医学免疫学名解英文

免疫Immune response: the response made by the host to defend itself against the introduction of foreign substances.Antigen: An antigen is any agent capable of binding specifically to components of immune system, such as BCR and soluble antibodiesImmunogen - A substance that induces a specific immune response.(All immunogens are antigens, but not all antigens are immunogens)Antigenicity: The ability of a compound to bind with antibodies or cells of the immune system. This binding is highly specific.ImmunogenicityImmunogenicity is the ability of a particular substance, such as an antigen or epitope, to provoke a specific immune response in the body of a human or animal.Hapten半抗原：A hapten is a small molecule which can elicit an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein; the carrier may be one which also does not elicit an immune response by itself.EpitopeEpitope is the portion of the antigen that binds specifically with the binding site of an antibody or a receptor on a lymphocyte.TI-AgThymus -independent antigens are antigens which can directly stimulate the B cells to produce antibody without the requirement for T cell help in general.TD-AgThymus -dependent antigens are those that do not directly stimulate the production of antibody without the help of T cellsSuper antigenAn antigen which polyclonally activates some subtypes of the T cells (up to 20%).Adjuvants:A substance that when mixed with an immunogen, enhances the immune response against the immunogen.ImmunoglobulinThe Immunoglobulins are globulin which function as antibodies or similar to antibodies in chemical structure.Complementarity determining region (CDR)互补决定区：A complementarity determiningregion (CDR) is a short amino acid sequence found in the variable domains of antigen receptor (e.g. immunoglobulin and T cell receptor) proteins that complements an antigen and therefore provides the receptor with its specificity for that particular antigen.Complement：A group of serum proteins involved in the control of inflammation, the activation of phagocytes and the lytic attack on cell membranes. It belongs to the innate immune system, and can be recruited and brought into action by the adaptive immune system.Common receptor subunitThere is same receptor subunit for cytokine signaling among the different cytokine receptors.e.g. common γ chainCytokine (CK) : Small soluble proteins that mediate immune and inflammatory reactions and are responsible for communications between leukocytes and other cells.Soluble cytokine receptorSoluble cytokine receptor is the extracellular part of the receptor, which can competitively bind to cytokineCytokine storm: Under certain circumstances (e.g. septic shock), large amounts of CKs (such as TNF) are produced, they may be active distant from their site of secretion.Leukocyte differentiation antigen白细胞分化抗原：The cell surface markers which express or disappear on the different cells in the different stages of differentitation and activation.Cluster of differentiation (CD): Cell surface molecules of leucocytes that are distinguishable with monoclonal antibodies as an immunologic marker.Cell adhesion molecules, CAM: A group of proteins involved in adhesion of cell to cell or cell to extracellular matrix (ECM), such as ICAM-1, ICAM-2, ICAM-3, VCAM-1 and PECAM etc.IntegrinIntegrins are transmembrane receptors that mediate the attachment between a cell and the tissues that surround it, such as other cells or the extracellular matrix (ECM)SelectinsSelectins (CD62) are a family of cell adhesion molecules.MHC主要组织相容性复合物：The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a large genomic region or gene family found in most vertebrates. It is the most gene-dense region of the mammalian genome and plays an important role in the immune system, autoimmunity, and reproductive success.PolymorphismThe phenomenon of having multiple alleles at given genetic locus in the populationSomatic hypermutation体细胞高度突变：Somatic hypermutation (or SHM) is a mechanism inside cells that is part of the way the immune system adapts to the new foreign elements which confront it (for example, microbes).ITAMAn immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) is a conserved sequence of four amino acids that is repeated twice in the cytoplasmic tails of certain cell surface proteins of the immune system.Negative selection负选择：The death of autoimmune lymphocytes shortly after they develop. Also known as clonal deletion.Positive selection: Double positive cells that bind, with moderate affinity, to MHC-Ag on thymic stroma cells survive. DP cell acquire MHC restriction though positive selection.Foxp3A member of the FOX protein family, FOXP3 appears to function as a master transcription factor in the development and function of regulatory T cells.APC：A variety of cell types specialized in the presentation of peptide-MHC to lymphocytes, causing either tolerance or immunity.Cross-presentationClass I MHC molecules present exogenous Ags to CD8+ T cells.Immunological synapseWhen the TCR complex recognizes MHC-associated peptides on an APC, several T cell surface proteins and intracellular signaling molecules are rapidly mobilized to the site of T cell-APC contact. This region of physical contact between the T cell and the APC has been called the immunological synapseAnergy无反应性：Anergy is a term in immunobiology that describes a lack of reaction by the body's defense mechanisms to foreign substances, and consists of a direct induction of peripheral lymphocyte tolerance.Regulatory T cell调节性T细胞：Regulatory T cells (sometimes known as suppressor T cells) are a specialized subpopulation of T cells that act to suppress activation of the immune system and thereby maintain immune system homeostasis and tolerance to self-antigens.AICD激活诱导的细胞死亡：activation-induced cell death (AICD) recognition and deletion of T lymphocytes that have been induced to proliferate by receptor-mediated activation, preventing their overgrowth.Class switchingClass switching is a biological mechanism that changes a B cell's production of antibody from one class to anotherCentral toleranceis the mechanism by which newly developing T cells and B cells are rendered non-reactive to self during their development in thymus and bone marrow.Secondary Antibody: An antibody that binds to primary antibodies or antibody fragments. They are typically labeled with probes that make them useful for detection, purification or cell sorting applications.Affinity（亲和力）Strength of the reaction between a single antigenic determinant and a single Ab combining siteAvidity（亲合力）The overall strength of binding between an Ag with many determinants and multivalent AbsELISA (Enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay) An immunological test, using an enzyme as a label to determine presence of target protein.ELISPOT (Enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent spot) A common method for monitoring immune responses in humans and animals. At appropriate conditions the ELISPOT assay allows visualization of the secretary product of individual activated or responding cells.Immuno-labeling techniquesSpecific Abs (or Ags ) labelled with fluorescein, enzymes or radioisotopes are used as probes for the detection of Ags (or Abs).Artificial active immunization: Administration of an antigen for active production of immunity. Active immunization results in the production of antibodies directed against the infecting agent or its toxic products; it may also initiate cellular immunity.Artificial passive immunization:Immunization may be accomplished passively by administering either performed immunoreactive serum (Abs, CKs) or cells.Vaccine: Administration of an antigen for active production of immunity is called artificial active immunization. The agent used for artificial active immunization is called vaccine.Planned immunization: A rational program of childhood immunization against infectious disease, when many of the most damaging and preventable infections normally appear.ImmunotherapyImmunotherapy is the approach to balance or intervene the immunologic function in order to fight against the disease by the principle of immunology.Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a primitive part of the immune system. They are proteins expressed by cells of the innate immune system to identify pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which are associated with microbial pathogens or cellular stress, as well as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are associated with cell components released during cell damage.antigen,Ag 抗原immunogenicity 免疫原性immunoreactivity 免疫反应性complete antigen 完全抗原incomplete antigen,hapten 不完全抗原，半抗原antigenic specificity 抗原特异性epitope,antigenic determinant 抗原表位，抗原决定基antigenic valence 抗原结合价sequential epitope,linear epitope 顺序表位，线性表位conformational apitope 构象表位common apitope 共同抗原表位cross-reaction 交叉反应cross antigen 交叉抗原conformation 分子构象accessibility 易接近性thymus dependent antigen,TD-Ag 胸腺依赖性抗原thymus independent antigen,TI-Ag 非胸腺依赖性抗原heterophilic antigen 异嗜性抗原xenogenic antigen 异种抗原allogenic antigen 同种异型抗原autoantigen 自身抗原idiotypic antigen 独特型抗原endogenous antigen 内源性抗原exogenous antigen 外源性抗原allergen 变应原tolerogen 耐受原stimulator 免疫刺激剂superantigen 超抗原adjuvant 佐剂mitogen 丝裂原antibody 抗体immunoglobilin 免疫球蛋白class 类type 型variable region 可变区,V区constant region 恒定区，C区hypervariable region,HVR 高变区complementarity determining region,CDR 互补决定区antigen-binding site 抗原结合部位framework region,FR 骨架区hinge region 铰链区joining chain J链secretory piece,SP,secretory component,S C 分泌片，分泌成分papain 木瓜蛋白酶pepsin 胃蛋白酶fragment of antigen binding,Fab 抗原结合片段fragment crystallizable,Fc 可结晶片段isotype 同种型allotype 同种异型idiotype,Id 独特型idiotope 独特位anti-idiotype antibody,AId 独特性抗体opsonization 调理作用antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity,ADCC 抗体依赖的细胞介导的细胞毒作用macroglobulin 巨球蛋白polyclonal antibody,pAb 多克隆抗体monoclonal antibody,mAb 单克隆抗体complement,C 补体complement regulatory protein 补体调节蛋白complement receptor,CR 补体受体classical pathway 经典途径C5 convertase C5转化酶membrane attack complex,MAC 攻膜复合物alternative pathway 旁路途径，替代激活途径lectin pathway,MBL pathway 凝集素途径mannose-binding lectin,MBL 甘露糖结合凝集素ficolin ,FCN 纤维胶原素MBL-associated serine protease,MASP MBL相关丝氨酸蛋白酶C1 inhibitor,C1INH C1抑制物C4 binding protein,C4bp C4结合蛋白decay-accelerating factor ,DAF 衰变加速因子immune adherence 免疫黏附cytokine 细胞因子autocrine 自分泌paracrine 旁分泌endocrine 内分泌pleiotropism 多效性redundancy 重叠性synergy 协同性antagonoism 拮抗性interleukin,IL 白细胞介素colony-stimulating factor,CSF 集落刺激因子interferon,IFN 干扰素tumor necrosis factor,TNF 肿瘤坏死因子growth factor,GF 生长因子chemokine 趋化因子class1 cytokine receptor family 1类细胞因子受体家族class 2 cytokine receptor family 2类细胞因子受体家族tumor necrosis factor receptor肿瘤坏死因子受体家族superfamily,TNFRSFIg superfamily receptor,Ig SFR 免疫球蛋白超家族受体chemokine receptor family 趋化因子受体家族cytokine storm 细胞因子风暴cell surface marker 细胞表面标记human leukocyte differentiation antigen,HLDA 人白细胞分化抗原lineage 谱系cluster of differentiation,CD 分化cell adhension molecule,CAM 细胞黏附分子extracellular matrix,ECM 细胞外基质immunoglobulin superfamily,IgSF 免疫球蛋白超家族integrin family 整合素家族selectin family 选择素家族lymphocyte homing receptor,LHR 淋巴细胞归巢受体HEV 高内皮微静脉major histocompatibility complex 主要组织相容性复合体human leukocyte antigen 人类白细胞抗原B2 microglobulin,b2m 微球蛋白polymorphism 多态性HLA genotyping HLA基因分型haplotype 单体型linkage disequilibrium 连锁不平衡anchor position 锚定位anchor residue 锚定残基MHC restriction MHC限制性cross-matching 交叉配合B lymphocyte B淋巴细胞bursa of Fabricius 禽类法氏囊B cell receptor,BCR B细胞受体gene rearrengement 基因重排gene segment 基因片段recombinase 重组酶recombination activating gene,RAG 重组激活酶基因recombination signal sequence,RSS 重组信号序列terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase,TdT 末端脱氧核苷酸序列allelic exclusion 等位排斥isotype exclusion 同型排斥combinational diversity 组合多样性junctional diversity 连接多样性receptor editing 受体编辑somatic hypermutation 体细胞高频突变pro-BCR 前B细胞受体pro-B cell 祖B细胞pre-B cell 前B细胞immature B cell 未成熟B细胞mature B cell 成熟B细胞clone deletion 克隆清除anergy 失能immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation免疫受体酪氨酸激活基序motif,ITAMcoreceptor 共受体co-stimulatory molecule 共刺激分子self-renewal 自我更新polyreactivity 多反应性natural antibody 天然抗体plasma cell 浆细胞memory B cell 记忆B细胞regulatory B cell 调节性B细胞T lymphocyte T淋巴细胞thymus 胸腺hematopoietic,HSC 骨髓多能造血干细胞lymphoid progenitor cell 淋巴样祖细胞double negative cell,DN cell 双阴性细胞double positive cell,DP cell 双阳性细胞sigle positive cell,SP cell 单阳性细胞positive selection 阳性选择negative selection 阴性选择immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory免疫受体酪氨酸抑制基序motif,ITIMphytohemagglutinin,PHA 植物血凝素naive T cell 初始T细胞memory T cell,Tm 记忆T细胞effector T cell 效应T细胞helper T cell,Th 辅助T细胞cytotoxic T lymphocyte,CTL 细胞毒性T细胞regulatory T cell,Treg 调节性T细胞antigen-presenting cell,APC 抗原提呈细胞profession APC 专职性APCdendritic cell,DC 数突状细胞conventional DC,cDC 经典DCplasmacytoid DC,pDC 浆细胞样DCregulatory DC 调节性DCfollicular DC,FDC 滤泡DCimmature DC 未成熟DCmature DC 成熟DCLangerhans cell,LC 朗格汉斯细胞interstitial DC 间质DCveiled cell 隐蔽DCperipheral blood DC 外周血DC interdigitating DC,IDC 并指状DCmonocyte 单核细胞macrophage 巨噬细胞antigen processing 抗原加工proteasome 蛋白酶体transporter associated with antigen抗原加工相关转运物processing ,TAPchaperone 伴侣蛋白ER resident aminopeptidase,ERAP 氨基肽酶endosome 内体phagosome 吞噬体MHC class 2 compartment,M2C MHC2类小室Ia-associated invariant chain,Ii Ia相关恒定链class 2-associated invariant chain peptide,CLIP MHC2类相关的恒定链多肽cross-presentation,cross-priming 交叉提呈，交叉致敏pMHC,peptide-MHC2 complex 抗原肽-MHC分子复合物antigen recognition 抗原识别immunological synapse 免疫突触perfotrin 穿孔素granzyme 颗粒酶activation-induced cell death,AICD 活化诱导的细胞死亡humoral immune response 体液免疫应答germinal center 生发中心centroblast 中心母细胞centrocyte 中心细胞follicular helper T cell,Tfh 滤泡辅助T细胞somatic hypermutation 检查是否重复，体细胞高频突变affinity maturation 抗体亲和力成熟class switching 类别转换isotype switching 同种型转换switching region 转换区antibody forming cell,AFC 抗体形成细胞primary response 初次免疫secondary response,anamnestic response 再次免疫lag phase 潜伏期log phase 对数期plateau phase 平台期decline phase 下降期。