学术英语教师版Unit6课文翻译
学术英语(社科)Unit1-8 Text A译文
学术英语课文翻译Unit1人们如何做出决策理性的人认为在保证金1.经济学家通常假设人是理性的。
理性的人们系统地,有目的地做最好的,他们可以实现他们的目标,考虑到可用的机会。
当你学习经济学,你会遇到公司决定雇佣多少工人,有多少他们的产品生产和销售利润最大化。
你也会遇到那些决定花多少时间工作和买什么商品和服务产生的收入来实现最高水平的满意度。
2.理性的人知道生活中的决策很少是黑白的，但通常是灰色的。
在吃饭的时候，你面对的不是空腹或是像猪一样进食，而是吃额外的一匙土豆泥。
当考试开始时，你的决定不是介于两者之间，而是让他们减少或学习一天24小时，而不是花更多的时间复习笔记而不是看电视。
经济学家用“边际变化”这个术语来描述对现有的行动计划的调整。
请记住，边际意味着“边缘如此边缘的变化是在你正在做的边缘周围的调整”。
理性的人往往通过比较边际收益和边际成本来做出决定。
3.例如，考虑一家航空公司决定向待机乘客收取多少费用。
假设撒德躺在横跨美国的200座飞机上，航空公司损失100,000英镑。
在这种情况下，每个座位的平均成本是1,000美元/ 200美元，这是500美元。
有人可能会得出这样的结论：航空公司不应该售出票价低于500美元的机票。
事实上，一家理性的航空公司通常可以通过考虑利润率来提高利润。
想象一下，一架飞机即将起飞，有10个空座位，候机旅客在门口等候，将支付300美元的座位。
航空公司应该把票卖掉吗？当然应该。
如果飞机有空座位，增加一个乘客的成本很小。
乘飞机的平均成本是S500，边际成本仅仅是额外的乘客将消耗的花生袋和苏打水的成本。
只要备用乘客支付超过边际成本，售票是有利可图的。
4.边际决策有助于解释一些令人费解的经济现象。
这里有一个经典的问题：为什么水这么便宜，而钻石这么贵？人类需要水来生存，而钻石是不必要的；但出于某种原因，人们愿意付出更多的钻石比一杯水。
原因是一个人愿意支付任何好处是基于一个额外单位的好处会产生边际效益。
Unit 6 课文解释
Unit Seven The Story of an Hour课文解释Afflict：[often passive] formalto affect someone or something in an unpleasant way, and make them sufferafflict with/byI rather think some of them were afflicted with mental disease.a country afflicted by faminebreak▶NEWS◀a) [intransitive] if news about an important event breaks, it becomes knownNews of his resignation broke yesterday afternoon.The minister has refused to give any interviews since the scandal broke.b) [transitive] if you break unpleasant news to someone, you tell it to themI didn't know how I was going to break the news to my mother.The doctor finally broke it to me that there was no cure.Intelligencea)information about the secret activities of foreign governments, the military plans of an enemy etcAccording to our intelligence, further attacks were planned.intelligence operations/sources/reports etc Intelligence sources denied the reports.b) a group of people or an organization that gathers this information for their government intelligence agencies/services etcIn Britain there are three main intelligence organizations.US Military IntelligenceCIA--- the Central Intelligence Agency 中央情报局（FBI---- the Federal Bureau of Investigation 联邦调查局）assure yourself（formal）to check that something is correct or trueassure yourself thatTim waited a moment to assure himself that he was not being followed.assure yourself ofI took steps to assure myself of her guilt.As we will see shortly, it is much simpler to assure ourselves of gains from trade if it is true.forestall（formal）to prevent something from happening or prevent someone from doing something by doing something firsta measure intended to forestall further attacks The National Guard was sent in, to forestall any trouble.But first, a brief general comment about space and time in order to forestall a possible misunderstanding.bearing the sad message: here carry/take the sad message back homeparalyzed1.unable to move part or all of your body or feel itThe accident left him permanently paralysed. paralysed from the neck/chest/waist down2.unable to think clearly or deal with a situationparalysed by/withparalysed by fearparalyzed with shockHe stood paralysed for a moment, and then ran away.She wept at once, with sudden, wild abandonment, in her sister’s arms.她一头扑倒在姐姐的怀里嚎啕大哭，泪如泉涌。
学术英语unit 6译文
第六单元Passage A译文课外活动诚然，学校生活颇为有趣。
但机遇也来自你在校外所致力于的活动。
那可能是在体育队中活动，在乐队中表演，做志愿工作或者兼职工作。
这些会给你带来什么呢？你会同志趣相投的人共同探索自己在体育、创造力、社会、政治以及事业方面的兴趣。
你会找到朋友，通过尝试不同的事情你会交往到与你并不相识却志趣相投的人。
学校关注你课堂内外的生活，这真的是一个好消息。
是的，学业排在首位，但你的活动展示了你更多的部分。
除了展示你的兴趣之外，通过课外活动，还能看出你能否1）为某事做出有意义的贡献；2）长期致力于一项活动；3）管理自己的时间，安排优先要做的事情。
学校并不一定支持什么活动都参加的学生。
“我们关注学生对学业外的一项活动专心致志，迸发激情，我们关注深度，而不是广度。
”大学社团主任南希·特希尔解释说。
学校没有必须从事的课外活动的一览表，他们希望看到你独立的一面和一贯的专注及责任感。
在学校找到活动很容易。
能弄清楚参加多少活动才是挑战。
这里有几个窍门：1）当你找到喜欢的事情，坚持去做。
2）不要担心成为俱乐部主席或队长。
关键是你是否做了有意义的事情，台前或幕后。
很多学校，社区和宗教组织都会给你发现自己兴趣和天赋的机会。
你有很多机会去尝试不同的事情。
如果你兴趣广泛，时间充裕，那就在多个领域尝试活动。
例如，为校报写文章的同时在动物保护组织做志愿者。
你可以加入俱乐部，例如拉美俱乐部或犹太俱乐部，从拥有共同背景的学生那里获得支持。
俱乐部或小组也能让你遇到与自己不同的人。
很多青年活动把不同的人们聚在一起，消除人与人之间的隔阂。
马克，住在华盛顿特区的大四学生，对于这一点有深刻的体会。
他通过参加志愿者小组，用棒球帮助了接受特殊教育的孩子和伤残儿童与正常孩子一起活动。
加入俱乐部或团队最基本的理由就是让你有事可做，不必总是盯着墙壁，四处游荡，整个下午都在睡觉。
参加活动的人不容易染上吸烟和喝酒等坏习惯。
参加课外活动也在其他方面对你有益。
学术英语(社科)-Unit-6
Academic English for Social Sciences
6
Journalism and Journalists
It is reported that journalism remains one of the most popular majors on most university campuses in America. To be a journalist has been many graduates’ dream. Why is it the case? Is it because this profession is superior to others? Are there other reasons? Read the following texts and you will get the answer.
Difficult sentences
• No one in the newsroom, he told her, can be above doing any job if that’s what the paper needs at that moment. (Para.11)
→ Everyone in the newsroom should be prepared to do any job that is required by the newspaper at that moment.
• Today, of course, the young man interested in journalism is just as likely (possibly even more likely) to be a young woman, and the career question more likely to be about television or an online medium. (Para.2)
学术英语unit6“临终关怀”相关知识、文章缩写版与文章大概
首先介绍，在生命尽头的关爱有几种形式？Asked where they would like to spend their last days, most people always say at home, surrounded by people they love. In real life, though, only one in five achieves that. More than 30% die in a nursing home, where almost no one wants to be, and over half end up in a hospital, often in an intensive-care unit, heavily sedated and attached to life-saving equipment until their doctors give up the battle.【参考资料：有at hospitals and nursing homes，有at home，有hospice（临终关怀服务）。
】然后开始重点阐述“临终关怀”：一、什么是“临终关怀”服务的对象&目的？Hospice care is a system of care that helps those with an incurable illness（对象）to focus on making the most of whatever time is left（目的）. They offer a range of support, often alongside active treatment for an illness. The focus of modern hospice care is on helping people to live well until they die. Dying in a hospice care can bring families（对象）peace and allow a closeness which isn't always possible at home.【参考资料：临终关怀（palliative care = hospice care = terminal care）并非是一种治愈疗法，而是一种专注于在患者在将要逝世前的几个星期甚至几个月的时间内，减轻其疾病的症状、延缓疾病发展的医疗护理。
学术英语-季佩英-第6课翻译 New winds blowing
New winds blowing in applied mathematicsPhilip J.DavisHow would you complete this sentence:”this is the age of...”Every generation of writers has filled in the dots not only for their own age,but for selected past ages.In1947,the poet W.H.Auden wrote that his was“the age of anxiety”.Around1970,song writers,pulling on astrological beliefs,called it“The age of Aquarius,”an age of love and human kindness.More recently,psychiatrist Daniel Freeman wrote that this is“The age of Paranoia”with distrust and optical surveillance everywhere.We answer according to our experiences.I would fill in the dots by saying that this is the age of computers,or more sharply,the age of mathematizaions.The computer is the prime and driving mechanism of the age and in all computer applications there resides some sort of mathematical construction.It is an age when applied mathematizations affect us all, for good,for bad,for somewhere in between,and these effects may not develop or become apparent for some while.Mathematics is now so universally employed that its teaching cannot be encompassed in one department.CAD/CAM(computer aided design/manufacture)is now in dentistry.Does the dentistry development require engineering talent?Should its techniques be taught in an engineering department?One can truly wonder what courses should comprise the basic training for the applied mathematician or computer scientist.I have spent a good fraction of my professional life in what might be termed“a traditional department of applied mathematics”.by“traditional”I mean a department that stresses the mathematics that models physical phenomena,or to a lesser extent, that models social phenomena via statistics.The word“traditional”cal also be explicated by noting the specific courses that are given in such a department.In my department at Brown University,for example,there are graduate courses in biophysical models,genomics,operations research,statistical inference,dynamical systems,and fluids.This represents a change from a half century ago,when my department was a renowned research center for solid mechanics:elasticity,plasticity, rheology,etc.The word“traditional”can also be explicated by the well-known paradigmatics sequence:Description-prediction-comparison-re tinkering the description.But there is now another type of applied mathematics whose paradigm is:Prescription-adoption-surveillance and societal evaluation-re prescription.Here are a few simple examples of prescriptive mathematics that extend from single numbers to exceedingly complex systems:The speed limit on a highway.The mandatory retirement age for particular occupations.The scoring system for football.An algorithm for determining the“pecking order”of colleges.The old”point system”for determining the quality of a mortgage application.The presidential electoral system in the USAA national tax systemNational and international financial system.This list could go on and on.Society may adopted a mathematical prescription,but its acceptance is more provisional or tentative than,e.g.,Newtonian mechanics.There is yet another kind of mathematics by prescription that derives from human behavior and that is the product of a large cadre of professional s whom the journalist and investigative reporter Stephen Baker ha termed“the Numerati”.who are“the Numerati”?A secret society?No,they are mathematicians,computer scientists,engineers,physicists,economists,biologists,psychologists,linguists and data miners.In fact,anyone who consciously devises or uses algorithms that extract patterns from the behavior of individuals,individual or collective,whose uses then have a direct impact on their personal lives.Admittedly,this is rather vague,but is will clarity a bit as I go on and mention a few of the many examples that Baker gives:A name identifying company using linguistic analysis can tell you whether Mr. Chang is the same fellow as Mr.Tchang,or even Mr.Tchung.A company keeps shopping and lifestyle data of some200million Americans. The company buys just about every bit of data about us that is cold,and then sells selections of it.Another company quietly amasses court rulings,tax and real estate transactions, birth and death notices so as to enhance,among other things,law and child support enforcement,public safety and health care.Yet another company divides the electorate into10groups with characteristic voting patterns so as to help political parties get the swing voters onto their bandwagon.Some of these compilation and analyses,even now,go on silently andautomatically.We are typecast as we sit innocently before our screen and surf of when we use a credit card to buy our weekly groceries.The products of the Numerati can run from socially benign and useful to worrisome to scary.The principal worry is the loss of personal privacy.What formal mathematical knowledge is required to install such mathematizations?If can be anything from the very simple to the very advanced. Technically speaking,what goes on here is part of field of learning/computational statistics,a very hot area in applied mathematics,and computer science.The useful formal training would include:linear algebra,mulch-variable calculus,optimization, probability,statistics,on the mathematics side.On the CS side,it would include algorithms and database theory.Specialized knowledge of the particular domain is of course necessary.In a sense,all applications of math are ultimately prescriptive,but I’m concerned here with mathematics that,once prescribed,creates a brand-new milieu as opposed to mathematics that describes or models an existing often physical milieu.In a perceptive1946article,the French polymath Paul Valery,pointed out that with Volta’s1800discovery of the electric current and invention of the battery, science entered a new phase wherein it created and described absolutely new phenomena as opposed to phenomena that pre-existed.By the same token,applied mathematics which has hitherto been concerned with pre-existing phenomena,is now, via the work of the Numerati,creating new(and largely social)phenomena,this adds fuel to the social constructivist view of mathematics as explicated by Paul Ernest in his many works.Over the years,i may very well have trained students is applied mathematics who have happily,productively and lucratively,entered the ranks of the Numerati. There are fortunes to be made in the numerocratic domains and the young people are aware of it.the low-hanging fruit in engineering may now have all been plucked.To go froward with schemes,e.g.creating sufficient quantities of clean energy may be difficult whereas creating successful new data-mining applications is comparatively easy.And we must deal with its consequences,many of which will be unintended.Mathematics is a very adaptable,very universally applicable language and for this reason it should be invoked with caution.Part of mathematical education of the future should be to inculcate caution lest we fall into the complaint of Caliban:”You have given me language,and my profit on’t is I know how to curse.”（1136words)应用数学的新风Philip J.Davis你将如何完成这句话:“这是一个……时代”每一个时代的作家都在省略号处填上不不同的内容，不仅仅是他们自己的年龄。
Unit 6 Being There 课文翻译
Unit 6Being ThereAnatole Broyard1. Travel is like adultery: one is always tempted to be unfaithful to one’s own country. To have imagination is inevitably to be dissatisfied with where you live. There is in men a centrifugal tendency. In our wanderlust, we are lovers looking for consummation.2. Only while traveling can we appreciate age. At home, for Americans at least, everything must be young, new, but when we go abroad we are interested only in the old. We want to see what has been saved, defended against time.3. When we travel, we put aside our defenses, our anxiety, and invite regression. We go backward instead of forward. We cultivate our hysteria.4. It is our best selves that travel, just as we dress in our best clothes. Only our passport reminds us how ordinary we actually are. We go abroad to meet our foreign persona, that thrilling stranger born on the plane. We’re going to see in Europe everything we have eliminated or edited out of our own culture in the name of convenience: religion, royalty, picturesqueness, otherness — and passion. We cling to the belief that other peoples are more passionate than we are.5. There’s an impostor in each of us — why else would we put on dark glasses and try to speak and look like the natives of another place? At home, we impersonate ourselves; when we’re abroad, we can try to be what we’ve always wanted to be. In spite of all the recent talk about roots, many of us are tired of our roots, which may be shallow anyway, and so we travel in search of rootlessness.6. Traveling began when men grew curious. The influence of the church, the traditional pattern of life, the lack of money and leisure had all restrained curiosity until the seventeenth century, when under pressure of scientific discoveries, the physical world began to gape open. It was then that people began to travel in search of the profane.7. Travel arrived together with sophistication, with the ability to see through or beyond one’s own culture, with the modern faculty of boredom. Something o f the Crusades survives in the modern traveler — only this is a personal crusade, an impulse to go off and fight certain obscure battles of his own spirit.8. Of course, one of the most common reasons for traveling is simply to get away. Freud said that we travel to escape father and the family, and we might add the familiar. There is a recurrent desire to drop our lives, to simply walk out of them.9. When we travel, we are on vacation —vacant, waiting to be filled. The frenzied shopping of some travelers is an attempt to buy a new life. To get away to a strange place produces a luxurious feeling of disengagement, of irresponsible free association. One is an onlooker, impregnable.10. We travel in summer, when life comes out of doors, and so we see only summery people, nothing of their sad falls, their long, dark winters and cruel springs. The places we visit are gold-plated by the sun. The flowers and trees are like bouquets thrown to history.11. And language — what a pleasure to leave our own language, with its clichés stuck in our teeth. How much better things sound in another tongue! It’s like having our ears cleaned out. So long as we don’t understand it too well, every other language is poetry.12. Because we travel for so many reasons —some of them contradictory —travel writing is like a suitcase into which the writer tries to cram everything. At its most interesting, it’s a continual tasting, the expression of a nostalgia for the particular. It’s a childish game of playing countries, as we used to play house.13. Travel writing describes a tragic arc: it begins with a rising of the spirit and ends in a dying fall. The earliest travelers went to see marvels, to admire the wonderful diversity of the world — but the latest travelers are like visitors sitting at the bedside of dying cultures. Early travelers fell in love at first sight with foreign places — but now we know only love at last sight, a kiss before dying, a breathing in of the last gasp. In some ancient societies, it used to be the c ustom for the son to inhale his father’s last breath, which contained his departing soul, and today’s travelers do something like this, too.14. Travel writing has become a quintessentially modern thing, the present regretting the past. We travel like insurance appraisers, assessing the damage. Militantly opposed to any kind of ethnic distinctions at home, we adore ethnicity abroad. Ironically, Americans need Europe more than Europeans do. To Parisians, for example, Paris is a place to live; for Americans, it’s a place to dream.15. “I do not expect to see many travel books in the near future,” Evelyn Waugh wrote in 1946. He saw the world turning into a “monoculture,” the sense of place giving way toplacelessness. What Waugh didn’t foresee was that travel books would change as novels and poetry have, that every slippage of culture would provoke its peculiar literature. He underestimated the variousness of our reasons for traveling.16. There have always been travelers who went to look for the worst, to find rationalizations for their anxiety or despair, to cover their disillusionment with labels, as steamer trunks used to be covered with them. Why else would Paul Theroux go to South America, which he so obviously detested? Shiva Naipaul’s worst fears were confirmed in Africa, just as his brother’s were in Asia. Graham Greene spent four months traveling in the Liberian jungle as a private penance.17. Even ruins have changed. Instead of the classical ruins of antiquity, we now have places that are merely “ruined.” And there are travelers who take a positive delight in them, who love awfulness for its own sake. For them, awfulness is the contemporary equivalent of the exotic. It’s a negative sublime, a swoon or ecstasy of spoliation.18. As other countries offer fewer exotic phenomena, the travel writer is forced to find the exotic in himself —and the picturesque as well. The centrifugal tendency turns centripetal, and modern travel books may be about the absence of things just as the classic books are about their presence. In Journey to Kars, Philip Glazebrook seems to have visited several unappealing villages in Turkey simply for the irony of being there. (Irony is the contemporary traveler’s drip-dry shirt.) One of the things a severely sophisticated traveler like Glazebrook seeks is a place where he himself can stand out in absolute relief.19. Perhaps in the future we shall have to travel like James Holman, who, after being invalided out of the British navy because he had gone blind, set out in 1819 to see the world. Traveling mostly alone, speaking no foreign languages, using only public transport, Holman got as far as Siberia and returned home to publish in several thick volumes all that he had experienced. He rarely felt, he said, that he had missed anything through being blind. (At one point, he met a deaf man and they traveled together.)20. Since he could not see, people often invited Holman to squeeze things as a way of perceiving them —and this is what today’s traveler has to do. He has to squee ze the places he visits, until they yield something, anything.1. 旅行好比私通：人总受到背叛自己国家的诱惑。
《学术英语（管理）》Unit6
《学术英语（管理）》Unit6《学术英语（管理）》Unit 6 TextA《消费行为(consumer behavior)影响因素(influencer影响因素)》1消费行为研究的是人们做事情的原因。
我们越能明白消费者行为的那些理智的(rational 理智的)、情绪的和经常潜意识的(subconscious潜意识的)原因，我们就越能创造出有效的市场营销活动(marketing compaign)。
2那些好的营销总是能让人们做我们想要他们做的事情吗？不。
但它能以最可能的方式(in a…light 从…的角度；以…的方式)呈现我们品牌的故事。
为了做这件事，重要的是了解什么是消费者想要的，他们怎样做的决定，为什们他们会选择他们要的那个品牌以及我们应该怎样和在哪里和他们交谈。
3在一个杂货店里花费一个小时去观察别人购物，你会看见各种各样不同类型的购物者。
一些人会注重他们的任务并努力去填满一张具体的货物清单。
有些人会慢慢地比较并排的产品，决定着沿路下来什么是他们想要的。
一些人注重通过促销、优惠券(coupons 优惠券)、交易卷(volume['v?lju?m]卷)获得最好的交易。
还有一些人一直徘徊在通道中，寻找着他们应该为周末准备什么的灵感。
4了解消费者做什么是很有趣的，但只是我们一半的工作。
真正重要的是了解他们为什么要这样做。
一旦你明白为什么，你就可以开始预测行为和运用在市场上，那意味着销售。
5消费者行为有两个影响因素值得我们注意：环境和文化。
*环境和消费者行为6我们会受到我们周围每个人每样东西的影响，如朋友、家人、广告、潮流、名人(celebrity 名人)、价格、过去的经历、地位和认知地位等。
所有这些因素组成了我们生存的环境。
7当第二天你坐下来吃早餐时，你倒给你自己一大杯新鲜的冷冻的牛奶。
你觉得有人会陌生奇怪地看着你吗？然后你去一个热闹的新夜店点一杯牛奶。
你发现有什么不同了吗？环境指示你饮料选择的适当性(appropriateness)。
学术英语写作Unit-6-Notice-of-Abstract-or-Paper-Acceptanc
Why is a letter of acceptance written?
• To extend best wishes or regards to the writer.
• To inform the writer that his abstract or paper has been accepted by the conference committee and he is expected to attend the conference if possible.
1. Letter of Abstract or Paper Acceptance
• Why is a letter of acceptance written? • What should be included in the letter? • What is the format of an acceptance letter?
学术英语-季佩英-第6课翻译 New winds blowing
New winds blowing in applied mathematicsPhilip J.DavisHow would you complete this sentence:”this is the age of...”Every generation of writers has filled in the dots not only for their own age,but for selected past ages.In1947,the poet W.H.Auden wrote that his was“the age of anxiety”.Around1970,song writers,pulling on astrological beliefs,called it“The age of Aquarius,”an age of love and human kindness.More recently,psychiatrist Daniel Freeman wrote that this is“The age of Paranoia”with distrust and optical surveillance everywhere.We answer according to our experiences.I would fill in the dots by saying that this is the age of computers,or more sharply,the age of mathematizaions.The computer is the prime and driving mechanism of the age and in all computer applications there resides some sort of mathematical construction.It is an age when applied mathematizations affect us all, for good,for bad,for somewhere in between,and these effects may not develop or become apparent for some while.Mathematics is now so universally employed that its teaching cannot be encompassed in one department.CAD/CAM(computer aided design/manufacture)is now in dentistry.Does the dentistry development require engineering talent?Should its techniques be taught in an engineering department?One can truly wonder what courses should comprise the basic training for the applied mathematician or computer scientist.I have spent a good fraction of my professional life in what might be termed“a traditional department of applied mathematics”.by“traditional”I mean a department that stresses the mathematics that models physical phenomena,or to a lesser extent, that models social phenomena via statistics.The word“traditional”cal also be explicated by noting the specific courses that are given in such a department.In my department at Brown University,for example,there are graduate courses in biophysical models,genomics,operations research,statistical inference,dynamical systems,and fluids.This represents a change from a half century ago,when my department was a renowned research center for solid mechanics:elasticity,plasticity, rheology,etc.The word“traditional”can also be explicated by the well-known paradigmatics sequence:Description-prediction-comparison-re tinkering the description.But there is now another type of applied mathematics whose paradigm is:Prescription-adoption-surveillance and societal evaluation-re prescription.Here are a few simple examples of prescriptive mathematics that extend from single numbers to exceedingly complex systems:The speed limit on a highway.The mandatory retirement age for particular occupations.The scoring system for football.An algorithm for determining the“pecking order”of colleges.The old”point system”for determining the quality of a mortgage application.The presidential electoral system in the USAA national tax systemNational and international financial system.This list could go on and on.Society may adopted a mathematical prescription,but its acceptance is more provisional or tentative than,e.g.,Newtonian mechanics.There is yet another kind of mathematics by prescription that derives from human behavior and that is the product of a large cadre of professional s whom the journalist and investigative reporter Stephen Baker ha termed“the Numerati”.who are“the Numerati”?A secret society?No,they are mathematicians,computer scientists,engineers,physicists,economists,biologists,psychologists,linguists and data miners.In fact,anyone who consciously devises or uses algorithms that extract patterns from the behavior of individuals,individual or collective,whose uses then have a direct impact on their personal lives.Admittedly,this is rather vague,but is will clarity a bit as I go on and mention a few of the many examples that Baker gives:A name identifying company using linguistic analysis can tell you whether Mr. Chang is the same fellow as Mr.Tchang,or even Mr.Tchung.A company keeps shopping and lifestyle data of some200million Americans. The company buys just about every bit of data about us that is cold,and then sells selections of it.Another company quietly amasses court rulings,tax and real estate transactions, birth and death notices so as to enhance,among other things,law and child support enforcement,public safety and health care.Yet another company divides the electorate into10groups with characteristic voting patterns so as to help political parties get the swing voters onto their bandwagon.Some of these compilation and analyses,even now,go on silently andautomatically.We are typecast as we sit innocently before our screen and surf of when we use a credit card to buy our weekly groceries.The products of the Numerati can run from socially benign and useful to worrisome to scary.The principal worry is the loss of personal privacy.What formal mathematical knowledge is required to install such mathematizations?If can be anything from the very simple to the very advanced. Technically speaking,what goes on here is part of field of learning/computational statistics,a very hot area in applied mathematics,and computer science.The useful formal training would include:linear algebra,mulch-variable calculus,optimization, probability,statistics,on the mathematics side.On the CS side,it would include algorithms and database theory.Specialized knowledge of the particular domain is of course necessary.In a sense,all applications of math are ultimately prescriptive,but I’m concerned here with mathematics that,once prescribed,creates a brand-new milieu as opposed to mathematics that describes or models an existing often physical milieu.In a perceptive1946article,the French polymath Paul Valery,pointed out that with Volta’s1800discovery of the electric current and invention of the battery, science entered a new phase wherein it created and described absolutely new phenomena as opposed to phenomena that pre-existed.By the same token,applied mathematics which has hitherto been concerned with pre-existing phenomena,is now, via the work of the Numerati,creating new(and largely social)phenomena,this adds fuel to the social constructivist view of mathematics as explicated by Paul Ernest in his many works.Over the years,i may very well have trained students is applied mathematics who have happily,productively and lucratively,entered the ranks of the Numerati. There are fortunes to be made in the numerocratic domains and the young people are aware of it.the low-hanging fruit in engineering may now have all been plucked.To go froward with schemes,e.g.creating sufficient quantities of clean energy may be difficult whereas creating successful new data-mining applications is comparatively easy.And we must deal with its consequences,many of which will be unintended.Mathematics is a very adaptable,very universally applicable language and for this reason it should be invoked with caution.Part of mathematical education of the future should be to inculcate caution lest we fall into the complaint of Caliban:”You have given me language,and my profit on’t is I know how to curse.”（1136words)应用数学的新风Philip J.Davis你将如何完成这句话:“这是一个……时代”每一个时代的作家都在省略号处填上不不同的内容，不仅仅是他们自己的年龄。
学术综合英语Unit6课文A译文及文后词汇练习答案
Before Reading
Reading Comprehension
Detailed ReadinRg -C-V_ACfte1r Reading
Vocabulary Development
Translation
C. From the list given below, choose the word which is closest in meaning to the underlined word or phrase in each sentence. Change the form where necessary.
R-B-1.2 T10
我对美国的忧心也是双重的。美国的经济管理是如此松弛， 根本无法面对农业津贴与长期预算赤字。美国的科技虽然先进， 然而一般美国公立学校的数学与科学课程仅为二流。而美国人 民对外面世界没什么兴趣，这又与凭借着自强不息、冲劲与决 心而逐渐向世界舞台中央挺进的中国形成了对比。
R-B-1.2 T11
Translation
பைடு நூலகம்
3. economy, economic, economical, economically a. It might be more _e_c_o_n_o_m_i_c_al_ to buy the video, rather than renting it so many times. b. There were only two _e_c_o_n_o_m_y_ class seats left.
R-B-1.2 T7
我在开封一带漫游时，曾询问当地百姓为何当年的国 际交流中心竟能沉沦到这个地步，我得到的响应有不少是 对纽约的羡慕。一个男子告诉我他正设法付某人蛇团伙两 万五千美元，以便偷渡到美国。但是许多当地百姓却都强 调中国正在复兴，而且很快就能恢复它世界领导者的历史 角色。
学术英语(医学)教师版Unit6课文翻译
Unit 6 Text A寻求临终护理数十年前，大多数人在自己家中去世，但是医疗方面的进步已经改变了这一情况。
如今，大多数美国人在医院或是疗养院中度过生命的最终时光。
他们中有些人是为了治疗疾病进了医院，有些可能是选择长期住在疗养院。
越来越多的人在生命的尽头开始选择临终关怀。
死亡没有一个称得上“合适”的地点。
何况，我们死亡的地方，大多数情况下也并非我们可以决定的。
但如果有选择的机会，每个人及其家属，都应该考虑究竟怎样的临终护理最为适合，在哪里可以享受到这样的关怀，家人和朋友能否提供帮助，以及他们应该如何支付相应的费用。
医院及疗养院64 岁的 George 有充血性心力衰竭病史。
一天晚上，他因为胸痛被送入医院。
他与他最亲近的人事先便已决定，在任何情况下都要让医生使用最大努力来延续他的生命。
所以当他需要相应的治疗时，他选择了医院，因为那里有全天候工作的医生和护士。
医院提供一整套的治疗、检查及其他医疗照护。
一旦George的心脏出现持续衰竭，医院的重症监护病房（ICU）或冠心病重症监护病房（CCU）就可以提供及时的救护。
尽管医院有相关的规定，在有些情况下执行具有一定的弹性。
如果George的医生认为他的病情并没有因为治疗有所好转，并濒临死亡，他的家属可以要求更加宽松的探视时间。
如果他的家属想从家中给他带一些私人物品，可以向工作人员询问物品的尺寸限制或是是否需要消毒。
不论George住在ICU、CCU还是两病床的病房，其家属都可以要求更多的私人空间。
在医院环境中，对临终病人来说，身边永远会有知道该如何照料他的医务人员。
这一点令病人及其家属得以安心。
已有越来越多的人在生命尽头的时候选择疗养院，因为在这里，护理人员是随叫随到的。
疗养院有时也被称为专业护理所，在临终护理方面有利有弊。
与医院不同，疗养院里并不是全天候都有医生在场。
然而，由于临终护理可以事先安排，在病人濒临死亡时，不需要事先咨询医生而开展照护。
如果濒死病人已经在疗养院住了一段时间，家属很可能已经和护理人员建立了一定的关系，因而与医院相比，这里的护理工作更具个性化。
Unit6 From Kaifeng to New York-Glory Is as Ephemeral as Smoke and Clouds 课文翻译
Unit6 From Kaifeng to New York-Glory Is as Ephemeral asSmoke and Clouds A课文翻译（学术综合英语教材(研究生课程）P199）从开封到纽约——辉煌如过眼烟云尼古拉斯∙D∙克里斯托夫新的千禧年到来之际，纽约市俨然已成全世界最重要的城市、全球非正式的首都。
然而趁纽约人还没过度踌躇满志之前，不妨对华夏中原那座破落的开封城回眸一瞥。
开封，泥沙淤塞的黄河边的一座古都，在公元100时曾是全世界无与伦比的重要城市。
如果您对此闻所未闻，那这对美国人不啻为一个有益的警示——以广大的美国人民都应学习的未来的语言表达出来，一如前面的中文标题所示:“辉煌如过眼烟云。
”作为全世界独一无二的超级强国，今天看来仿佛美国的独霸全球乃是天经地义之事。
然而当我们对历史的洪流稍作回顾，便会惊觉世界的霸权是多么短暂，尤其是对各个城市而言。
如果要我选出公元200以前全世界最重要的一个城市，当非伊拉克的乌尔莫属。
公元前1500年，也许应是埃及的底比斯:公元前1000年时，没有哪个城市独领风骚，不过也许勉强可以投一票给黎巴嫩的赛登;公元前500年，应该是波斯的波西波里士;公元元年，是罗马;公元500年左右，也许是中国的长安;到了1000年，是中国的开封; 1500年，多半应是意大利的佛罗伦斯;两千年时，是纽约市; 2500 年时，极可能以上皆非。
今天的开封，脏乱而贫闲，甚至连省会都不是，地位卑微到连一个飞机场都没有。
它能沦落到这步田地更凸显了风水轮流转的道理。
I1 世纪时，作为中国宋朝的国都，正是它最繁华的时候。
它位于四大主要运河的交界，是当时的商业与工业中心。
当时开封城有三道城墙围绕，来自世界各地的商品都在这里集散。
它拥有百万以上的人口。
相比之下当时伦敦的人口大约只有15 000。
目前珍藏在北京故宫博物院的一幅古老卷轴，上面画的是古都开封的热闹与繁荣。
街道上成百上千的行人熙来攘往，成群的骆驼背负着来自丝绸之路的货物进城，林立的茶馆酒肆高朋满座。
学术英语综合Unit6 译文
第六单元数学Text A应用数学的新风向菲利普·J·戴维斯请将以下句子补充完整，“这是一个_______的时代？”你会怎么填？每个时代的作家不仅会在空格处填下自己的时代，还会选择过去的某个时代。
1947年，诗人W.H.奥登曾经写下，这是一个“焦虑的时代”。
大约在1970年，拥有占星信仰的作词人认为这是“宝瓶座的时代”，充满爱与人类的善意。
而最近，心理医生丹尼尔·弗里曼写下这是一个“偏执的时代”，到处充满了怀疑与监视器。
我们对这个问题的回答，取决于我们所经历的事情。
我认为，这是一个计算机的时代，或者更加严格地说，这是一个数学化的时代。
计算机占据主导地位，引领着这个时代的运行机制，而在每一个计算机程序中都会存在某种数学结构。
在当前这个时代，应用数学化给我们每个人都带来或好或坏或一般的影响。
而这些影响都需要一段时间才会显现。
如今数学的应用范围之广，以至于不只在一个科系里存在数学授课。
CAD/CAM （计算机辅助设计/计算机辅助制造）已经被运用到牙医学之中。
那么，牙医学的发展是否需要工程学的才能呢？工程学是否也要教授牙医技术？应用数学家或者计算机科学家的基本训练课程应该有哪些呢？这确实需要人们思考。
在我的职业生涯中，有相当一段时间是在所谓的“应用数学的传统科系”度过的。
这里的“传统”指的是这个科系强调的是作为物理现象模型的数学，或者在较小的程度上，通过数据来为社会现象塑造模型。
“传统”这个词也可以体现在这个科系中所教授的专业课程上。
例如，在我任教的布朗大学，应用数学系的研究生课程包括生物物理学模型，基因组学，运筹学，推论统计学，动力系统，以及流体动力学。
这种设置反映了半个世纪以来的变化，因为我们的科系曾是非常有名的固体力学研究中心，研究弹力，可塑性，流变学等等。
而“传统”这个词也可以体现在以下著名的词形变化序列中：描述预测比较再次修补描述但是在另外一种应用数学中运用的是另外一种模型：规定采用监管与社会评估重新制定规定此处有配定式数学的一些简单的例子，有只含数字的，也有非常复杂的系统：●高速公路上的速度限制●特殊职业的法定退休年龄●足球得分系统●决定大学权势等级的运算法则●用以决定抵押贷款实施的老的“分数系统”●美利坚合众国总统选举系统●国家税务系统●国家及国际金融系统类似的例子不胜枚举。
学术综合英语1-6课课文及翻译
Presenting a speech（做演讲）Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。
我们用语言language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识，knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself.传承文化。
事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。
[Contrary to popular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality butalso helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to events].和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。
——语序的调整。
Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately.好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。
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Unit 6 Text A
寻求临终护理
数十年前，大多数人在自己家中去世，但是医疗方面的进步已经改变了这一情况。
如今，大多数美国人在医院或是疗养院中度过生命的最终时光。
他们中有些人是为了治疗疾病进了医院，有些可能是选择长期住在疗养院。
越来越多的人在生命的尽头开始选择临终关怀。
死亡没有一个称得上“合适”的地点。
何况，我们死亡的地方，大多数情况
下也并非我们可以决定的。
但如果有选择的机会，每个人及其家属，都应该考虑究竟怎样的临终护理最为适合，在哪里可以享受到这样的关怀，家人和朋友能否提供帮助，以及他们应该如何支付相应的费用。
医院及疗养院
64 岁的 George 有充血性心力衰竭病史。
一天晚上，他因为胸痛被送入医院。
他与他最亲近的人事先便已决定，在任何情况下都要让医生使用最大努力来延续他的生命。
所以当他需要相应的治疗时，他选择了医院，因为那里有全天候工作的医生和护士。
医院提供一整套的治疗、检查及其他医疗照护。
一旦 George 的
心脏出现持续衰竭，医院的重症监护病房（ICU）或冠心病重症监护病房（CCU）就可以提供及时的救护。
尽管医院有相关的规定，在有些情况下执行具有一定的弹性。
如果 George 的医生认为他的病情并没有因为治疗有所好转，并濒临死亡，他的家属可以要求更加宽松的探视时间。
如果他的家属想从家中给他带一些私人物品，可以向工作人员询问物品的尺寸限制或是是否需要消毒。
不论 George 住
在 ICU、CCU 还是两病床的病房，其家属都可以要求更多的私人空间。
在医院环境中，对临终病人来说，身边永远会有知道该如何照料他的医务人员。
这一点令病人及其家属得以安心。
已有越来越多的人在生命尽头的时候选择疗养院，因为在这里，护理人员是随叫随到的。
疗养院有时也被称为专业护理所，在临终护理方面有利有弊。
与医院不同，疗养院里并不是全天候都有医生在场。
然而，由于临终护理可以事先安
排，在病人濒临死亡时，不需要事先咨询医生而开展照护。
如果濒死病人已经在疗养院住了一段时间，家属很可能已经和护理人员建立了一定的关系，因而与医
院相比，这里的护理工作更具个性化。
如同在医院里一样，隐私也可能是个问题。
有需要的话，你可以询问是否可以安排更多与家人单独相处的时间。
家
对于需要临终护理的人来说，家可能是最熟悉的环境。
家属和朋友可以来去自由。
从精力、情感和经济的角度来说，居家护理对于家庭和朋友可以是一件艰巨的任务，但这样做也有好处，况且他们通常愿意承担这样的任务。
如果需要额外帮助，他们还可以选择雇用家庭护工。
为了在家中进行舒适护理，需要事先安排一些服务（如上门护士）和特殊设备（如病床和床边马桶）。
医疗保险也许只能支付由医生指定的服务和设备。
建议事先和医生商量哪些是病人在家中舒适护理所需要的。
如果临终的病人是从医院回到家里，有时医院的出院规划师，一般是社工，可以帮你做出院计划。
当地社区老龄机构也可能推荐其他渠道的帮助。
医生必须掌握患者在家的护理状况，他/她会安排新服务、调整治疗及按需开药。
为了使临终病人尽可能舒适，遵从医生的计划非常重要。
如果你认为一项治疗已经不再有用，应及时与医生沟通。
姑息治疗和临终关怀
医生为了希望治愈重症患者尽可能长时间提供治疗。
这些病人还会接受症状护理或姑息治疗。
例如，乔治伴随心力衰竭还有贫血症。
治疗贫血症可以改善一些困扰他的病症，也可以让他轻松做一些事情，比如自己穿衣服或者洗澡。
治疗贫血就是姑息治疗的一部分。
近来，姑息治疗这个词语不仅仅意味着治疗一些症状，在美国，如今姑息治疗常指那些提升患有致命疾病的人的生活质量的综合办法。
它为家庭成员提供支持，与临终关怀的概念非常类似。
在姑息治疗方案中，一个多学科健康护理小组与病人及其家属共同努力，为病人提供可能患有致命疾病所需要的任何支持，不管是医疗的、社会的、还
是情感上的。
根据需要，健康护理小组可以由医生、护士、治疗师、顾问和社工等人组成。
姑息治疗可以由医院、疗养院、姑息护理门诊、其他一些专业诊所或家庭提供。
联邦医疗保险可以支付一部分治疗和药物的费用，退伍军人可以通过退伍军
人事务部有资格享受姑息治疗。
私人医疗保险可能会支付一部分服务费用。
可以向医疗保险公司咨询相关的保险范围。
姑息治疗并不要求在绝症治疗与舒适护理之间做出抉择。
如果医生认为治疗对病人不起作用，并且病人只剩 6 个月的时间，这时就有两种选择。
一是将姑息
治疗转换为临终关怀；二是继续姑息治疗，但侧重于舒适护理而不是医学治疗。
这就是杰克所面临的情形。
他从美国空军退役，70 岁时被诊断患有慢性阻塞性肺部疾病。
随着疾病的进展，杰克的呼吸变得越来越困难，于是他希望尝试采用实验性治疗来缓解这种疾病。
杰克获得了由美国退伍军人卫生管理局所提供的姑息治疗。
在治疗肺部疾病的同时，他接受了舒适护理及战胜病魔所需要的情感支持。
该姑息治疗方案也在日常家庭事务及其他方面为杰克的妻子提供支持，更便于她在家照顾杰克。
有时，治愈性治疗可能不再有意义：它可能对患者没有任何帮助或者反而给患者带来不适。
临终关怀正是为这种情况而设置的。
准备接受临终关怀的患者明白，临床治疗已经不能治愈或缓解自己的病情。
在临终护理中，临终关怀类似于姑息疗法，它不仅为患者提供全方位的舒适护理，而且也为其家属提供帮助，但临终关怀并不进行治疗。
临终关怀是一种临终护理的方式，它并不局限于特定的场所。
它可以在两种环境下实施：一是在家里，一是在一些机构，如疗养院、医院，甚至是单独的临终关怀中心。
临终关怀汇聚了一个拥有特殊专业技能的团队，包括护士、医生、社工、牧师及经过培训的志愿者。
每个团队成员都与临终患者、照料人员及家属共同努力，为他们提供所需的医疗、情感及精神上的帮助。
团队中有成员会定期看望患者，并全天 24 小时保持电话联络，随时候命。
谨记一点：不进行针对于疾病的治疗并不代表放弃所有治疗。
以一个老年肿瘤患者为例。
如果医生觉得肿瘤对化疗不敏感，病人选择临终关怀，那么化疗会即刻停止，但其余治疗还将继续。
例如，如果此患者患有高血压，那他/她需要照常服用降压药。
临终关怀并不一定是最终决定。
比如，Delores 82 岁的时候，发现她的肾功
能正在衰竭。
她觉得自己足够长寿，生活幸福，不愿进行透析治疗，于是她开始
接受临终关怀。
一周之后，她得知孙女怀孕的消息，随即改变主意，不再接受临终关怀，而是开始透析治疗，她希望有一天能够抱上自己的第一个重孙。
与 Delores 一样，现实幽默作家《华盛顿邮报》专栏作家 Art Buchwald 在81 岁时拒绝医生建议的透析治疗。
2006 年 2 月，他进入临终关怀中心，准备在几周内死于肾脏病。
但他的病情奇迹般地稳定下来。
当他确定死亡并没有迫近时，Art Buchwald 离开了临终关怀中心。
他在玛莎葡萄岛度过了整个夏天，并于 2007
年 1 月离开人世。