分子生物学英文课件:Structure and Function of Proteins

合集下载

分子生物学课件(第二章)

分子生物学课件(第二章)




Cytoplasm(90%), Nucleus(10%),viruses
tRNA
rRNA
mRNA
1.1.2.1 mRNA

Life time is short

Each polypeptide has corresponding mRNA,the difference among different mRNA is quite big (in length and molecular weight);
♬ Experimental basis
① X~ray photograph of DNA with high quality:
DNA specimens from different species have
the same results(constant width; 3.4nm);
② Chargaff rules:the rule of the composition of
Double helix stairway in the Vatican Museum
2.2.1 key notes of DNA double helix

Two polynucleotide chains in a DNA double helix antiparallel(one strand runs in the 5 ’ → 3 ’ direction, whlie its partner runs 3’→5’)
Every Aa at least has a correspnding tRNA(tRNA、 tRNAAla)。


Different tRNA has almost the same big,73-98 Nts

细胞分子生物学2(英文)

细胞分子生物学2(英文)

The red line formed by the repeating -Ca-C-N-Ca- is the backbone of the peptide chain.
Section C: Secondary Structure
1. Hydrogen
Bond
An a helix has the following features:
7. Special structure: proline.
In most amino acids, the R group and the amino group are not directly connected. Proline is the only exception among 20 amino acids found in protein. Due to this special feature, proline is often located at the turn of a peptide chain in the three-dimensional structure of a protein.
H: Transport across Cell Membranes
I: Mobility of Cell Membrances
Section A: Building Blocks - Amino Acids
An amino acid is defined as the molecule containing an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH) and an R group. It has the following general formula, R-CH(NH2)-COOH The R group differs among various amino acids. In a protein, the R group is also called a sidechain.

分子生物学课件 1.绪论

分子生物学课件 1.绪论
分子生物学 Molecular Biology
主讲:徐庆华 东北农业大学 成栋学院
Welcome Each of you to Molecular Biology Class
先修课程: • 生物化学(Biochemistry) • 细胞生物学(Cell Biology) • 遗传学(Genetics)
分子生物学是从分子水平研究生命 本质的一门新兴的学科,是研究核酸、 蛋白质等生物大分子的结构与功能, 并从分子水平阐述蛋白质与核酸、蛋 白与蛋白之间相互作用的关系及其基 因表达调控机理的学科。
分子生物学是当前生命科 学中发展最快并正与其他 学科广泛交叉、渗透的重 要前沿领域。
分子生物学(molecular biology) 研究核酸和蛋白质等生物大分子的结 构及其在遗传信息和细胞信息传递中功能 的一门新兴学科。
1.3.4 研究方法
In study method
●分子生物学是以化学和物理的方法研究大
分子结构,采用生物化学与遗传学相结合
的方法探索其功能并解决大分子结构与功
能及其代谢调节的关系。
◆生物化学主要采用生物化学与化学以及生 理学的方法,探索生命的化学过程,解决 分子转化与能量转换的问题。
1.4 分子生物学简史
• Anti-parallel
• Complementary
• Double-helix
Just for this discovery ,in 1962, Francis Crick won the Nobel Prize jointly with James Watson and Maurice Wilkins,and it makes a new branch subject——Molecular Biology. Just for this discovery, Life science entered a new era . It’s a new milestone in the history of life science.

分子生物学ppt课件

分子生物学ppt课件

基因组大小(Mb)
0.58 1.83 4.20 4.60 13.50 12.50 466 165 97 2700 3000
基因数
470 1743 4100 4288 6034 4929 30000 13601 18424 30000 25000
染色体数*
无 无 无 无 16 16 21 4 6 20 23
包括:
结构基因组学
功能基因组学
三个亚领域.
比较基因组学
28
29
一、病毒基因组 二、原核生物基因组 三、真核生物基因组
30
一、病毒基因组
基因组(genome) 1个配(精子或卵子),1个单倍 体细胞或1个病毒所包含的全套遗传物质的总和。病毒核酸 或为DNA或为RNA,可以统称为病毒染色体。
完整的病毒颗粒具有蛋白质外壳,以保护病毒核酸不 受核酸酶的破坏,并能识别和侵袭特定的宿主。
分子生物学
Molecular Biology
1
What is Molecular Biology?
分子生物学是从分子水平研究生命现象、生命规律和生命本质 的学科。
核心内容是从分子水平研究基因和基因的活动,这些活动主要 通过核酸和蛋白质的活动来实现。
医学分子生物学主要研究人体生物大分子和大分子体系的结构、 功能、相互作用及其与疾病发生、发展的关系。
16
三、基因的结构特点和分类
基因的结构
结构基因:编码区序列(coding region sequence )
在细胞内表达为蛋白质或功能RNA的DNA序列
转录调控序列:非编码序列(non-coding sequence)
基因表达需要的调控区(regulatory region)序列, 包括启动子(promoter)、增强子(enhancer)等。

完整版《分子生物学》 ppt课件

完整版《分子生物学》 ppt课件

底物
模板 Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ
识别 起始 延伸 终止
启动子(-10区、-35区) 转录单位相关概念 CAP位点 识别过程
不依赖ρ因子的终止子: 内在终止子(intrinsic terminator ) 依赖ρ因子的终止子( ρ-dependent terminator )有发夹结构,但GC含量少, 无U串
核mRNA内含子的剪接 Ⅰ内含子的剪接 Ⅱ类内含子的剪接 反式剪接
核mRNA的 拼接体的拼接
类型ⅰ 自我拼接
类型ⅱ自我 拼接
剪接、3’末端CCA结构、碱基修饰 内含子切除(核酸酶的作用,不是
转酯反应) 连接外显子
蛋 白 参与蛋白质生物合成的物质 质 的 蛋白质生物合成过程 生 物 蛋白质合成的干扰与抑制 合 成 蛋白质的降解
一般模式 复制型转座模式 非复制型转座模式 保守型转座模式 TnA转座模式
通过反义RNA的翻译水平控制 甲基化作用控制转座酶合成及
其与DNA的结合
转座引起插入突变 造成插入位点靶DNA的少量碱基
对重复 插入位点出现新基因 引起染色体畸变 转座引起的生物进化 切除效应 外显子改组
动子:(上游控制元件),-165~ -40,影响转录的频率。
♠ -25bp:TATA盒(Hogness box),识别起 始位点
♠ -75bp:CAAT盒(CAATCT) ,决定启动子
♠ -110bp:GC盒的(G转G录GC频G率G),R调N控A起始聚和合酶I的启动子
转录频率
RNA聚合酶Ⅱ的启动子
分子生物学 Molecular Biology
总结复习 Review and Summarize
2020/12/22
1
绪论
引言 分子生物学简史 分子生物学的研究内容 分子生物学进展 分子生物学展望

分子生物学(全套课件557P)

分子生物学(全套课件557P)

分子生物学(全套课件557P)简介分子生物学是研究生物分子结构、功能和相互作用的学科。

它涉及到核酸、蛋白质和其他生物分子的研究,以及它们在细胞和生物体中的功能。

本文档是一套全面的分子生物学课件,共有557页。

本课件旨在帮助读者系统地了解分子生物学的各个方面,包括基本的分子生物学原理、实验技术、研究方法以及应用等。

目录1.第一章:分子生物学概述2.第二章:DNA结构与功能3.第三章:RNA结构与功能4.第四章:蛋白质结构与功能5.第五章:基因表达调控6.第六章:基因突变与遗传变异7.第七章:分子生物学实验技术8.第八章:分子生物学研究方法9.第九章:分子生物学的应用领域第一章:分子生物学概述1.1 什么是分子生物学分子生物学是研究生物体内分子的结构、功能以及相互作用的学科。

它涉及到DNA、RNA、蛋白质等生物分子的研究,以及它们在细胞和生物体中的功能。

1.2 分子生物学的历史与发展分子生物学起源于20世纪50年代,当时发现DNA是物质遗传信息的携带者后,科学家们开始研究DNA的结构和功能,从而奠定了现代分子生物学的基础。

1.3 分子生物学的重要性分子生物学的研究对于了解生命的本质和机理至关重要。

它不仅有助于解释遗传现象,还可以揭示细胞的结构、功能和调控机制,甚至为疾病的诊断和治疗提供理论基础。

2.1 DNA的组成与结构DNA是由基因序列组成的生物分子,它由核苷酸组成。

本节将介绍DNA的基本结构、双螺旋结构和碱基对的配对方式。

2.2 DNA复制与遗传信息传递DNA复制是细胞分裂过程中最重要的事件之一,它确保了遗传信息的传递和稳定性。

本节将介绍DNA复制的过程和机制。

2.3 DNA修复与突变DNA在生物体内容易受到各种外界因素的损伤,因此细胞拥有多种修复机制来修复DNA损伤。

本节将介绍DNA修复的方式和维护基因组稳定性的重要性。

3.1 RNA的种类与功能RNA是DNA转录的产物,它在细胞内发挥着多种功能,包括mRNA的编码信息传递、tRNA的氨基酸运载和rRNA的构建核糖体等。

分子生物学课件(共51张PPT)

分子生物学课件(共51张PPT)
二级结构
蛋白质局部主链的空间结构, 包括α-螺旋、β-折叠等。
三级结构
整条肽链中全部氨基酸残基的 相对空间位置Байду номын сангаас即整条肽链每 一原子的相对空间位置。
四级结构
由两条或两条以上的多肽链组 成的一类结构,每一条多肽链
都有完整的三级结构。
蛋白质的功能与分类
结构蛋白:作为细胞的结构,如膜蛋白,染色体蛋白等 。 酶:催化生物体内的化学反应。
分子生物学是生物学的重要分支
01
分子生物学以生物大分子为研究对象,揭示生命现象的分子基
础,是生物学的重要分支之一。
分子生物学推动生物学的发展
02
分子生物学的发展推动了生物学的研究从细胞水平向分子水平
深入,为生物学的发展提供了新的理论和技术支持。
分子生物学与其他学科的交叉融合
03
分子生物学与遗传学、生物化学、微生物学、免疫学等学科存

表观遗传学调控
通过改变染色质结构和DNA 甲基化等方式来调控基因表达

05
蛋白质的结构与功能
蛋白质的分子组成
氨基酸
蛋白质的基本组成单元,共有20 种标准氨基酸。
肽键
连接氨基酸之间的主要化学键。
辅基与辅酶
某些蛋白质还包含辅基或辅酶, 以辅助其功能的发挥。
蛋白质的结构层次
一级结构
指蛋白质中氨基酸的排列顺序 。
重组DNA分子的构建和 筛选
PCR技术及其应用
01
02
PCR技术的基本原理和步骤
引物的设计和选择
03
04
PCR反应体系和条件优化
PCR技术在DNA扩增、突变 分析、基因分型等领域的应用
基因克隆与基因工程

分子生物学英文课件:Eukaryote gene and genome

分子生物学英文课件:Eukaryote gene and genome
Exon: segments of eukaryotic gene (or of the primary transcript of that gene) that are saved as part of a functional, mature mRNA, rRNA or tRNA molecules. Intron: segments of eukaryotic gene (or of the primary transcript of that gene) that are removed by splicing during RNA processing and are not included in the mature, functional mRNA, rRNA, or tRNA.
Repetitive sequences
高度重复序列(highly repetitive sequence) 中度重复序列(moderately repetitive sequence) 单拷贝序列(single copy sequence)或低度重复序列
(一)高度重复序列(highly repetitive sequence)
➢ Have unique structure elements
基因 -N
转录起点
+1
结构基因区
调控区
mRNA 5’
AUG
翻译起点
蛋白质 N
转录 翻译
转录终点
+N
UAA
3’
翻译终点
C
Gene expression: DNA→mRNA→Protein DNA →RNA
mRNA
mRNA
转录
tRNA
rRNA

分子生物学名词解释(英文)

分子生物学名词解释(英文)

Structure and Function of Nucleic Acid1.The primary structure of nucleic acid is the sequence of nucleoside monophosphates from 5’ end to 3’ end in nucleic acid . (usually written as the sequence of bases).2.DNA denaturation:A DNA has lost its’ native conformation and double strand DNA is separated to single strand DNA by exposed to a destabilizing factor such as heat, acid, alkali,urea or amide. (when high temperature is used to denature DNA, the DNA is said to be melted). 3.Tm:is melting temperature at which half (50%) of DNA molecules are denatured.4. Annealing :The process of renaturation of heat denatured DNA by slowly cooling is called annealing.5.Hyperchromic effect: the absorbance at 260nm of a DNA solution increases when the double helix is melted into single strands.6.Hybridization: when heterogeneous DNA or RNA are put together, they will become to heteroduplex via the base-pairing rules during renaturation if they are complementary in parts (not complete). This is called molecular hybridization.Replication1.The Central Dogma:It described that the flow of genetic information is from DNA to RNA and then to protein. According to the central dogma of molecular biology, DNA directs the synthesis of RNA, and RNA then directs the synthesis of proteins.2.Semiconservative replication:* The two parental strands separate and that each then serves as a template;* 4 kinds of dNTP as the stock;* Catalyzed by DNA polymerase;* Follow the usual base-pairing rules of A with T and G with C;* Each daughter duplex has one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand.3.Okazaki fragments :The Short segments of DNA (1000-2000 bases in bacteria, 150-200 bases in eukaryotes) formed in the discontinuous lagging strand synthesis of DNA and are rapidly joined by DNA ligase to form a continuous DNA strand.4.Replicon:A unit of DNA that is replicated from one replication origin. 5.Primosome:The protein complex containing DnaB, DnaC, primase (DnaG), DNA oriC sequence and other factors that initiates synthesis of DNA.DNA synthesis proceeds in a 5'→3' direction and is semidiscontinuous. One of the new DNA strands is synthesized continuously and the other discontinuously in short pieces:6.Leading strand :The strand that is continuously synthesized (in the same direction as replication fork movement).7.Lagging strand:The strand that is synthesized discontinuously in short pieces (Okazaki fragments) in a direction opposite to the direction of replication fork movement. The Okazaki fragments are then spliced together by DNA ligase.8.Telomere:Specialized structure at the end of a linear eukaryotic chromosome, which consists of tandem repeats of a short T,G-rich sequence on the 3’ ending strand and its complementary sequence on the 5' ending strand, allows replication of 5' ends of the DNA without loss of genetic information and maintains the stability of eukaryotic chromosome.9.Telomerase:An RNA-containing reverse transcriptase that using the RNA as a template, adds nucleotides to the 3’ ending strand and thus prevents progressive shortening of eukaryotic linear DNA molecules during replication. Human telomerase contains three parts:Human telomerase RNA, hTRHuman telomerase associated protein 1, hTP1Human telomerase reverse transcriptase, hTRT10.Reverse Transcription:Synthesis of a double-strand DNA from an RNA template. 11.Reverse transcriptase:A DNA polymerase that uses RNA as its template.RNA-dependent DNA polymeraseRNaseDNA-dependent DNA polymeraseGene Recombination and Genetic Engineering1. DNA Cloning:To clone a piece of DNA, DNA is cut into fragments using restriction enzymes. The fragments are pasted into vectors that have been cut by restriction enzyme to form recombinant DNA. The recombinant DNA are needed to transfer and replicate DNA in a host cell.This serial process and related technique are called DNA cloning, also called gene cloning.2. Genomic DNA library:The collection of bacteria clones that contain all the DNA in the organism’s genome on vector of plasmids or bacteriophage.3. α-complementation:some plasmid vectors (eg,pUC19) carry lacZ gene, whose product αfragment is the N-terminal of the β-galactosidase. Whereas, the mutant E.coli strain only synthesize the ω fragment, which is the C-terminal of the enzyme. Eitherα or ω fragment alone is nonfunctional. When the vector containing lacZ is introduced into mutant E.coli, both theαand ωfragments are present. So there is an interaction and a functionally intact β-galactosidase can form. This interaction is called α- complementation.Regulation of Gene Expression1. Housekeeping gene: It is the genes coding for proteins that are needed for basic life processes in all kinds of cells(such as enzymes for citric acid cycle).2. Operon:consists of more than 2 coding sequences, promoter, operator and other regulatory sequences clustered in the genome.3. Promoter: It is the specific DNA sequence binding to RNA-pol to initiate transcription.4. Enhancer: consisting of several functional elements, apart from transcriptional initiation site, enhancing the activity of promoter, determining the stage and spatial specificity, functioning in different direction and distance on upstream or downstream。

分子生物学英文课件:genetic engineering

分子生物学英文课件:genetic engineering
Recombinant DNA: is a form of artificial DNA that is engineered through the combination or insertion of one or more DNA strands.
DNA cloning involves separating a specific gene or segment of DNA from its larger chromosome and attaching it to a small molecule of carrier DNA, then replicating this modified DNA thousands of times. The result is a selective amplification of that particular gene or DNA segment.
Structure of pBR322: ---A common cloning vector derived from a naturally occurring plasmid ---Having antibiotic resistance genes for selection of transformants containing the plasmid ---Having unique restriction enzyme cleavage sites for insertion of foreign DNA ---Having origin of DNA replication (ori) for propagation in E. coli
Vector
Plasmid Bacteriophage

分子生物学(全套课件396P)pptx

分子生物学(全套课件396P)pptx

DNA修复机制包括直接修复、 切除修复、重组修复和SOS修 复等,用于维护DNA分子的完 整性和稳定性。
PART 03
RNA结构与功能
REPORTING
RNA种类及特点
mRNA(信使RNA)
携带遗传信息,指导蛋白质合成。
rRNA(核糖体RNA)
与蛋白质结合形成核糖体,是蛋白质合成的 场所。
tRNA(转运RNA)
分子生物学(全套课件 396P)pptx
REPORTING
• 分子生物学绪论 • DNA结构与功能 • RNA结构与功能 • 蛋白质合成与功能 • 基因表达调控机制 • DNA损伤修复与重组技术
目录
PART 01
分子生物学绪论
REPORTING
分子生物学定义与发展
分子生物学的定义
在分子水平上研究生物大分子的结 构和功能,究生物大分子的结构和功能方面有很多交 叉,但分子生物学更侧重于在分子水平上揭示生命现象的本质。
与细胞生物学的关系
分子生物学与细胞生物学在研究细胞的结构和功能方面密切相关,但 分子生物学更侧重于研究细胞内的分子机制和信号传导。
与医学的关系
分子生物学在医学领域有着广泛的应用,如基因诊断、基因治疗和药 物研发等,为医学的发展提供了重要的理论和技术支持。
THANKS
感谢观看
REPORTING
识别并携带氨基酸,参与蛋白质合成。
其他非编码RNA
如microRNA、siRNA等,参与基因表达调 控。
RNA转录后加工与修饰
01
02
03
04
5'端加帽
在mRNA的5'端加上甲基鸟嘌 呤帽子结构,保护mRNA不被
降解。
3'端加尾
  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
Molecular biology stage ( Latter half of the 20th century)
1951 Pauling α-helix ;1953 Watson,Crick proposed that DNA is a double helix by X-ray , open Molecular biology subject. From featur of Molecular structure explain the phenomena of life
Biomolecules of living organisms
1. Small molecules
H2O(60%) 12 Bioelements :C、H、N、O(96%)、P、S、Ca、K、 Na、 Mg、Fe and Cl (in ele-table ,90 in nature,20 cell bioplasm细胞原生质)
2. Biological macromolecules
proteins(16%)(蛋白质)(enzyme,酶) nucleic acids(核酸): DNA glycoproteins (糖蛋白, 糖+蛋白质) proteoglycan (蛋白聚糖) lipoproteins (脂蛋白, 脂+蛋白质) nucleoproteins (核蛋白, 核酸+蛋白质)
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
The history(200) of Biochemistry development
Narrative Biochemistry stage( Before the end of the 19th century )
Inorganics, organics were synthesized to form Life , urea 1828 NCONH4△H2NCONH2 Combustion theory, Metabolism is the essence of life, Oxidation maintain life processes. Cell is basic structure unit of living body, all reaction in cell , place The chemical nature of enzyme was protein, 1833, Amylase ,Pepsase have function in vitro Hemoglobin given blood red, 1864,Hemoglobin was isolated from blood and crystalzed, Mb
Dynamic biochemistry stage (The middle of 20th century )
Glycolysis (6-C glucose—13—3-C lactic acid) in no O2 TCA,1937,Acetly-Co-A-2C-TCA---CO2 NADH---OXPHOS---ATP H2O in O2 . Lipids, AA go TCA Metabolism and energy metabolism, anabolism and catabolism
1958,Crick,confirmed direction of stream for Gene information,Central dogma 1968, CDMB and anti- direction of stream from RNA-DNA by reverse transcriptase Set up the theoretical system of Molecular biolog
Molecular Biology is a part of biochemistry
To explain:Basic life science of study structure and function of macromoleculea and gene’expression and rugulation
Biochemistry contents
➢ Protein structure and function (1) ➢ Enzyme (3) ➢ Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and
amino acids (6, 7, 9) ➢ Biological oxidation (8) ➢ Metabolism of Nonnutritive Substance (11) ➢ Metabolic Integration & regulation (12)
trace element : Mn、 I、Co、Cu、Mo、Zn、V、B、Al、 Si、F、Se、Sn、Ni and Cr.(2011.2.14 German Li, life nama-mode)
carbohydrates (糖类) lipids (脂类) amino acids (氨基酸类) vitamins (维生素类) and others
and regulation 3. Genetic information transfer and control
At molecular level to explain the mechanisms and law of living processes
The transition of matter and energy
What is Biochemistry(Chemistry of Life)
To explain: Basic life science of study chemical molecular and reaction in organism(in vivo)
1. Structure and functions of biomolecules 2. Metabolism (Chemical reactions) of matter
相关文档
最新文档