管壳式换热器的有效设计-外文翻译
TEMA(列管式换热器制造商协会标准)规格的管壳式换热器设计原则
TEMA规格的管壳式换热器设计原则——摘引自《PERRY’S CHEMICAL ENGINEER’S HANDBOOK 1999》设计中的一般考虑流程的选择在选择一台换热器中两种流体的流程时,会采用某些通则。
管程的流体的腐蚀性较强,或是较脏、压力较高。
壳程则会是高粘度流体或某种气体。
当管壳程流体中的某一种要用到合金结构时,碳钢壳体加合金质壳程元件比之壳程流体接触部件全用合金加碳钢管箱的方案要较为节省费用。
清晰管子的内部较之清洗其外部要更为容易。
假如两侧流体中有表压超过2068KPa(300 Psig)的,较为节约的结构形式是将高压流体安排在管侧。
对于给定的压降,壳侧的传热系数较管侧的要高。
换热器的停运最通常的原因是结垢、腐蚀和磨蚀。
建造规则“压力容器建造规则,第一册”也就是《ASME锅炉及压力容器规范Section VIII , Division 1》, 用作换热器的建造规则时提供了最低标准。
一般此标准的最新版每3年出版发行一次。
期间的修改以附录形式每半年出一次。
在美国和加拿大的很多地方,遵循ASME 规则上的要求是强制性的。
最初这一系列规范并不是为换热器制造所准备的。
但现在已添加了固定管板式换热器上管板与壳体间的焊接接头的有关规定,并且还包含了一个非强制性的有关管子-管板接头的附件。
目前ASME 正在研究有关换热器的其他规定。
列管式换热器制造商协会标准, 第6版., 1978 (通常引称为TEMA 标准*), 用作在除套管式换热器而外的所有管壳式换热器的应用中对ASME规则的补充和说明。
TEMA “R级”设计就是“用于石油及相关加工应用的一般性苛刻要求。
按本标准制造的设备是设计目的在于在此类应用中严苛的保养和维修条件下的安全性、持久性。
”TEMA “C级”设计是“用于商用及通用加工用途的一般性适度要求。
”而TEMA“B级”是“用于化学加工用途”*译者注:这已经不是最新版的,现在已经出到1999年第8版3种建造标准的机械设计要求都是一样的。
翻译-中文
毕业设计-翻译管壳式换热器的高效设计方案Effectively Design Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers (Author : Mukherjee.R. 1998 F-b 01 pp 21-26)学院:机械与动力工程专业:热能与动力工程班级:2007级1班姓名: 姚英丽指导老师:王华日期:2011.4.22管壳式换热器的高效设计方案管壳式换热器的设计(STHEs)是由复杂的计算机软件来完成。
然而,一个好的理解的换热器设计的基本原则是需要使用这种软件有效地开展工作。
这篇文章阐述了换热器的热设计的基础,涵盖这些主题:STHE的组成、 STHES根据结构和性能的分类、换热其设计方案需要的数据、换热器管侧的设计、壳侧的设计、管子的布局、挡板、换热器壳侧压降和平均温度的差异。
换热器管侧和壳侧传热基本方程和压降是很已知的,在这里我们专注于这些关联式换热器应用程序的优化设计。
一篇主题关于管壳式换热器更高级设计,如换热器壳侧和管侧流体的分配、使用多重的壳、过度设计、污垢将会在下一次发行。
STHEs的组成很好的掌握STHEs的机械特性和它是如何影响散热设计对于一个设计师来说是必不可少的。
STHEs的基本组成部件有:壳、端盖、管子、通道、通道板、管板、挡板和喷嘴。
其他部分包括:阀门、垫片、通过分割区的档板、加强板、纵向挡板、密封条、支撑板和地基。
管状换热器制造商协会(TEMA)对各个部件的制造标准具有明确的描述。
一个STHE分为三部分:前端、壳体、后端。
图一举例说明了TEMA的各种可能结构,热交换器被用字母代码描述为三部分。
例如:一个BFL型换热器有一个阀盖,一个双行程的壳有一个纵向的档板和固定的档板在后半部分。
图1、TEMA指定的管壳式换热器的型号基于结构的分类固定管板一个固定的管板(图2)有一个笔直的管子以担保两端的管板焊接到壳体上。
这种结构可以设计成可去掉的通道盖(例如在机场快线上)、阀盖型的通道盖(例如在边界元法中)或完整的管板(例如在荷兰标准中)。
管壳式换热器工程说明
SABALAN METHANOL PROJECTCOVER SHEETENGINEERING STANDARD SPECIFICATIONFORSHELL & TUBEHEAT EXCHANGERSDOCUMENT NO : ESS-HM-286TOTAL PAGES : 41(Excluding Cover & Revision Index Sheet and attachments)ED EXT IFE A Eng. Phase POD POI Owner's Action0 14.02.2011 ISSUED FOR ENGINEERING M.Rezaee M.Assem M.Assem N.JafarpoorRev.Date Description Prepared by Checked by Approved by Project Petrochemical IndustriesDesign & Engineering Co.PROJ. NO. : 1203OWNER :SABALAN PETROCHEMICALINDUSTRIES CO.PROJ. NO. : 89/S-G/102SABALAN METHANOL PROJECTESS for Shell & Tube Heat ExchangerDOC. NO. : ESS-HM-286Rev.: 0Petrochemical Industries Design & Engineering Co.PROJ. NO. : 1203OWNER :SABALAN PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES CO.PROJ. NO. : 89/S-G/102SHEET NO.INTERNAL ISSUEChange Index During formal issuesReason of Latest ChangeFirst IssueSecond IssueThird IssueFourth IssueFifth IssueSixth IssueRev. A Rev.0 Rev.1 Rev.2 Rev.3 Rev.4 Rev.5CONTENT1 GENERAL1.1 SCOPE1.2 REFERENCES2 DESIGN2.1 GENERAL2.2 CORROSION ALLOWANCE AND MINIMUM WALL THICKNESS 2.3 TUBES, TUBE BUNDLES AND TUBE SHEETS2.4 NOZZLES, MANWAYS AND OTHER CONNECTIONS2.5 LIFTING LUGS AND SHELL SUPPORTSLOADS2.6 NOZZLE3 MATERIALS3.1 GENERAL3.2 TUBING3.3 SHELLS, CHANNELS, FLOATING HEADS, COVERS,TUBE-SHEETS AND FLANGES3.4 BAFFLES, SUPPORTS, TIE RODS, AND SPACERS3.5 GASKETS3.6 BOLTING AND FLANGE CLOSURE3.7 MATERIALS FOR NON-PRESSURE PARTS4 FABRICATION4.1 GENERALGENERAL-4.2 WELDING4.3 WELDING PROCEDURE SPECIFICATION AND WELDER'S PERFORMANCE QUALIFICATIONS4.4 FILLER METAL REQUIREMENTSPREPARATION4.5 JOINTREQUIREMENTS4.6 CLEANINGUPREQUIREMENTS4.7 JOINTBACKCONTOUR4.8 WELDREQUIREMENTS4.9 PREHEATTREATMENT4.10 POST WELD HEAT TREATMENT REQUIREMENTS5 INSPECTION5.1 GENERAL5.2 WELD VISUAL INSPECTION5.3 RADIOGRAPHY5.4 LIQUID PENETRANT EXAMINATIONEXAMINATION5.5 MAGNETICPARTICLEEXAMINATION5.6 ULTRASONIC6 TESTING6.1 HYDROTEST6.2 TESTING WELDS IN SOUR WATER SERVICE6.3 IDENTIFICATION6.4 FINAL REPORTS AND DATA SHEETSSHIPMENTFOR7 PREPARATION8 SPARE PARTS AND TOOLS9 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED AGAINSTORDERPURCHASEAPPLICATIONS10 SPECIAL10.1 SEA WATER OR BRACKISH WATER SERVICE10.2 HYDROGEN SERVICE CONSTRUCTION10.3 SOUR GAS AND CAUSTIC SERVICE0 DEFINITIONS0.1 EXCHANGEROne complete assembled vessel including internals.UNIT0.2 EXCHANGEROne or more exchanger for specified service which may include various conditions.NUMBER0.3 ITEMPurchaser's identification number for an exchanger unit.0.4 EFFECTIVE SURFACEUnless otherwise specified through thermal design specification sheet outsidesurface based on length of tubes measured between inner faces of the tube sheets insquare meter. For U-tube bundles the exposed surface at U-bend portion isadmissible provided shell nozzle location is beyond U-bends and velocity of flowingfluid makes this surface effective.1 GENERAL1.1 SCOPE1.1.1 This part of the specification covers the minimum requirements for mechanical design& guarantee, materials, fabrication, workmanship, inspection, testing and supply ofunfired shell and tube type heat exchangers.1.1.2 The intent of this specification is to supplement amend or limit the reference codesand standards mentioned below.1.1.3 Exceptions or variations shown in the material/purchase requisition take precedenceover requirements shown herein.1.1.4 No variations from the material/purchase requisition, data sheets and projectspecifications are permitted unless approved in writing by Purchaser.1.1.5 In case of any conflict between the various standard and codes, the matter shall bereferred to Purchaser for clarifications and the clarifications provided by Purchasershall be final and binding on vendor.1.1.6 The compliance with project specification and accompanying data does not relievethe vendor from his own responsibilities and guarantees nor from any further contractobligations.1.1.7 The approval of the work by the Purchaser's inspector and/or his release of theequipment for shipment shall in no way release the manufacturer from or relieve themanufacturer of any responsibility for carrying out all of the provisions of projectspecification and/or the fulfillment of the guarantee, nor does the Purchaser by suchapproval and/or release assume any responsibility whatever for such provisionsand/or guarantee.1.1.8 In case of conflict in various documentation, the following order of priority shall apply:a) Equipment data sheet/DWG'sb) Material/purchaserequisitionc) Licensers standards/specifications and drawingsspecificationd) This1.2 REFERENCESIn each case, the latest version of standards, codes and regulations state herein shall be used.1.2.1 TEMA Standards of Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association,1.2.2 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1.1.2.3 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section II, Material Specification.1.2.4 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX, Welding Qualification.1.2.5 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section V, Non Destructive Examination.Specifications1.2.6ASTM1.2.7 AWS-ASME Specification for Welding Electrodes1.2.8 WRC Bulletin No. 107, Local load stress in Spherical and Cylindrical Shellsdue to External Loading.1.2.9 UBC Uniform Building Code1.2.10 ASME B16.5, Steel Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, and B16.11 ForgedSteel Fittings, Socket-welding and Threaded, (Latest edition approved by ASME). 1.2.11 ASME B16.20 Metallic Gasket for Pipe Flanges, Ring Joint, Spiral Wound andJacketed1.2.12 ASME B16.47 Large Diameter Carbon Steel Flanges.1.2.13 EJMA Standards of Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association Inc.1.2.14 All exchangers shall be designed and fabricated in accordance with TEMA Standard,latest edition, class ''R'' and sections II, V, VIII and IX of the ASME boiler andpressure vessel code, and ASTM Codes, latest edition (as minimum requirement).1.2.15 Nozzles, flanges, tapered pipe threads; pipefittings, bolts, nuts and gaskets shall be inaccordance with appropriate ASME, ASTM and TEMA Codes, and welding electrodesto AWS specifications.1.2.16The design, fabrication and testing of pressure vessels shall also comply with all the specifications, standards, drawings, provisions and codes indicated on drawings provided by the Purchaser. Unless otherwise specified in the order the latest editions of codes and specifications in force at the date of the contract shall be used. ASME Code stamp is not required, unless otherwise specified.1.2.17 Equipment shall be designed, engineered, specified and procured so that the unit(s) can operate for two years without major overhaul and/or inspection except for short periods and/or for minor repairs.1.2.18 The equipment shall be designed and fabricated for 20 years safe operation of the plant.2 DESIGN2.1 GENERAL2.1.1 All exchangers of the same size, type and material shall maximize interchangeabilityof parts where practical. The highest practical number of exchangers shall haveinterchangeable tube bundles. Whenever possible, tube bundles shall be designed to permit rotation through 180 degree.2.1.2 Where equipment is mounted on concrete foundations, the anchor bolts shall be designed with the following allowable anchor bolt stresses, unless otherwise specified. - Tension 110 N/mm2 - Shear69 N/mm2- Allowable bearing stress on concrete 10 N/mm22.1.3 The use of stay bolts as a means to stiffen tubesheets, channel covers and flange heads is not permitted.2.1.4 In addition to normal design loads; exchangers shall be designed to withstand a horizontal bundle pulling force "H" of:Only one effort shall be considered when several exchangers are stacked.The assumed bundle pulling force "H" shall be checked against vendors Recommendations and adjusted, if required.2.1.5All combinations of loads shall be considered to determine the maximum design stress conditions for design except for maintenance loads combined with wind and earthquake loads. Erection loads shall also be taken into consideration.Bundle Weight (BW) Horizontal Effort BW < 50 KNH = BW 50 KN<= BW <= 100KN H = 50 KN BW > 100 KN H = 0.5 BW2.1.6 When U-tube bundle or kettle type reboiler shell (TEMA "K") is used, the shell covershall be integral with shell.2.1.7 When removable longitudinal baffle shall be used, the seal strips shall be thereplaceable type and be securely attached to longitudinal sides of baffle plateadjacent to shell wall. They shall be multiplex of an alloy appropriate for the service,or neoprene rubber or equal, subject to design temperature limit recommended forthe material being used. When metal seals are used, fabricator shall provide copiesof instructions to Purchaser that outlines proper steps for folding seal strips inward soedges do not rub unduly against inside of flange when tube bundle is inserted intoshell.2.1.8 Impingement plates shall be no closer to the inlet nozzle than is required for escapeheight and flow area, per TEMA, RGP requirements.2.1.9 Perforated baffles are not permitted.2.1.10 Shells shall be of one-piece construction whenever practical and shall be fabricated ofseamless pipe or rolled plate.2.1.11 All shells on floating head units, except kettle type reboilers, shall be removable withthrough bolting.2.1.12 Shell and channel girth flanges shall be of forged steel, hub type and designed forthrough bolt joint construction unless otherwise permitted in written by PIDEC.2.1.13 All dished heads shall be single piece construction and ellipsoidal in shape.Torispherical dished heads with knuckle radius 15% and crown radius 80% of OD arealso acceptable Straight face shall be minimum 38 mm or 3T whichever is more (Tbeing nominal thickness of plate from which forming is done). Straight face in anycase need not exceed 50 mm unless specifically indicated otherwise .For largediameters, the heads may be made of 2 pieces upon PIDEC’s written permission.2.1.14 Pulling lugs or tapped holes for insertion of eye bolts shall be provided on the outerface of the stationary tube sheet to permit removal of the tube bundle from the shell. 2.1.15 Jackscrews shall be provided to aid in loosening all heads, channels, and channelcovers.2.1.16 When one unit is composed of two or more shells in series, it shall be assumed,unless otherwise specified, that the shells will be stacked and the manufacturer shalldesign the shell and supports to eliminate the possibility of the lower shells distortingand binding the tube bundle. The corrosion allowance shall be deducted from the unitbefore investigating such external loading.2.1.17 When two or more exchangers are stacked, intermediate supports shall be installedduring fabrication and the entire stack shall be erected at the manufactures works andchecked for accuracy of nozzle location and alignment.2.1.18 Stacked large exchangers shall be limited to 2 shells high. Stacked small exchangersshall be limited to a centerline elevation of 3.5 m (12 ft) at the top exchanger.2.1.19 Expansion Joints2.1.19.1 The vendor shall check the necessity of expansion joints for all fixed tube sheet heatexchangers and expansion joint wherever required shall be designed by vendorBased on characteristics of expansion joint, design of heat exchanger shall berechecked.2.1.19.2 Single pass tube bundle exchangers, having a bellows type expansion joint betweenfloating head and shell covers, are permitted. Such designs shall include provisions(guide device) that allow quick and easy mating of expansion joint end flange to itscompanion flange on the inside face of shell cover. Expansion joint shall be thehydraulically formed type and it shall also permit replacement in the field. It shall beconstructed of inconel 600, incoloy 800, or incoly 825, listed in preferential orderunless otherwise specified.2.1.19.3 Stresses due to thermal expansion shall be analyzed in both clean and fouledcondition to determine the necessity of using expansion joints. Stress conditions dueto start-up, shutdown, steam cleaning, etc., shall also be investigated.2.1.19.4 The type of expansion joint recommended by the vendor shall require the approval ofthe purchaser.2.1.19.5 All convolutions shall be of matching height and even pitch. Circumferential jointswelding one convolution to another are not permitted. In case the vendor propose touse manufacturing process including heat treatment, welding, etc. the proceduresshall be submitted along with the bids.2.1.20 Designer of exchanger unit shall be responsible for furnishing equipment that is freeof over-stressing for any loading within the specified maximum loading.2.1.21 During the design of fixed tubesheet heat exchangers, consideration must be given tothe stresses induced at operating, alternate operating, start-up, shutdown and otherupset conditions. Where necessary, expansion joints shall be provided.2.1.22 Where stated, tube bundles may be designed for the differential pressure given inrelevant job specification and/or data sheet. Vendor shall provide visible warning plateadjacent to, or part of, nameplate outlining test regulations, when differential design isused.Lining2.1.23 AlloyProtective2.1.23.1 Lining shall be either integrally bonded cladding conforming to ASTM A263, A264,A265, or weld overlay by qualified welding procedure and properly machined.2.1.23.2 When the process data sheet indicates materials other than carbon steel for tubesheets without specifying "solid", vendor may quote the more economical alternativebetween "solid" and "clad" material.2.1.23.3 Pass partition grooves in lined tube sheets and channel covers shall have thespecified minimum lining thickness on all surfaces.2.1.23.4 Applied alloy liners shall be considered as corrosion allowance only, not as part of thebase metal, when calculating the thickness of pressure parts.2.1.23.5 If the base metal is carbon steel, then if other carbon steel components in contactwith the same process flow are specified to be of fully killed carbon steel, the basemetal of the cladding shall also be of the same material.2.1.23.6 Tube sheets may be alloy lined by cladding or weld overlay with following restriction:a. Cladding shall be integrally and continuously bonded to base metal.b. When other parts in contact with the same fluid are specified as “killed steel”,the base metal of the clad or faced tube sheet shall also be killed steel.c. Silver soldered or brazed bonded liners shall not be used.2.1.23.7 Thickness requirements of lining are in TEMA "R”.2.1.24 DeviationsIn general, no deviations from Purchaser standards and specifications shall bepermitted. This does not preclude possible innovations or improvements on the partof the vendor, based on available facilities. Such deviations must be clearly pointedout as a separate paragraph entitled "DEVIATIONS" in the vendor's documents, so asto avoid any confusion and ambiguity and to facilitate analysis of quotation inminimum possible time. It shall be taken for granted that except for the deviationspointed out under the "DEVIATIONS" paragraph, the vendor shall adhere to all othertechnical requirements. No deviation shall be incorporated, unless Purchaser hasapproved it in writing. It is in vendor's own interest to get the written approval ofPurchaser for all deviations before accepting the purchase order. In case there are nodeviations required by the vendor quotation under the "DEVIATIONS" paragraph shallread, as "equipment shall be supplied as per Purchaser's specifications, codes, etc.,in all respects". It shall be presumed that vendor has understood very clearly the jobrequirements and shall fully comply with them.Supply2.1.25 Material2.1.25.1 The vendor shall supply all materials and accessories required for the fabrication ofthe heat exchangers unless otherwise stated.2.1.25.2 Stainless steel nameplate shall be provided on each heat exchanger shell.2.1.25.3 Test rings, dummy shell and test flanges wherever required shall be designed andsupplied by the vendor. Drawings for these shall need prior approval of Purchaser.Material used for fabricating these shall be of tested quality. The number of testring/test flange assemblies shall be equal to the number of shells stacked.2.1.25.4 All necessary arrangements such as supports, blind flanges, test gaskets, bolts, nutsand other accessories shall be provided by the vendor for testing of heat exchangers.2.1.25.5 Vendor shall include in his quotation supply of tie bolts, leveling shims orintermediates supports for stacked units, gaskets, nuts and bolts relating tointerconnecting nozzle (tube and shell side). All these components shall bedispatched separately with due care having been taken regarding identification ofthese for case of installation.2.1.25.6 Should the vendor propose equivalent or better material to a specification other thanASTM/ASME, it is necessary for the vendor to submit the specifications of theequivalent material (translated in English language, if the original is not in English).However this will be considered as a DEVIATION and purchaser written permissionshall be obtained.2.1.25.7 Any increase in thickness of various components and any extra provisions (e.g.expansion joint, etc.) after purchase order placement which may be requiredconsidering safe / sound design and/or meeting required guarantees shall be invendor's account.For stationary head with TEMA type “B” head, the tube sheet shall be full diameter type with threaded holes that permits testing of shell side when the stationary head isremoved, or, if full diameter tube sheet is not provided, a test ring shall be furnishedwith the exchanger.2.2 CORROSION ALLOWANCE AND MINIMUM WALL THICKNESS2.2.1 Corrosion allowances shall be as per TEMA Standard if not otherwise restricted. Formaterials other than carbon steel, corrosion allowance shall be specified on the datasheet. Corrosion allowances as specified on the data sheet shall be adhered to ifmore stringent.2.2.2 Minimum admissible wall thickness shall be per TEMA and ASME Codes.2.2.3 For U-tubes, the wall thickness specified applies to the tubing before bending exceptas noted in clause 2.2.4 below. All U-tubes shall be formed from a continuous lengthof tubing, free of girth welds.2.2.4 The minimum mean radius of U-bends shall be 1 1/2 times the O.D. of the tube.Flattening at the bends shall not exceed 10% nominal O.D. of straight portion tubes.Proposal may be based on the use of heavier wall tubing for short radius U-bendswhen design pressure demands thicker tube walls.2.3 TUBES, TUBE BUNDLES AND TUBESHEETS2.3.1 Unless otherwise permitted in written by PIDEC, tubesheets shall be fabricated fromforged materials when integral with shell and/or channel. For tube sheets thicker than3 1/8" (80 mm, incl.) forged material must be used.2.3.2 On vertical exchangers installed with the channel at the bottom at least 4 collar boltsshall be provided to support the tube bundle when the channel is removed. ThePurchaser shall approve alternative means.2.3.3 When gasket grooves are required in tubesheets, the minimum distance between theedge of the tube hole and the edge of the gasket groove shall be 1.5 mm.2.3.4 A minimum of one dowel or some equivalent method of alignment shall be provided toprevent misassemble of floating head cover, channel, channel cover having groovedpartitions and stationary tube sheet to shell flange.2.3.5 Guide pins shall be placed in tube sheets to facilitate assembly and to keep tubesheets with integral tube sheets from dropping out of position when the bundle is tobe withdrawn from the shell. Note: Provide three guide pins approximately 120° apartwith one located on top of vertical centerline of a horizontal unit. The outside edgesare to be 1 mm clear of the shell I.D. and are to be the same material as the tie rods.2.3.6 Guide pins are not required when the tube sheets are held in position by:a) Tube sheets with tapped holes for stud bolts, nuts at both ends.b) Tube sheets having drilled holes when adjoining flanges are tapped forstuds.c) When the distance from the tube sheet to the second segment cut baffle is450 mm or less, or when the tube bundle is made up of baffles spaced 225mm center to center or less, regardless of the distance from the tube sheet tothe first baffle.2.3.7 Support plates shall be provided on units without transverse baffles. In case offloating head exchangers, a suitable support plate shall support the floating head ofeach bundle.Baffles shall be of the cross flow segmental type, and shall be tied together with rodsand spacers and shall be provided with notches, only when necessary, to permitdrainage of the shell.2.3.8 Baffle clearances between design I.D. of shell and baffle O.D. shall be as shown inTEMA. These maximum clearances may be increased to twice the tabulated valuesonly when isothermal vaporization or isothermal condensing occurs on the shell sideof an exchanger.2.3.9 Impingement protection shall be provided by a plate baffle, a distributing belt or by anenlarged inlet nozzle with an internal distributor plate, of minimum 6 mm thickness. 2.3.10 Plate baffles shall extend beyond the projection of the nozzle bore. This baffle shallbe located at a distance from the nozzle to provide a minimum free cylindricalentrance area at the projected nozzle bore equal to the nozzle bore area.2.3.11 Where enlarged inlet nozzles containing internal distribution plates are used, theactual entrance area into the shell must be at least equal to the line bore. Themaximum fluid velocity at the cross-sectional area of the enlarged nozzle shall beLimited by: (density in kg/m³) X (velocity in m/s) ² = 1040Enlarged inlet nozzles shall not be used for mixed phase liquids.2.3.12 A minimum of two longitudinal replaceable long life sealing strips of approved designshall be provided for cross-baffled exchangers between the outer row of tubes andthe inside of the shell as follows:Shell Dia. [mm] Radial clearance [mm]18OverTo630630 and over 252.3.13 Where U-tube construction is utilized; each U-tube shall be formed from a single2.3.14 Where U-tube construction is utilized, stress investigations shall be conductedwhenever temperature of 95 °C or greater are assigned over both legs of any U-tube.When steam is in U-tubes and process is controlled by low control of condensate, U-tubes shall be in a horizontal plane.2.3.15 The length specified for U-tubes should be the straight length measured from end toreturn bend tangent.2.3.16 For kettle reboiler-steam generator a clearance of 50 mm (minimum) shall beprovided between the outside layer of tubes and the shell.2.3.17 In general, tube to tubesheet joints shall be expanded. All tubesheet holes and thegrooving in them shall conform to TEMA and the following supplements. Groovesshall be squared edged and concentric. When heat treatment of tubesheet isrequired, reaming after heat treatment shall attain final tube hole sizing.2.3.18 The tube to tubesheet joint shall be welded if:a) The design temperature is <-10 °C or > 300 °C.b) For U-tube type with design pressure > 150 (Kg/cm²) g.c) For floating head types and fixed tube-sheet type with design pressure greater than40 (Kg/cm²) gd) With cladding on the tube side face of the tubesheet (channel side, floating head side)e) Where the high reliability of the joint is required because of lethal substance, productquality, hazards of inter-mixing, etc.f) When specified by the owner.2.3.19 When welding of tube to tubesheet is required, after welding, the tubes shall be lightexpanded into the tube holes. The light expansion shall imply minimum 5% tubethinning. The procedure and details of welding shall be submitted to the Purchaserfor approval.2.3.20 Tubes shall be expanded into the tubesheet for a length equal to four tube outsidediameters or the tubesheet thickness minus 3 mm whichever is smaller. In addition fortubesheets with thickness in excess of four tube diameters, expand one diameter atthe shell side face of the tube sheet minus 3 mm. In no case shall the expandedportion extend beyond the shell side face of the tubesheet. The expanding procedureshall provide substantially uniform expansion throughout the expanded portion of thetube without a sharp transition to the unexpanded portion.2.3.21 Dummy rods wherever shown on the drawing shall be welded to all baffles andsupport plates.2.3.22 Adequate lifting and handling lugs, etc., shall be provided by the fabricator to easehandling, lifting, erection, etc., of the complete equipment2.3.23 Davits shall be provided for removal of channel, channel cover, shell cover and2.3.24 VibrationFor exchanger unit subject to vibration, the tube bundle shall be designed as per TEMA, 7th edition, SEC. 6, and the following fabrication clearances shall also besatisfied.a) For baffles spaced less than 300 mm apart, tube hole diameter shall not exceed theO.D. of the tube plus 0.5 mm. For baffles spaced 300 mm or more apart or for tubesupport plates, the tube hole diameter shall not exceed the O.D. of the tube plus 0.25mm.b) Minimum baffle thickness shall be 10 mm, otherwise follow TEMA "R”.c) If the exchanger is susceptible to vibration due to pulsating flow, debar and ream alltube holes in baffles and support plates to eliminate all sharp edges of these parts.Also debar edges on cut for baffle window.2.3.25 Tube OD and gauges shall be selected from following table. The gauges specified arethe minimum wall thickness.Tube OD Copper /Copperalloys Carbon steel ** Aluminumand AluminumalloysOther alloys3/4 16 14 161 14 12 141 1/4 14 12 141 1/2 12 10 122 12 10 12* Preferred tube dia are 3/4 " OD and 1" OD.**Preferred tube thicknesses for CS or Low Alloy Steelare 14 BWG for 3/4" OD and 12 BWG for 1" OD.2.3.26 the minimum mean radius of U bends shall be 1 1/2 times the OD of tubes. For Utubes, the wall thickness written on process/thermal data sheet shall apply to thetubing before bending. Proposal may be based on the use of heavier wall tubing forshort radius U-bends when design pressure demands thicker tube walls.2.4 NOZZLES, MANWAYS AND OTHER CONNECTIONS2.4.1 Chemical cleaning connections shall be provided on condensers where processconditions will make this necessary.2.4.2 All flanges intended for use with spiral wound metal gaskets shall be designed usingthe mannufacturers minimum gasket seating stress or the ASME Code values,whichever is greater.2.4.3 All flanges designed as special shall account for external loads imposed by pipingreactions and consideration given to differential thermal expansion for dissimilarjoints.2.4.4 the inlet and outlet stream connections shall be flanged faced and drilled to the。
不锈钢制换热器的优化设计文献翻译
One of the most effective methods of increasing the rate of heat transfer in heat exchangersis using tubes with lengthwise corrugations (Fig. i). Among the different methodsknown here and abroadfor making such tubes (longitudinal and rotary rolling, welding, drawing,forging), cold drawing occupies an important position. This is because of the highproductivity of this method, the accuracy of the tube dimensions, the good surface finish,and the fact that the tool is relatively simple to fabricate. A technology has been developedand introduced at several nonferrous metallurgical plants for drawing copper-alloy tubeswith lengthwise corrugations.The Pervouralsk New Tube Plant is developing a technology for drawing such tubes madeof carbon steel. Trial lots of tubes with a corrugated outer surface have been made andstudies are being conducted to determine the optimum geometry of the die.There are certain distinctive features of drawing stainless steel tubes that owe to theproperties of the material. The cold working of alloy steels -- thus, stainless steels -- ischaracterized by a high susceptibility to work hardening, low thermal conductivity, and thepresence of a hard and strong film on the surface which is passive to lubricants. The presenceof the film leads to seizing of the tube in the die. Existing lubricants and prelubricantcoatings do not provide a plasticized layer that will prevent the metal from adheringto the die and ensure a uniform strain distribution over the tube wall thickness.The Ural Polytechnic Institute and the Institute of Electrochemistry of the Ural ScienceCenter under the Academy of Science of the USSR have developed a technology for applying acopper coating to the surface of tubes made of corrosion-resistant steels. The coating isapplied in the form of a melt containing copper salts at 400-500~ and allowed to stand fori0 min. The layer of copper 10-40 ~m thick formed on the surface by this operation is stronglybound to the base metal. The copper coating makes it possible to draw tubes of stainlesssteel on a mandrel.The sector metallurgical-equipment laboratory at the UralPolytechnic Institute studiedthe process of drawing stainless steel tubes using the copper coating on short(stationary)and long (movable) mandrels. The study showed that the metal does not adhere to the die, thecoating is strongly bound to the base metal, and large reductions can be made in one pass.These results suggested that stainless-steel tubes with lengthwise corrugations could beproduced by cold drawing. Thus, the laboratory prepared trial lots of corrugated steel12KhI8NIOT tubes.其中一个最有效的办法来增加率换热器的传热利用管corrugations与纵向(Fig.我)。
HTRI资料总结
HTRI资料总结第一篇:HTRI资料总结(一)Shell and tube heat exchanger design procedure 管壳式换热器设计步骤1.Identify service(process unit, heat exchanger type as cooler, reboiler, condenser, chiller, steam generator etc.).定义服务:(工艺设备,换热器如:冷却器,再沸器,冷凝器,深冷器,蒸汽发生器等等)2.Identify heating medium and cooling medium;定义加热介质和冷却介质3.Check hot / cold side is heat balance or not? if not, how much differ? less than or equal to 5%, reminder process guy and continue to design;more than 5%, reject process datasheet and stop.校核热/冷侧是否热平衡?如果不是的话,相差多少?小于等于5%时,工艺计算提示继续设计,超过5%,返回并结束设计。
4.Is temperature cross? How many “e” shells in series required?(Normally 2 shells in series can be adapt to about 10 degree temperature cross.)温度交叉?要求多少E型壳体?(通常双壳程适用于10℃的温度交叉)5.Select the TEMA type(normally project should have a heat exchanger thermal design guide.)选择TEMA标准(通常,每一个换热器都有热力设计指南)6.Select tube material and shell material(if not specified by material engineer guy).选择管程材料和壳程材料(如果不是材料工程师具体指定的)7.Select tube length(normally 16' or 20' for horizontal exchangers;10' or 12' for vertical thermosyphon reboilers.)选择换热管长度(通常水平布置换热器用16’或者20’,垂直热虹吸再沸器用10’和12’)8.Select the start shell id, number of tubes and number of tube passes.选择壳体内径,换热管数量和管程数9.Select baffle type, orientation, cut and spacing 选择折流板形式,方向,切口和间距 10.Determine nozzle size and location 选择接管尺寸和位置11.First try, adjust design parameters 首次调试,调整设计参数(二)Topic: thermal design by HTRI 主题:HTRI热力设计Design parameters(suitable to HTRI)设计参数(适用于HTRI)Shell I.D, Tube length, Tube OD, Tube pitch, Tube count, Tube pass, Baffle type, Cut and spacing, Flow rate of hot & cold fluid 壳程内径,管长,管外径,管间距,管数量,管程数,折流板类型、切口形式以及间距,冷热流体的流速。
htri-中文
致命的服务:如果一艘船的内容可以杀死,它是用户的责任提供一个安全的设计。 ASME 规 范规定的规则,使船只在标签“致命的服务更安全。” 尽管许多有害物质,如果允许逃离船只界限,该法界定为有毒气体或液体中,有生命危险 时,吸入致命物质(如氢氰酸,酰氯,氰,二甲苯溴,和其他人(8)) 。然而,许多其 他进程很容易致命的资格,如果不知该船的内容被允许逃脱。当时的决策成为额外的安全 功能与增加的费用之一。该设备用户的标签是“致命性服务的设备的责任。” 致命的服务设计有以下要求:船舶对接焊缝必须充分 radiographed; 身体法兰必须是枢纽型;碳素钢材料必须焊后热处理;和有关管和产品形式(如无缝焊接管, 而不是[后者需要进一步测试])额外的规则必须遵守。 全部 X 线摄影方法 X 射线每一个对接的船只焊缝核实的焊接质量。图 4 说明了对接枢纽型 法兰最后焊接。相反,一个简单的环形法兰如图 5 所示。请注意,单纯环法兰,但更经济, 更不能在服务中使用致命的,因为一个缺乏对接焊缝。在图 5 所示类型的焊缝被称为角焊 缝,他们不能接受 X 光检查以有意义的方式。 低温服务:在低温服务(通常低于- 20F 条),重要的是要确保金属不会不因阻力损失的影 响。需要进行一些测试,以确保将纯粹的有色金属材料在低温下表现充分。在低工作温度 (具体温度取决于特定的材料),冲击试验,可在材料和焊接要求。在某些情况下,不同 材料的性能较好的低温可能被使用。该守则规定每艘船舶组成部分进行审查,它的最低设 计金属温度(梅林变换)计算,控制梅林变换在船只上盖章。 高温服务:金属有不同的机械优势,依靠温度 - 强度减弱随着温度的升高。在强度折减程 度取决于金属化学和制造方法。高(通常高于 1000 度六)设计的温度可能会加剧其他的问 题,因为更大的厚度将需要更高的设计温度 此外,在高温下,努力减轻一个问题,可以使另一个问题恶化。例如,如果材料是改为标 准级不锈钢级 L -避免强酸与 chromiumdepleted 致敏焊接领域(焊缝受到攻击),该船的 材料,从 1500 最高设计温度降低度 F(815 摄氏度),以 800 度 F(下 427deg 丙)(9), 这可能使原来的服务内容不。 壳牌或因头部屈曲支持负载。在对它们所连接的墙壁水平或垂直施加支持负载。额外的金 属,在加强垫形式,有时是必要的支持,以减少过多的负荷。支持的位置也将形成冲击, 如头,相邻的组成部分。这可能需要移动的支持,以更好的位置。在纵向的船只,如果膨 胀节,是目前支持是很重要的位置,以避免过分强调伸缩缝/壳/管装配。
管壳式换热器的结构组成
管壳式换热器的结构组成英文回答:Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Construction.A shell and tube heat exchanger consists of acylindrical shell and a bundle of tubes. The shell is typically made of steel, while the tubes are made of copper, stainless steel, or titanium. The tubes are arranged in aU-shape and are connected to the shell by means of tube sheets. The tube sheets are typically made of steel, butcan also be made of other materials such as copper or stainless steel.The shell and tube heat exchanger is a counterflow heat exchanger, which means that the fluid in the shell flows in the opposite direction to the fluid in the tubes. This arrangement results in the most efficient heat transfer.The shell and tube heat exchanger is a versatile heatexchanger that can be used in a wide variety of applications. It is commonly used in the chemical, petrochemical, and power generation industries.Components of a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger.The main components of a shell and tube heat exchanger are as follows:Shell: The shell is the cylindrical outer casing of the heat exchanger. It is typically made of steel, but can also be made of other materials such as copper or stainless steel.Tubes: The tubes are the heat transfer surface of the heat exchanger. They are typically made of copper,stainless steel, or titanium.Tube sheets: The tube sheets are the plates that connect the tubes to the shell. They are typically made of steel, but can also be made of other materials such as copper or stainless steel.Baffles: The baffles are plates that are placed inside the shell to direct the flow of the fluid in the shell. They are typically made of steel, but can also be made of other materials such as copper or stainless steel.Nozzles: The nozzles are the openings in the shell and tube sheets that allow the fluid to enter and exit the heat exchanger. They are typically made of steel, but can also be made of other materials such as copper or stainless steel.中文回答:管壳式换热器的结构组成。
TEMA管壳式换热器设计原则
TEMA规格的管壳式换热器设计原则——摘引自《PERRY’S CHEMICAL ENGINEER’S HANDBOOK 1999》设计中的一般考虑流程的选择在选择一台换热器中两种流体的流程时,会采用某些通则。
管程的流体的腐蚀性较强,或是较脏、压力较高。
壳程则会是高粘度流体或某种气体。
当管/壳程流体中的某一种要用到合金结构时,“碳钢壳体+合金管侧部件”比之“接触壳程流体部件全用合金+碳钢管箱”的方案要较为节省费用。
清洗管子的内部较之清洗其外部要更为容易。
假如两侧流体中有表压超过2068KPa(300 Psig)的,较为节约的结构形式是将高压流体安排在管侧。
对于给定的压降,壳侧的传热系数较管侧的要高。
换热器的停运最通常的原因是结垢、腐蚀和磨蚀。
建造规则“压力容器建造规则,第一册”也就是《ASME锅炉及压力容器规范Section VIII , Division 1》, 用作换热器的建造规则时提供了最低标准。
一般此标准的最新版每3年出版发行一次。
期间的修改以附录形式每半年出一次。
在美国和加拿大的很多地方,遵循ASME 规则上的要求是强制性的。
最初这一系列规范并不是准备用于换热器制造的。
但现在已包含了固定管板式换热器中管板与壳体间焊接接头的有关规定,并且还包含了一个非强制性的有关管子-管板接头的附件。
目前ASME 正在开发用于换热器的其他规则。
列管式换热器制造商协会标准, 第6版., 1978 (通常引称为TEMA 标准*), 用在除套管式换热器而外的所有管壳式换热器的应用中,对ASME规则的补充和说明。
TEMA “R级”设计就是“用于石油及相关加工应用的一般性苛刻要求。
按本标准制造的设备,设计目的在于在此类应用时严苛的保养和维修条件下的安全性、持久性。
”TEMA “C级”设计是“用于商用及通用加工用途的一般性适度要求。
”而TEMA“B级”是“用于化学加工用途”*译者注:这已经不是最新版的,现在已经出到1999年第8版3种建造标准的机械设计要求都是一样的。
管壳式换热器设计说明书.
一、例子 (3)二、Input输入模块 (4)1、problem definition问题定义模块 (4)1.1、description基本描写 (5)2、application options(程序运行环境选择) (5)2.1、Hot side application(热流运行环境) (6)2.2、Condensation curve冷凝曲线 (6)2.3、Condenser type冷凝器类型 (6)2.4、Cod side application(冷流运行环境) (7)2.5、Location of hot fluid流程安排(热流位置) (7)2.6、Program mode(程序模式选择:设计、优化、模拟) (7)3、process data物流参数输入 (8)3.1、Fluid name(流体名称) (8)3.2、Fluid quantity, total(热或冷流体总流速) (8)3.3、Temperature冷热流体进出口温度 (8)3.4、Operating Pressure(absolute) 绝对操作压力 (9)3.5、Heat exchanged交换热量 (9)3.6、allowable pressure drop允许的压力降 (9)3.7、fouling resistance污垢热阻 (10)4、热平衡计算环境 (11)5、Physical Property Data物理特性数据 (11)(1)Property Option(特性程序选择——一般默认) (12)(2)Hot Side Composition热物质组成(若未知可不输) (12)(3)Hot Side Properties(热物流特性) (13)(4)cold side composition(冷物流组成——与前热物流组成一样) (13)(5)cold side properties(冷物流特性) (13)6、Exchanger Geometry(结构参数) (13)6.1 exchanger Type(换热器类型) (14)(1)Front head type(换热器前端管箱) (14)(3)Rear head type(后端结构) (17)(4)exchanger position(换热器水平还是垂直安装) (18)(5)cover密封(盖子)面类型(工艺计算没必要提供) (18)(6)Tubesheet type管板形式 (18)(7)Tube to tubesheet joint管子与管板的连接(工艺不关键) (19)6.2 Tubes(换热管) (19)(1)Tube type(管子类型) (19)(2)Tube outside diameter(管子外径) (20)(3)Tube wall thickness(管子壁厚) (21)(4)Tube wall roughness(管子粗糙度) (21)(5)Tube wall Specification(管子壁厚计算指定) (21)(6)Tube pich管心距 (22)(7)Tube material管子材质 (22)(8)Tube pattem换热管的排列 (22)(9)翅片管相关数据 (23)(a)Fin density翅片密度 (23)(b)Fin height翅片高度 (24)(c)Fin thickness翅片厚度 (24)(d)Surface area per unit length每单位管长的表面积 (24)(e)Outside/Inside surface area ratio外内表面积比 (24)(f)Twisted Tape Ratio扭带比 (24)(g)Twisted Tape Width纽带宽 (24)(h)Tapered tube ends for knockback condensers (24)6.3 Bundle结构参数限定 (25)(1)shell entrance/exit壳体入口/出口 (25)(2)Provide disengagement space in shell (pool boilers only) 提供气体空间(只对锅炉使用) (26)(3)Percent of shell diameter for disengagement 指定空间相对于壳体直径的百分比 (27)(4)Impingement(壳体入口设置防冲板或导流板) (27)(a)壳程设置防冲板或导流板的条件 (27)(b)Impingement protection type防冲挡板及导流板类型 (27)(d)Impingement plate diameter防冲板直径 (28)(e)Impingement plate length and width防冲挡板的长度和宽度 (29)(f)Impingement plate thickness防冲挡板的厚度 (29)(g)Impingement distance from shell ID壳体内侧到防冲挡板的距离 (29)(h)Impingement clearance to tube edge防冲挡板到第一排换热管的距离 (29)(i)Impingement plate perforation area %导流板穿孔面积百分数 (29)(3)Layout Options布置 (29)(a)Pass layout布置 (29)(b)Design symmetrical tube layout对称布管选项 (30)(c)Maximum % deviation in tubes per pass每程管子的最大偏差 (30)(d)Number of tie rods拉杆数 (31)(e)Number of sealing strip pairs密封条对数 (32)(f)Minimum u-bend diameterU型管最小的直径 (32)(g)Pass partition lane width隔板间距 (33)(h)Location of center tube in 1st row第一排管中心位置 (34)(i)Outer tube limit diameter布管限定圆直径(设计过程无用) (34)(4)Layout Limits布置的限定 (35)(a)Open space between shell ID and outermost tube壳体内径与最外侧换热管的间距 (35)(b)Distance from tube center换热管管中心与中心线之间的距离 (36)(5)Clearances空隙尺寸 (36)(a)Shell ID to baffle OD壳体内径与折流板外径的距离 (36)(b)Baffle OD to outer tube limit折流板外径到最外侧换热管之间的距离 (36)(c)Baffle tube hole to tube OD折流板管孔到换热管外径之间的距离.. 36 6.4 Baffles折流板 (37)(1)Baffle type折流板类型 (38)(2)Baffle cut(% of diameter)折流板切割率 (40)(3)Baffle cut orientation折流板切割方向 (40)6.5 Tube supports(支承板) (41)(1)Number of Intermediate Supports中间支承数(折流板中支承板数) (41)6.6Rod Baffes折流杆 (44)6.7 Rating/Simulation Data (44)6.8 Nozzles(接管) (45)6.9 热虹吸换热 (58)7、Design Data设计数据 (58)7.1 design Constraints设计参数约束 (59)(1)Shell/Bundle(壳程/约束) (59)(a)、Shell diameter壳体直径 (59)(b)、Tube length换热管长 (59)(c)、Tube passes管程数 (60)(d)、Baffle折流板间距 (61)(e)、Use shell ID or OD as reference以内径还是外径为参考(一般为默认) (61)(f)、Use pipe or plate for small shells指定小直径壳程使用无缝钢管还是有封钢板 (62)(g)、Minimum shells in series最少的换热器个数 (62)(h)、Minimum shells in parallel换热器壳程数 (62)(i)、Allowable number of baffles折流板数限制(一般默认) (62)(j)、Allow baffles under nozzles管口下是否允许放置折流板 (63)(k)、Use proportional baffle cut使用比例切割折流板(一般默认) (63)(2)Process过程 (64)(a)、Allowable pressure drop允许的压力降 (64)(b)管内流速 (65)7.2 材料 (87)三、其它手动设计 (96)1、筒体厚度 (96)第三章换热器设计一、例子已知混合气体的流量为227801kg/h,压力为6.9Mpa,循环冷却水的压力为0.4Mpa,循环水入口温度29℃,出口温度39℃,试设计一台列管式换热器,完成该任务。
管壳式换热器设计介绍
TEMA type
Shell Type
TEMA type Shell Type (1/2)
– E-shell is most commonly used. – F-shell gives pure counter-current flow with two tube passes. – However, longitudinal baffle is difficult to seal with the shell especially when reinserting the shell after maintenance. Therefore, some clients don’t allow to use F-shell. – K-shell is used for pure component boiling service.(kettle reboiler) Longitudinal baffle
Fixed Tubesheet Type Heat Exchanger
U-Tube Type Heat Exchanger
Type of STHE
Floating Head Type Heat Exchanger
Q: Which type is cheapest either H-BEM or HAES?
Type of STHE
固定管板式换热器 Fixed Tubesheet Type
Tubesheets are welded to shell. Simple construction and low cost Shell side mechanical cleaning is impossible. Shell side fluid should be clean and less corrosive (<0.00026m2K/W). Expansion bellows are sometimes required due to metal temp. difference (>60 degC).
第六章 管壳式换热器
2、管子材料的选择(Choice of pipe material) 管子材料应根据设计压力、温度、介质的腐蚀等条件来选择,在满足以上条件的前提下,尽量选 择导热性能好的材料,对于一般介质,可选用普通碳素钢,特别是10、20号无缝钢管。
3、管子长度的选择(Choice of pipe length) 管子长度主要根据工艺计算和整个换热器的几何尺寸的布局来确定,管子越长,换热器单位材料 消耗越低。但管子不能太长,否则对流体产生较大阻力,维修、清洗、运输、安装都不方便,管 子本身受力也不好。常用管长规格为1.5、2、2.5、3、4.5、5、6、7.5、9、12m等。
6.2.3 管板结构(Tube Plate Structure)
1、 管子在管板上的排列(Arrangement of tube) 管壳式换热器的管子在管板上的布置不单只考虑设备的紧凑性,还要考虑流体的性质、结构设计 以及加工制造方面的情况。常用正三角形排列、转角三角债排列、正方形排列、转角正方形排列。
1、管箱与分程隔板 换热器管内流体进出口的空间称为管箱。管箱位于换热器的两端,将介质均匀地分布到各换热管 中,或将管内流体汇集后输送出来。为了便于清洗、检修管子,管箱应采用可拆结构。
固定管板换热器是利用管箱来实现管束分程。在换热器一端或两端管箱内分别安置一定数量的隔 板,将换热器做成多管程。分程隔板有单层和双层两种。
(4)折流板的选择与计算; (5)管子拉脱力的计算; (6)温差应力计算。
6.2 管壳式换热器的结构设计(Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Design)
6.2.1 管子的选用(Selection of pipe)
1、管子直径的选择(Choice of pipe diameter) 换热管直径的确定要考虑管内介质的物性和管内流速、流量。为了提高传热效率,通常要求管内 流体呈湍流,故一般要求管径较小;而且采用小直径的管子,换热器单位体积的换热面积大些, 设备较紧凑。但制造较麻烦,容易结垢,不易清洗,适用于较清洁的流体。粘度大或污浊的流体, 宜选用大直径的管子。 常用的碳钢和低合金钢无缝钢管的规格有Ø19×2、 Ø25×2.5、 Ø32×3、 Ø38×3、不锈钢常采用 Ø25×2、 Ø38×2.5。
管壳式换热器(文件检索论文)
管壳式换热器发展趋势及帘式折流片换热器设计介绍摘要: 文章从管程和壳程两方面介绍了管壳式换热器的发展进程和状况,根据国内外现有的管壳式换热器的发展情况,对管壳式换热器换热管程强化传热技术和壳程强化传热技术做出介绍。
并针对目前管壳式换热器的缺点,设计一种具有新型管束支撑结构的高效节能管壳式换热器——帘式折流片换热器。
关键词:管壳式换热器;发展趋势;强化传热;斜向流Development of tubular Heat Exchanger and a curtain type baffle heatexchangerAbstract:In this article,the progressive process and current situation of tubular heat exchanger were introduced.Based on the development process, the intensified heat transfer techniques used in tube side and shell sidewere briefly introduced.And in light of the shortcomings of the tube and shell heat exchanger, design a kind of new type tube bundle support structure of high efficiency and energy saving tube shell type heat exchanger -- curtain type baffle heat exchangerKeywords.Tubular heat exchanger,Development trends,强化传热intensified heat transfer ;Oblique flow1管壳式换热器壳程支承结构强化传热传统的管壳式换热器,流体经过壳侧转折处和管束两端入口及出口处均存在着涡流滞留区,因此会影响壳程的传热膜系数,并且容易结垢,流阻大,为了强化壳程传热,目前研究的主要途径是:一方面改变管子的形状和表面性质,加入扰动促进体,另一方面改变管支撑物和壳程挡板的形式,这些改进可以降低流体在课程中的阻力,保证流体在壳程中以湍流状态纵向流动,以利于强化壳程传热。
换热器外文翻译 (2)
Heat ExchangersKey Terms Baffles—evenly spaced partitions in a shell and tube heat exchanger that support the tubes, prevent vibration, control fluid velocity and direction, increase turbulent flow, and reduce hot spots. Channel head—a device mounted on the inlet side of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger that is used to channel tube-side flow in a multipass heat exchanger.Condenser—a shell-and-tube heat exchanger used to cool and condense hot vapors.Conduction—the means of heat transfer through a solid, nonporous material resulting from molecular vibration. Conduction can also occur between closely packed molecules.Convection—the means of heat transfer in fluids resulting from currents. Counterflow—refers to the movement of two flow streams in opposite directions; also called countercurrent flow.Crossflow—refers to the movement of two flow streams perpendicular to each other.Differential pressure—the difference between inlet and outlet pressures; represented as ΔP, or delta p.Differential temperature—the difference between inlet and outlet temperature; represented as ΔT, or delta t.Fixed head—a term applied to a shell-and-tube heat exchanger that has the tube sheet firmly attached to the shell.Floating head—a term applied to a tube sheet on a heat exchanger that is not firmly attached to the shell on the return head and is designed to expand (float) inside the shell as temperature rises. Fouling—buildup on the internal surfaces of devices such as cooling towers and heat exchangers, resulting in reduced heat transfer and plugging.Kettle reboiler—a shell-and-tube heat exchanger with a vapor disengaging cavity, used to supply heat for separation of lighter and heavier components in a distillation system and to maintain heat balance. Laminar flow—streamline flow that is more or less unbroken; layers of liquid flowing in a parallel path.Multipass heat exchanger—a type of shell-and-tube heat exchanger that channels the tubeside flow across the tube bundle (heating source) more than once.Parallel flow—refers to the movement of two flow streams in the same direction; for example, tube-side flow and shell-side flow in a heat exchanger; also called concurrent.Radiant heat transfer—conveyance of heat by electromagnetic waves from a source to receivers.Reboiler—a heat exchanger used to add heat to a liquid that was onceboiling until the liquid boils again.Sensible heat—heat that can be measured or sensed by a change in temperature.Shell-and-tube heat exchanger—a heat exchanger that has a cylindrical shell surrounding a tube bundle.Shell side—refers to flow around the outside of the tubes of ashell-and-tube heat exchanger. See also Tube side.Thermosyphon reboiler—a type of heat exchanger that generates natural circulation as a static liquid is heated to its boiling point.Tube sheet—a flat plate to which the ends of the tubes in a heat exchanger are fixed by rolling, welding, or both.Tube side—refers to flow through the tubes of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger; see Shell side.Turbulent flow—random movement or mixing in swirls and eddies of a fluid. Types of Heat Exchangers换热器的类型Heat transfer is an important function of many industrial processes. Heat exchangers are widely used to transfer heat from one process to another.A heat exchanger allows a hot fluid to transfer heat energy to a cooler fluid through conduction and convection. A heat exchanger provides heating or cooling to a process. A wide array of heat exchangers has been designed and manufactured for use in the chemical processing industry. In pipe coil exchangers, pipe coils are submerged in water or sprayed with water to transfer heat. This type of operation has a low heat transfer coefficient and requires a lot of space. It is best suited for condensing vapors with low heat loads.The double-pipe heat exchanger incorporates a tube-within-a-tube design. It can be found with plain or externally finned tubes. Double-pipe heat exchangers are typically used in series-flow operations in high-pressure applications up to 500 psig shell side and 5,000 psig tube side.A shell-and-tube heat exchanger has a cylindrical shell that surrounds a tube bundle. Fluid flow through the exchanger is referred to as tubeside flow or shell-side flow. A series of baffles support the tubes, direct fluid flow, increase velocity, decrease tube vibration, protect tubing, and create pressure drops.Shell-and-tube heat exchangers can be classified as fixed head, single pass; fixed head, multipass; floating head, multipass; or U-tube.On a fixed head heat exchanger (Figure 7.1), tube sheets are attached to the shell. Fixed head heat exchangers are designed to handle temperature differentials up to 200°F (93.33°C). Thermal expansion prevents a fixed head heat exchanger from exceeding this differential temperature. It is best suited for condenser or heater operations.Floating head heat exchangers are designed for high temperature differentia is above 200°F (93.33°C).During operation, one tube sheet is fixed and the other “floats” inside the shell.The floatingend is not attached to the shell and is free toexpand.Figure 7.1 Fixed Head Heat ExchangerReboilers are heat exchangers that are used to add heat to a liquid that was once boiling until the liquid boils again. Types commonly used in industry are kettle reboilers and thermosyphon reboilers.Plate-and-frame heat exchangers are composed of thin, alternating metal plates that are designed for hot and cold service. Each plate has an outer gasket that seals each compartment. Plate-and-frame heat exchangers have a cold and hot fluid inlet and outlet. Cold and hot fluid headers are formed inside the plate pack, allowing access from every other plate on the hot and cold sides. This device is best suited for viscous or corrosive fluid slurries. It provides excellent high heat transfer. Plate-and-frame heat exchangers are compact and easy to clean. Operating limits of 350 to 500°F (176.66°C to 260°C) are designed to protect the internal gasket. Because of the design specification, plate-and-frame heat exchangers are not suited for boiling and condensing. Most industrial processes use this design in liquid-liquid service.Air-cooled heat exchangers do not require the use of a shell in operation. Process tubes are connected to an inlet and a return header box. The tubes can be finned or plain. A fan is used to push or pull outside air over the exposed tubes. Air-cooled heat exchangers are primarily used in condensing operations where a high level of heat transfer is required.Spiral heat exchangers are characterized by a compact concentric design that generates high fluid turbulence in the process medium. As do otherexchangers, the spiral heat exchanger has cold-medium inlet and outlet and a hot-medium inlet and outlet. Internal surface area provides the conductive transfer element. Spiral heat exchangers have two internal chambers.The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association (TEMA) classifies heat exchangers by a variety of design specifications including American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) construction code, tolerances, and mechanical design:●Class B, Designed for general-purpose operation (economy and compactdesign)●Class C. Designed for moderate service and general-purpose operation(economy and compact design)●Class R. Designed for severe conditions (safety and durability) Heat Transfer and Fluid FlowThe methods of heat transfer are conduction, convection, and radiant heat transfer (Figure 7.2). In the petrochemical, refinery, and laboratory environments, these methods need to be understood well. A combination of conduction and convection heat transfer processes can be found in all heat exchangers. The best conditions for heat transfer are large temperature differences between the products being heated and cooled (the higher the temperature difference, the greater the heat transfer), high heating or coolant flow rates, and a large cross-sectional area of the exchanger.ConductionHeat energy is transferred through solid objects such as tubes, heads,baffles, plates, fins, and shell, by conduction. This process occurs when the molecules that make up the solid matrix begin to absorb heat energy from a hotter source. Since the molecules are in a fixed matrix and cannot move, they begin to vibrate and, in so doing, transfer the energy from the hot side to the cooler side.ConvectionConvection occurs in fluids when warmer molecules move toward cooler molecules. The movement of the molecules sets up currents in the fluid that redistribute heat energy. This process will continue until the energy is distributed equally. In a heat exchanger, this process occurs in the moving fluid media as they pass by each other in the exchanger. Baffle arrangements and flow direction will determine how this convective process will occur in the various sections of the exchanger.Radiant Heat TransferThe best example of radiant heat is the sun’s warming of the earth. The sun’s heat is conveyed by electromagnetic waves. Radiant heat transfer is a line-of-sight process, so the position of the source and that of the receiver are important. Radiant heat transfer is not used in a heat exchanger.Laminar and Turbulent FlowTwo major classifications of fluid flow are laminar and turbulent (Figure 7.3). Laminar—or streamline—flow moves through a system in thin cylindrical layers of liquid flowing in parallel fashion. This type of flow will have little if any turbulence (swirling or eddying) in it. Laminar flow usually exists atlow flow rates. As flow rates increase, the laminar flow pattern changes into a turbulent flow pattern. Turbulent flow is the random movement or mixing of fluids. Once the turbulent flow is initiated, molecular activity speeds up until the fluid is uniformly turbulent.Turbulent flow allows molecules of fluid to mix and absorb heat more readily than does laminar flow. Laminar flow promotes the development of static film, which acts as an insulator. Turbulent flow decreases the thickness of static film, increasing the rate of heat transfer. Parallel and Series FlowHeat exchangers can be connected in a variety of ways. The two most common are series and parallel (Figure 7.4). In series flow (Figure 7.5), the tube-side flow in a multipass heat exchanger is discharged into the tubeside flow of the second exchanger. This discharge route could be switched to shell side or tube side depending on how the exchanger is in service. The guiding principle is that the flow passes through one exchanger before it goes to another. In parallel flow, the process flow goes through multiple exchangers at the same time.Figure 7.5 Series Flow Heat ExchangersHeat Exchanger EffectivenessThe design of an exchanger usually dictates how effectively it can transfer heat energy. Fouling is one problem that stops an exchanger’s ability to transfer heat. During continual service, heat exchangers do not remain clean. Dirt, scale, and process deposits combine with heat to form restrictions inside an exchanger. These deposits on the walls of the exchanger resist the flow that tends to remove heat and stop heat conduction by i nsulating the inner walls. An exchanger’s fouling resistance depends on the type of fluid being handled, the amount and type of suspended solids in the system, the exchanger’s susceptibility to thermal decomposition, and the velocity and temperature of the fluid stream. Fouling can be reduced by increasing fluid velocity and lowering the temperature. Fouling is often tracked and identified usingcheck-lists that collect tube inlet and outlet pressures, and shell inlet and outlet pressures. This data can be used to calculate the pressure differential or Δp. Differential pressure is the difference between inlet and outlet pressures; represented as ΔP, or delta p. Corrosion and erosion are other problems found in exchangers. Chemical products, heat, fluid flow, and time tend to wear down the inner components of an exchanger. Chemical inhibitors are added to avoid corrosion and fouling. These inhibitors are designed to minimize corrosion, algae growth, and mineral deposits.Double-Pipe Heat ExchangerA simple design for heat transfer is found in a double-pipe heat exchanger.A double-pipe exchanger has a pipe inside a pipe (Figure 7.6). The outside pipe provides the shell, and the inner pipe provides the tube. The warm and cool fluids can run in the same direction (parallel flow) or in opposite directions (counterflow or countercurrent).Flow direction is usually countercurrent because it is more efficient. This efficiency comes from the turbulent, against-the-grain, stripping effect of the opposing currents. Even though the two liquid streams never come into physical contact with each other, the two heat energy streams (cold and hot) do encounter each other. Energy-laced, convective currents mix within each pipe, distributing the heat.In a parallel flow exchanger, the exit temperature of one fluid can only approach the exit temperature of the other fluid. In a countercurrent flowexchanger, the exit temperature of one fluid can approach the inlet temperature of the other fluid. Less heat will be transferred in a parallel flow exchanger because of this reduction in temperature difference. Static films produced against the piping limit heat transfer by acting like insulating barriers.The liquid close to the pipe is hot, and the liquid farthest away from the pipe is cooler. Any type of turbulent effect would tend to break up the static film and transfer heat energy by swirling it around the chamber. Parallel flow is not conducive to the creation of turbulent eddies. One of the system limitations of double-pipe heat exchangers is the flow rate they can handle. Typically, flow rates are very low in a double-pipe heat exchanger, and low flow rates are conducive to laminar flow. Hairpin Heat ExchangersThe chemical processing industry commonly uses hairpin heat exchangers (Figure 7.7). Hairpin exchangers use two basic modes: double-pipe and multipipe design. Hairpins are typically rated at 500 psig shell side and 5,000 psig tube side. The exchanger takes its name from its unusual hairpin shape. The double-pipe design consists of a pipe within a pipe. Fins can be added to the internal tube’s external wall to increase heat transfer. The multipipe hairpin resembles a typical shell-and-tube heat exchanger, stretched and bent into a hairpin.The hairpin design has several advantages and disadvantages. Among its advantages are its excellent capacity for thermal expansion because of its U-tube type shape; its finned design, which works well with fluids that have a low heat transfer coefficient; and its high pressure on the tube side. In addition, it is easy to install and clean; its modular design makes it easy to add new sections; and replacement parts are inexpensive and always in supply. Among its disadvantages are the facts that it is not as cost effective as most shell-and-tube exchangers and it requires special gaskets.Shell-and-Tube Heat ExchangersThe shell-and-tube heat exchanger is the most common style found inindustry. Shell-and-tube heat exchangers are designed to handle high flow rates in continuous operations. Tube arrangement can vary, depending on the process and the amount of heat transfer required. As the tube-side flow enters the exchanger—or “head”—flow is directed into tubes that run parallel to each other. These tubes run through a shell that has a fluid passing through it. Heat energy is transferred through the tube wall into the cooler fluid. Heat transfer occurs primarily through conduction (first) and convection (second). Figure 7.8 shows a fixed head,single-pass heat exchanger.Fluid flow into and out of the heat exchanger is designed for specific liquid–vapor services. Liquids move from the bottom of the device to the top to remove or reduce trapped vapor in the system. Gases move from top to bottom to remove trapped or accumulated liquids. This standard applies to both tube-side and shell-side flow.Plate-and-Frame Heat ExchangersPlate-and-frame heat exchangers are high heat transfer and high pressure drop devices. They consist of a series of gasketed plates, sandwiched together by two end plates and compression bolts (Figures 7.20 and 7.21). The channels between the plates are designed to create pressure drop and turbulent flow so high heat transfer coefficients can be achieved.The openings on the plate exchanger are located typically on one of the fixed-end covers.As hot fluid enters the hot inlet port on the fixed-end cover, it is directed into alternating plate sections by a common discharge header. The header runs the entire length of the upper plates. As cold fluid enters the countercurrent cold inlet port on the fixed-end cover, it is directed into alternating plate sections. Cold fluid moves up the plates while hot fluid drops down across the plates. The thin plates separate the hot and cold liquids, preventing leakage. Fluid flow passes across the plates one time before entering the collection header. The plates are designed with an alternating series of chambers. Heat energy is transferred through the walls of the plates by conduction and into the liquid by convection. The hot and cold inlet lines run the entire length of the plate heater and function like a distribution header. The hot and cold collection headers run parallel and on the opposite side of the plates from each other. The hot fluid header that passes through the gasketed plate heat exchanger is located in the top. This arrangement accounts for the pressure drop and turbulent flow as fluid drops over the plates and into the collection header. Cold fluid enters the bottom of the gasketed plate heat exchanger and travels countercurrent to the hot fluid. The cold fluid collection header is located in the upper section of the exchanger.Plate-and-frame heat exchangers have several advantages and disadvantages. They are easy to disassemble and clean and distribute heat evenly so there are no hot spots. Plates can easily be added or removed. Other advantages of plate-and-frame heat exchangers are their low fluid resistance time, low fouling, and high heat transfer coefficient. In addition, if gaskets leak, they leak to the outside, and gaskets are easy to replace.The plates prevent cross-contamination of products. Plate-and-frame heat exchangers provide high turbulence and a large pressure drop and are small compared with shell-and-tube heat exchangers.Disadvantages of plate-and-frame heat exchangers are that they have high-pressure and high-temperature limitations. Gaskets are easily damaged and may not be compatible with process fluids.Spiral Heat ExchangersSpiral heat exchangers are characterized by a compact concentric design that generates high fluid turbulence in the process medium (Figure 7.22). This type of heat exchanger comes in two basic types: (1) spiral flow on both sides and (2) spiral flow–crossflow. Type 1 spiral exchangers are used in liquid-liquid, condenser, and gas cooler service. Fluid flow into the exchanger is designed for full counterflow operation. The horizontal axial installation provides excellent self-cleaning of suspended solids.Type 2 spiral heat exchangers are designed for use as condensers, gas coolers, heaters, and reboilers. The vertical installation makes it an excellent choice for combining high liquid velocity and low pressure drop on the vapor-mixture side. Type 2 spirals can be used in liquid-liquid systems where high flow rates on one side are offset by low flow rates on the other.Air-Cooled Heat ExchangersA different approach to heat transfer occurs in the fin fan or air-cooled heat exchanger. Air-cooled heat exchangers provide a structured matrix of plain or finned tubes connected to an inlet and return header (Figure 7.23). Air is used as the outside medium to transfer heat away from the tubes. Fans are used in a variety of arrangements to apply forced convection for heattransfer coefficients. Fans can be mounted above or below the tubes in forced-draft or induced-draft arrangements. Tubes can be installed vertically or horizontally.The headers on an air-cooled heat exchanger can be classified as cast box, welded box, cover plate, or manifold. Cast box and welded box types have plugs on the end plate for each tube. This design provides access for cleaning individual tubes, plugging them if a leak is found, and rerolling to tighten tube joints. Cover plate designs provide easy access to all of the tubes. A gasket is used between the cover plate and head. The manifold type is designed for high-pressure applications.Mechanical fans use a variety of drivers. Common drivers found in service with air-cooled heat exchangers include electric motor and reduction gears, steam turbine or gas engine, belt drives, and hydraulic motors. The fan blades are composed of aluminum or plastic. Aluminum blades are d esigned to operate in temperatures up to 300°F (148.88°C), whereas plastic blades are limited to air temperatures between 160°F and 180°F(71.11°C, 82.22°C).Air-cooled heat exchangers can be found in service on air compressors, in recirculation systems, and in condensing operations. This type of heat transfer device provides a 40°F (4.44°C) temperature differential between the ambient air and the exiting process fluid.Air-cooled heat exchangers have none of the problems associated with water such as fouling or corrosion. They are simple to construct and cheaper to maintain than water-cooled exchangers. They have low operating costs and superior high temperature removal (above 200°F or 93.33°C). Their disadvantages are that they are limited to liquid or condensing service and have a high outlet fluid temperature and high initial cost of equipment. In addition, they are susceptible to fire or explosion in cases of loss of containment.。
课题换热器 毕业设计翻译
Comparison of Water-water Heat Exchanger Between Shell-and-tube Type and Plate TypeAbstract :The closed-cycle cooling water system in the water of heat exchanger selection, discusses in detail the shell and tube heat exchanger with plate structure and properties of technical and economic comparison of selection for the water of heat exchangers provide a reference.Keywords: heat exchanger performance comparisonPower plants have been built from the domestic point of view, for the closed cycle cooling water system of the water of heat exchanger there are two types, one is shell and tube heat exchanger, and the other is a plate heat exchanger. Shell and tube heat exchanger is commonly used in heat exchangers form, in power plant design has been widely used, but some imported units in the domestic power plant, gas-steam combined cycle power plants and nuclear power plants have adopted multi-plate heat exchanger . As the plate heat exchanger compact, light weight, high heat transfer efficiency, a growing interest in it. In this paper, shell and tube and plate heat exchanger to compare two kinds of patterns and make selection of reference.A shell-and plate heat exchanger structure Introduction(1) Shell and tube heat exchangerShell and tube heat exchanger is a former Marine Room, tubes, tube, after thecomposition of the water room. Tubes used to pump-type tubes, which consists of front and rear tube plate, baffle plate, rod, will be away from the tube, heat-exchange component. Rod and tube plate, split-flow plate using threaded connections, heat exchange tube and tube sheet welding using sealed expansion joint increases. In the shell side of the water at the entrance to the tube bundle to set anti-scour plate, in order to prevent the cooling water directly to scour Tube. Bundle into or out of order to reduce friction when the tube in the bundle with the slide. In order to check the clean room, trash, sediment and tube blockage in the water chamber before and after an inspection hole on the end cap. In order to monitor the water of heat exchanger operation, being the cooling water side (except salt water side) and the cooling water side (sea side) imports and exports are set temperature and pressure measuring points, in addition to interfaces with the exhaust and turn on the water.(2) The plate heat exchangerPlate heat exchanger is a corrugated-shaped by a group composed of parallel metal plates in the plate's four corners have the access hole, the side panels were clamped in a fixed plate with a connecting tube and activities of pressed board framework, and used to clamp clamping bolts. The connecting pipe with the hole right in the channel plate, and with hot-swappable external piping connected to two kinds of liquids, heat transfer plates and the activities of pressed sheet hanging below the beam at the top of the bearer by the bottom of the beams so that it aligned location.There is a heat transfer plate itself has a specific shape and is solid tight gasket seal to prevent external leakage, and to heat exchange of the two kinds of liquids by means alternately counter-current flow on heat transfer plates to another within the channel between the . Ripples on the plate not only improve the level of fluid turbulence, and the formation of many points of contact in order to withstand the normal operating pressures. Fluid flow, physical properties, pressure drop and temperature difference determines the number and size of plate.2. Heat exchanger design conditionsHeat exchanger should be designed to meet the maximum output power from the start-up to load when you run a variety of needs, and left a certain margin to ensure the heat exchanger at maximum load, the maximum water temperature and maximum thermal resistance when the dirt, in the prescribed maintenance cycle, able to complete the task given cooling.With the introduction of domestic-type 300 MW coal-fired units, for example, the cooling device requires cooling water inlet temperature is not greater than 37.5 ℃, from the cooling device out of the cooling water is heated before the maximum temperature is about 42.8 ℃, its basic parameters are as follows:In addition to the cooling water salt waterDesign pressure 1.0 MPaFlow 1800 m3 / hOut of water temperature 42.8/37.5Pressure drop of ~ 0.06 MPaCooling water Seawater (seawater and river water alternately change)Design pressure 0.5 MPaInlet temperature 33 ℃Water temperatureCirculating waterDrop of pressure 0.05 ~ 0.06 MPa3.Shell and plate heat exchanger in comparison3.1 Comparison of design parametersAccording to the design of heat exchanger, respectively, made the following three conditions of the program:Program 1:two 100% capacity, Tube shell heat exchangerProgram 2:two 100% capacity plate heat exchangerProgram 3:three 50% capacity plate heat exchangersParameters of the program in Table 1.Table 1.The design parameters of the scheme of heat exchanger3.2 The open-cycle cooling water (water of the cooling water side heat exchanger) system, equipment selection ComparisonAccording to shell and tube and plate heat exchanger and cooling of different structural forms of water, need to choose a different electric filter and the open-cycle cooling water pumps, shown in Table 2.Table 2.The filter and pump parameters of each scheme selectionNo ItemUnit Program 1 (Tube shell type ) Program 2(Plate-type ) Program 3 (Fifty percent plate-type) 1 Type of water and heattransfer Tube shell type Plate-type Plate-type2 The amount of removing saltwater m 3/h 1800 1800 900 3 Water of heat exchanger installed units / run units 2/1 2/1 3/2 4 Each of the cooling area m 21023 785.7 314.6 5 Heat transfer coefficient W/(m 2·k) 3579 4435 6Desalted water entrancetemperatureThe desalted water outlettemperature ℃℃ 42.8 37.5 42.8 37.5 42.8 37.5 7The entrance temperature ofcirculating water The outlet temperature ofcirculating water ℃ ℃ 33 36.5 33 39 33 39 8 The flow rate of circulatingwaterm 3/h -3000 1632 821.4 9MaterialsTitanium tube, titanium composite boardTitanium tubeTitanium tube10 Size mm Φ1800×98004300×1300×34703100×1300×253011Weightkg2700250103720Devices Item Unit Program 1(Tube shell type)Program 2.3 (Plate-type)Open cycle pumpType 24sh- 19A(resistance toseawater)20 sh- 13 A(resistanceto seawater) Flow m3/h 2304~3600 1440~2232Lift mH2O 31.5~20 34~26Motor power kW 280 315 Installationunits台 2 2Operation units 台 1 1电动滤网Type vertical(resistanceto seawater)vertical(resistance toseawater) Flow m3/h -3000 1700Straineraperturemm Φ6 Φ3~43.3 Comparison of flow and heat transfer designShell and tube heat exchanger heat exchanger tubes are the basic building blocks,which has in the pipe flow of a fluid and through the pipe apart from the provision of heat transfer between a fluid surface. According to both sides of the fluid nature of pipe materials, will have a corrosive, water quality, poor water on the pipe flow, water quality, a good addition to brine on the shell side of the tube, so only use seawater corrosion-resistant tubes titanium tube, while cleaning dirt is more convenient, diameter from a heat transfer fluid mechanics point of view, given the use of small-diameter tubes the shell, you can get a larger surface density, but most current experience of the dirt deposited on the surface of the pipe layer, in particular, the cooling water pipe poor, silt and dirt and sea creatures exist, are likely to form a sediment in the wall, will worsen the regular cleaning of heat and work as a necessary restrictions on the tube diameter and the smallest is about cleaning 20 mm, Titanium tube usually taken Φ25 mm, for a given fluid, dirt formed mainly by the impact of the wall temperature and flow rate, in order to get a reasonable maintenance cycle, the water velocity inside tube should be 2 m / s or so (depending on the requirements to allow pressure drop ). As a general cooling water use sea water, river water etc., are prone to causing fouling on the shell and tube heat exchanger, should be based on sediment concentration of water required to set up a regular rubber ball cleaningdevice cleaning.Plate heat exchanger cooling water and cooling water have been on both sides of convection in the corrugated board, corrugated chevron corrugated using these heat transfer plates of corrugated bias, that is adjacent heat transfer plate has the same tilt angle but in a different direction ripple. Cross-sectional area along the flow direction is constant, but because of the ever-changing flow direction resulted in changes in shape of flow channel, which leads to turbulence. The general heat transfer plates of corrugated depth of 3 ~ 5 mm, turbulent flow area is about 0.1 ~ 1.0 m / s, corrugated thin thickness of 0.6 ~ 1 mm, adjacent cubicles have many points of contact in order to to withstand normal operating pressures, the adjacent panels are in the opposite direction of the chevron grooves, two grooves formed at the intersection point of contact that would also eliminate vibration, and in the promotion of turbulence and heat exchange at the same time, eliminating the due fatigue cracks caused by internal leakage. Chevron corrugated high degree of turbulence and high turbulence can give full play to clean them can be particularly effective to minimize the deposition of dirt, but the corrugated point of contact are more poor water quality when the liquid containing suspended solid particles, mixed animals and plants, etc., due to plate gap is very narrow, so as far as possible to ensure that all particles 2 mm or more before entering the heat exchanger, we must filter out, if the filter can not effectively play its role, it prone to clogging.3.4 Comparison of heat transfer coefficientTube shell heat exchanger, a tube of fluid passing through the lateral wall with the pipe flow of another fluid heat exchanger, each vertical cross-flow, the heat transfer coefficient is generally 1000 ~ 3000 w / (m2.k) .Plate heat exchanger, cooling water, cooling water side by side with the uniform turbulent flow, two kinds of reverse flow of fluid, due to the role of ripples caused by turbulence, resulting in a high heat transfer rate, high resistance to pressure drop and high shear stress field, which will led to the formation of inhibiting fouling in the heat transfer surface. The heat transfer coefficient is generally 3500 ~ 5500 w / (m2.k), this can save heat exchanger heat transfer area.3.5 Comparison of temperature differenceShell and tube heat exchanger terminal temperature difference (ie, cooling water inlet temperature and the cooling water outlet temperature difference is) for about5 ℃.Plate heat exchanger, because of its structural features can be economically achieved as low as 1 ℃of temperature difference.3.6 Comparison of cooling waterShell and tube heat exchanger cooling water and is generally the ratio of the cooling water is 1.2 ~ 2.5:1.Plate heat exchanger, due to two kinds of media flow path is basically the same heat transfer efficiency and high, plate heat exchangers can greatly reduce the amount of cooling water, cooling water and is generally the ratio of the cooling water of 0.8 ~ 1.1:1, so that Pipeline valves and pumps can reduce the running costs of the installation.3.7 Comparison of installation and maintenancePlate heat exchanger with small size and light weight characteristics, easy maintenance, without lifting set up maintenance facilities, and therefore less installation area. The artificial maintenance of plate heat exchanger including the folding machine to open, using spray guns and brushes clean plates and gaskets, inspection plates and gaskets, if necessary, replacement plates and gaskets. Plate heat exchangers to clean an annual general meeting, and whether or not the actual needs should be done. When the application of river water, seawater cooling water, poor water quality, due to the presence of silt and dirt, as well as the rapid growth of micro-organisms caused by surface contamination and the risk of clogging. In other countries, application of river water for cooling water, cleaning frequency is high, with an average 3.3 times per year.Shell and tube heat exchanger tube bundle is composed of its own weight were relatively large in size, in the maintenance pumping tube bundle when the need to stay out as long as the distance, it covers an area of more, with the necessary lifting needed to overhaul facilities. Shell and tube heat exchanger design life is generally 30 years, overhaul cycle, four years, when the heat exchanger leakage occurs, (which may be between the tube and tube sheet caused by leaking or broken pipe leakage) can be used blocked tube way in a short time return to work performance, shell and tube heat exchanger to allow plugging of 7% margin. For the cleaning of pipes as needed using rubber ball cleaning device of mechanical cleaning on a regular basis.4. heat exchangers in the domestic power plant operation(1) Huaneng Yueyang Power Plant's two units 362 MW unit, the British manufacturer, plate heat exchanger is supplied complete with the host. Plant is located along the Yangtse, recycled water for the Yangtze River, where the Yangtze River water is characterized by coarse less sand and more plants and more of this recycled water into the steam room before the set up filters to deal with three plants and so on, but according to plant reflection of plate heat exchangers easily blocked, because the rotating filter according to analysis of poor sealing, leakage into the plants, the fundamental issue is the three filtering poor prognosis.(2) Shanghai Wujing Power Plant 6 project hosts the Shanghai production of 300 MW of imported type unit, the unit closed cooling water systems, heat exchanger shell and tube water of the cooling water from the circulating water system supply, recycled water to take The Huangpu River's water, water, garbage, debris more, so water of heat exchanger entrance to set up two open-rotary filter, 11 aircraft fitted with the original design of the filter for the imported equipment, filter pore size 3 ~ 4 mm, due to poor water quality in the Huangpu River, frequently blocked the operation can not be self-cleaning, after numerous debugging invalid, this artificial split in the operation, the total cleaning equipment, labor intensive, but also affect the safe operation of unit Basically, every other day, need to manually cleaning.Analysis was mainly due to small pore size filters, filters in the structure design is not suited to China's water quality. To address the above issues, adopted a new electric automatic backwash filters, filter pore size of ψ 6 mm in good condition after the operation, not to have been blocked.Early Chinese production of the 300 MW coal-fired units are mostly closed cooling water system chosen shell and tube water of heat exchanger operation are better. In recent years, because of technological advances in design optimization needs, shell and tube exchanger Shui covers an area of large maintenance facilities in the main disadvantage of large plant layout optimization is even more prominent in a number of circulating water system for the secondary cooling The crew in the water, taking into account the cooling water of heat exchanger is relatively good water quality, low impurity and pollution as well as the filter structure of continuous improvement, closed cooling water systems also use plate heat exchanger.5 .technical and economic analysisWith the introduction of domestic-type 300 MW units, for example, under thewater of heat exchanger design conditions and closed cycle cooling water system requirements, shell and tube and plate manufacturers made an initial offer, respectively, other major auxiliary equipment is valued comparisons shown in Table 3.Table parison of three schemes of investmentPlate heat exchanger using imported equipment, and its offer when the offer is being made according to the exchange rate converted into yuan, and only consider the value-added tax. The above table does not include maintenance and overhaul costs, its difficult to estimate out, only qualitative analysis, for shell and tube heat exchangers include water-room, dirt handling of leak when plugging costs. Pairs of plate heat exchangers including plate cleaning and gasket replacement, because it is less frequent cleaning of shell and tube, and gaskets to use more than 2 ~ 3 years after the need to be replaced, so the overhaul of plate heat exchangers is higher maintenance costs. Comparison can be seen from the above, Option 1 and Option 2 investmentsComparisonof equipment costsItem UnitProgram 1 (Tube shell type ) Program 2(Plate-type )Program 3 (Fifty percent plate-type)The cost of water to water heat exchanger Million yuan 2×210 2×219 3×122 Open cycle pump Millionyuan 2×28 2×17 2×17 Electric filterMillion yuan 28 30 30 TotalMillion yuan 504 502 430Comparisonof operation costComparison of equipment costs Million yuan 0 -2 -74 Open cycle pump power kW 2×280 2×215 2×215 Electric power filter kW 2×(0.75+0.37)2×(0.37+0.37)2×(0.37+0.37)Comparison of two schemes of powerkW0 -130.76 -130.76 Comparison of annual electricity consumption Milliondegrees 0 -98.07 -98.07 Comparison of annual operating cost Milliondegrees-13.7-13.7almost photogenic.6. ConclusionThrough the shell and tube and plate heat exchanger comparisons can be drawn the following conclusions: plate heat exchanger, heat transfer, heat transfer efficiency, small size and light weight in the disassembly, when the cooling water better, it is a kinds of ideal heat exchanger device. But for a large number of cooling water, sand, dirt, plants and so on exist, filters can not function effectively, it is easy to plug, resulting in frequent cleaning, affecting the safe operation of unit.管壳式与板式水水换热器的比较分析摘要 :通过闭式循环冷却水系统中水水换热器的选型,详细论述了管壳式与板式换热器的结构性能技术经济比较,为水水换热器的选型提供参考。
TEMA(列管式换热器制造商协会标准)规格的管壳式换热器设计原则
TEMA规格的管壳式换热器设计原则——摘引自《PERRY’S CHEMICAL ENGINEER’S HANDBOOK 1999》设计中的一般考虑流程的选择在选择一台换热器中两种流体的流程时,会采用某些通则。
管程的流体的腐蚀性较强,或是较脏、压力较高。
壳程则会是高粘度流体或某种气体。
当管壳程流体中的某一种要用到合金结构时,碳钢壳体加合金质壳程元件比之壳程流体接触部件全用合金加碳钢管箱的方案要较为节省费用。
清晰管子的内部较之清洗其外部要更为容易。
假如两侧流体中有表压超过2068KPa(300 Psig)的,较为节约的结构形式是将高压流体安排在管侧。
对于给定的压降,壳侧的传热系数较管侧的要高。
换热器的停运最通常的原因是结垢、腐蚀和磨蚀。
建造规则“压力容器建造规则,第一册”也就是《ASME锅炉及压力容器规范Section VIII , Division 1》, 用作换热器的建造规则时提供了最低标准。
一般此标准的最新版每3年出版发行一次。
期间的修改以附录形式每半年出一次。
在美国和加拿大的很多地方,遵循ASME 规则上的要求是强制性的。
最初这一系列规范并不是为换热器制造所准备的。
但现在已添加了固定管板式换热器上管板与壳体间的焊接接头的有关规定,并且还包含了一个非强制性的有关管子-管板接头的附件。
目前ASME 正在研究有关换热器的其他规定。
列管式换热器制造商协会标准, 第6版., 1978 (通常引称为TEMA 标准*), 用作在除套管式换热器而外的所有管壳式换热器的应用中对ASME规则的补充和说明。
TEMA “R级”设计就是“用于石油及相关加工应用的一般性苛刻要求。
按本标准制造的设备是设计目的在于在此类应用中严苛的保养和维修条件下的安全性、持久性。
”TEMA “C级”设计是“用于商用及通用加工用途的一般性适度要求。
”而TEMA“B级”是“用于化学加工用途”*译者注:这已经不是最新版的,现在已经出到1999年第8版3种建造标准的机械设计要求都是一样的。
换热器文献翻译之英文部分
A Survey on a Heat Exchangers Network to Decrease EnergyConsumption by Using Pinch TechnologyB.Raei and A.H.TarighaleslamiChemical Engineering Faculty,Mahshahr Branch,lslamic Azad University,Mahshahr 63519,lranReceived:April27,2011/Accepted:July7,2011/Published:December20,2011 Abstract:There are several ways to increase the efficiency of energy consumption and to decrease energy consumption.In this paper.The application of pinch technology in analysis of the heat exchangers network(HEN)in order to reduce the energy consumption in a thermal system is studied.Therefore,in this grass root design,the optimum value ofΔTmin is obtained about10℃and area efficiency(α)is0.95.The author also depicted the grid diagram and driving force plot for additional analysis.In order to increase the amount of energy saving,heat transfer from above to below the pinch point in the diagnosis stage is verified for all options including re-sequencing,re-piping,add heat exchanger and splitting of the flows.Results show that this network has a low potential of retrofit to decrease the energy consumption,which pinch principles are planned to optimize energy consumption of the unit.Regarding the results of pinch analysis,it is suggested that in order to reduce the energy consumption.No alternative changes in the heat exchangers network of the unit is required.The acquired results show that the constancy of network is completely confirmed by the high area efficiency infirmity of the heat exchanger to pass the pinch point and from of deriving force plot.Key words:Pinch technology,heat exchangers network,energy consumption,composite curve,grand composite curve1.At the end of1970s,Umeda and his co-workers in Chiyoda established new technology for optimization of process.During1978to1982,this team by presenting of the concept of processes analysis and composite curve showed how the utility consumption can be evaluated and heat recovery and reduction can be done with using this method.At the same time,Linnhoff and his co-workers considered the analysis of heat exchangers network(HEN)for energy consumption reduction and introduced the concepts such as composite curve as an important tool for heat energy recovery.But contrary to Chiyoda team,they emphasized on a pinch point as a key point for heat recovery and by this reason they chose the name of pinch technology for this method.When the time passed,pinch technology has been developed.As the same as HEN,it is used for optimization of energy consumption in distillation towers,furnaces,evaporators,turbines and reactors.Pinch technology is a systematic method based on first and second laws of thermodynamic,which is used for analysis of chemical processes and utilities.Pinch analysis of an industrial process is used for definition of energy and capital costs of HEN before design and also definition of pinch point.In this method,before design,minimum consumption of utility,minimum demanded network area and minimum number of demanded heat unit at pinch pointare targeted for given process.At next stage,design of HEN will be done to satisfy performed target.Finally,minimum annual cost is obtained with comparison between energy cost and capital cost and trade of them.Therefore,the main goal of pinch analysis is the optimization of process heat integration,increase the process-process heat recovery,and decrease the amount of utility consumption.For analysis,at first,shifted temperature is obtained then temperature and enthalpy plot draw(half of amount of minimum temperature are deducted from hot stream and added to cold stream).Fig.1shows the composite curve and grand composite curve as tools for pinch Analysis.The composite curves(CCs)present the relationship between cumulative enthalpy flow rate and temperature for the HEN hot and cold streams.In practice,CCs are generated by a cumulative process over a temperature range,and the resulting hot and cold CCs are labelled CCh and CCc,respectively.2.Methods and Data2.1Presentation of a Heat Exchanger NetworkIn a heat exchanger network,arrangement of exchangers in the network is important.For representing such arrangement,the concept of“stage"is used.In every stage,the input and output heat of the stage is equal for the entire exchangers that settled on special stream,whereas the number of stages is not too many in an optimal network.In this part,stages of heat exchanger networks analysis for reduction of energy consumption using pinch technology were explained.Since targeting and design is based on extracted data any mistake and careless in data assembling can lead to completely unreal results.In pinch analysis,design data such as supply and target temperature of streams,flow and heat capacity of stream was used and on the other hand,heat exchangers design was related to heat transfer coefficient directly.In Table1,the necessary extracted information and a sample network is represented.In this research,Aspen pinch software has been used.Fig.1Tools for pinch analysis:composite curve(CC)and grand composite curve(Gee).Table1Extracted data.2.2Economical DataCorrect economic data including operation time ,interest rate and equipment life have an important role on successful execution ofretrofit and preparation .The values are shown in Table 2.The condition of utilities which includes steam and cooling water is shown in Table 3.Capital cost and energy cost of network can be calculated with respect to the shells number and the cost of any exchanger calculates with using Eq .(1):c Area b a t CapitalCos )(+=(1)In this equation ,a ,b and C are constant .So that ,“a”is function of pressure intensity .“b”is function of exchanger material and “c”is function of type of exchanger that is different for various exchangers ;SO 0<C <1.Types of exchanger are defined by designer based on nature of chemical materials ,pressure of flows ,pressure condition and ability of corrosion .For carbon-still exchanger ,cost equation is as follow :81.0)(75030800Area t CapitalCos +=。
完整版)HTRI管壳式换热器设计基础教程讲解
完整版)HTRI管壳式换热器设计基础教程讲解XXX HTRI Shell and XXX XXXXXX School of Chemical Engineering and EnergyNovember 2011XXX HTRIThe Heat Transfer Research Institute (HTRI) is a US-based XXX efficient。
reliable。
and low-cost heat XXX design and accounting。
which includes the following components:HTRI.Xist XXX fully incremental program。
Xist includes HTRI's latest point-by-point XXX。
boiling。
single-phase heat transfer。
and pressure drop。
This method is based on a wide range of shell-side and tube-side n。
boiling。
and single-phase heat transfer test data.HTRI.Xphe can design。
account for。
and XXX-based port XXX the flow rate into each plate channel.HTRI.Xace are can design。
account for。
and simulate the performance of air coolers and XXX It can also simulate the performance of air coolers when a unit is shut down。
This are uses HTRI's latest point-by-point XXX.XXX cylindrical and box-type n chambers。
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武汉工程大学邮电与信息工程学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译原文题目: Effectively Design Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers 原文来源: Chemical Engineering ProgressFebruary 1998文章译名:管壳式换热器的优化设计姓名: xxx学号: 62021703xx指导教师(职称):王成刚(副教授)专业:过程装备与控制工程班级: 03班所在学院:机电学部管壳式换热器的优化设计为了充分利用换热器设计软件,我们需要了解管壳式换热器的分类、换热器组件、换热管布局、挡板、压降和平均温差。
管壳式换热器的热设计是通过复杂的计算机软件完成的。
然而,为了有效使用该软件,需要很好地了解换热器设计的基本原则。
本文介绍了传热设计的基础,涵盖的主题有:管壳式换热器组件、管壳式换热器的结构和使用范围、传热设计所需的数据、管程设计、壳程设计、换热管布局、挡板、壳程压降和平均温差。
关于换热器管程和壳程的热传导和压力降的基本方程已众所周知。
在这里,我们将专注于换热器优化设计中的相关应用。
后续文章是关于管壳式换热器设计的前沿课题,例如管程和壳程流体的分配、多壳程的使用、重复设计以及浪费等预计将在下一期介绍。
管壳式换热器组件至关重要的是,设计者对管壳式换热器功能有良好的工作特性的认知,以及它们如何影响换热设计。
管壳式换热器的主要组成部分有:壳体封头换热管管箱管箱盖管板折流板接管其他组成部分包括拉杆和定距管、隔板、防冲挡板、纵向挡板、密封圈、支座和地基等。
管式换热器制造商协会标准详细介绍了这些不同的组成部分。
管壳式换热器可分为三个部分:前端封头、壳体和后端封头。
图1举例了各种结构可能的命名。
换热器用字母编码描述三个部分,例如,BFL 型换热器有一个阀盖,双通的有纵向挡板的壳程和固定的管程后端封头。
根据结构固定管板式换热器:固定管板式换热器(图2)内装有直的换热管,这些管束两端固定在管板上,管板则被焊接在壳体上。
它可能有可拆卸的管箱盖(例如AEL),封头式管箱盖(例如BEM)或者整体管板(例如NEN)。
固定管板式换热器的主要优势是结构简单,成本低。
事实上,固定管板式换热器只要没有设置膨胀节的必要即为成本最低的换热器类型。
另一个显著的优势是拆除管箱后,换热管内部可以进行机械清洗,而且由于没有法兰连接,壳程流体的泄漏量最少。
这种设计的缺点是由于管束固定在管板上不能拆卸,所以换热管外部没法进行机械清洗。
因此它的适用范围局限在壳程侧走干净介质。
然而要是能够采用令人满意的化学清洗方法。
壳程走不干净的介质时也可以选用固定管板式换热器。
在管程和壳程温差大的情况下,管板又无法吸收温差,因此需要一个膨胀节。
在很大程度上,这减少了低成本的优势。
图1管壳式换热器主要设计部件U型管换热器:顾名思义,U型管换热器(图3)的换热管被弯成了U形。
U型管换热器只有一块管板。
然而单管板低成本的这一优势却被U型管弯制及要求壳体直径增大(根据U型弯头最小弯曲半径)而增加的费用所抵消了。
这使得U型管换热器的制造成本与固定管板式换热器的成本不相上下。
图2固定管板式换热器U型管换热器的优点是管束的一端是自由的,所以管束可以随着应力的不同而膨胀或收缩。
此外,由于换热管束可以拆卸所以管子外壁可以进行清洗。
U型管换热器的缺点是管子内壁没法进行有效地清洗,因为U型弯头需要灵活的旋转清洗头来清洗。
因此,U型管换热器换热管内部不应走不洁净介质。
浮头式换热器:浮头式换热器是管壳式换热器最通用的类型,也是最昂贵的。
在浮头式换热器的设计中,一端管板被固定在壳体上,另外一端在壳体中自由移动。
使管束能自由膨胀,也使换热管内外壁都能够清洗。
因此,浮头式换热器适用于管程和壳程都走不洁净介质的场合。
这使得标准类型浮头式换热器可用于不洁净介质的场合,例如石油精炼。
图3 U型管换热器浮头式换热器有各种类型,其中最普遍的有两种,即带钩圈的可抽式浮头(TEMA S)换热器和可抽式浮头(TEMA T)换热器。
带钩圈的可抽式浮头式换热器(图4)是化学过程工业(CPI)中最常见的装置。
浮动端盖通过螺栓将管板连接到一个分块式的衬环上来保证管板的浮动。
封闭的浮动顶盖位于壳体端部的外端并被一个更大直径的壳外上盖所包含。
在拆卸浮头式换热器时,壳外上盖最先被拿掉,然后是分块式的衬环,然后是浮动顶盖,最后管束就可以从固定端拆卸下来了。
图4带钩圈的可抽式浮头换热器可抽式浮头换热器(图5)因为壳体直径比浮动头法兰大,所以整个管束包括装配好的浮动端盖可以从固定端拆卸下来。
浮动端盖由螺栓直接连接在浮动管板上所以不需要分块式的衬环。
图5可抽式浮头换热器这种换热器的优点是管束可以连同壳体或者浮动端盖一起拆下来,从而减少了维护时间。
这种设计特别适用于有不洁净介质的再沸器的设计,U型管不能用于这种再沸器中。
由于增大了壳体,所以这种换热器是最贵的一种类型。
有两种结构的浮动头换热器:外部装配填料函式(TEMA P)和外部装配套环式(TEMA W)(见图1)。
然而,因为它们容易泄漏,其使用仅限于换热器壳程流体是无毒物质,且温度压力都适中(40kg/cm2和300℃)。
根据使用范围基本上,换热器使用时可能是单相的(如冷却或加热液体或气体)或者两相(如冷凝或蒸发)。
由于管壳式换热器有两个使用方向,这可能导致了几种组合的服务。
从广义上讲,服务可以分为以下几类:单相(包括管程和壳程)冷凝(一边冷凝一边单相)气化(一边气化一边单相)冷凝/气化(一边冷凝,一边气化)下列术语经常被使用:换热器:两边都是单相且均为工艺物流(即一种公用介质也没有)。
散热器:一侧物流为工艺流体,另一侧冷却水或空气。
加热器:一侧物流为工艺流体,另一侧为公用的加热介质,如蒸汽或热油。
冷凝器:一侧物流为冷凝气,一侧为冷却水或空气。
冷却器:一侧物流为低于大气温度下被冷凝的工艺流体,另一侧为沸腾制冷剂或工艺流体。
再沸器:一侧物流在蒸馏塔底部流动,另一侧是公用加热介质(蒸汽或热油)或工艺流体。
本文将具体侧重于单相应用。
设计数据在开始设计前,让我们看看实际传热设计中工艺人员应该提供的一些数据。
1.两物流的流量。
2.两物流的进出口温度。
3.两物流的操作压力:对气体介质十分必要,特别是没有提供气体的密度时。
但对液相介质而言,因其特性并未随压力而改变,因此就不一定需要。
4.两物流的允许压力降。
这是换热器设计非常重要的参数。
一般而言,对液体来说,壳体中允许值是0.5~0.7kg/cm2。
粘稠液体允许有较高的压降,特别是在管程端的。
对于气体来说允许的数值在0.05~0.2kg/cm2之间,一般为0.1 kg/cm2。
5.两物流的污垢阻力。
如果这没有提供,设计者应该采用TEMA标准规定的数值或者是根据过去的经验来设计。
6.两物流的物理特性。
这包括粘度、热导率、密度、比热,特别是进出口温度下的物性。
特别是对于液体来说,粘度数据必须提供进出口温度,因为粘度随着温度的变化可能是巨大的,不规则的(不是线性也不是对数的)者必须考虑到。
7.热负荷。
规定管程和壳程的负荷应当一致。
8.换热器的类型。
如果没有提供,设计人员可以根据前面所述不同类型的特点,选择这个结构。
事实上,设计师通常比一个工艺工程师能更好地做到这一点。
9.管线规格。
这可以配合接管口径大小来选取,以避免扩展或减速。
然而,通常的接管,特别是对壳程的进出口,接管尺寸的标准更为严格,因此,接管大小有时必须(或在特殊情况下)比相应的管线规格较大,特别是对小型管线。
10.首选换热管规格。
换热管规格为:外径*厚度*长度。
有些工厂业主的首选外径*厚度(通常基于库存因素),并可用绘图决定管程的最大长度。
许多工厂业主基于库存的考虑喜欢将所有三个方面标准化。
11.壳体最大直径。
这按照管束的拆卸要求来确定,并受到起重机的能力限制。
这种限制仅适用于移动管程束,即U型管换热器和浮动头换热器。
固定管板换热器,唯一的限制是制造商的制造能力和可利用的组件,如蝶形封头和法兰。
因此,浮动头换热器往往局限壳体内径在1.4~1.5米之间,换热管直径为6米或9米,而固定管板式换热器可以有内径为3米的壳体,而管程长度可达12米及以上。
12.结构材料。
如果管程和外壳程是相同的材料制成,所有元件应该是这种材料。
因此,只有壳程和管程的材料需要作出具体规定。
但是,如果壳程和管程是由不同材料组成的,所有主要部件的材料应当明确说明,避免模棱两可。
主要部件是壳体(包括壳体封头),换热管(包括管板),管箱(包括管箱盖),管板和挡板。
管板上可以有覆盖金属层。
13.特殊的考虑。
其中包括循环,环境破坏,经营情况的选择,以及是否有连续或间歇性操作。
管程设计管程的计算方法非常简单,因为管程介质只有一种流动情况,即在循环管道内流动。
传热系数和压降都随管程内速度改变,后者变化更大。
好的设计将充分利用允许的最佳压力降,因为这将产生最高的传热系数。
如果所有的管程侧流体都流过换热管(一个管道),就会产生一定的速度。
通常,这个速度很低不可接受,因此必须加大。
通过在管箱中装上隔板(适当的密封),管程内流体数次流过所有换热管的一小部分。
因此,在一个有200根换热管和两个通道的换热器中,流体一次流过100根换热管,流体的速度将是只有一个通道时流速的两倍。
管程的数目通常有一、二、四、六、八等等。
传热系数管程传热系数是一个关于雷诺数,普朗特数和换热管直径的方程。
这些可以分为以下基本参数:物理特性(即粘度、导热系数、比热)、换热管直径和非常重要的质量流速。
液体粘度的变化是非常巨大的,因此这个物理特性对传热系数有最显著的影响。
管内湍流传热最基本的方程是:Nu=0.027(Re)0.8(Pr)0.33 (1a) 或(hD/k)=0.027(DG/μ)0.8(Pr)0.33(1b) 重新整理得h=0.027(DG/μ)0.8(Pr)0.33(k/D) (1c) 粘度以两种相反的方式影响传热系数就是雷诺数和普朗特数。
因此从方程1c可以得到h α (μ)0.33-0.8 (2a)h α (μ)-0.47 (2b)换句话说,传热系数与粘度的0.47次方成反比。
相似的,传热系数与热导率的0.67次方成正比。
这两个事实导致了一些有关传热学的有趣的概论。
较高的热导率促进了一个较高的传热系数。
因此,冷却水(导热系数约为0.55kcal/h•m2•℃)有极高的传热系数通常是6000 kcal/h•m2•℃,随后是碳氢化合物液体(导热系数在0.08~0.12 kcal/h•m2•℃之间)在250~1300 kcal/h•m2•℃之间,然后是烃类气体(导热系数在0.02~0.03 kcal/h•m2•℃之间)在50~500 kcal/h•m2•℃之间。