医学免疫学名解英文

免疫

Immune response: the response made by the host to defend itself against the introduction of foreign substances.

Antigen: An antigen is any agent capable of binding specifically to components of immune system, such as BCR and soluble antibodies

Immunogen - A substance that induces a specific immune response.

(All immunogens are antigens, but not all antigens are immunogens)

Antigenicity: The ability of a compound to bind with antibodies or cells of the immune system. This binding is highly specific.

Immunogenicity

Immunogenicity is the ability of a particular substance, such as an antigen or epitope, to provoke a specific immune response in the body of a human or animal.

Hapten半抗原：A hapten is a small molecule which can elicit an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein; the carrier may be one which also does not elicit an immune response by itself.

Epitope

Epitope is the portion of the antigen that binds specifically with the binding site of an antibody or a receptor on a lymphocyte.

TI-Ag

Thymus -independent antigens are antigens which can directly stimulate the B cells to produce antibody without the requirement for T cell help in general.

TD-Ag

Thymus -dependent antigens are those that do not directly stimulate the production of antibody without the help of T cells

Super antigen

An antigen which polyclonally activates some subtypes of the T cells (up to 20%).

Adjuvants:A substance that when mixed with an immunogen, enhances the immune response against the immunogen.

Immunoglobulin

The Immunoglobulins are globulin which function as antibodies or similar to antibodies in chemical structure.

Complementarity determining region (CDR)互补决定区：A complementarity determining

region (CDR) is a short amino acid sequence found in the variable domains of antigen receptor (e.g. immunoglobulin and T cell receptor) proteins that complements an antigen and therefore provides the receptor with its specificity for that particular antigen.

Complement：A group of serum proteins involved in the control of inflammation, the activation of phagocytes and the lytic attack on cell membranes. It belongs to the innate immune system, and can be recruited and brought into action by the adaptive immune system.

Common receptor subunit

There is same receptor subunit for cytokine signaling among the different cytokine receptors.

e.g. common γ chain

Cytokine (CK) : Small soluble proteins that mediate immune and inflammatory reactions and are responsible for communications between leukocytes and other cells.

Soluble cytokine receptor

Soluble cytokine receptor is the extracellular part of the receptor, which can competitively bind to cytokine

Cytokine storm: Under certain circumstances (e.g. septic shock), large amounts of CKs (such as TNF) are produced, they may be active distant from their site of secretion.

Leukocyte differentiation antigen白细胞分化抗原：The cell surface markers which express or disappear on the different cells in the different stages of differentitation and activation.

Cluster of differentiation (CD): Cell surface molecules of leucocytes that are distinguishable with monoclonal antibodies as an immunologic marker.

Cell adhesion molecules, CAM: A group of proteins involved in adhesion of cell to cell or cell to extracellular matrix (ECM), such as ICAM-1, ICAM-2, ICAM-3, VCAM-1 and PECAM etc.

Integrin

Integrins are transmembrane receptors that mediate the attachment between a cell and the tissues that surround it, such as other cells or the extracellular matrix (ECM)

Selectins

Selectins (CD62) are a family of cell adhesion molecules.

MHC主要组织相容性复合物：The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a large genomic region or gene family found in most vertebrates. It is the most gene-dense region of the mammalian genome and plays an important role in the immune system, autoimmunity, and reproductive success.