProtocolD. Global Demand Projection2. True or False- Focusing on the four Ps of marketing (Product, Price, Place, Promotion) is primarily relevant to B2C businesses.- A company's mission statement outlines its core purpose and values, guiding its strategic decisions and operations.3. Fill in the Blanks- A company that differentiates itself through product innovation and design may use _______________ as a competitive strategy.- _____________ refers to the systematic gathering, recording, and analyzing of data about a specific market, customers, or competitors.4. Short Answer- Explain the concept of diversification in the context of business strategy.- What are the key differences between inbound marketing and outbound marketing?5. Essay Questions- Discuss the impact of globalization on international business and the importance of cross-cultural communication in today's interconnected world.- Analyze the role of technology in shaping modern marketing strategies and the challenges faced by businesses in adapting to digital advancements.以上是专业英语课程考试题库的内容，希望能为考生们的学习和备考提供帮助。
专业英语结课作业人文地理学研究生二年级.
专业英语结课作业——李宁 2012级人文地理On Financing Models of Real Estate Enterprise房地产公司的融资模式Abstract: Against the background that the central government is strengthening macro control and tightening credit scale of real estate businesses, financing capacity becomes the determinant for a real estate enterprise's development. Domestic enterprises nave many ways of financing, and this paper describes ten common models, simply analyses the advantages and disadvantages of each model, while explains and recommends three financing examples models with practical examples : individual entrusted loan, trust financing and assets securitization.摘要:在国家加大宏观调控力度、紧缩房地产信贷规模的背景下, 房地产企业面临严峻的资金压力,融资能力成为决定房地产持续发展的决定因素。
国内房地产企业的融资方式较多, 本文深入浅出地介绍了常见的十种模式, 简单地分析了各种模式的优缺点, 并结合工作实际, 推荐和较详细地介绍了三种融资模式:个人委托贷款、信托融资、资产证券化。
Keywords: real estate enterprise, enterprise financing, individual entrusted loan, trust financing, assets securitization, equity financing 关键字:房地产企业;企业融资;个人委托贷款;信托融资;资产证券化;股权融资文章分为四部分:1、 Introduction 介绍2、 Common financing model for real estate enterprises 房地产公司的一般融资模式3、 Comparison and selection of real estate enterprise financing models 对比选择房地产公司融资模式4、 Conclusion 结论1、 Introduction 介绍Real estate industry features in capital intensive, long development cycle, great input, high risk and so on. Traditional financing ways for real estate enterprises mainly include self-funded plus bank loans. Since the People's Bank of China issued No.121 Paper, financial institutions tightened cash flows, enterprises dependent on commercial banksfor financing get into difficulties, meaning financing capacity has become a determinant for the sustainable development of a real estate enterprise.The financial system in China is not mature, so real estate enterprises should not only be confined to bank loans, but also seek for more financing channels and fully play the diversified financing functions of the society, for survival and further development. Only enterprises with timely innovation in financing and plenty of capital can survive and develop. Therefore, it is necessary and meaningful to study and analyze various financing ways.2、 Common financing model for real estate enterprises 房地产公司的一般融资模式Domestic real estate enterprises have different financing models, each with advantages and disadvantages, and they are summarized as follows:2.1 Bank loans 银行贷款This is a traditional financing method. According to statistics, before No.121 Paper from the People’s Bank of China, real estate projects sourced about 60% of the fund directly or indirectly from banks. Bank loans include credit loans, mortgage loans, etc.Some enterprises used to mortgage the land they take for loans, arrear part of land transferring fees, stage the project development, subcontract the project with advance capital and forward sale, etc. to rapidly recover funds. Nowadays, these ways are not workable.2.2 Institutional investments + bank loans 机构投资 +银行贷款Institutional investments plus bank loans, this model is also referred as bridge loans. When real estate enterprises are not able to self-fund for land grant fee, etc., institutional investors provide short-term capital support (bridging, to keep the project moving (crossing bridge. When the projects have cash inflow, Banks began to loan. For enterprises targeting at further development, this model only ease the cash tightness for a while, not a guarantee for long-term financial support.2.3Equity financing 股权融资Equity financing model is broadly adopted in real estate industry. In order to get financed, many real estate project developers are willing to attract funds through capital and equity increase. The largest shortcoming缺点 of this model is that the developers have to give out分发 a large part of profits, which is not quite acceptable for companies with good projects这一点并不能为拥有好项目的公司所接受 . In addition, as equity financing involves management and administrative power由于股权融资包括管理和行政权力 , enterprises for long-term development would not prefer this method企业长期发展并不喜欢这种方式 .2.4Corporate bonds 公司债券This method is often used for new projects, with a higher interest rate than that of banks of the same period比银行同期利率更高的利息 . Large enterprises generally issue more bonds, while general real estate projects seldom can get a chance to issue bonds大公司通常会发行很多债券,但通常不动产项目很少能有这样的机会 . Therequirements on the bond-issuer are strict, only exclusively-state-owned companies, public companies, and limited liability companies established by two state-owned investment subjects are qualified 债券发行人的要求是严格的 , 只有完全国有企业 , 上市公司 , 有限责任公司建立了两个国有投资主体才有资格。
英语专业写作课作业
英语专业写作课作业### 英语专业写作课作业Task 1: Argumentative EssayInstructions:1. Introduction: Begin with a hook that grabs the reader's attention and introduces the topic.2. Background: Provide a brief overview of social media and its prevalence among youth.3. Body Paragraphs:- Discuss the positive aspects of social media, such as connecting with others and access to information.- Present arguments and evidence for the negative impact on mental health, including increased anxiety, depression, and cyberbullying.- Counterarguments: Address potential counterarguments and explain why they are less significant.4. Conclusion: Summarize the main points and provide a strong closing statement that reinforces your argument.Task 2: Narrative EssayTitle: "My Journey to Fluency in English"Instructions:1. Introduction: Start with a personal anecdote that sets the tone for your journey.2. Early Struggles: Describe your initial challenges withlearning English, including any language barriers or misconceptions.3. Turning Point: Identify a pivotal moment or experiencethat motivated you to improve your English skills.4. Progress and Growth: Detail the steps you took to become fluent, such as attending language classes, practicing with native speakers, or immersion programs.5. Conclusion: Reflect on the personal growth and thebenefits of being fluent in English.Task 3: Descriptive EssayTitle: "A Day in the Life of an English Major"Instructions:1. Introduction: Introduce the reader to the daily routine of an English major.2. Morning Routine: Describe the morning activities, such as attending classes, reading literature, or writing assignments.3. Afternoon: Discuss the academic and extracurricularactivities that an English major might engage in, such as attending workshops, participating in literary clubs, or studying in the library.4. Evening: Describe how an English major might spend their evenings, whether it's attending a poetry reading, working on a creative writing project, or preparing for the next day's classes.5. Conclusion: Summarize the day and reflect on the unique aspects of being an English major.Task 4: Persuasive EssayTitle: "The Importance of Learning a Second Language"Instructions:1. Introduction: Introduce the topic and present your thesis statement.2. Cultural Understanding: Explain how learning a second language can lead to a deeper understanding of different cultures.3. Career Opportunities: Discuss the professional advantages of being bilingual or multilingual.4. Cognitive Benefits: Present research that shows the cognitive benefits of learning a second language.5. Conclusion: Reiterate the importance of learning a second language and call to action for readers to start their language learning journey.Task 5: Research PaperTitle: "The Evolution of English Language Teaching Methods"Instructions:1. Introduction: Introduce the topic and provide an overview of the evolution of English language teaching methods.2. Historical Context: Discuss the traditional methods of teaching English, such as rote memorization and grammar translation.3. Modern Approaches: Describe contemporary teaching methods, including communicative language teaching and task-based learning.4. Technological Advancements: Explore how technology has influenced English language teaching, such as online learning platforms and language learning apps.5. Conclusion: Summarize the evolution of teaching methodsand predict future trends in English language education.Note: Each task should be completed with proper citation and reference to academic sources where applicable. Ensure that your writing is clear, concise, and adheres to the conventions of academic writing.。
临沂大学英语语法结课作业及参考答案
英语语法2022年3月结课考试(1)一、单选题（共50题，100分）1、8.This crop has similar qualities to the previous one .___ both wind-resistant and adapted to the same type of soil.A、beingB、beenC、to beD、having been正确答案： A2、15.Throw away these thing, they are totally______A、valuableB、invaluableC、valuelessD、priceless正确答案： C3、There____not only the earth but also eight other planets in the solar system.A、areB、wereC、isD、was正确答案： C4、With the miniaturization(缩小) of the structural components the weight of these electric devices has decreased＿30 percent.A、withB、inC、onD、by正确答案： D5、Since it is already midnight,we____.A、had better leftB、ought to have leftC、should have leftD、might as well leave正确答案： D6、She____her mother’s work since she was admitted into hospital.A、is doingB、has been doingC、has doneD、has been done正确答案： B7、He fulfilled this plan earlier than he____.A、was expectedB、would expectC、expectD、had expected正确答案： D8、He___for six years by the times he takes his examination.A、studied EnglishB、had been studying EnglishC、studies EnglishD、will have been studying English正确答案： D9、He can play almost every kind of music instrument but he is good ______.A、at a fluteB、at the fluteC、at fluteD、at the flutes正确答案： B10、I___to make an airline reservation. But I didn’t.A、should have calledB、calledC、could callD、would call正确答案： A11、“How much tea is left in the pot?”“_____.”A、NoneB、Not someC、NothingD、No one正确答案： A12、______makes mistakes must correct them.A、WhoB、WhoeverC、HeD、Anyone正确答案： B13、8. I ___to make an airline reservation. But I didn’t.A、should have calledB、calledC、could callD、would call正确答案： A14、The course normally attracts 20 students per year,_______up to half will be from overseas.A、in whichB、for whomC、with whichD、of whom正确答案： D15、____from the 18th floor when he saw the police coming near.A、Jump down the thiefB、The thief jumped downC、Down the thief jumpedD、Down jumped the thief正确答案： D16、Have a little more coffee, ____?A、haven’t youB、won’t youC、don’t youD、will you正确答案： B17、We agreed to accept_____they thought was the best tourist guide.A、whateverB、whomeverC、whicheverD、whoever正确答案： D18、He tried to make up＿the lost time＿staying up late.A、with…withB、with…byC、for…withD、for…by正确答案： D19、4. This is the girl _____ has been highly praised.A、of whom the paintingB、the painting of whoseC、who paintingD、whose painting正确答案： D20、The grandparents ___ when they saw the gold medal their grandson had got at the Olympic games.A、couldn’t help to smileB、couldn’t help smilingC、couldn’t help but smiledD、couldn’t help from smiling正确答案： B21、3.When he was at school, he early and take a walk before breakfast.A、would riseB、should riseC、shall riseD、used to rising正确答案： A22、______ was responsible for the accident is not yet clear.A、WhoB、WhoeverC、ThatD、 It正确答案： A23、Hard work and plain living ____ characteristics of the working class.A、wereB、isC、has beenD、are正确答案： D24、4. I would have asked him to attend our gathering but I ___ his addressA、didn’t knowB、hadn’t knowC、don’t knowD、wouldn’t known正确答案： A25、When the fire broken out.____.A、the house had emptiesB、the house was made emptyC、the house became emptying正确答案： B26、Though he was in college, he was still fond of reading ______.A、stories of childrenB、children storiesC、children's storiesD、children's' stories正确答案： C27、10.＿ entering the hall, he found everyone waiting ＿him.A、At…orB、On…forC、In…toD、On…into正确答案： B28、The police were told that some boys were seen___on the street.A、to playB、to be playingC、playingD、having been正确答案： A29、It was essential that the application forms___back before the deadline.A、must be sentB、would be sentC、be sentD、should have been sent正确答案： C30、What___do with the house?A、are you about toB、will you be going toC、are you going toD、have you been to正确答案： C31、Not only____the data fed into it, but it can also analyze them.A、the computer can memorizeB、can the computer memorizeC、do the computer memorizeD、can memorize the computer正确答案： B32、She is so stubborn that she never listens to the advice _______.A、that I gave it to herB、I give it to herC、which I give to herD、 what I give to her正确答案： C33、The electric wires in a house____with some kind of insulation.A、are coveredB、were coveredC、is coveredD、will been covered正确答案： A34、Although the first part of the book is easy, the rest____.A、are difficultB、has proved difficultC、is supposed difficultD、have been found difficult正确答案： B35、_____ the students of the class passed the examination.A、Almost all ofB、Most all ofC、Most of allD、Almost the whole of正确答案： C36、8. I didn’t hear ____ because there was too much noise where I was sitting.A、what saidB、What he saidC、what did he sayD、What was he saying正确答案： B37、There is no one of us_____knows the sun is larger than the moon.A、butB、whichC、whoD、that正确答案： D38、We arrived professor Baker had already called the roll.A、so late thatB、as late thatC、so later thatD、so lately that正确答案： A39、Mathematics as well as physics always____me a lot of headaches.A、has causedB、are causingC、causeD、causes正确答案： D40、What’s that ____ flashed in the sky just now?A、whatB、thatC、whoD、which正确答案： D41、Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers, ______ overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women.A、thatB、whatC、whichD、whose正确答案： D42、6. She is so stubborn that she never listens to the advice_______.A、that I gave it to herB、I give it to herC、which I give to herD、what I give to her正确答案： C43、Although he didn’t know anything about it ，he tried ___the radio himself.A、fixB、to fixC、fixingD、fixed正确答案： C44、The prisoners’ request＿more and better food is now＿consideration.A、to…onB、for…underC、of...inD、for…into正确答案： B45、Tom’s very spoilt and always demanding attention; I expect it’s because he’s_______Child.A、an onlyB、a singleC、a lonelyD、an alone正确答案： A46、The dance and _has arrived already.A、singerB、a singerC、the singerD、singers正确答案： A47、Jenny cannot drive yet, but she wants _____ .A、her own carB、the car of her ownC、a her own carD、a car of her own正确答案： D48、We don’t need air conditioning,____?A、nor can we afford itB、And nor we can afford itC、neither can afford itD、And we can neither afford it正确答案： A49、I will take no steps until the director____.A、arrivesB、would arriveC、will arriveD、could arrive正确答案： A50、____to you like that.A、How dared he spokeB、How dares he speakC、How dare he speakD、How dares he to speak正确答案： C解析：英语语法2022年3月结课考试(2)一、单选题（共50题，100分）1、I haven’t read＿book but I read half of it. At least I know something about the subject now.A、wholeB、allC、all ofD、the whole正确答案： D2、You’d better continue to use the same spelling of your name as_____you used in your application.A、some oneB、anyC、the oneD、one正确答案： C3、I____the operation unless it is absolutely necessary.A、rather would not haveB、would rather not haveC、would ratherD、would not rather had正确答案： B4、He said such a thing___to happen.A、ought to be not allowedB、ought not to be allowingC、ought not to have allowedD、ought not to be allowed正确答案： D5、You may rely on _____ everything will be ready by Monday.A、thatB、whichC、it thatD、if正确答案： C6、It is___the earth that satellites carry television cameras farinto apace.A、observedB、observingC、to be observedD、to observe正确答案： D7、_____in the office had made a mistake, and the firm regretted causing the customer inconvenience.”A、SomeoneB、AnyoneC、SomeD、One正确答案： A8、There is___that well-educated people should devote their knowledge and skills to their own country and people.A、no denyB、no denyingC、not denyD、not denied正确答案： B9、10.They want to know about the sea life______.A、deep in oceanB、deeply in the oceanC、deep in the oceanD、in the ocean deeply正确答案： C10、Peter oughtn’t to have done it in the first place,____?A、hasn’t heB、oughtn’t heC、hadn’t heD、ought he正确答案： D11、I know it will be difficult to pick him out in such a crowd,butif you___happen to see him,give him this note.A、mightB、couldC、shouldD、would正确答案： C12、2. Elections____ every four years and Congress meets once a year.A、are taken placeB、are to be taken placeC、took placeD、take place正确答案： D13、After___for the job，you will be required to talk a language test.A、being interviewedB、interviewC、interviewedD、having interviewed正确答案： A14、13.Henry would never forget ___his mother-in-low for the first time. She was so pleased with the gifts he had brought to her .A、meetB、to meetC、meetingD、met正确答案： C15、＿ students_______ the meeting held the day before yesterday.A、The number…attendB、A number of…attendedC、The number of…attendedD、A number…attend正确答案： B16、Anne and John were not the only people in the garden. Therewere_____.A、anotherB、someone moreC、some onesD、some others正确答案： D17、12. Don’t suspect your daughter＿ dishonesty. She is a good girl.A、toB、forC、ofD、from正确答案： C18、Most of the housework was done by two members of the family, my mother and ______.A、IB、mineC、meD、myself正确答案： C19、I hope they won’t have to wait all day,____?A、won’t theyB、don’t theyC、will theyD、won’t you正确答案： C20、We should take our disputes before the committee and abide＿its decisions.A、byB、forC、toD、with正确答案： A21、By the time the course ends____a lot about Britain.A、we’ll learnB、we are learningC、we have learnD、we’ll have learn正确答案： B22、You ought to go to visit him,____?A、shouldn’t youB、mustn’t youC、couldn’t youD、won’t you正确答案： A23、9. When I returned home from a long journey, I found my house___.A、was broken intoB、has been broken intoC、broken intoD、is broken into正确答案： C24、6. Will you buy me _____ stamps when you go out?A、someB、anyC、a littleD、a few of正确答案： A25、Throw away these thing, they are totally .A、valuableB、invaluableC、valuelessD、priceless正确答案： C26、Two weeks ____ enough for us to finish the task.A、HasB、areC、isD、 were正确答案： C27、Not only ____ the data fed into it, but it can also analyze them.A、the computer can memorizeB、can the computer memorizeC、do the computer memorizeD、can memorize the computer正确答案： B28、I believe___very largely due to mistaken views of the word.A、this happiness areB、to be this unhappinessC、this be happinessD、this unhappiness to be正确答案： D29、6. I send you my best wishes＿ this happy occasion.A、inB、byC、onD、with正确答案： C30、14. He looked as if he ___ill for a long time.A、wasB、has beenC、wereD、had been正确答案： D31、Her answer is not acceptable, and____.A、neither am IB、neither is mineC、mine is neitherD、either is mine正确答案： B32、I would have asked him to attend our gathering but I___his address.A、didn’t knowB、hadn’t knowC、don’t knowD、wouldn’t known正确答案： A33、“Why are the school windows so dirty?’’“Because___to have them cleaned.”A、the school is not affordingB、it is not affordedC、it is too expensiveD、they are very expensive正确答案： C34、if Peter had enough money .he___ on the trip to Los AngelesA、had goneB、would goC、wentD、would have gone正确答案： B35、The people at the party were worried about Mary because no one was aware ______ she had gone.A、where thatB、of the place whereC、of whereD、of what正确答案： C36、She felt very silly ______ everyone laughed at her question.A、as ifB、whenC、ifD、until正确答案： B37、____ from the 18th floor when he saw the police coming near.A、Jump down the thiefB、The thief jumped downC、Down the thief jumpedD、Down jumped the thief正确答案： D38、I think you should have＿before you go to work.A、sleepB、a good sleepC、the sleepD、some good sleep正确答案： B39、It is said that the bus company will raise the bus fare＿5%.A、forB、toC、fromD、by正确答案： D40、It is believed that___work means moving a body through a distance by a force.A、having doneB、doneC、being doneD、doing正确答案： D41、We do not necessarily grow wiser _____ we grow older.A、A. asB、whenC、thatD、while正确答案： A42、14. Bacon and scrambled(炒) eggs ____ the standard American breakfast.A、isB、areC、is to beD、are to be正确答案： A43、Although he didn’t know anything about it ，he tried ___the radio himself.A、fixB、to fixC、fixingD、fixed正确答案： C44、I would have come sooner, but I____that you were waiting.A、don't knowB、hasn't knownC、didn't knowD、haven't known正确答案： C45、He did not arrive until the meeting was nearly over. for the simple reason that he___asleep while watching television.A、had fallenB、was fallenC、fellD、was falling正确答案： C46、9. He was informed that it was _____ who wanted the interview.A、IB、meC、myselfD、mine正确答案： A47、8. It is said that the bus company will raise the bus fare＿ 5%.A、forB、toC、fromD、by正确答案： D48、I will take no steps until the director____.A、arrivesB、would arriveC、will arriveD、could arrive正确答案： A49、The teacher insisted that Tom___it.A、doB、didC、doesD、would do正确答案： A50、____that my head had cleared, my brain was also beginning to work much better.A、ForB、NowC、SinceD、Despite正确答案： B解析：英语语法2022年3月结课考试(3)一、单选题（共50题，100分）1、The revolutionary fighter would rather die with his head highthan___with his knees bent.A、to liveB、livingC、liveD、lived正确答案： C2、The sound of the violin became fainter and fainter _____ it was heard no more.A、sinceB、afterC、untilD、as soon as正确答案： C3、The goods___when we arrived at the airport.A、were just unloadingB、had just unloadedC、were just being unloadingD、were just been unloaded正确答案： C4、California relies heavily on income from fruit crops,and____.A、Florida alsoB、Florida tooC、Florida is as wellD、So does Florida正确答案： D5、Our teacher gave me _____.A、an adviceB、the advicesC、many adviceD、much advice正确答案： D6、She is such an irritating woman; I don’t know how you can＿her.A、stand up toB、put up toC、put upD、stand up正确答案： B7、Since it is already midnight,we____.A、had better leftB、ought to have leftC、should have leftD、might as well leave正确答案： D8、I am the only person who is to blame,____?A、am notB、aren’t IC、isn’t heD、am I正确答案： B9、“What is Tom?”“Was it____you were referring to?”A、sheB、herC、himD、he正确答案： C10、He___for six years by the times he takes his examination.A、studied EnglishB、had been studying EnglishC、studies EnglishD、will have been studying English正确答案： D11、Don’t suspect your daughter_ dishonesty. She is a good girl.A、toB、forC、ofD、from正确答案： C12、Would you sooner I____my paper tomorrow morning?A、handed inB、will have handed inC、hand inD、will hand in正确答案： A13、____ , it is quite easy to drill a hole in it with a laser.A、Hard although a diamond isB、Hard as a diamond isC、As a diamond is hardD、How hard is a diamond正确答案： B14、＿Air and Space Museum has the highest attendance record of all the museum.A、AB、AnC、TheD、/正确答案： C15、When he was at school, he ___ early and take a walk before breakfast.A、would riseB、should riseC、shall riseD、used to rising正确答案： A16、His mother prefers that he___a different university.A、attendB、attendsC、attendedD、will attend正确答案： A17、“I know she was in because I heard her radio, but she didn’t open the door”“She ____ the bell.”A、mustn’t have heardB、may not have heardC、needn’t have heardD、can’t have heard正确答案： B18、“Harry treats his secretary badly.”“Yes. He seems to think that she’s the person in the office.”A、least importantB、lesser importantC、less importantD、not most important正确答案： A19、One of the most surprising things is that ______ may come from petroleum.A、much of tomorrow's foodB、much of tomorrow foodC、much of the food of tomorrowD、many of tomorrow's food正确答案： A20、2. Elections____ every four years and Congress meets once a year.A、are taken placeB、are to be taken placeC、took placeD、take place正确答案： D21、I start my teaching career at the school .That was more than twenty years ago，and I____there ever since.A、wasB、had beenC、will beenD、have been正确答案： D22、We should take our disputes before the committee and abide＿its decisions.A、byB、forC、toD、with正确答案： A23、I___Professor Smith had taught me this question.A、believeB、wishC、deeply thinkD、am guessing正确答案： B24、His first question was_____Tom had arrived yet.A、ifB、thatC、whetherD、what正确答案： C25、5. More and more people are beginning to learn English, ______ is becoming very popular in China.A、thatB、itC、whichD、what正确答案： C26、Smith has three kinds of books: one is about history,_____is about art and the third one literature.A、the otherB、someC、noneD、another正确答案： D27、Mrs. London has that she is unable to get a job.A、such a little educationB、so little educationC、so few educationD、such little education正确答案： B28、The bridge___at the moment, so we had to take another way.A、had been repairedB、was repairedC、would have been repairedD、was being repaired正确答案： D29、I’d get it for you_____I would remember who last borrowed the book.A、now thatB、except thatC、on condition thatD、considering that正确答案： C30、If you had spoken clearly, you___.A、would be understoodB、could be understoodC、would have been understoodD、would have understood正确答案： C31、Tom likes to go to the movies _____Mary prefers to go to swimming.A、at the same timeB、as soon asC、becauseD、while正确答案： D32、4. In some countries, ______ is called “equality” does notreally mean equal rights for all people.A、whichB、whatC、thatD、one正确答案： B33、2. Two weeks ____ enough for us to finish the task.A、HasB、areC、isD、were正确答案： C34、6. There is always a possibility that the infection will return, but so far there ____ been no signs of trouble.A、hasB、haveC、areD、had正确答案： B35、They _____ at the party last night.A、enjoyed very muchB、enjoyed them very muchC、enjoyed theirselves very muchD、enjoyed themselves very much正确答案： C36、4. We should start early to make certain that we all ___ there on time.A、getB、should getC、will getD、got正确答案： D37、The integrated circuit has reduced by many times the size of the computer .thus___a new generation of portable minicomputers.A、to createB、creatingC、createdD、creates正确答案： B38、3.＿ the flood, the ship would have reached its destination on time.A、But forB、In case ofC、In spite ofD、Because of正确答案： A39、A round and a square table____in the shop window.A、was exhibitingB、was exhibitedC、Were exhibitingD、were exhibited正确答案： D40、You’d better continue to use the same spelling of your name as _____ you used in your application.A、some oneB、anyC、the oneD、one正确答案： C41、Iran is one of the world’s leading________oil producers.A、rawB、crudeC、roughD、primitive正确答案： B42、He acted as if he___everything in the world.A、will knowB、knewC、knowsD、won’t know正确答案： B43、Recently, he has lost all his _____.A、wage and savingB、wages and savingC、wages and savingsD、wage and savings44、Our teacher gave me_____.A、an adviceB、the advicesC、many adviceD、much advice正确答案： D45、Not until the mid-nineteenth century____achieve recognition.A、had El Greco’s workB、El Greco’s workC、did El Greco’s workD、El Greco’s work did正确答案： C46、4. Have a little more coffee, ____?A、haven’t youB、won’t youC、don’t youD、will you正确答案： B47、He was informed that it was_____who wanted the interview.A、IB、meC、myselfD、mine正确答案： A48、6.I____the operation unless it is absolutely necessary.A、rather would not haveB、would rather not haveC、would ratherD、would not rather had正确答案： B49、The train was crowded and I had to get into acarriage_____already seven other people.A、when there wereB、which there wereC、where there wereD、that there were正确答案： C50、There is always a possibility that the infection will return, but so far there ____ been no signs of trouble.A、hasB、haveC、areD、had。
专业英语课程作业
专业英语（2）课程作业组长：无小组成员：徐海龙（热能091班33号），文增岩（热能092班34号），洪育免（热能091班35号），张泽林（热能092班32号），林旭丹（热能092班33号），廖禄辉（热能092班34号），张泽林：P42-P453.2 PLOTTING THE REFRIGERANT绘制制冷循环A graphic picture of the refrigerant cycle may be plotted on a pressure/enthalpy diagram. Enthalpy describes how much heat a substance contains from some starting point. Many people refer to enthalpy as total heat .This is not an absolutely accurate state. It is a convenient statement because it is the total heat from a starting point. Refer to Figure 1-13, the heat/temperature graph for water. We used 0°F as the starting point of heat for water, knowing that you can really remove more heat from the water(ice) and lower the temperature below 0°F. We described the process as the amount of heat added starting at 0°F. This heat is called enthalpy. A similar diagram is available for all refrigerants; it is called a pressure /diagram and is used to pot the refrigerant cycle in a complete loop, Figure3-41.The pressure/enthalpy diagram plots pressure on the left hand column and enthalpy or total heat on the bottom of the diagram. The enthalpy readings start at -40°F. saturated liquid with a heat content of 0 Btu/lb. Readings below -40°F saturated liquid show as minus values. Notice, temperature corresponds to pressure and is plotted on the inside of the chart along the left and right of the horseshoe-shaped curve.一个形象的制冷循环可以绘制在一张压焓图表上。
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通信与信息工程学院专业英语结课作业班级：电子信息工程1303班姓名：学号：指导教师：苏扬作业时间：2015年12月23日成绩：评通信与信息工程学院二〇一五年翻译原文：Passage B DBMS and Data Independence, Integrity, ecurityYou know that a database is a collection of logically related data elements that may be structured in various ways to meet the multiple processing and retrieval needs of organizations and individuals. There’s nothing new about databases—early ones were chiseled in stone, penned on scrolls, and written on index cards. But now databases are commonly recorded on magnetize-able media, and computer programs are required to perform the necessary storage and retrieval operations.You’ll see in the following pages that complex data relationships and linkages may be found in all but the simplest databases. The system software package that handles the difficult tasks associated with creating, accessing, and maintaining database records is called a database management system (DBMS). The programs in a DBMS package establish an interface between the database itself and users of the database.(These users may be applications programmers, managers and others with information needs, and various OS program.)A DBMS can organize, process, and present selected data elements from the database. This capability enables decision makers to search, probe, and query database contents in order to extract answers to nonrecurring and unplanned questions that aren’t available in regular reports.These questions might initially be vague and/or poorly defined, but people can “browse”through the database until they have the needed information. In short, the DBMS will “manage”the stored data items and assemble the needed items from the common database in response to the queries of those who aren’t programmers. In a file-oriented system, users needing special information may communicate their needs to a programmer, who, when time permits, will write one or more programs to extract the data and prepare the information. The availability of a DBMS, however, offers users a much faster alternative communications path.Data IndependenceAn important point about database systems is that the database should exist independently of any of the specific applications. Traditional data processing applications are data dependent. COBOL programs contain file descriptions and record descriptions that carefully describe the format and characteristics of the data. Users should be able to change the structure of the database without affecting the applications that use it. For example, suppose that the requirements of your applications change. A simple example would be expanding ZIP codes from five digits to nine digits. In a traditional approach using COBOL programs, each individual COBOL application program that used that particular field would have to be changed, recompiled, and retested. The programs would be unable to recognize or access a file that had been changed and contained a new data description; this, in turn, might cause disruption in processing unless the change were carefully planned.Most database programs provide the ability to change the database structure by simply changing the ZIP code field and the data-entry form. In this case, dataindependence allows for minimal disruption of current and existing applications. Users can continue to work and can even ignore the nine-digit code if they choose. Eventually, the file will be converted to the new nine-digit ZIP code, but the ease with which the changeover takes place emphasizes the importance of data independence. Data IntegrityData integrity refers to the accuracy, correctness, or validity of the data in the database. In a database system, data integrity means safeguarding the data against invalid alteration or destruction. In large on-line database system, data integrity becomes a more severe problem and two additional complications arise. The first has to do with many users accessing the database concurrently. For example, if thousands of travel agents book the same seat on the same flight, the first agent’s booking will be lost. In such cases the technique of locking the record or field provides the means for preventing one user from accessing a record while another user is updating the same record.The second complication relates to hardware, software, or human error during the course of processing and involves database transactions to keep the database in a consistent state of integrity. A database transaction is a group of database modifications treated as a single unit. For example, an agent booking an airline reservation involves several database updates (i.e., adding the passenger’s name and address and updating the seats-available field), which comprise a single transaction. The database transaction is not considered to be completed until all updates have been completed; otherwise, none of the updates will be allowed to take place.Data SecurityData security refers to the protection of a database against unauthorized or illegal access or modification. This usually involves one or more levels of password protection that are specified in the data dictionary. For example, a high-level password might allow a user to read from, write to. and modify the database structure, whereas a low-level password might only allow a user to read from the database.Often an audit trail—the recorded history of the modifications to a database—can be used to identify where and when a database was tampered with and it can also be used to restore the file to its original condition.Words and Expressionsdatabase management system (DBMS) 数据库管理信息系统data independence 数据独立data integrity 数据完整性，数据一致性database transaction 数据库事务data security 数据安全性ZIP codes 美国邮区划分的五位编码译文：DBMS和数据独立性，完整性，安全性众所周知，数据库是逻辑上相关的数据元的集合。