英国文学名师考点整理
英国文学中的考点
英国文学考试复习资料。
哈哈Multiple choices1, which of the following is not a feature of Beowulf? BA. one of the earliest of Old English literary works.B. new languageC. story about battles with monsters and dragonsD. the epic of anglo-saxon people2. English Renaissance Period was an age of ……BA. prose and novelB. poetry and dramaC. essays and journals D the Romantic poets3.The main literary form of the early 17th century was poetry. John Milton was acknowledged as the greatest, besides him, there were two groups of poets. They were the Cavalier poets and…….CA.the lake poets B the university wits C the Metaphysical poets D the romantic poets4. Robinson Crusoe, widely considered to be the first modern novel, was written by…….DA. Geoffrey Chaucer B, Charles Dickens C, Henry Fielding D, Daniel Defoe5. The publication of …..C, which was the joint work of William Wordsworth and Samuel T.Coleridge, marked the beginning of the Romantic Age in England.A. Joseph ConradB.The Rime of the Ancient MarinetC. Lyrical BalladsD.Queen Mab6.Among the most famous realistic novelists of the Victorian age are ….C, W.M.Thackeray, Bronte sisters, etc.A. Joseph ConradB.Henry FieldingC. Charles DickensD. Charlotte Bronte7. …..C in his novels such as Hard Times and Oliver Twist describes the misery and sufferings of common people.A. Francis BaconB. Jane AustenC. Charles DickensD. Pride and Prejudice8. Which of the following is not Shakespeare’s play?A. HamletB.King LearC. Othello playsD. Pride and Prejudice9. Here is a sentence from an essay, “Read not to contradict and confuse, nor to believe and confuse, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider”. The essay must be…D..A.”Of Studies” by Francis BaconB. Ghe Advancement of Learning by Francis BaconC. Novum Organum by Francis BaconD. “On Reading”by Francis Bacon10. Paradise Lost is the masterpiece of ….C.A. William ShakespeareB. Robert BurnsC. John MiltonD. William Blake11. The novel Gulliver’s Travels was written by…B..A. Tobias SmollettB. JonathanC. Laurence SterneD. John Milton D. William Blake12. The author of “Ode to the West Wind”is ….A…A. ShelleyB. ByronC. KeatsD. Coleridge13. Wuthering Heights is the masterpiece by ….B..A. Jane AustenB. Emily BronteC. Charles DickensD. William Makespeace Thackeray14. Which of the following is not a typical feature of Romanticism in England? BA. Spontaneity in expressing feelingsB. Emphasis on reasonC. Worship of natureD. Simplicity in language15. Which of following can be said of the essence of the Renaissance? AA. HumanismB. CapitalismC. FeudalismD. Enilightenment16. William Wordsworth never used “gaudy and inane phraseology”because he felt that poetryshould …..C…A. he read only by the well-educatede difficult vocabulary to express complicated emotionsC. use simple speech to communicate the truths of human experienceD. rely on strange and uncommon words to bring people new experences.17. Virginia Woolf is renowned for adopting the ….C…technique, which displays the sequence of thoughts and impressions in a person’s mind.A.mind-readingB. shird-person narrationC. stream-of-consciousnessD.feminist18.The Canterbury Tales, a collection of stories told by a group of pilgrims on their way to Canterbury, is an important poetic work by….B..A.William LanglandB. Geoffrey ChaucerC. William ShakespeareD. Alfred Teeyson19. William Blake wrote all the following except….D. ..A. Poetical SketchesB. Songs of InnocenceC. The Marriage of Heaven and HellD.The Tree of Libery20.Which of the following writing is not the work by Charles Dickens? DA. A Tale of Two CitiesB. Hard TimesC.Oliver TwistD. Vanity Fair。
2012英国文学史知识要点总结
A Survey of British LiteratureI. Early and Medieval Literature (Unit 2)1. three conquests2. the medieval period: 476 A. D—the 15th century3. Anglo-Saxon Period (449-1066):--oral traditions;--“Beowulf”: the national epic--Caedmon: the first known English religious poet4. Anglo-Norman Period (1066-15th century):--Popularity of romancens;--Chaucer: the father of English poetry;--Ballads developed;5. “Beowulf”--longest; an epic; features (Pagan and Christian coloring; kenning; metaphor)6. Romance--Definition: It is a narrative verse of prose singing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. Romances are popular in the medieval period.--“Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”7. Geoffrey Chaucer--the father of English literature/poetry;--The Canterbury Tales: a double fiction; the Wife of Bath‟s prologue; The Wife of Bath‟s Tale;heroic couplet)8. Ballad:--Definition:A story told in song, usually in four line stanzas, with the 2nd and the 4th lines rhymed.--Robin Hood Ballads.9. Appreciation:--from “Beowulf”--from “The Canterbury Tales”II. The Renaissance (Unit 3, Unit 4, Unit 5,Unit 6)1.three discoveries2.Renaissance--a thristing curiosity for classical literature;--a keen interest in life and human activities.3.Humanism--individualism; the joy of the present life; reason; the affirmation of self-worth--Humanism emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life.Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.4.Sonnet:--Definition: It is a poem of 14 lines that follows a strict rhyme scheme and specific structure; it expresses a single idea or theme. (Thomas Wyatt first introduced it to England)5.Shakespearean sonnet:--Definition: A Shakespearean sonnet consists of three four-line stanzas (called quatrains) and a final couplet composed in iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme abab cdcd efef gg.6.Blank verse: having a regular meter, but no rhyme. (Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey)7.Spenserian stanza:--Definition: Each stanza contains nine lines in total: eight lines in iambic pentameter followed by a single 'Alexandrine' line in iambic hexameter. The rhyme scheme of these lines is "ababbcbcc."8.Appreciation:--Edmund Spenser and “The Faerie Queene”(written in blank verse)--Thomas More and “Utopia”--Christopher Marlowe‟s Dr. Faustus(Appreication);Tamburlaine;The Jew of Malta; The Passionate Shepherd to His Love;--Sonnet 18by Shakespeare (“Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer‟s Day”): time, mortality, immortality9.The first English essayist: Francis Bacon (“Of Studies”)10.Elizabethan theatre—the golden age of English drama;11.Shakespearean comedies: As You Like It; The Merchant of Venice; A Midsummer Night‘s Dream;Much Ado About Nothing; Twelfth Night12.Shakespearean tragedies: Macbeth; King Lear; Hamlet; Othello13.Shakespearean comedies:--Features: clowns, servants, jesters, fools; dramatic irony; mistaken identity, cross-dressing;--Patterns: The Green World Pattern (Sample: A Mid-summer Night’s Dream)19. Shakespearean tragedies:--Features: characters; structure; soliloquy; traveling; the role of fate/chance20. Appreciation:--“To be, or not to be” (from Hamlet) (Hamlet‟s dilemma)--“Tommorrow, tomorrow,…”(from Macbeth) (Mabeth is tired of the world; bored with life;metaphors:)III. The Period of Revolution and Restoration (the 17th century) (Unit 7)1.17th: the beginning of modern England;2.Cavalier poets:--Reflected the royalist values;--Themes: beauty, love, loyalty, morality;--Style: Direct, short, frankly erotic--Motto:“Carpe Diem”“Seize the Day”--Robert Herrick, Ben Johnson, Rochard Lovelace, etc;--Appreciation: “To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time” (Herrick; “to seize the day”)3.Metaphysical school:--the founder of the Metaphysical school: John Donne--conceit: an extended metahpor involving dramatic contrasts or far-fetched comparisons;--John Donne‟s love poems: “The Flea”;“V alediction: Forbidden Mourning” (Appreciation) --Andrew Marvell: “To His Coy Mistress”4.Puritan writers:--John Bunyanh: “The Pilgrim‟s Progress” (a religious allegory)--John Milton: “Paradise Lost”(based on The Old Testament) (…Paradise Regained”; “Samson Agonistes”) (Appreciation)IV. The 18th Century Literature—The Age of Enlightenment (Unit 8 and Unit 9)1.18th century: the golden age of English novels2.Enlightenment--an intellectual movement in Europe in the 18th century;--Reason as the guiding principle for thinking and action;--the belief in eternal truth, eternal justice, natural equality ;--a continuation of Renaissance;(Belief in the possibility of human perfection through education).3.Neo-classicism:--A revival of classical standards of order, harmony, balance, simplicity and restrainedemotion in literature in the 18th century.--Alexander Pope4.“Essay on Criticism” by Alexander Pope--a manifesto of neoclassicism;--Appreciation: “A Little Learning is a Dangerous Thing…”(learning as mountain climbing;inadequate learning may impair a balanced apprecation of a poem).5.Realistic novels:--Jonathan Swift;Gulliver’s Travels; A Modest Proposal; A Tale of a Tub; The Battle of the Books;--Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe;(Appreciation)--Henry Fielding: Tom Jones; Joseph Andrews; Jonathan Wilde the Great;6. Sentimentalism--the middle and later decades of the 18th c.;--definition: passion over reason, personal instincts over social duties; the return of the patriarchal times; lamenting over the destructive effects of industrialization--Oliver Goldsmith, Thomas Gray, etc.7. The Graveyard School--subjects, style;--Thomas Gray‟s “Elegy written in a country churchyard”: structure; theme; (Appreciation)8. Pre-romanticism:--the latter half ot the 18th century;--Robert Burns: “Auld Lyne Syne”; “A Red, Red Rose”--William Blake: “Songs of Innocence” “Songs of Experience”; “The Lamb”, “The Tyger”;9. Richard Bringsley Sheridan: The School for Scandal; The Rivals;10. Oliver Goldsmith: The Vicar of Wakefield; She Stoops to ConquerV. The Romantic Period (1789-1832) (Unit 10 , Unit 11 and Unit 12)1.The Romantic period: an age of poetry2.Romanticism:--Manifesto of British Romanticism: Lyrical Ballads: co-published by Wordsworth and Coleridge--Features: individual as the center of all life and experience; from the outer world to the innerworld; Passion; imagination ; Nature; pastoral; past ; Individual freedom; simple and spontaneous expression; symbolic presentations; fantastic elements;3.English Romantic Poets--Lake Poets: Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey--The Satanic Poets: Byron; Shelley; Keats--Lyrical Ballads: the manifesto of the English Movement;4.William Wordsworth--“a worshipper of nature”;--nature and country poems: “I Wanderered Lonely as a Cloud”; “The World is Too Much with us”; “Tintern Abbey”; “To a Butterfly” “The Solitary Reaper”; “Lucy Poems”;--theories on poetry; “Poetry is a spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings; it takes its orgin from emotion recollected in tranquility.”--W ordsworth‟s view of nature: critique of materialism; a source of mental cleanliness; the guardian of the heart; the beneficial influence of nature;--Appreciation: “I Wanderered Lonely as a Cloud”; “Tintern Abbey”;5.Samuel Taylor Coleridge:“The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”6. George Gordon Byron:--Byronic Hero: an idealised but flawed anti-hero created by Byron; love of freedom, hatred of tyranny, passionate, rebellious, chivalrous, arrogant, cynical, individualistic, isolated, single-handedly, melancholy--major poems by Byron: “Childe Harold‟s Pilgrimage”(Byronic Hero); “Don Juan”; “She Walks in Beauty”; “The Isles of Greece” (Appreciation)7. Percy Bysshe Shelley:--Plato‟s influence; pantheism--“Prometheus Unbound”; “Ode to the West Wind”“Prometheus Unbound”; “Ode to a Skylark”;“Queen Mab”; “A Defense of Poetry”;-- Appreciation : “Ode to the West Wind”: themes of death and rebirth; destruction and regeneration;8. John Keats-- “Ode on a Grecian Urn”; “Ode to a Nightingale”; “Ode to Autumn”; “Endymion”; “Isabella”--Appreciation: “Ode on a Greican Urn”: the powers and limitations of artVI The Victorian Literature (1832-1901) (Unit 13 and Unit 14)1. Authors and Works--William Makepeace Thackray: Vanity Fair--George Eliot: The Mill on the Floss; Silas Marner; Middlemarch; Adam Bede--Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice: Emma; Sense and Sensibility; Mansfield Park--Thomas Hardy: Far from the Madding Crowd; Tess of the D’Urbervilles; Jude the Obscure; The Return of the Native; The Mayor of Casterbridge--Charlotte Bronte:Jane Eyre; Shirley;--Emily Bronte: Wuthering Heights--Oscar Wilde: The Importance of Being Earnest; A Woman of No Importance--Walter Scott: Ivanhoe;1.Bronte Sisters and the Female Gothic Tradition:--Female Gothic refers to the tradition of Gothic writing by women . . . that represents the female experience within domesticity as one of imprisonment, claustrophobia and terror.2.Appreciation:--Jane Eyre by Charolotte Bronte;--Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte;3.Naturalism--Definition:Heredity and social environment as the sha ping forces of one‟s character; to determine "scientifically" the underlying forces influencing the actions of the characters.pessimism; fatalism; detached perspective;--Appreciation: “Tess of D‟Urbervilles” by Thomas Hardy4.Aestheticism--Oscar Wilde4. Charles Dickens:--Oliver Twist; David Copperfield; A Tale of Two Cities; Hard Times; Great Expectations; The Pickwick Papers; Little Dorrit5. Poets--Alfred Tennyson: “Break, Break, Break”--Robert Browning: “My Last Duchess” (dramatic monologue)--Mathew Arnold: “Dover Beach” (Appreciation)6.Thomas Hardy--“Shakespeare of the English novel.”--novels of character and environment: Far from the Madding Crowd; Tess of the D’Urbervilles;Jude the Obscure--fatalism;--naturalistic tendencies;7. George Bernard Shaw--the greatest Irish dramatist in the 20th c.--a member of the Fabian society; reformist ideas--Plays: Mrs. Warren’s Profession; Major Barbara8. John Galsworthy--The Forsyte Saga: The Man of Property, In Chancery, and To Let.--Analysis: The Man of PropertyVII. The Modern Period (Unit 15)1. Modernism:--theorectical basis;--innovative forms;--thematic concerns;3. Steam of consciousness novel:--Bergson‟s theory of ps ychological time;--Definition:The style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character‟s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them.--Virginia Woolf and James Joyce4. Virginia Woolf--“Modern Fiction” (attacked the traditional way of novel-writing)--Mrs. Dalloway; To the Lighthouse; The Waves--Mrs. Dalloway: appreciation5. James Joyce--an Irish writer;--Dubliners, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Ulysses--Ulysses (Theme, techniques)6. Psychological Fiction--Freudian‟s theories;--D. H. Lawrence: Sons and Lovers; The Rainbow; Women in Love; Lady Chatterley’s Lover--Sons and Lovers: appreciation7. Other important writers:--E. M. Forster: A Passage to India; A Room with a View; Where Angels Fear to Tread; Howards End;--William Golding: Lord of the Flies;--Joseph Conrad: Heart of Darkness; Lord Jim;VIII. Postwar Literature (Unit 16)1.Existentialism--“Existence precedes essence”--Theme;2. Theatre of the Absurd--Samuel Beckett: Nobel prize--Harold Pinter: Nobel Prize--Definition--Waiting for Godot (Beckett):3. Angry Y oung Man:--mid-1950s;--John Osborne: Look Back in Anger4. Metafiction:--definition:--John Fowles: The French L ieutenant’s Woman5. Symbolism:--definiton;--T. S. Eliot: “The Waste Land” (spiritiual empitness and emotional impoverishment)--William Butler Y eats: “Sailing to Byzantium”;（Appreciation）“The Second Coming”; “Leda and the Swan”;。
英国文学知识点整理
英国文学知识点整理不同的分类，会有交叉。
有交叉，才能理解，才能清晰，才能快速记忆，这才是真正的笔记。
(一)各个时期的文学创作术语中世纪文学时期Medieval Literature英雄双韵体the heroic couplet【特点】两行两行押韵，也被称作五步抑扬格iambic pentameter【创始人】杰弗里·乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer文艺复兴时期Renaissance十四行诗sonnet【特点】1韵律：一行隔一行押韵一节中的最后一行又与下一节的第一行押韵第四节只有两行独自押韵，一共十四行。
例一：abab bcbc cdcd ee例二：abab bcbc efef gg 2行数：十四行【创始人】威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare斯宾塞诗体Spenserian【特点】1韵律：韵律复杂，具有音乐性2行数：每节九行【创始人】埃德蒙·斯宾塞Edmund Spenser 素体诗blank verse没有押韵道德剧Morality Play神秘剧Mystery Play奇迹剧Miracle Play抑扬格四音步iambic tetrameter书信体意识流stream of consciousness(二)各种荣誉称谓"之父"称号Title作家主要作品时代流派英国诗歌之父Father of English Poetry杰弗里·乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer坎特伯雷故事集The Canterbury TalesMedieval Literature 十四世纪英国小说之父Father of English Novels丹尼尔·笛福Daniel Defoe鲁宾逊漂流记The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson CrusoeEnlightenment 18世纪Realistic西欧历史小说之父The Father of Western European Historical Novel沃尔特·司各特Walter Scott密得洛西恩监狱The Heart of MidlothianRealistic Literature十九世纪Romanticism桂冠诗人Poet Laureate约翰·德莱顿John Dryden阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生Alfred Tennyson【作品】记忆方式伊诺克·阿登。
(完整word版)最全面英国文学史知识点总结
英国文学史I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages<Beowulf>贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsEpic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.Artistic features:1. Using alliterationDefinition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵）Some examples on P52. Using metaphor and understatementDefinition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideasGeoffery Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟1340~1400(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。
约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。
代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。
)The father of English poetry.writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity.①<The Canterbury Tales>坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(双韵体) by middle English②<Troilus and Criseyde>特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德③<The House of Fame>声誉之宫Medieval Ages’popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事)Famous three：King ArthurSir Gawain and the Green KnightBeowulfII The Renaissance PeriodA period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival:1. new discoveries in geography and astrology2. the religious reformation and economic expansion3. rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultureThe most famous dramatists:Christopher MarloweWilliam ShakespeareBen Johnson.1. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙·斯宾塞1552~1599（后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。
英国文学知识点总结
英国⽂学知识点总结Part One Early and Medieval English literature& Masterpiece: “The Song of Beowulf ”1. Significance:The national epic of the English people;A folk legend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from Northern Europe;Passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before written down in the 10th century;The most important and representative work of the Old English (the Anglo-Saxon )literature.2. Characters:Beowulf: nephew of Hygelac Hygelac: king of Geats in Jutland Hrothgar: king of the Danes Grendel: a monster3. Plot:(1) Beowulf’s fight with the monster Grendel in Hrothgar’s hall(2) Beowulf’s slaying of Grendel’s mother in her lair(3) Beowulf’s return to his u ncle, and his succession to the throne.(4) Beowulf’s victory in death, fifty years later, over the fire dragon4. Features:i. Position: The national epic and the first long poem in English .ii. Rhyme: The poem is written in alliterative verse in a line, with 4 accents in a line , three of which show alliteration( beginning with the same consonant sound )iii. Rhetorics: A figurative language is used , which is called “kenning” or metaphor .iv. Structure: It is written in inverted order with two parts in a line (as pause)& The Medieval English LiteratureI. Romance : (in prose or verse form)a.Subject matter (题材，话题，论题)（See the definition）：The life and adventures of a noble hero , generally a knightb. Theme (主题)（See the definition）：The loyalty to the king and lord .c. Three romance cycles (传奇故事系列)The Matter of France (about Charlemagne and his peers )The Matter of Rome (about Alexander the Great )The Matter of Britain(about the adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table) d. The class nature of Romance :It’s written for the upper classChivalry （骑⼠精神）is represented to show the quality of the knight : courage , honor , courtesy , loyalty and devotion to the helpless , the weakand women .e. Masterpiece :“Sir Gawin and the Green Knight” 《⾼⽂爵⼠和绿⾐骑⼠》in alliterative verse .* Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)1. Position: i.“The father of English poetry”ii. The founder of English realism (by Gorky)iii. The forerunner of humanism .2. Contribution:i.He introduced the “heroic couplet”(the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter抑扬格五⾳步)ii. He is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language .iii. He did much in making the dialect of London the foundation for modern English speech .3. Literary Creation:Influenced by：Dante (1265-1321): “The Divine Comedy”Petrarch (1307-1374) : “Sonnets”Boccaccio (1313-1375): “Decameron”4. Masterpiece : “The Canterbury Tales”i. Significance :a. A comprehensive picture of Chaucer's time a splendid realistic portrayal .b. An artistic corridor of people from all walks of life in the medieval England :a) the gentle class: knight , squire , monk prioress (⼥修道院的院长), the oxford scholar .b) the burgher class : tradesman , carpenter , weaver , the Wife of Bath , lawyerc. Realism and Humanism is revealed :The praise of man’s energy quick wit and love of life .The equal right of man and woman to pursue their happiness on earth and the opposition of the dogma of asceticism.ii. Features:a. Structural features :a) A prologue and 24 tales b) All the tales are closely knitted by interspersing them with the talk ,the quarrels , opinions of the pilgrims and especially the judgment of the innkeeper .b. Literary features :Heroic couplet : a pair of rhyming iambic pentameter lines .Tone : gentle satire and mild irony .& The English Ballads (Popular Ballads)1. Literary Features :i. English folk literature in feudal society .ii. In song , usually in 4-line stanza , with the 2nd and 4th lines rhymed .iii. iambic trimeter / tetrameter 抑扬格三⾳步/四⾳步2. Themes :i. The struggle of young lovers against their feudal families.ii. The conflict between love and wealth.iii. The cruel effect of jealousy.iv. The border wars between England and Scotland.v. The matters of class struggle.3. Masterpieces:1) Robin Hood Ballads : gathered into a collection called “The Geste of Robin Hood”2) “Ro bin Hood and Allan –a –Dale” “Get up and Bar the Door”“Sir Patrick Spans”Robin HoodStatus: a yeoman forced to be an outlaw/fugitiveDeeds: Greenwood of Sherwood Forest near Nottingham in the center of EnglandHunting the King’s deer, robbing from the r ich and distributing among the poorFriends and followers: the Merry Men (Little John, Friar Tuck, Will Scarlet, and the romantic minstrel Alan-a-Dale)His enemy: the Sheriff of NottinghamHis wife: Maid Marian4. Linguistic characteristics:RomanceIt uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period. It has developed the characteristic medieval motifs of the quest, the test, the meeting with the evil giant and the encounter with the beautiful beloved.The hero is usually the knight, who sets out on a journey to accomplish some missions. There is often mysteries and fantasies in romance.Romantic love is an important part of the plot in romance. Characterization is standardized, while the structure is loose and episodic, the language is simple and straightforward.The importance of the romance itself can be seen as a means of showing medieval aristocratic men and women in relation to their idealized view of the world.Questions for consideration:1. The features of the medieval English literature ?2. The significance of The Canterbury Tales ?3. The literary features of English ballads ?4. The differences between romance and balladPart II The English Renaissance&Literary influence of the Bible on English language:Household words from Bible:root of all evil万恶之源clear as crystal极其明⽩a thorn in the flesh眼中钉，⾁中刺to cast pearls before swine明珠投暗a labor of love 不计较报酬的⼯作eye for eye , tooth for tooth 以眼还眼，以⽛还⽛The Development of Literaturei. The Beginning of the English Renaissancea. Geoffrey Chaucer（1340-1400）The forerunner of English Renaissanceb.William Caxton introducing printing to England in 1476 bringing a multitude of classical works .& c. Thomas More (1478-1535) The first humanist in EnglandI. IntroductionGreat thinker and humanist in the RenaissanceII. Masterpiece: “Utopia”Utopia, from two Greek words meaning “nowhere”, is an island discovered on a voyage to the newly discovered Americas. It is an description of the ideal communist society and ideal commonwealth, where property is held in common and there is no poverty.Practical basis for the communist society:From everyone according to his capacities ,to everyone according to his need”各尽所能，按需分配)B. Different Genres and their representatives: essay, poetry, dramaa. essayist: Francis Baconb.poets:Thomas Wyatt, HenryHoward,Sir Philip Sidney, Edmund Spenser, William Shakespearec. dramatists/playwrights: Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, Ben Jonson&1. Francis BaconA. Position and Contribution:He is the first great essayist . He is the founder of English materialist philosophy （唯物主义哲学）He is the founder of modern science in England .Inductive Method of Reasoning (归纳法) was stated in his essay “New Instrument”He represents the intellectual energy of the age .B. Masterpiece:a. “Advancement of Learning”《科学的进展》b. “New Instrument” 新⼯具c. “Essays” 《随笔集》Subjects : love truth , friendship , parents and children , beauties , studies , riches , youth and ages , death etc .Features : clearness ,brevity and force of expression .C. Wise Sayings:“Knowledge is power”“Men fear death, as chi ldren fear to go in the dark; and as that natural fear in children is increased with tales, so is the other.“⼈们惧伯死亡，正如孩童惧于⿊暗中⾏路：孩童⼼中的恐惧感随着听到的童话故事的增多⽽增长，⼈们对死亡的惧怕亦是如此。
英国文学史整理配合课堂重点内容
知识点梳理一中世纪文学（约 5 世纪—1485）•Beowulf贝奥武夫Old English literature, poems, the national epic of the English people ★特点Artistic features: ing alliteration押头韵 ing metaphor and understatement3.give an impression of reserve and at time a tinge of ironical humor3位Middle English 的著名诗人1.Geoffrey Chaucer—— The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集The founder of English poetry、realismwriting style: wisdom, humor, humanity.first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(双韵体) by middle English<名解>heroic couplet：the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter p26、39、902.William Langland——Piers The Plowman 耕者皮尔斯:a picture of feudal England3.The author of Sir Gawain and Green Knight•The Robin Hood Ballads 罗宾汉<名解> 民谣The Ballads is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The ballads are in various English and Scottish dialects.二文艺复兴时期文学（15 世纪后期—17 世纪初）A period of drama and poetry.The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the EnglishRenaissance.<名解>Renaissance p30-31• 托马斯·莫尔Thomas More——Utopia乌托邦He was one of the forerunners of modern socialist thought<名解> The sonnet p39• 埃德蒙·斯宾塞Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene、The Shepherd’s Calendar牧人日历The poets’ poet. The first to be buried in the Poet’s corner of Westerminster AbbeyThe Faerie Queene——nationalism、humanism、puritanism• 弗兰西斯·培根Francis Bacon——Essays随笔The founder of English materialist philosophy近代唯物主义奠基人The first English essayist在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断•克里斯托弗·马洛Christopher Marlowe“University Wits”—Tamburlaine帖木耳大帝、TheJew of Malta马耳他的犹太人、Doctor Faustus<名解>Blank verse无韵体: written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.★William Shakespeare 1564~161637plays 2long poems 154sonnets四大喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》A Midsummer Night’s Dream《威尼斯商人》The Merchant of Venice《皆大欢喜》As You Like It《第十二夜》Twelfth Night四大悲剧《哈姆莱特》Hamlet《奥赛罗》Othello《李尔王》King Lear《麦克白》Macbeth历史剧《亨利四世》Henry IV正剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》Romeo and JulietFeatures of Shakespeare's drama:1 one of the founders of realism in world literature2 often used the method of adaptation3 skilled in many poetic forms: song, sonnet, couplet, especially the blank verse4 a great master of the English language•本·琼生Ben Johnson——Every Man in His HumorHis portrayal of characters is one-sided, flat, and lacking development; they are not round and full-blooded.He was a forerunner of classicism in English literature which was to reach its hightide in the 18th century.古典主义先驱三17 世纪文学英国资产阶级革命时期The puritan poets 弥尔顿、班扬The metaphysical poets 邓恩The cavalier poets 德莱顿★约翰·弥尔顿John Milton 1608~1674早期Poems——On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity、Comus、Lycidas中期Pamphlets——Of Reformation in England、Areopagitica《论出版自由》、The Defence ofthe English People为英国人民声辩晚期Giant works失明后写——Paradise Lost失乐园、Paradise Regained复乐园、SamsonAgonistes力士参孙Areopagitica论出版自由，as a declaration of people's freedom of the press, has been a weapon in the later democratic revolotion struggles.Paradise Lost：long epic in12 books, written in blank verse. p107Agonistes力士参孙:poetical drama modelled on the Greek tragedies. It is from the Book of Judges in the Old Testament.Brief summary p1111 he was a political in both his life and his art. He was a militant pamphleteer of the English Revolution, and the greatest English revolutionary poet in 17th century2 he wrote the greatest epic in English literature. He and Shakespeare have always been regarded as two patterns of English verse3 he is a master of the blank verse. he first used blank verse in non-dramatic works.4 he is a great stylist.5 his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.• 约翰·班扬John Bunyan—The Pilgrim’s Progress: a religious allegory天路历程Puritan poet•John Donne the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人).四启蒙时期文学（17th后期—18th中期）核心Reason<名解>The Enlightenment：an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism.<名解> classicism:The classicists modelled themselves on Greek and Latin authors, and try to control literary creation by some fixed laws and rules drawn from Greek andLatin works. The English classicists followed these standards in their writings.Classicists had some fixed laws and rules for almost every genre of literature.•Richard Steele——The Christian Hero（pamphlet）、（Newspapers）The Tatler、The spectator(in conjunction with Addison)、Theatre、The English•Joseph Addison——The Campaign(a poem，his best-known poem in heroic couplet) Cato (tragedy)、The Spectator、A Letter from Italy★The Spectator：a daily newspaper, one essay a day，dealing with the customs, manners, morals,literature and other current topics of the time, in a light and pleasant mannerAmong the most striking features of The Spectator are the character sketches (人物素描) of Mr. Spectator and the members of his club.Contribution：•Addison and Steel developed the form of letter writing to the verge of the epistolary novel(书信体小说).•Addison’s Spectator essay were looked upon as the model of English composition by British authors all through the 18th century.•Humor, intimacy and elegance are the striking features of the English familiar essay•Alexander Pope 亚历山大•蒲柏1688~17441.Essay on Criticism、2.The Rape of the Lock卷发遇劫记the masterpiece, which is worth reading for itsdescription and satire of the dull court life of Englandof that time.3.The Dunciad愚人记、4.Essay on Man人论、5.Moral Essays道德论6.The Works of Shakespeare 《莎士比亚全集》One of the first to introduce rationalism to England.Pope is the most important representative of the English classical poetry. Frequently writing in the form of heroic couplets. He was at his best in satire and epigram.• Jonathan Swift乔纳森•斯威夫特1667~17451.Gulliver’s TravelsLilliput小人国Brobdingnag大人国Flying Island飞岛Houyhnhnm马岛2.A Tale of a Tub3.A Modest Proposal and The Drapi er’s Letters（pamphlets）Denounce the cruel and unjust treatment of Ireland by the English government and stir up the Irish people to fight.4.The Battle of BooksSwift’s Style: He is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple and clear and vigorous. He is a master satirist, and his irony is deadly. (例如modest proposal)• Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔•笛福Robinson Crusoe 鲁宾逊漂流记was one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel.Robinson Crusoe is representative of the English bourgeoisie.Moll Flanders、Colonel Jacque、Captain singleton•Samuel Richardson——Pamela (Develop the English novel)、Clarissa Harlowe• Henry Fielding亨利•菲尔丁1707~1754Novels:1.Tom Jones汤姆•琼斯（A love story between Tom and Sophia）2.Joseph Andrews、3.The Life of Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great、4.Amelia艾米莉亚He is the founder of English realistic novel、father of the English novel•Samuel Johnson 塞缪尔•约翰逊——A Dictionary of English Language英语大词典• Oliver Goldsmith（playwriter）奥利弗•格尔德斯密斯——The Deserted Village（poem）、The Good Natured Man、She stoops to Conquer（drama）•Richard Brinsley Sheridan（playwriter）理查德•布林斯利•施莱登——The Rivals、The School for Scandal（drama）Romantic Revival arose in the latter half of the 18th century, against Classicism.The pre-romantic poetry was represented by Blake and Burns.•William Blake威廉•布莱克1757~1827Songs of Innocence天真之歌、Songs of Experience经验之歌、The Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂与地狱的婚姻1. Blake was opposed to the classicism of the 18th century.2. His poems were full of romantic spirit and imagery symbolism.3. He was a Pre-Romanticist or forerunner of the romantic poetry of the 19th century.•Robert Burns罗伯特•彭斯1759—1796A Red, Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰songs of love and friendship、Auld Long Syne往昔时光The Scots Musical Museum and Collection of Original Scottish Airs.收集苏格兰民谣He is the greatest of Scottish poets and one of the greatest song writers in the world .The poems of Burns are written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects.五浪漫主义时期文学Romanticism in England（1798-1832）The romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s <Lyrical Ballads>, and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death.The Lake Poets湖畔诗人who lived in the lake district.The elder generation: escapist romanticists（William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey）★William Wordsworth1770—1850Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集beginning of the Romantic Revival、deep love for nature sympathy for the poorI Wondered Lonely As A Cloud我好似一朵流云独自漫游Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey登丁寺杂咏The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女、The Prelude序曲•Samuel Taylor Coleridge——The Rime of the Ancient Mariner古舟子颂The poem is considered his masterpiece•Robert Southey——Joan of Arc圣女贞德The younger generation: active romanticists：•George Gordon Byron 乔治•戈登•拜伦1788—1824Don Juan唐•璜、Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage恰尔德•哈罗德尔游记、Cain该隐、The Vision of Judgment审判的幻景<名解>拜伦式英雄Byronic heroes is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles.恰尔德·哈罗德是拜伦诗歌中第一个“拜伦式英雄”。
英国文学史复习资料整理
英国文学史复习资料整理篇一：英国文学史复习资料整理(1)? historical background: the making of BritainA. Briton (Celtic tribes)B. the Roman Conquest---Roman Briton1thJulius CaesarA.D.43ClaudiusC. mid-5thAnglo-Saxons (Angles, Saxons, Jutes)Anglo-Saxon periodD. Danish invasionlate 8th, Daneslate 9th, Alfred the Greatthe literaturethe literature of this period falls naturally isto two divisions—pagan and Christianpagan represents the poetry which the Anglo-Saxons probably brought with them in the form of oral sagasChristian represents the writings developed under teaching of the monks..All of the earliest poetry of England was copied by the monks, and seems to have been more or less altered to give it a religious coloring.The angles, an important Teutonis tribe, furnished the name for the new home, which was called Angle-land afterward shortened into England. The language spoken by these tribes is generally called Anglo-Saxon or Saxon.Literary term★ Epic: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.(examples: Iliad, Odyssey, Chanson de Roland)2. Beowulf– national epic★ the longest and most monument of A-S poems★ the oldest surviving epic in British literature.? oral form (6th), earliest written record (7th or 8th)? set in Denmark and SwedenBeowulf1. 3183 lines2. contents:Beowulf centers on the narration of the exploits of the heroic figure beowulf.3 adventuresMonster---GrendelGrendel’s motherfiery dragonTheme: primitive peo ple’s struggle against hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.Beowulf is not simply a man of great military prowess but he is forever eager to help others in distress and in his last adventure with the dragon he shows himself a worthy leader ready to sacrifice his own life for the welfare of his people.Features:＊part-historical and part legendary＊heathen tribal society, feudal elements, Christian coloring＊A-S or old English; alliteration metaphorIn the year 1066, at the battle of Hastings, the Normans headed by William, Duke of Normandy, defeated the Anglo-Saxons.Brought to England is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales of love and adventure.England literature is also a combination of French and Saxon elements.The three chief effects of the conquest were1. the bringing of Roman civilization to England2. the growth of nationality a strong centralized government, instead of the loose union of Saxon tribes3. the new language and literature were proclaimed in Chaucer1the Norman conquest accelerated the development of feudalism.? on land: the ruling class possessed large tracts of land? on society: distinct class division, miseries of peasants? on language: scholar wrote in French and Latin; eiched English.The developmentof romance and knights’ legends★ Romance: A long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble man. The central character is the Knight, who has a noble birth, is skillful in the use of weapon and devotes to the church or King. The rules governing the manners and morals of a knight are known as chivalry.? Themes of romance:the matter of Britain— king Arthur and his knights of the Round Table (Arthurian romances) the matter of France— Charlemagne and his knights (Chanson deRoland)the matter of Rome— from the Trojan War to Alexander the GreatKing Arthur:＊historical figure of Celts; mythological figure in Welsh literature;＊legendary hero in ? Geoffery of Monmouth: “History of the Kings of Britain” ?Layamon:“Brut”? Sir Tomas Malory: “Le Morte D?Arthur”? Anglo-Saxon? Later legends about a hero named Arthur were placed in this period of violence. The invaders were variously Angles, Saxons, Frisians, Jutes, but were similar in culture and eventually identified themselves indifferently as Angles or Saxons.The most outstanding single romance on the Arthurian legend—―Sir Gawain and the Green Knig ht‖ (four sections)a.The fight between Sir Gawain and the Green Knight at King Arthur?s Christmas feast.b. Gawain?s adventures on the way to find the Green Knight of the Green Chapel篇二：英国文学史及选读__复习要点总结《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题）2. Romance （名词解释）3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story4. Ballad（名词解释）5. Character of Robin Hood6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet)7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)8. Renaissance（名词解释）9.Thomas More——Utopia10. Sonnet（名词解释）11. Blank verse（名词解释）12. Edmund Spenser“The Faerie Queene”13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies”（推荐阅读，学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读）14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要，此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了，这些剧的主题，背景，情节，人物形象都要熟悉，当然他最重要的是Hamlet这是肯定的。
英美文学流派与作家知识点整理
英美文学流派与作家知识点整理英美文学源远流长，在其发展历程中涌现出了众多的文学流派和杰出作家，这些流派和作家的作品不仅反映了当时的社会、文化和历史背景，也展现了人类思想和情感的丰富多样性。
以下是对一些重要的英美文学流派与作家的知识点整理。
一、浪漫主义文学浪漫主义文学兴起于 18 世纪末至 19 世纪初，强调个人情感、想象力和自然的重要性。
（一）英国浪漫主义作家1、威廉·华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）他是英国浪漫主义诗歌的先驱之一，其作品强调对自然的热爱和对普通人生活的关注。
代表作有《抒情歌谣集》（Lyrical Ballads）。
2、塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治（Samuel Taylor Coleridge）他的诗作充满奇幻的想象和神秘的元素，《古舟子咏》（The Rime of the Ancient Mariner）是其经典之作。
3、乔治·戈登·拜伦（George Gordon Byron）拜伦以其奔放的激情和叛逆的精神著称，作品有《唐璜》（Don Juan）等。
4、珀西·比希·雪莱（Percy Bysshe Shelley）雪莱的诗歌富有理想主义和革命精神，《西风颂》（Ode to theWest Wind）广为流传。
（二）美国浪漫主义作家1、华盛顿·欧文（Washington Irving）他的作品具有浓厚的地方色彩和幽默风格，《瑞普·凡·温克尔》（Rip Van Winkle）是其代表作。
2、詹姆斯·费尼莫·库珀（James Fenimore Cooper）以描写边疆生活和印第安人而闻名，《皮袜子故事集》（The Leatherstocking Tales）是其重要作品。
二、现实主义文学现实主义文学在 19 世纪中叶兴起，注重真实地反映社会现实和生活。
（一）英国现实主义作家1、查尔斯·狄更斯（Charles Dickens）狄更斯的作品生动描绘了英国社会底层人民的生活，如《雾都孤儿》（Oliver Twist）、《大卫·科波菲尔》（David Copperfield）。
英国文学期末考试复习要点
英国文学期末考试复习要点1 .英国最早的居民：凯尔特人Celts2 .英语语言起源于盎格鲁萨克斯ANGLO-SAXON部落融合统一之后，发展于诺曼征月艮NormanConquest之后。
3 .古代文学两个分支（异教徒文学Pagan和基督文学Christian EOWULF文学地位（英国的民族史诗nationalepicof England）,人物角色（Beowulf,Grendel,Grendel'smother,Fire Dragon,Wiglef），修辞手法（头韵法alliteration,暗喻metaphor,低调陈述understatement）4 .诺曼征服人物WilliamtheConqueror,骑土Romance文学年代（中世纪14th-16TH）,《高文和绿衣骑士的故事》SirGawain andtheGreenKnight（亚瑟王传说最佳作品）mattersof Fitain。
骑士的优良传统美德P.21选段，反映的是英国的故事（忠诚loyalty）5 .威廉朗莱德WilliamLangland作品《耕者皮尔斯》PiersthePlowman（十四世纪以梦境dreamvision呈现的作品）6 .乔叟Chaucer地位（诗歌之父Fatherof EnglishPoetry）,主要作品TheCanteberryTales,文学贡献（英雄双行体HeroicCouplet,净化purifiedLONDON音dialect）,葬于西敏寺大教堂WestminsterAbbey,为此建立诗人角Poet'sCorner；《坎特伯雷故事集》主要人物（32朝圣者pilgrims）,选作P45（时间April,地点TabardInn,人物，巴斯妇人的故事WifeofBath）,抑扬五步格iambicpentameter （轻音unstressedsyllable+t音stressedsyllable7 .实行政教分离者（亨利八世HenryVIII）ReligiousReformation:TheKingbroke.托马斯摩尔ThomasMore的《乌托邦》offwiththePope.Utopia,宣扬财产property与困境poverty分离和建立理想国度idealstate。
英国文学史知识点
英国文学史知识点 Revised by BETTY on December 25,2020一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类： pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作： The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》 ( national epic 民族史诗 ) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）例子： of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作： Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事 (英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims arepeople from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。
英国文学重点知识复习
名词解释1.Philosophy:The word “” is Greek for “love of wisdom” and has come to mean a systematic search for answerto life’s great questions.(哲学定义)2.Rationalism:Ancient Greeks believe that some universal truth has always existed and that reason is theprimary source of knowledge.（理性主义定义）3.Idealism:Human senses provide inexact concepts of things; only human reason can give us true knowledgeabout the world.（柏拉图Plato）(理念论/唯心主义定义）4.The Renaissance:The French word “renaissance” means “rebirth” in English. It refers to the rebirth ofknowledge in Europe, particularly the rediscovery of the Greco-Roman texts.（持续300年）(文艺复兴定义) 5.Magna Carta: The barons wrote the famous document called the Magna Carta, which they forced John toaccept on June 15, 1215 at Runnymede. This Magna Carta, also called the Great Charter, was designed to obtain public liberties and to control the king’s power.(大宪章定义)6.Puritan：The term “Puritan” comes from the desires of these English Christians to “purify” the AnglicanChurch by removing all traces of Roman Catholicism.(清教徒定义)7.Industrial Revolution(简称I.R): During the latter half of 18th century, a rapid series of changes began,especially in the field of manufacturing. There were so many new inventions the whole process is often described as ~~(工业革命定义)8.The factory of the world:British was once called~~~~~, because the Industrial Revolution promoted itsdevelopment of production.(世界工厂定义)9.The Enclosure Movement: In the end of 15th century, the cloth industry increased the value of wool. Raisingsheep became more profitable. Large areas of lands were often fenced by landlords without any warning to the peasants. This process is called~~~(圈地运动定义)10.Boston Massacre: On Mach 5, 1770, angry Boston citizens died and eight were wounded. Dubbed the“Boston Massacre”, the incident was regarded as proof of British tyranny.(波士顿惨案内容)（美国革命序曲) 11.1the Declaration of Independence: On July 4, 1776 the Second Continental Congress officially declaredindependence and formed the United States of America by adopting the Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson of Virginia. The document declared that “all men are created equal” and are “ endowed by their creator” with certain “ inalienable rights” including “life ,liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”.(独立宣言定义)12.checks-and-balances: The US Constitution also provided for checks-and-balances between the three branchesof government. Executive Branch—the president行政权—总统Legislative Branch—the Congress立法权—国会Judicial Branch—the U.S. Supreme Court司法权—最高法院Each branch was given powers and duties that ensured that the other branches would not have too much power.(三权分立，分权制衡定义)13.the New Deal: Roosevelt’s program of “Relief, Recovery and Reform” was popularly known as “the NewDeal”, a program that significantly and dramatically increased the national government’s intervention in the economy.(罗斯福新政定义)14.Prohibition: The 18th Amendment to the Constitution(1919) is known as “Prohibition”, because it prohibitedthe sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States.(禁酒法令定义)15.Cold War:The “Cold War”, a term popularized by Winston Churchill in 1946, means alternative forms ofwarfare that rely on limited violence and ideological, economic and political methods.(美苏冷战定义)16.Mayflower: In 1620, a group of 132 Separatists (Puritans who had “separated” or left the Church of England)boarded the Mayflower and sailed for Virginia. The Mayflower was blown off course and landed in what is now Massachusetts, far to the north of Virginia.(五月花)简答、填空、选择1.What role did Winston Churchill play in World War II? (丘吉尔在二战中起到什么作用？)⑴He played the important role in World War II.⑵In 1941, he led the country through the miracle of Dunkirk, that was 338000 allied solders’ evacuation to Britain.⑶In 1943, he met Stalin and Roosevelt at Teheran Conference and decided to open the Second Battlefield West Europe.⑷In 1945, he proposed to fight against the Japanese Army till the end of the war.2.Why did I.R firstly take place in Britain?（工业革命首先在英国爆发的原因？）There are four prerequisites.4个先决条件Firstly, the accumulation of original capital.资本的原始积累Second, the development of capitalistic farming.资本主义农业取得发展Third, the appearance of free labor reserve.自由劳动力的出现Fourth, the expansion of markets, domestic and foreign.国内外市场的扩张3.New York为什么叫Big Apple?New York’s nickname is “the Big Apple”, a phrase used by jazz musicians to explain the ultimate in achievement, size and excitement.4.The first major Greek philosopher was Thales. Thales claimed that Nature is rational. He asked, “From whatdo all things come and to what do all things return?”（泰勒斯）5.Furthermore,this was the origin of metaphysics, the philosophical study which probes the nature of realityitself.形而上学6.数学家Pythagoras explained the entire natural world with numbers.(提出数字3)3=1(unity）+2（diversity）Three elements of Universe------earth, ocean, heavenThree elements of World ------animals, plants, mineralsThree elements of Gods ------Jupiter, Neptune, PlutoThree elements of Goddess ------Fate, Revenge, Beauty早期基督教教义Trinity (三位一体)人类3个indispensables------body, soul, spirit7.赫拉克利特Heraclitus is remembered because he introduced the concept of change as the onlyunchanging reality in the universe.He compared life to a flowing river:A person cannot step into the same river twice.8.德谟克利特Democritus. He argued that everything in the universe obeys the laws of necessity(必然性法则).9.观点：机械论His mechanistic view of the world was accepted by western thinkers as early as the 16thcentury.10.“Atom” means “uncuttable”(原子→不可分割)11.At the time when Chinese scholars, Confucians and Taoists, were concerned with social relationships andhuman harmony with the natural world, Greek philosophers were arguing about what Nature itself was.12.Athens was famous for its writers, architects, sculptors, thinkers and sports contests, including the originsof the modern-day Olympic Games.(雅典，奥林匹克发源地)13.Socrates→Lived in Athens.(苏格拉底，雅典人)One thing only I know, and that is that I know nothing.He distinguished between two types of knowledge: inner knowledge and empirical knowledge.Inner指each person has Virtue which is not learned through the physical sense.Another major contribution was his question-and-answer technique.14.Aristotle亚里士多德If Plato’s motto was “Mind over Matter”, then Aristotle’s motto was “Matter over Mind”.Aristotle founded the science of logic. His method is called a syllogism which argues from a general principle to a specific examples:General Principle: All men are mortal.Connection: I am a man.Deductive Conclusion: I am mortal.15.牛顿运动定律Newton’s laws of motion explained all visible motions,from those of stars to those of tinypebbles.16.培根Bacon, a British statesman and writer, wrote the first description of the modern scientific method.“Of studies”, “Essays”17.笛卡尔Descartes has also been called the father of modern Rationalism and the father of modern westernphilosophy.(近代理性主义之父，近代西方哲学之父)I think; therefore, I am.我思故我在。
最全却最简洁最重点的英美文学考试重点
一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作:The Song of Beowulf (national epic民族史诗)metaphor alliteration。
3、Angles, Saxons and Jutes.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)1、The Roman Conquest: In 1066, the Duke of Normandy William led the Norman army to invade England. The result of this war was William became the king of England. After the conquest, feudal system was established in English society. Chivalry was introduced by the Normans into England. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight头韵2、传奇ramances：描写骑士的冒险精神和典雅爱情文学。
seek adventures , fighting for his lord in battle,humility,honor,sacrifice,brave,honesty,love with women三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)（反封建、反教会、追求个性自由）1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、purely English(the London dialect伦敦方言)3、heroic couplet英雄双韵体4、Writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity.5、代表作：The Canterbury Tales (英国文学史的开端)内容：The pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.特点：Each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character. The story was endowed with what medieval romancelacked-interest of character as well as incident.观点：He believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions and a blind belief in fate.主要故事: ①The Knight’s Tale ②The Pardoner’s Tale ③The Merchant’s Tale④The Wife of Bath四、The Renaissance (16世纪)1、背景：14-17century,a period of the breaking of feudal relations and the establishing the foundations of capitalism. New monarchy. It is a revival of classical arts and sciences.2、主要文学成就：Poetry: Wyatt: first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.Sidney Spenser: the poet’s poet.Drama: Marlowe: blank verse(无韵诗) the principal vehicle of expression in drama. . William Shakespeare(1564-1616)Novels:John Lyly Thomas Loge Thomas NasheEssays /prose: Francis Bacon(1561-1626)、Thomas More(1478-1535)3 works of shakespeare:37palys ,tow narrative poems and 154sonnetsFirst period (1590-1600):comdies: <As You Like It>皆大欢喜; <Twelfth Night>第十二夜; <A Midsummer Night’S Dream>仲夏夜之梦; <Merchant Of Venice>威尼斯商人Second period(1601—1608):tragedies<Hamlet>哈姆莱特; <Othello>奥赛罗; <King Lear>李尔王; <Macbeth>麦克白Third period(1609—1612)historiesLyric poem:Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefggSonnet 18:Theme：The poet writes beautifully on the conventional theme that his poetry will bring eternity to the one he loves and eulogizes.Sonnet 29:Theme：①The poet complains of his own miseries and dissatisfaction in life and then becomes happy upon the thought of the one he loves. ②Here Shakespeare is supposed to reveal his own thoughts and feelings, especially in the first octet.The character of Hamlet:①Hamlet was a humanist, a man who is from medieval prejudices and superstitions.②Starting from his humanist love of man, he turns to those around him with the same eagerness.③His intellectual genius is outstanding.④Hamlet’s melancholy is not the negative, hair-splitting and fruitless kind. It is rather the result of his penetrating habit of mind.五、The Period of Revolution and Restoration (17C)1、文学特点concerned with the tremendous social upheavals, influence by puritan. 光荣革命意义the supremacy of parliament, beginning of modern England,final triumph of the political liberty2、代表人物：①John Donne“metaphysical poets玄学A. Metaphysical poetry is characterized by: verbal wit, irregular rhythms, ingenious structure and strange images or “conceits奇喻”.a kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two different things.B. A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning意象:compasses、golden beaten(金箔)union of body and soul,physically and spiritually②John MiltonThe indomitable Puritan sprit finds its noblest expression in him.诗歌：Paradise Lost失乐园freedom knowledge oppose to monarchy Paradise Regained复乐园戏剧：Samson Agonistes力士参孙Shorter poems: L‘Allegro Il Penseroso ;Lycidas ComusPrincipal pamphlets: Areopagitica: attacks the censorship of the press and appeals for the freedom of the pressEikonoklaste: justifies the execution of Charles IDefense for the English People: a defense of the Commonwealth and Revolution Sonnet: On His Deceased Wife(唯一的爱情诗) On His Blindness③John Bunyan(1628-1688)班扬:The Pilgrim’s Progress④John Dryden(1631-1700):critic、poet、playwright六、The Age of Enlightenment (18世纪)1、文学特点：The main literary stream of the 18th century was realism. The 18th century was an age of prose. Novel writing made a big advance in this century. In thisstage,staire was much used in writing.2. classicism(neoclassicism), (pre-romanticism), (modern novel and sentimentalism)3.emphsis on reason,order ,balance and harmony.4、文学名人及作品：①classicism/neoclassicism Richard Steele：The Spectator Addison Pope johnson②pre-romanticismWilliam Blake:Song of Innocence. London、The Tiger、The Chimney Sweeper均节选自Song of Experience经验之歌Poetical Sketches 诗的素描The Book of Thel 塞尔书The Marriage of Heaven and HellRobert Burns(1759-1796):用苏格兰方言书写, ,著有Poems Chiefly in Scottish Dialect苏格兰方言诗集 <A Red, Red Rose> My Heart’s in the n Highlands> <The Tree Of Liberty>③modern novelA. realistic novelDaniel Defoe、Henry Fielding、Jonathan SwiftB. sentimentalismLaurence Sterne: Sentimental Journey Tristram ShandyThomas Gray :Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard墓园挽歌5、Daniel Defoe①英国小说之父②Robinson Crusoe全名:The life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson CrusoeThe writers of the Enlightenment attached great importance to the molding of character and to education through the influence of varied environment.The character of Robinson Crusoe is representative of the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stages of its development. He is most practical and exact, always religious and at the same time mindful of his own profit.③Captain Singleton Colonel Jack Moll Flanders A Journal of the Plague Year Roxana6、Henry Fielding: comic Epic 喜剧史诗The History of Tom Jones, a foundling主要人物：Tom Jones: frank, kind, disinterested, sterlingSophia Western: brave and admirableBlifil: sly, perfidiousJoseph Andrews the journal of a Voyage to Lisbon Amelia7、Jonathan Swift（irony反讽)A Tale of a Tub 桶The battle of the Books 书之战The Drapier’s Letter 信A Modest Proposal建议Gulliver’s Travels格列佛四部分A Voyage to Lilliput/ Brobdingnag/ Laputa/ Houyhnhnms七、1.The romantic period(1798-1832):beginning of with the publication of Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads,ending with Walter Scott’s death.2.Theme:sensibllity,love of nature,interest of past,mysticism,individualism,exoticpicture,strong-willed heroes,sometimes the romantics resort to symbolism.And symbols are objects used to represent abstract ideas and concepts.3.emphaize on emotion4.historical backgrounds:It was greatly influenced by the industrial revolution and the french revolution.5.romantuc writersThe first generation romantic writersBurns Blake----------pre-romantisWordsworth Coleridge--------negtiveThe second generation romantic writersByron Shelley and Keats-----active romanticsHistorical novelist-----Walter Scott6.WordsworthA..style:simplicity and purity of language and love of natureB.poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.①<Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌谣集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge)<I Wondered Lonely As A Cloud> / Daffodils/ The DaffodilsTheme: 1. Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that gives him “strength and knowledge full of peace”2. It is bliss to recall the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude.Comment: The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙) and poet’s philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.②Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey丁登寺杂咏③Ode: Intimations of Immortality 不朽颂④The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女⑤Lucy Poems 露西⑥<The Prelude>序曲The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 老水手之歌The Excursion 漫游7.Lord ByronA.Byron’s language is moody and vicid,and he covers vast ares,both geographically and moyionally.B.Byronic hero:dark romancesC.works①<Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage>恰尔德•哈罗德尔游记②<Don Juan>唐•璜③<Cain>该隐诗歌：<She Walks In Beauty>8.ShelleyA.the mask of anarchy 暴政的化的装游行B．the finest lyric poets in the English languageC．works<The Necessity of Atheism>无神论的必要性<Queen Mab>麦布女王<Revolt of Islam>伊斯兰的反叛<Prometheus Unbound>解放了的普罗米修斯Theme: the drama celebraies man’s victory over tyranny and oppression <The Cenci>钦契 <A Defence of Poetry>诗辩<Ode to the West Wind>西风颂To a Skylark>致云雀9.ScottA. a historical novelistB.worksIvanhoe 艾凡赫waverly 威弗利the lady of the lake 湖畔湖人Rob Roy罗布.罗衣10.Jane Austen作品：① <Sense and Sensibility>理智与感情②<Pride and Prejudic> 傲慢与偏见③<Mansfield Park>曼斯菲尔德庄园④<Emma>爱玛⑤<Persuasion>劝导⑥<Northanger Abbey>诺桑觉寺。
(完整word版)英国文学史及选读2-知识总结
以下为英国文学史第二册的知识点总结个别知识点会有错误或者遗漏请在复习的时候自主补充愿大家都能取得好成绩———VictoriaJPart V The Romantic PeriodThe romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s <Lyrical Ballads>, and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death. Wordsworth华兹华斯Coleridge 柯尔律治Southey 骚塞The Lake Poets1.William Wordsworth威廉•华兹华斯1770~1850Poet Laureate（桂冠诗人）a leader of the romantic movement in England.①Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌谣集》(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge)It marked the beginning of the Romantic revival in England(1)This is a joint work of Wordsworth and his friend Coleridge.(2)The publication of Lyrical Ballads in 1798 marks the beginning of the RomanticMovement in England.(3)It begins with Coleridge’s long poem “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”(“古舟子咏”; “老水手之行”)and ends with Wordsworth’s “Tintern Abbey”(“丁登寺”).(4)Many of the subjects of these poems deal with elements of nature such as birds,daffodils and simple rural folk.(5)The majority of poems in this collection were written by Wordsworth.The poems in Lyrical Ballads are characterized by a sympathy with the poor, simple peasants, a passionate love of nature and the simplicity and purity of the language.(6) Some of the best poems in the collection are:“Lines Written in Early Spring”(“早春诗行”),“The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” (“古舟子咏”; “老水手之行”)“Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey” (“丁登寺”).②Lucy Poems 《露西组诗》③“I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud” “独自漫游似浮云”=“The Daffodils”“水仙”Theme: 1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that give him “strength and knowledge full of peace”2. It is bliss to recall the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude.Comment: The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙) and poets philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.④“The Solitary Reaper”“孤独的收割者”⑤The Prelude 《序曲》or Growth of a Poet’s Mind⑥The Excursion 《远足》《漫游》Wordsworth’s Principles of Poetry（feelings，commonplace things，the real language of man and deliberate simplicity，inner self, changed the ordinary speech of the language → return to nature.）2.George Gordon Byron乔治•戈登•拜伦1788~18241)Hours of Idleness 《闲暇时刻》《消闲时光》dealing with childish recollections andearly friendship, showing the influence of 18th century traditions。
英国文学考试重点(上下两册)
1、The Anglo-Saxon Period盎格鲁撒克逊时期(strength & somberness)The literature of this period falls naturally into two divisions---pagan 异教and Christian基督教Cynewulf 基涅武甫the author of poem on religious subject 宗教诗Caedmon 凯德蒙the father of English song 用诗歌的形式译圣经The Song of Beowulf can be justly termed England's national epic and its hero Beowulf--- one of the national heroes of the English people.作者不明Grendel格伦德尔-a monster half-humanThe only existing manuscript of the 10th century and was not discovered until 1705.The whole epic consists of 3182 lines and is to be decided into 2 parts with an interpolation between the two.The forefathers of the Jutes2、The Anglo-Norman Period盎格鲁-诺曼底时期（bright，romantic tales of love and adventure English language became)The three chief effects of the conquest were: 1. the bringing of Roman civilization to England 2. the growth of nationality 3. the new language and literature, which were proclaimed in ChaucerThree classes: the Matter of France, the Matter of Greece and Rome, the Matter of BritainKing Arthur「亚瑟王」Sir Gawain and the Green Knight高文骑士和绿衣骑士3、Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里•乔叟(首创heroic couplet)，the ＂father of English poetry" and one of the greatest narrative poets of England. It is characteristic that his allegories and symbols are already tinged with realistic images.English tonico-syllabic verseLondon dialectThe Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集（本应有32个香客，128个故事，最终只完成了24个）Prologue总引is a splendid masterpiece of realistic portrayal, the first of its kind in the history of English literature. In this poem Chaucer's realism, trenchant irony and freedom of views reached such a high level of power that it had no equal in all the English literature up to the 16th century. His work is permeated with buoyant free-thinking, so characteristic of the age of Renaissance whose immediate forerunner Chaucer thus became.4、The Renaissance 文艺复兴The term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical(Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism蒙昧主义They held their chief interest not in ecclesiastical knowledge, but in man, his environment and doings and bravely fought for the emancipation of man from the tyranny of the church and religious dogmas.Thus Wyatt 怀亚特was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.Christopher Marlowe made blank verse无韵体诗William Shakespeare was one of the first founder of realism. Hamlet is the profoundest expression of Shakespeare’s humanism and his criticism of contemporary life. “to be or not to be”.Francis Bacon培根his work of three classes: philosophical, literary, professional works. The largest and important works Maxims of the law and Reading on the Statute of Uses. Of Truth & Of studies5、Revolution & RestorationMetaphysical poets玄学诗Restoration（witty and clever, but on whole immoral and cynical）John Milton约翰弥尔顿（文艺复兴之子）his greatest work Paradies lost presents the his views in an allegoric religious form. Paradies lost(12 books marked for its intricate and contradictory composition, based on the bible legend of the imaginary progenitors of the human race, Adam, Eve, Satan)John Bunyan班扬The Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程written in the old-fashion, medieval form of allegory and dream.6、Enlightenment (man)Three main divisions: the reign of so-called classism, the revival of romantic poetry, the beginning of the modest novel. Prose rather than poetry.代表人物Joesph Addison& Richard SteelePope( elaborate heroic couplets) Henry Field and Tobias George Smollet are the real founders of bourgeois realistic novel. The most outstanding personality of the epoch of Enlightenment in England was Jonathan Swift---Gulliver’s Travels. -(Lilliput) Sentimentalism---Laurence Sterne Pre-romanticism“Gothic Novel”Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe7、The Romantic PeriodWilliam Blake and Robert Burns represented the spirit of what is usually called Pre-Romanticism.William Wordsworth’s Lyrical BalladsThe most important and decisive factor in the development of literature is economics. It was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution.Thus, a new class, proletariat, had sprung into existence.The Revolution proclaimed the natural rights of man and the abolition of class distinctions.“liberty, equality and fraternity”The Reform Bill of 1832 shifted the center of political power to the middle class.Romanticism beginning with the publication of Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads, ending with Walter Scott’s death.The 18th century was distinctively an age of prose.Poetry is the highest form of literary expressionColeridge and Southey, Wordsworth, so-called Lake PoetsThe great literary impulse the age is the impulse of Individualism in a wonderful variety of forms.Byron拜扬（Don Juan）Percy Bysshe Shelley雪莱（To the skylark-waking or asleep; teach me half the gladness）John Keats (Ode on a Grecian Urn-beauty is truth, truth beauty) Walter Scott (the father of Europe historical novel) Jane Austen (pried and prejudice) 8、The Victorian AgeCritical realismThe greatest English realist of the time was Charles Dickens(Oliver Twist雾都孤儿）.Another critical realist - William Makepeace Thackeray was a no less severe exposer of contemporary society. Thackeray’s novels mainly contain a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society.Chartist literature宪章文学, the struggle of the proletariat for its rightsR. Browning, humanismCharlotte Bronte (Jane Eyre简爱) Emily Bronte (Wuthering Heights呼啸山庄）9、The 20th Century LiteratureThe first disturbing factor was imperialism帝国主义Another factor that influenced literature for the worse was a widespread demand for social reform of every kind.Thomas Hardy (Tess of the D’Urebervilles)wrence (Oedipus complex 恋母情结）“art for art’s sake”with Oscar Wilde奥斯卡维尔德Anti-realistic art and literature反现实文学Oscar Wilde is the most conspicuous 颓废派writer and poet of the English decadence.Virginia Woolf & James Joyce are novelist of Stream-of-consciousness。
英国文学知识点总结
莎士比亚莎士比亚（W. William Shakespeare；1564～1616）英国文艺复兴时期伟大的剧作家、诗人，欧洲文艺复兴时期人文主义文学的集大成者。
莎士比亚的代表作有四大悲剧：《哈姆雷特》(英：Hamlet)、《奥赛罗》（英：Othello)、《李尔王》（英：King Lear）、《麦克白》（英：Mac Beth）。
著名喜剧：《仲夏夜之梦》《威尼斯商人》《第十二夜》《皆大欢喜》（《As you like it》）。
历史剧：《亨利四世》《亨利五世》《查理二世》。
正剧：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》。
还写过154首十四行诗，二首长诗。
本·琼森称他为“时代的灵魂”，马克思称他和古希腊的埃斯库罗斯为“人类最伟大的戏剧天才”。
虽然莎士比亚只用英文写作，但他却是世界著名作家。
他的大部分作品都已被译成多种文字，其剧作也在许多国家上演。
儒略历1616年4月23日（公历1616年5月3日）病逝，出生日期与逝世日期恰好相同。
莎士比亚和意大利著名数学家、物理学家、天文学家和哲学家、近代实验科学的先驱者伽利略同一年出生。
被人们尊称为“莎翁”。
The course of true love never did run smooth. (A Midsummer Night’s Dream 1.1)真爱无坦途。
——《仲夏夜之梦》/真诚的爱情之路永不会是平坦的。
Things base and vile, holding no quantity, love can transpose to from and dignity: love looks not with the eyes, but with mind. (A Midsummer Night’s Dream 1.1)卑贱和劣行在爱情看来都不算数，都可以被转化成美满和庄严：爱情不用眼睛辨别，而是用心灵来判断/爱用的不是眼睛，而是心。
——《仲夏夜之梦》Lord, what fools these mortals be! (A Midsummer N ight’s Dream 3.2)上帝呀，这些凡人怎么都是十足的傻瓜！——《仲夏夜之梦》The lunatic, the lover and the poet are of imagination all compact. (A Midsummer Night’s Dream 5.1)疯子、情人、诗人都是想象的产儿。
英国文学史考点
一．名词解释1. Epic: Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language and in a grand style, like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats and achievements of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple but full of magnificence.2. Heroic Couplet:A heroic couplet is a traditional form for English poetry, particularly for epic and narrative poetry. It corresponds to a two line stanza in iambic pentameter.The heroic couplet became the principal metre used in drama about the mid-17th century, and the form was perfected by John Dryden and Alexander Pope in 18th century.3. Conceit (奇想):A kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. A conceit is a figure of speech which makes an unusual and sometimes elaborately sustained comparison between two dissimilar things. When it works, a metaphysical conceit has a startling appropriateness that makes us look at something in an entirely new way.4.Norman Conquest: the military conquest of England by William, duke of Normandy, primarily effected by his decisive victory at the Battle of Hastings (October 14, 1066) and resulting ultimately in profound political, administrative, and social changes in the British Isles.In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar. The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years. In 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent. During this time, Christianity was introduced to Britain.5. The Renaissance:the period between the 14-17th centuriesit first started in Italyrebirth or revivala movement stimulated by historical eventsa historical period: the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church. 6.Humanism:the essence of the Renaissanceemphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present lifeThomas More; Christopher Marlowe; William Shakespeare7.Elegy:Elegy (挽/哀歌): An elaborately formal lyric poem lamenting the death of a friend or public figure, or reflecting seriously on a solemn subject. In Greek and Latin verse, the term referred to the metre of a poem.8.Sonnet:the popular English forma fourteen-line poem usually in iambic pentameter with a specific rhyme scheme.grace in form; depth in thought; vivacity in tone9.Enlightenment: The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through thewhole Western Europe in the 18th century. The purpose of the movement was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope and so on. 10. Blank verse: poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.Blank verse is unrhymed poetry. Typically in iambic pentameter，and as such，the dominant verse forms of English dramatic and narrative poetry since the mid-16th century.二.作家作品连线：1.Geoffrey Chaucer-The Canterbury Tales，The Book of The Duchess(公爵夫人之书), The Parliament of Fowls(百鸟会议),The House of Fame(声誉之堂), Troilus and Criseyde（特罗勒斯与克里西德）2.Francis Bacon-Of Truth,Of Marriage and Single Life(论婚姻和单身), Of Studies,Advancement of Learning New Atlantis, Essays3.Jonathan Swift:A Modest Proposal，Guliver’s Travels(格列佛游记)，A Tale of a Tub(一只桶的故事), The Battle of the Books, The Drapier’s Letter, Journal to Stella4.William Blake-The Tiger, Song of Innocence(天真之歌), Song of experience(经验之歌), Poetical Sketches（诗的素描），The Book of Thel(塞尔书), The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, Visions of the Daughters of Albion, The Song of Los5.Robert Burns-A Red, Red Rose; Auld Lang Syne; Chiefly in the Scottish Dialeet, The Tree of Liberty;Poems; Wha Hae; Holy Willies’s Prayer; My Heart’s in the Highlands; John Anderson; My Jo6.William Shakespeare-Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet,Sonnet, The Merchant of Venice, Henry IV, Twentieth Night,King Lear,Macbeth Othello,Winter’s Tale, The Tempest7.John Donne- Songs and Sonnets(歌与十四行诗), The Good-Morrow,Break of Day, Holy Sonnets(圣十四行诗), At the Round Earth’s Imagined Corners, Below,Death,Be not Proud, Elegies, On His Mistress, To His Mistress Going to Bed8.John Milton- Paradise Lose(失乐园), Paradise Regained(复乐园), Samson Agonistes(力士参孙), Lycidas(利西达斯), Areopagitica9.Daniel Defoe笛福- The Life and strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe(鲁宾逊漂流记), Captain Singleton(辛格顿船长), Moll Flanders (摩尔弗兰德斯), A Journal of the Plague Year(大疫年日记), Roxana（罗克萨那）10.John Bunyan-The Pilgrim’s Progress,Grace Abounding ,The Holy War11.Thomas Gray-Ode on the Pleasure Arising from Vicissitude ,The Progress of Poesy ,Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College , On the Death of a Favourite Cat ,Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, The Bard三、两首诗填空To Be or not To BeHamlet:To be, or not to be- that is the question: Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to sufferThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortuneOr to take arms against a sea of troubles,And by opposing end them. To die- to sleep-No more; and by a sleep to say we endThe heartache, and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to. 'Tis a consummation Devoutly to be wish'd. To die- to sleep.To sleep,perchance to dream: ay, there's the rub! For in that sleep of death what dreams may come When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,Must give us pause. There's the respectThat makes calamity of so long life.For who would bear the whips and scorns of time, The oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contumely, The pangs of disprized love, the law's delay,The insolence of office, and the spurnsThat patient merit of the unworthy takes,When he himself might his quietus makeWith a bare bodkin? Who would these fardels bear, To grunt and sweat under a weary life,But that the dread of something after death-The undiscovered country, from whose bournNo traveller returns- puzzles the will,And makes us rather bear those ills we haveThan fly to others that we know not of?Thus conscience does make cowards of us all, And thus the native hue of resolutionIs sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought,And enterprises of great pith and momentWith this regard their currents turn awayAnd lose the name of action. Soft you now,The fair Ophelia-Nymph, in thy orisonsBe all my sins remembered.Sonnet 18Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer's lease hath all too short a date: Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,And often is his gold complexion dimm'd;And every fair from fair sometime declines,By chance, or nature's changing course, untrimm'd; But thy eternal summer shall not fadeNor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st;Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st;So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.(The themes that suurfaced in the sonnet are love.This is a love poem where the poet exalts the one he loves.He doesn't want her beauty to be compared to a transitory period like summer.Love is a great motivator.He decides his beloved is more beautiful.Transcience of time is also the themes of Sonnet 18.The poet does not want his beloved 's beauty to fade with time.To him,her beauty must be like the eternal summer.The best way to preserve her beauty is to capture it in verse so that her beauty grow'st' as eternal lines with time. Beauty is the themes of Sonnet18.Beauty should be appreciated.Should his beloved be compared to a summer's day?Summer is only temporary lease.Sometimes,the sun shines too brightly, making the heat in summer hard to bear.Beauty can be easily destroyed by accident or fades with the passing of time.Beautiful things are temporary.Nothing is permanent on earth. and has too short a Other youthfulness.The poet is adamant that his beloved's beauty will not disappear.She will be able to live forever once she is the subject of his poem.In this way,the beauty of the poet's beloved will be transfixed forever in the minds and hearts of all its readers.Her beauty will continueto exist as long as men continue to read this poem about her. An important theme of the sonnet, as it is an important theme throughout much of the poetry in general, is the power of the speaker's poem to defy time and last forever.)。
(完整word版)英国文学史复习资料大纲英语专业必考
一．作家作品连线1.Geoffrey Chaucer乔叟——The Canterbury Tales(坎特伯雷故事），The Book of The Duchess（公爵夫人之书）、The Parliament of Fowls（百鸟会议)The House of Fame（声誉之堂）、Troilus and Criseyde（特罗勒斯与克丽西德）2.William Shakespeare莎士比亚——Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, SonnetThe Merchant of Venice，Henry IV，Twelfth Night，King Lear，Macbeth 3.Francis Bacon培根——（Essays）Of Marriage and Single Life(轮婚姻和单身), Of Studies4.John Donne邓恩（Metaphysical poems玄学派诗人）-— Song and Sonnets （歌与十四行诗）, Holy Sonnets（圣十四行诗）5.John Milton 弥尔顿—— Paradise Lost(失乐园）、Paradise Regained（复乐园）Samson Agonistes（力士参孙）6.Daniel Defoe笛福——The Life and strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe（鲁滨孙漂流记)、Captain Singleton（辛格顿船长)、Moll Flanders（摩尔·弗兰德斯）A Journal of the Plague Year（大疫年日记）、Roxana （罗克萨娜）7.Jonathan Swift斯威夫特——Gulliver’s Travel s（格列佛游记）A Tale of a Tub (一只桶的故事)，A Modest Proposal（一个温和的建议）8.William Blake布莱克——Song of Innocence（天真之歌)，Song of experience（经验之歌）, Poetical Sketches(诗的素描), The Book of Thel（塞尔书)9.Robert Burns彭斯——Auld Lang Syne, A Red Red Rose，10.William Wordsworth华兹华斯——I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud11.Samuel Taylor Coleridge柯勒律治——Kubla Khan（忽必烈汗），BiographiaLiteria （文学传记）、Lyrical Ballads (抒情歌谣集)12.Jane Austen简·奥斯丁—- Pride and Prejudice二、术语解释1、Epic（史诗）： A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. It started in the 5th century, Beowulf was an important epic。
新编英国文学选读知识点梳理
新编英国文学选读知识点梳理摘要：一、概述新编英国文学选读的重要性二、整理新编英国文学选读的主要知识点1.早期英国文学概述2.英国文艺复兴时期文学3.英国浪漫主义时期文学4.维多利亚时期文学5.20世纪英国文学6.当代英国文学三、分析历年考试试题类型及应对策略四、提供学习建议和考试技巧正文：一、概述新编英国文学选读的重要性新编英国文学选读作为一门高校英语专业课程，旨在帮助学生深入理解英国文学的发展脉络，掌握各个时期的重要作家和作品。
通过学习新编英国文学选读，学生能够丰富自己的文学素养，提高英语阅读和分析能力。
二、整理新编英国文学选读的主要知识点1.早期英国文学概述：包括早期英国文学的起源、盎格鲁-撒克逊时期、诺曼征服后的英国文学等。
2.英国文艺复兴时期文学：介绍莎士比亚、斯宾塞、马洛等著名作家，以及他们的代表作品。
3.英国浪漫主义时期文学：分析华兹华斯、骚塞、拜伦、雪莱等诗人的创作特点和作品。
4.维多利亚时期文学：探讨狄更斯、萨克雷、特罗洛普等现实主义作家的社会批判精神。
5.20世纪英国文学：涵盖叶芝、艾略特、乔伊斯等现代主义作家的创新表现。
6.当代英国文学：关注贝克特、品特、石黑一雄等后现代主义作家的实验性创作。
三、分析历年考试试题类型及应对策略历年考试试题主要以选择题、填空题、简答题和论述题为主。
针对不同题型，学生应掌握以下策略：1.选择题：熟练掌握各个时期作家的代表作品、风格特点、生平事迹等基本知识。
2.填空题：对重要作品的主题、情节、人物关系等细节有深入了解。
3.简答题：能够概括作者的创作背景、文学地位和作品的主题思想。
4.论述题：具备对文学作品进行深入分析、评价的能力，并能结合社会历史背景进行探讨。
四、提供学习建议和考试技巧1.制定学习计划：合理安排学习时间，确保系统地学习每个时期的文学知识。
2.积累资料：整理历年考试试题，归纳总结出高频考点和易错点。
3.加强练习：多做模拟试题，提高自己的应试能力和文学分析能力。
英国文学复习总结
英国文学复习总结详解Part one:Early and medieval English literature1.Beowulf《贝奥武甫》------the national epic of the English people ,it is also the epic of the Anglo-Saxon.(P3)2.The name of the terrible monster------Grendel(格伦德尔)(P3)3.the most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration(头韵)，others are metaphor （暗喻）and understatement(保守陈述)(P5)4The Norman Conquest （诺曼征服）marks the establishment of feudalism in England. (P6) 5.The romance(传奇文学)(P8)The most popular of literature in fedual England was the romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero.The hero of the romance was the the knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons. It was written for the noble class(贵族的文学) Romances falls into three cycles :“matters of Britain”( adventures of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table),“matters of France” (Emperor Charlemagne and his peers)“matters of Rome”. (Alexander the Great and so forth)6. William Langland威廉·朗兰------ Piers the Plowman《耕者皮尔斯》(P11)7.The ballads(民谣)(P17)The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.It is a story told in song ,usually in 4-line stanzas [ˈstænzə],with the second and fourth lines rhymed.It was written for common people(平民文学). The subjects of ballads are various in kind,as the struggle of young loves against their feudal-minded families,the conflict between love and wealth ,the cruelty of envy,the criticism of the civil war,and the matters of class struggle. The most famous ballads are the ballads of Robin Hood.8. Geoffrey Chaucer’ Contributions<1>Father of English poetry in 14th century.Chaucer introduces from France the rhymed stanzas of various types instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse,especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter(the heroic couplet) to English poetry.(P26)<2>Chaucer is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. His production of so much excellent poetry is an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country.He did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.(P26)<3>the founder of English realism(P23)The Prologue(序言)suppies a miniature of the English society of Chaucer’s time<4>.he forerunner of humanisim (P24 倒数第二行)9. Geoffrey Chaucer died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey（威斯敏斯特教堂）thus founding the “Poets’ Corner”..(P20)10.The Romaunt of the Rose(translated from Franch)《玫瑰传奇》Troilus and Criseyde(adapted from the Italian)《特洛勒斯和克莱西》10. Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟------The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》The tales of the Knight,the Pardoner（卖赎罪券者），the Nun’s Priest (尼姑的牧师)，the Wife of Bath,together with the Prologue,are the best of the whole collection.(P24)（了解一下）Part two:The English renaissance1.historical background1.The Reformation(宗教改革)2. the Authorized Version(钦定版圣经)3. The Enclosure movement （圈地运动）4 The commercial expansion（贸易扩张）5 The war with Spain（与西班牙战争）6 Renaissance（文艺复兴）7 Humanism（人文主义）（P27-30）2.Thomas More托马斯·莫尔Utopia《乌托邦》Utopia is More's masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation between More and a returned sailor.It is divided into two books.(P37)Book I of " Utopia" is a picture of contemporary social conditions of England.BookⅡwe have a picture of an ideal commonwealth (Utopia )in some unknown ocean.(P37)3. Thomas Wyatt(托马斯·韦阿特): He first introduced the sonnet into England from Italy. Surrey(萨里)，in his tranlation Virgil’s Aeneid《埃涅伊德》,wrote the first English blank verse(无韵诗)，later masrerly handled by Shakepeare and Milton.4 Philip Sidney(菲利普·锡德尼)Astrophel and Stella《爱星者与星星》Apology for Poetry《为诗辩护》5.WalterRaleigh(华尔特·罗利) Discovery of Guiaana《发现圭亚那》,Historty of the world6."the poets' poet" of the period was Edmund Spenser.The Shepherd’s Calendar《牧羊人日记》，Epithalamion《新婚颂歌》，masterpiece The Faerie Queen《仙后》7. The Faerie Queen《仙后》（P42）<1>Spenser’s grestest work,is a long poem planned in 12 books,he only finished 6.the work was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth.<2>each guest has a knight,each knight represents a virtue(美德),as Holiness（圣洁）,Temperance(温和)，Chastity(贞洁)，Friendship,Justice （正义）and Courtesy(谦恭).<3>The knight as a whole symbolize England,the evil figures stand for his enemies,as King Philip of Spain,Mary Queen of Scots(both Catholics) or church of Rome.<4>The thoughts of the poem are nationalism,humanism,puritanism<5> The Faerie Queen is written in a special verse form ,consisits of 8 iambic pentameter lines followed by a ninth line of six iambic feet (an alexandrine亚历山大诗行),with the rhyme scheme abab bcbc c , the form called "Spenserian Stanza"(斯宾塞诗节) （P43）8.John Lyly（约翰·黎里）------Euphues《优弗依斯》was written in a peculiar style known as "Euphuism"（优弗依斯体或绮丽体）(P44)9. Francis Bacon（弗朗西斯·培根）the founder of English materialist philosophy(唯物主义) and modern science（P45）<1>Advancement of Learning《学问的演进》<2> New Instrument《新工具》---a statement of what is called the Inductive Method (归纳法)<3>Eassy《随笔》These essays cover a wide variety of subjects, such as love, truth, friendship, parents and children, beauty, studies, riches, youth and age, garden, death and many others. （P46）Of study《论读书》10.The Miracle Play(奇迹剧)(P46)The miracle were simply plays based on Bible stoies,such as the creation of the world,Noah(诺亚)and the flood, and the birth co Christ.They were at first performed in the churches.But after the actors introduced secular(世俗)and even commercial elements into the performance,it was forbidden inside the church ,so it got into the market place.11.Morality play(道德剧)(P47)A morality presented the conflict of good and evil with allegorical persons,such as Mercy(怜悯)，Peace,Hate,Folly and so on.They contended for the possession of one’s soul.The morality was dreary performance with endless speech-making of those abstract characters.so into the plays Vice(恶习)who was the predecessor of the modern clown.12.The Interlude(插剧)13.The classical drama------comedy and tragedy14."University Wits"(大学才子) They were Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene,Lodge and Nash). wrote for the stage of the time.15. Christopher Marlowe(克里斯托弗·马洛)t he most gifted of the "University Wits".（P50）Marlowe's best plays : Tamburlaine the Grea《帖木儿大帝》t, The Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》and Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士》.（P51）The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus is Marlowe' s masterpiece.The doctor sold his soul to Devil so he may live 24 years in all voluptuousness.(P53)Marlowe's Literary Achievement（P55）<1>Marlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama. He reformed the English drama and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works.<2>He first made blank verse (unrhymed iambic pentameter) the principal instrument of English drama.<3>Marlowe's dramatic achievement lies chiefly in his epical and at times lyrical verse.<4>His works paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist – Shakespeare - whose achievements were the monument of the English Renaissance.16 Ben Jonson（本·琼森）--- Volpone, or the Fox, 《福尔蓬奈，或狐狸》The Alchemist.《炼金术士》，Every Man in His Humour《个性互异》，Bartholomew Fair《巴梭罗缪市集》（P94）William Shakespeare1.Shakespeare’s career may be divided into four major phrases which represent respectively his early, mature, flourishing, and late periods.（P60）详见课本2.His great ComediesA Midsummer Night's Dream《仲夏夜之梦》，The Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》，As You Like It《皆大欢喜》，Twelfth Night《第十二夜》are Shakespeare’s great comedies.3.The Character Analysis of Shylock 夏洛克人物形象分析He is greedy. He accumulates as much wealth as he can He is also cruel. In order to revenge, he would rather claim a pound of flesh from his enemy Antonio than get back his loan.他是贪婪的，竭尽全力敛财；他也是残忍的，为了复仇，宁愿割安东尼奥一磅肉用来偿还欠款。
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英国文学
中古时期（8世纪至15世纪）：大多数是口述的，异教的《贝奥武甫》(Beowulf)被认为是古代英语文学的开端，也是英语语言最古老的诗歌。
诺曼(Norman)入侵后，传奇成为文学的主要形式。
备注：Old English（古英语）：Alliteration（头韵）、Epic（史诗）、Romance（传奇）、Ballad（歌谣，民谣）
文艺复兴时期（16世纪至17世纪）：这个时期被称为莎士比亚时期或是伊丽莎白时代，同一时期弗朗西斯培根（Francis Bacon）也是著名人物。
备注:斯宾塞体（Spenserian Stanza）、无韵诗（Blank Verse）、十四行诗（Sonnet）
新古典时期(17世纪中期至18世纪)：本时期受到启蒙运动的影响，作品表现出现实主义（Realism）的特点，作品形式以散文体（Prose）为主和寓言（Allegory），报纸和杂志开始出现。
浪漫主义时期（18世纪至19世纪中期）：开始于抒情歌遥集（Lyrical Ballads），以沃尔特司各特（Walter Scott）去世为终止。
维多利亚时期（19世纪早期至20世纪初期）：批判现实主义（Critical Realism）出现，小说是这一时期主要特点。
现实主义(Realism)时期（19世纪末期开始）：主要特点是反映了英国人的生活，象征主义（Symbolism）、意识流（Stream of Consciousness）、自然主义（Naturalism）代替了现实主义。