英语专业高级英语2 lesson 11,12 words and paraphrase
现代大学英语精读2 lesson11+vocabulary
Lesson ElevenPre-class WorkRead the text a third time. Learn the new words and expressions listed below. Glossaryambitionn. a strong desire for success, power, riches, etc.bandn. a group of musicians who play popular music togethercashierv. to work as a clerk whose job is to receive and pay out money in a shop, bank, hotel, etc.clarityn. clearnessconsciencen. 良心contrastn. a difference between people, ideas or thingsdimen. a silver coin of the U. S., worth ten centsdismaladj. lacking hope or comfort, showing or causing sadnessembracen. the act of holding sb. close to you as a sign of loveemergev. to come out or appear from somewhereenhancev. to increase good qualities in sb. or sth.errandn. a short trip to do sth. for sb.expandv. to become largerfantasyn. imaginationfineryn. beautiful or expensive clothes and jewelry worn for special occas ions freshmann. a first-year student at a high school or universityfrugallyadv. carefully in the way of using money, buying only what is necessary giddyadj. feeling a little sick and unable to balance because everything seems to be movinggrievev. to feel extremely sad, esp. when sb. you love has diedgypsyn. 吉卜赛人hornn. a musical instrument 号；管humbleadj. having a low social class or position, not proudindulgev. to let yourself do or have what you want even if it is bad for you 放纵，纵容intolerableadj. too difficult, unpleasant, annoying, etc. for you to bearlavishadj. A ～meal is a meal that is large and generous and costs a lot of money. licensen. an official paper showing that permission has been given to do sth. 许可证lumpyadj. 疙瘩不平的marvelv. to feel great surprise and admiration formattressn. 床垫miraclen. 奇迹miserlyadj. a ～person is a person who hates to spend moneyonrushn. a strong fast movement forwardparlorn. a sitting room where people may receive guests (old-fashioned) quitv. to leave a jobretirev. to stop working at the end of one's working lifesalonn. beauty ～: a place where you can get your hair cutseekv. to look for or ask forsecond-rateadj. not very goodsentimentaladj. too easily affected by tender feelings such as love, sadness, etc. shabbyadj. looking old and in bad conditionskaten. 冰鞋v. to move on ice wearing ice-skatessmartv. to hurt with stinging painsorrown. unhappiness, sadness or griefsplendidadj. excellentspreen. a short period of time doing sth. you enjoystomachn. an organ in the body where food is digested 胃sufferv. to tolerate or standsuitcasen. a case with flat sides used for carrying clothes when travellingthreadbareadj. worn out; in bad conditiontop-heavyadj. not properly balanced because of too much weight at the toptransformv. to completely change the appearance, form or character of sth. esp. in a way that improves ittrappedadj. in a bad situation from which you can't escapeurgev. to strongly advise sb. to do sth.vagueadj. not clearwardroben. the clothes that sb. haswistfullyadv. sadly and thoughtfully because you want sth. but cannot have itProper NamesBess贝丝（女子名，Elizabeth 的爱称）Lottie洛蒂（女子名，charlotte 的别名）Text AThe Richer, the PoorerRead the text once for the main idea. Do not refer to the notes, dictionaries or the glossary yet.Over the years Lottie had urged her sister Bess to prepare for her old age. Over the years Bess had lived each day as if there were no other. Now they were both past sixty. Lottie had a bank account that had never grown lean. Bess had the clothes on her back, and the rest of her worldly possessions in an old suitcase. Lottie had hated being a child, seeing her parents constantly worrying about money, Bess had never seemed to notice. All she ever wanted was to go outside and play. She learned to skated on borrowed skates. She rode a borrowed bicycle. Lottie couldn't wait to grow up and buy herself the best of everything. As soon as anyone would hire her, Lottie put herself to work. She looked after babies, she ran errands for the old.She never touched a penny of her money, though her child's mouth watered for ice cream and candy. When the dimes began to add up to dollars, she lost her taste for sweets.By the time she was twelve, she was clerking after school in a small variety store. Saturdays she worked as long as she was wanted. She decided to keep her money for clothes. When she entered high school, she would wear a wardrobe that no one else would be able to match.But her freshman year found her unable to indulge this fantasy, particularly when her admiring instructors advised her to think seriously of college. No one in her family had ever gone to college. She would show them all what she could do, if she put her mind to it.She began to bank her money, and her bankbook became her most precious possession.In her third year of high school, she found a job in a small but expanding restaurant, where she cashiered from the busy hour until closing. In her last year of high school, the business increased so rapidly that Lottie was faced withthe choice of staying in school or working full time.She made her choice easily. A job in hand was worth two in the future.Bess had a boy-friend in the school band, who had no other ambition except to play a horn. Lottie expected to be settled with a home and family while Bess was still waiting for Harry to earn enough to buy a marriage license.That Bess married Harry straight out of high school was not surprising. That Lottie never married at all was not really surprising either. Two or three times she was halfway persuaded, but to give up a job that paid well for a homemaking job that paid nothing was a risk she was incapable of taking. Bess's married life was nothing for Lottie to envy. She and Harry lived like gypsies, with Harry playing in second-rate bands all over the country, even getting himself and Bess stranded in Europe. They were often in rags and never in riches.Bess grieved because she had no child, not having sense enough to know she was better off without them. Very likely she would have dumped them on Lottie's doorstep.That Lottie had a doorstep was only because her boss, having bought a second house, offered Lottie his first house at a price so low and terms so reasonable that it would have been like losing money to refuse.She shut off the rooms she didn't use, letting them go to ruin. Since she ate her meals out, she had no food at home, and did not encourage callers, who always expected a cup of tea.Her way of life was mean and miserly, but she did not know it. She thought she lived frugally in her middle years so that she could live in comfort when she most needed peace of mind.The years, after forty, began to race. Suddenly Lottie was sixty, and made to retire by her boss's son, who had no sentimental feeling about keeping her on until she was ready to quit.She made several attempts to find other employment, but nobody would hire her. For the first time in her life Lottie would gladly have worked for nothing, to have some place to go, something to do with her day.Harry died abroad, in a third-rate hotel, with Bess weeping as hard as if he had left her a fortune. He had left nothing but his horn. There wasn't even money for her passage home.Lottie, trapped by the blood tie, knew she would have to send Bess money to bring her home.It took Lottie a week to get a bedroom ready, a week of hard work and hard cash. There was everything to do, everything to replace or paint. When she was through the room looked so fresh and new that Lottie felt she deserved it more than Bess.She would let Bess have her room, but the mattress was so lumpy, the carpet so worn, the curtains so threadbare that Lottie's conscience bothered her. She knew she would have to redo that room, too, and went about doing it eagerly. When she was through upstairs, she was shocked to see how dismal downstairslooked by comparison. She tried to ignore it, but with nowhere to go to escape it, the contrast grew more intolerable.She worked her way from kitchen to parlor, persuading herself she was only improving the rooms to give herself something to do. At night she slept like a child after a long and happy day of playing house. She was having more fun than she had ever had in her life. She was living each hour for itself.There was only a day now before Bess would arrive. Passing her gleaming mirrors, at first with vague awareness, then with painful clarity, Lottie saw herself as others saw her, and could not stand the sight.She went on a spending spree from the specialty shops to beauty salon, emerging transformed into a woman who believed in miracles.She was in the kitchen cooking a turkey when Bess rang the bell. Her heart raced, and she wondered if the heat from the oven was responsible.She went to the door, and Bess stood before her. Stiffly she suffered Bess's embrace, her heart racing harder, her eyes suddenly smarting from the onrush of cold air."Oh, Lottie, it's good to see you," Bess said, but saying nothing about Lottie's splendid appearance. Upstairs Bess, putting down her shabby suitcase, said, "I'll sleep like a rock tonight," without a word of praise for her lovely room. At the lavish table, top-heavy with turkey, Bess said, "I'll take light and dark both," with no marveling at the size of the bird, or that there was turkey for two elderly women, one of them too poor to buy her own bread.With the glow of good food in her stomach, Bess began to tell stories. They were rich with places and people, most of them lowly, all of them magnificent. Her face reflected the joys and sorrows of her remembering, and above all, the love she lived by that enhanced the poorest place, the humblest person.Then it was that Lottie knew why Bess had made no mention of her finery, or the shining room, or the twelve-pound turkey. She had not even seen them. Tomorrow she would see the room as it really looked, and Lottie as she really looked, and the warmed-over turkey in its second-day glory. Tonight she saw only what she had come seeking, a place in her sister's home and heart.She said, "That's enough about me. How have the years used you?""It was me who didn't use them," said Lottie with regret. "I saved for them. I forgot the best of them would go without my ever spending a day or a dollar enjoying them. That's my life story, a life never lived. Now it's too near the end to try."Bess said, "To know how much there is to know is the beginning of learning to live. Don't count the years that are left us. At our time of life it's the days that count. You've too much catching up to do to waste a minute of a waking hour feeling sorry for yourself." Lottie grinned, a real wide open grin, "Well, to tell the truth I felt sorry for you. Maybe if I had any sense I'd feel sorry for myself, after all. I know I'm too old to kick up my heels, but I'm going to let you show me how. If I land on my head, I guess it won't matter. I feel giddy already, and I like it."。
高级英语第二册课件PPt,教材
( magazine + catalog) 杂志目录
Blends
comint ( communications + intelligence) 通讯情报
reasons to stay
1. He is a self-employed businessman Magna product -- the name of his company implication: How great the loss it would be if the house was destroyed. 2. His present house was in a better condition than his former house.
2. To be acquainted with some literary terms
3. To learn to use words to describe disasters and violence
4. To appreciate the language features 5. To learn to write a story about disasters.
dust which moves in a relatively narrow path can be devastating in its destructiveness.*image-1* cyclone -- a vortex, usually hundreds of miles in diameter*image-2*
(完整word版)《高级英语》第二册paraphrase整理
第二课1.The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelictbuilding-lot.The burying-ground is nothing more than a huge piece of wasteland full of mounds of earth looking like a deserted and abandoned piece of land on which a building was going to be put up.2.All colonial empires are in reality founded upon that fact.All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies like animals (by not treating the people in the colonies as human beings).3.They rise out of the earth, they sweat and starve for a few years, and then they sinkback into the nameless mounds of the graveyard.They are born. Then for a few years they work, toil and starve. Finally they die and are buried in graves without a name.4. A carpenter sits crosslegged at a prehistoric lathe, turning chair-legs at lightningspeed.Sitting with his legs crossed and using a very old-fashioned lathe, a carpenter quickly gives a round shape to the chair-legs he is making.5.Instantly, from the dark holes all round, there was a frenzied rush of Jews. Immediately from their dark hole-like cells everywhere a great number of Jews rushed out wildly excited.6.every one of them looks on a cigarette as a more or less impossible luxury.Every one of these poor Jews looked on the cigarette as a piece of luxury which they could not possibly afford.7.Still, a white skin is always fairly conspicuous.However, a white-skinned European is always quite noticeable.8.In a tropical landscape one’s eye takes in everything except the human beings.If you take a look at the natural scenery in a tropical region, you see everything but the human beings.9.No one would think of running cheap trips to the Distressed Areas.No one would think of organizing cheap trips for the tourists to visit the poor slum areas(for these trips would not be interesting).10.For nine-tenths of the people the reality of life is an endless, backbreaking struggleto wring a little food out of an eroded soil. Life is very hard for ninety percent of the people. With hard backbreaking toil they can produce a little food on the poor soil.11.She accepted her status as an old woman, that is to say as a beast of burden.She took it for granted that as an old woman she was the lowest in the community, that she was only fit for doing heavy work like an animal.12.People with brown skins are next door to invisible.People with brown skins are almost invisible.13.The splendid bodies were hidden in reach-me-down khaki uniformsThe Senegales soldiers were wearing ready—made khaki uniforms which hid their beautiful well—built bodies.14.How long before they turn their guns in the other direction?How much longer before they turn their guns around and attack us?15.Every white man there had this thought stowed somewhere or other in his mind. Every white man, the onlookers, the officers on their horses and the white N. C. Os.marching with the black soldiers, had this thought hidden somewhere or other in his mind.第三课1.And it is an activity only of humans.And conversation is an activity which is found only among human beings. (Animals and birds are not capable of conversation.)2.Conversation is not for making a point.Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our idea or point of view.3.In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose.In fact a person who really enjoys and is skilled at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his point of view.4.Bar friends are not deeply involved in each other’s lives.People who meet each other for a drink in the bar of a pub are not intimate friends for they are not deeply absorbed or engrossed in each other’s lives.5.It could still go ignorantly on.The conversation could go on without anybody knowing who was right or wrong.6.There are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef.These animals are called cattle when they are alive and feeding in the fields; butwhen we sit down at the table to eat. We call their meat beef.7.The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building their Frenchagainst his own language.The new ruling class by using French instead of English made it difficult for the English to accept or absorb the culture of the rulers.8.English had come royally into its own.The English language received proper recognition and was used by the King once more.9.The phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by thelower classed.The phrase, the King’s English, has always been used disrespectfully and jokingly by the lower classes. The working people very often make fun of the proper and formal language of the educated people.10.Te rebellion against a cultural dominance is still here.There still exists in the working people, as in the early Saxon peasants, a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class.11.There is always a great danger that “words will harden into things for us.”There is always a great danger that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent．For example，the word “dog” is a symbol representing a kind of animal. We mustn’t regard the word “dog” as being the animal itself.12.Even with the most educated and the most literate, the King’s English slips andslides in conversation.Even the most educated and literate people do not use standard, formal English all the time in their conversation.第四课1.And yet the same revolutionary beliet for which our forebears fought is still at issuearound the globe.Our ancestors fought a revolutionary war to maintain that all men were created equal and God had given them certain unalienable rights which no state or ruler could take away from them. But today this issue has not yet been decided in many countries around the world. 2.This much we pledge---and more.This much we promise to do and we promise to do more.3.United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures.United and working together we can accomplish a lot of things in a great number of joint undertakings.4.But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers.We will not allow any enemy country to subvert this peaceful revolution which brings hope of progress to all our countries.5.Our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced theinstruments of peace.The United Nations is our last and best hope of survival in an age where the instruments of war have far surpassed the instruments of peace.6.To enlarge the area in which its writ may run.We pledge to help the United Nations enlarge the area in which its authority and mandate would continue to be in effect or in force.7.Before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity inplanned or accidental self-destruction.Before the terrible forces of destruction, which science can now release, overwhelm mankind; before this self-destruction, which may be planned or brought about by an accident, takes place8.Yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand ofmankind’s final war.Yet both groups of nations are trying to change as quickly as possible this uncertain balance of terrible military power which restrains each group from launching mankind's final war.9.So let us begin anew, remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign ofweakness.So let us start once again (to discuss and negotiate) and let us remember that being polite is not a sign of weakness.10.Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors.Let both sides try to call forth the wonderful things that science can do for mankind instead of the frightful things it can do.11.Each generation of American has been summoned to give testimony to its nationalloyalty.Americans of every generation have been called upon to prove their loyalty to their country (by fighting and dying for their country's cause).12.With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of ourdeeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love.Let history finally judge whether we have done our task welt or not, but our sure reward will be a good con-science for we will have worked sincerely and to the best of our ability.第七课1.Boy and man, I had been through it often before.As a boy and later when I was a grown-up man, I had of- ten travelled through the region.2.But somehow I had never quite sensed its appalling desolation.But somehow in the past I never really perceived how shocking and wretched this whole region was.3.It reduced the whole aspiration of man to a macabre and depressing joke.This dreadful scene makes all human endeavors to advance and improve their lot appear as a ghastly, saddening joke.4.The country itself is not uncomely, despite the grime of the endless mills.The country itself is pleasant to look at, despite the sooty dirt spread by the innumerable mills in this region.5.They have taken as their model a brick set on end.The model they followed in building their houses was a brick standing upright. / All the houses they built looked like bricks standing upright.6.This they have converted into a thing of dingy clapboards, with a narrow,low-pitched roof.These brick-like houses were made of shabby, thin wooden boards and their roofs were narrow and had little slope.7.When it has taken on the patina of the mills it is the color of an egg long past allhope or caring.When the brick is covered with the black soot of the mills it takes on the color of a rotten egg. 8.Red brick, even in a steel town, ages with some dignity.Red brick, even in a steel town, looks quite respectable with the passing of time. / Even in a steel town, old red bricks still appear pleasing to the eye.9.I award this championship only after laborious research and incessant prayer.I have given Westmoreland the highest award for ugliness after having done a lot of hard work and research and after continuous praying.10.They show grotesqueries of ugliness that, in retrospect, become almost diabolical. They show such fantastic and bizarre ugliness that, in looking back, they become almost fiendish and wicked./ When one looks back at these houses whose ugliness is so fantastic and bizarre, one feels they must be the work of the devil himself.11.It is incredible that mere ignorance should have achieved such masterpieces ofhorror.It is hard to believe that people built such horrible houses just because they did not know what beautiful houses were like.12.On certain levels of the American race, indeed, there seems to be a positive libidofor the ugly.People in certain strata of American society seem definitely to hunger after ugly things; while in other less Christian strata, people seem to long for things beautiful. 13.They meet, in some unfathomable way, its obscure and unintelligible demands. These ugly designs, in some way that people cannot understand, satisfy the hidden and unintelligible demands of this type of mind.14.They made it perfect in their own sight by putting a completely impossiblepenthouse, painted a staring yellow, on top of it.They put a penthouse on top of it, painted in a bright, conspicuous yellow color and thought it looked perfect but they only managed to make it absolutely intolerable. 15.Out of the melting pot emerges a race which hates beauty as it hates truth.From the intermingling of different nationalities and races in the United States emerges the American race which hates beauty as strongly as it hates truth．。
高级英语第二册课文翻译及词汇
高级英语第二册课文翻译及词汇第一课迎战卡米尔号飓风词汇(Vocabulary)lash (v.): move quickly or violently猛烈冲击；拍打pummel (n.): beat or hit with repeated blows，esp．with the fist(尤指用拳头)连续地打course (n.): a way of behaving；mode 0f conduct行为；品行；做法demolish (v.): pull down．tear down，or smash to pieces (a building，etc．)，destroy：ruin 拉倒；打碎；拆毁；破坏；毁灭motel (n.):a hotel intended primarily for those traveling by car, usually with direct access from each room to an area for cars汽车游客旅馆gruff (adj.): rough or surly in manner or speech；harsh and throaty；hoarse粗暴的，粗鲁的；粗哑的。
嘶哑的batten (n.): fasten with battens用压条钉住(或固定)methodically (adv.): orderly，systematically有秩序地；有条理地main (n.): a principal pipe, or line in a distributing system for water, gas, electricity, etc(自来水，煤气，电等的)总管bathtub (n.): a tub，now usually a bathroom fixture，in which to take a bath浴盆，浴缸generator (n.): a machine for changing mechanical energy into electrical energy；dynamo发电机，发动机scud (v.): run or move swiftly；glide or skim along easily疾行，飞驰；掠过mattress (n.): a casing of strong cloth or other fabric filled with cotton，hair，foam rubber，etc．床垫；褥子pane (n.):a single division of a window，etc.，consisting of a sheet of glass in a frame；such a sheet of glass窗格；窗格玻璃disintegrate (v.): separate into parts or fragments; break up；disunite分裂，分解，裂成碎块blast (n.): a strong rush of(air or wind)一股(气流)；一阵(风)douse (n.): plunge or thrust suddenly into liquid；drench; pour liquid over把…浸入液体里；使浸透；泼液体在…上brigade (n.): a group of people organized to function。
高级英语第二册 unit 1-10 italicized words
Lesson 11. since the water mains might be damaged (Para 5)main: a principal pipe or line in a distributing system for water, gas, electricity, etc.2. sit out the storm with the Koshaks (Para 6)sit out: stay until the end of3. another neighbor came by on his way inland (Para 6)come by;(American English) pay a visit4. the French doors in an upstairs room blew in (Para 8)blow in：burst open by the storm.5. the generator was doused (Para 9)douse: put out(a light, fire, generator, etc.) quickly by pouring water over it6. the electrical systems had been killed by water (Para 11)kill：(American English)to cause(an engine etc.) to stop7. it devasted everything in its swath (Para 19)swath：the space covered with one cut of a scythe; a long strip or track 0f any kind8. she carried on alone for a few bars (Para 21)bar：a measure in music；the notes between two vertical lines on a music sheet9. make it a lean-to against the wind (Para 25)1ean-to：a shed or other small outbuilding with a sloping roof．the upper end of which rests against the wall of another building10. and he pitched in with Seabees in the worst volunteer work of all (Para 33)Seabee：a member of the construction battalions of the Civil Engineer Corps of the U．S．Navy，that build harbor facilities，airfields，etc．Seabee stands for CB, short for Construction Battalion．Lesson 21. wailing a short chant over and over again (para 2)chant：words repeated in a monotonous tone of voice2. an Arab navvy working on the path nearby (para 6)navvy：abbreviation of “navigator”，a British word meaning an unskilled laborer，as on canals，，roads，etc．3. he stowed it gratefully (para 7)stow：put or hide away in a safe place4. his left leg is warped out of shape (para 9)warp：bend，curve，or twist out of shape5. as the Jews live in a self-contained community (para 11)self-contained：self—sufficient；having within oneself or itself all that is necessary6. the plough is a wretched wooden thing (para 18)wretched：poor in quality，very inferior7. all of them are mummified with age and the sun (para 19)mummified：thin and withered，looking like a mummy8. their splendid bodies were hidden in reach-me-down khaki uniforms (para 23)reach-me-down：(British colloquialism)second—hand or ready—made clothing9. so had the officers on their sweating chargers (para 26)charger：a horse ridden in battle or on paradeLesson 31. on the rocks：metaphor，comparing a marriage to a ship wrecked on the rocks2．get out of bed on the wrong side：be in a bad temper for the day (The meaning is perhaps derived from the expression “You got out of bed the wrong way”．It was an ancient superstition that it was unlucky to set the left foot on the ground first on getting out of bed．) 3．on wings：metaphor，comparing conversation to a bird flying and soaring．It means the conversation soon became spirited and exciting．4．turn up one’s nose at：scorn；show scorn for5．into the shoes：metaphor(or more appropriately an idiomatic expression)，think as if one were wearing the shoes of the Saxon peasant，i．e．as if one were a Saxon peasant6 come into one’s own：receive what properly belongs to one，especially acclaim or recognition7．sit up at：(colloquial)become suddenly alert and take notice oflesson 41. the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly a century and three-quarters ago (para 1) Prescribe: set down or impose2. for man holds in his mortal hands the power (para 2)mortal: of man (as a being who must eventually die)3. is still at issue around the globe (para 3)at issue: in dispite; still to be decided4. disciplined by a hard and bitter peace (para 3)disciplined: received training that developed self-control and character5. to which we are committed today (para 3)committed: bound by promise, pledged6. to witness or permit the slow undoing of these human rights (para 3)undoing : abolishing7. we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder (para 6)at odds: .in disagreement ; quarreling split asunder : split apart ; disunited8. to be replaced by a far more iron tyranny (para 7 )iron: cruel; merciless9. struggling to break the bonds of mass misery (para 8)bounds: chains; fetters10. to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective (para 10)invective: a violent verbal attack; strong criticism, insuits, curses, etc.11. to enlarge the area in which its writ may run (paral0)writ : (archaic) a formal written document ; specifically, a legal instrument in letter form issued under seal in the name of the English monarch from Anglo—Saxon times to declare its grants，wishes and commands(Here it refers to the United Nations Charter．)run：continue in effect or force12. that stays the hand of mankind's final war (para 13)stays：restrains13. tap the ocean depths (para 17)tap：draw upon or make use of14. not as a call to bear arms.., but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle (para 22) bear：take on；sustainlesson 51. that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline (para 3)discipline :a branch of knowledge or learning2. my brain was as powerful as a dynamo (para 4)dynamo: an earlier form for generator, a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy3. pausing in my flight (para 8)flight :fleeing or running away from4. when the Charleston came back (para 11)Charleston: a lively dance in 4/4 time, characterized by a twisting step and popular during the 1920's5. They shed. (para 16)shed: cast off or lose hair6. Don't you want to be in the swim? (para 17)in the swim：conforming to the current fashions。
高级英语第二册Paraphrase
高级英语第二册ParaphraseParaphraseLesson One1.We’re elevated 23 feet.-Our house has been raised by 23 feet in comparison with the past.2.The place has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever bothered it.-The house has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever caused any damage to it.3.We can batten down and ride it out.-We can make the necessary preparations and survive the hurricane without much damage.4.The generator was doused, and the lights went out.-Water got into the generator and put it out. It stopped producing electricity, so the lights also went out.5.Everybody out the back door to the cars!6.The electrical systems had been killed by water.-The electrical systems in the car had been put out by water.7.John watched the water lap at the steps, and felt a crushing guilt.-As John watched the water inch its way up the steps, he felt a strong sense of guilt because he blamed himself for endangering the whole family by deciding not to flee inland.8.Get up through this mess, will You?-Oh God, please help us to get through this storm safely.9.She carried on alone for a few bars; then her voice trailed away.-Grandmother Koshak sang a few words alone and the hervoice gradually grew dimmer and stopped.10.Janis had just one delayed reaction.-Janis displayed rather late the exhaustion brought about by the nervous tension cause by the hurricane.Lesson Three11.And it is an activity only for humans.-And conversation is an activity which is found only among human beings (animals and birds are not capable of conversation).12.Conversation is not for making a point.-Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our ideas or point of view. In a conversation we should not try to establish the force of an idea or argument.13.In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose.-In a fact a person who really enjoys and is skilled at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his point of view.14.Bar friends are not deeply involved in each other’s lives.-People who meet each other for a drink in the bar of a pub are not intimate friends for they are not deeply absorbed ore ngrossed in each other’s lives.15.…it could still go ignorantly on…-The conversation could go on without anybody knowing who was right or wrong.16.There are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef (boeuf).-These animals are called cattle when they are alive and feeding in the fields; but when we sit down at the table to eat, we call their meat beef. The words “beef”comes from the French word “boeuf.”17.The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building theirFrench against his own language.-The new ruling class by using French instead of English made it difficult for the English to accept or absorb the culture of the rulers.18. English had come royally into its own.-The English language received proper recognition and was used by the king once more.19. The phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by thelower -classes.20. The rebellion against cultural dominance is still there.-There still exists in the working people, as in the early Saxon peasants, a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class.21. There is always great danger that “word will harden into things for us.”-There is always a great danger that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent.22. Even with the most educated and the most literate, the King’s English slips andslides in conversation.-Even the most educated and literate people use non-standard, informal, colloquial English rather than standard, formal English in their conversation.Lesson Four23. And yet the same revolutionary belief for which ourforebears fought is still atissue around the globe, the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state but from the hand of God.-Our ancestors fought a revolutionary war to maintain that all men were created equal and God had given them certain unalienable rights which no state or ruler could take away from them. But today this issue has not yet been decided in many countries around the world.24. This much we pledge—and more.-This much we promise to do and we promise to do more.25. United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. Divided,there is little we can do, for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder.-Bond together we can accomplish a lot of things in the variety of joint ventures.Divided, we can do nothing because we cannot deal with the strong threat in disagreement and split apart.26. But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers.-We will not allow any enemy country to subvert this peaceful revolution which brings hope of progress to all our countries.27. Our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced theinstruments of peace.-The United Nations is our last and best hope of survival in an age where theinstruments of war have far surpassed and exceeded theinstruments of peace. 28. …to enlarge the area in which its writ may run…-29. …before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanityin planned or accidental self-destruction….-before the terrible forces of destruction, which science can now release, overwhelm mankind; before this self-destruction, which may be planned or brought about by an accident, takes place.30. …yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand ofmankind’s final war.-Yet both groups of nations are trying to change as quickly as possible this uncertain balance of terrible military power which restrains each group from launching mankind’s final war.31. So let us begin anew, remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign ofweakness,…-So let us start once again (to discuss and negotiate) and let us remember that being polite is not a sign of weakness.32. Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors.-Let both sides try to call forth the wonderful things that science can do for mankind instead of the rightful things it can do. Let both sides try to use science to produce good and beneficial things for man instead of employing it to bring frightful destruction.33. …each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to itsnational loyalty.-Americans of every generation have been called upon to prove their loyalty to their country (by fighting and dying for their country’s cause).34. With a good conscience our only sure reword, with history the final judge of ourdeeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love, asking His blessing and His help, but knowing that here on earth God’s work must truly be our own.-With God’s blessing and help, let us start leading the country we love. Knowing that on earth we must do what God want us to do. Let history finally judge whether we have done our task well or not but our sure reward will be a good conscience, for we will have worked sincerely and do the best of our ability. Lesson Seven35. …boy and man, I had been through it often before.-As a boy and later when I was a grown-up man, I had often traveled through the region.36. But somehow I had never quite sensed its appalling desolation.-But somehow in the past I never really perceived how shocking and wretched this whole region was.37. and here was a scene so dreadfully hideous, so intolerably bleak and forlorn that itreduced the whole aspiration of man to a macabre and depressing joke.-The scene that we met the eye was terribly ugly and the whole region was so miserable and gloomy that it was unbearable. This dreadful scene (in a regionwhich produces through its industry the wealth to makeAmerican the richest and grandest nation) makes all human endeavors to advance and improve their lot appear as a ghastly, saddening joke.38. The country itself is not uncomely, despite the grime of the endless mills.-The country itself is pleasant to look at, despite the sooty dirt spread by the innumerable mills in this region.39. They have taken as their model a brick set on end.-The model they followed in building their houses was a brick standing upright.All the houses they built looked like bricks standing upright.40. This they have converted into a thing of dingy clapboards, with a narrow,low-pitched roof.-These brick-like houses were made of shabby, thin wooden boards and their roofs were narrow and had little slope.41. When it has taken on the patina of the mills it is the color of an egg long past allhope or caring.-When the brick is covered with the black soot of the mills it takes on the color ofa rotten egg.42. Red brick, even in a steel town, ages with some dignity.-Red brick, even in a steel town, looks quite respectable with the passing of time.Even in a steel town, old red bricks still appear pleasing to the eye.43. I award this championship only after laborious research and incessant prayer.-I have given Westmoreland the highest award for uglinessafter having done a lot of hard work and research and after continuous praying. I came to the conclusion that Westmoreland had the most loathsome towns and villages only after visiting and comparing many places not only in the United States but also in other countries and after constantly praying to God for guidance.44. They show grotesqueries of ugliness that, in retrospect, become masterpieces ofhorror.-They show such fantastic and bizarre ugliness that, in looking back, they become almost fiendish and wicked. When one looks back at these houses whose ugliness is so fantastic and bizarre one feels they must be the work of the devil himself. 45. It is incredible that mere ignorance should have achieved such masterpieces ofhorror.-It is hard to believe that people people built such horrible houses just because they did not know what beautiful houses were like.46. On certain levels of the American race, indeed, there seems to be a positive libidofor the ugly, as on other and less Christian levels there is a libido for the beautiful.-People in certain strata of American society seem definitely to hunger after ugly things; while in other less Christian strata, people seem to long for things beautiful.47. They meet, in some unfathomable way, its obscure and unintelligible demands.-These ugly designs, in some way that people cannot understand, satisfy the hidden and unintelligible demands of its type of mind.48. …they made it perfect in their own sight by putting a completely impossiblepenthouse, painted a staring yellow, on top of it.-They put a penthouse on top of it, painted in a bright, conspicuous yellow color and thought it looked perfect but they only managed to make it absolutely intolerable.49. Out of the melting pot emerges a race which hates beauty as it hates truth.-From the intermingling of different nationalities and races in the United States emerges the American race which hates beauty as strongly as it hates truth. Lesson Eight50. However primitive and simple his method of work may be, by the very fact ofproduction, he has risen above the animal kingdom; rightly has he been defined as “the animal that produces”.-To whatever degree primitive and simple his method of work may be, because of the fact itself that man produces, he has developed to a much higher level than all the other animals; so man has been correctly and justifiably defined as the animal that makes and manufactures things.51. Work is also his liberator from nature, his creator as a social and independentbeing.-Work also sets man free from nature and makes him into a social being independent of nature.52. Whether we think of the beautiful paintings in the caves of Southern France, theornaments on weapons among primitive people, the statues and temples of Greece, the cathedrals of the Middle Ages, the chairs and tables made by skilled craftsmen, or the cultivation offlowers, trees or corn by peasants--all are expressions of the creative transformation of nature by man’s reason and skill.-Every kind of work (utilitarian and artistic), no matter when it was done or who did it, provides an example of man applying his intelligence and his skill to change nature creatively.53. There is no split of work and play, or work and culture.-The worker finds pleasure in his work and through work he also develops his mind. Therefore, pleasure and work go together and so does the cultural development of the worker and his work.54. Work became the chief factor in a system of “innerworldly asceticism,” an answerto man’s sense of aloneness and isolation.-Work became, according to Weber, the chief element in a system that preached an austere and self-denying way of life. Work was the only thing that soothed those who felt alone and isolated because of this ascetic life.55. Work has become alienated from the working person.-Work has been separated from the worker and the worker is not interested in it at all. Instead, he feels estranged from it or hostile to it.56. Work is a means of getting money, not in itself a meaningful human activity.-Work helps the worker to earn some money; except this it is not an activity with much significance.57. because a pay check is not enough to base one’s s elf-respect on.-because just earning some money is not enough for a worker to establish hisself-respect.58. …most industrial psychologists are mainly concernedwith the manipulation of theworker’s psyche.-Most industrial psychologists are mainly trying to manage and control the worker’s mind.59. It is going to pay off in cold dollars and cents to management,…-Better relations with the public will yield large profits to management.60. But this usefulness often serves only as a rationalization for the appeal to completepassivity and receptivity.-The fact that many gadgets are indeed useful is often used by advertisers as a mere “high-minded” cover for the real, vulgar appeal to idleness and submissiveness.61. …he has a feeling of fraudulency about his product and a secret contempt for it.-The businessman gets the knowledge that the quality of his product doesn’t match what it should be. Conscious of the deception involved, he despises the goods he produces.Lesson Ten62. The slightest mention of the decade brings nostalgic recollections to themiddle-aged and curious questionings by the young.-At the very mention of the Twenties, middle-aged people begin to recall it longingly and young people become curious and begin to ask questions about it. 63. The rejection of Victorian gentility was, in any case, inevitable.-Anyway, it was inevitable for American to discard Victorian gentility which upheld the middle-class respectability and affected refinement characteristic of Victorian England.64. The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian socialstructure,…-The war only helped to speed up the collapse of the Victorian social structure. 65. But at the same time it was tempted, in American at least, to escape itsresponsibilities and retreat behind an air of naughty alcoholic sophistication and a pose of Bohemian immorality.-But at the same time, in America at least, the young people are strongly disposed to escape their responsibilities. They pretend to be worldly-wise and disregard conventional standards of behavior, drinking and breaking the traditional morality naughtily.66. Prohibition afforded the young the additional opportunity of making theirpleasures illicit,…-The young people found more pleasure in drinking because Prohibition made it a kind of adventure.67. …our young men began to enlist under foreign flags.-Our young men joined the foreign armies to fight in the war.68. …they “wanted to get into the fun before the whole thing turned belly up”.-they wanted to take part in the adventure of war before it ended.69. …they had outgrown towns and families…-they could not adapt themselves to life in their hometowns and families anymore.70. … the returning veteran also had to face the sodden, Napoleonic cynicism ofVersailles, the hypocritical do-goodism of Prohibition, andthe smug patriotism of the war profiteers.-the returning veterans also had to face the stupid cynicism shown by the victorious allies in Versailles who acted just like Napoleon once did. They had to face Prohibition through which the lawmakers hypocritically expected to do good to the people. And they also had to face the self-content patriotic air of the war profiteers.71. Something in the tension-ridden youth of America had to “give”…-Under this pressure something in the young people, who were already very tense, had to break down.72. After the war, it was only natural that hopeful young writers, their minds and pensinflamed against war, Babbittry, and “Puritanical” gentility, should flock to the traditional artistic center…-After the war, it was only natural the promising young writers whose thoughts and writings extremely opposed war, Babbittry and “Puritanical” gentility, should come in great numbers to live in the Greenwich Village, the traditional artistic center.73. Each town had its “fast” set which prided itself on its unconventionality,…-Each town was proud that it had a group of wild unconventional people.。
高级英语第二册课件11
count
any of the charges in an indictment, each of which gives a reason and is sufficient for prosecution; any of a group of offences of which a person is accused
conservative politicians member of a former British political party, traditionally in opposition to the Whig Party. director sb. who administers or dire of the public that is thought to be easily influenced by advertising and the media Admass the art of advertising or way of persuading people to buy stuff which they may not need battle conflict between Admass and Englishness At least on the surface, when Englishness is put against the power and success of Admass, Englishness seems to put up a rather poor weak performance. Englishness Admass a faint pencil sketch a poster in full colour
the English people may hotly argue and abuse and quarrel with each other but there still exists a lot of natural sympathetic feeling for each other Not everybody may have or be able to display this instinctive fellow-feeling. shop steward a union member elected to represent coworkers in dealings with management what the wealthy employers would really like to do is to whip all the workers whom they consider to be lazy and troublesome people there are not many snarling shop stewards in the workshop, nor are there many cruel wealthy employers on the board of managers
高级英语第二册8-12课paraphrase
第八课1….by the very fact of production, he has risen above the animal kingdom.Because of the fact itself that man produces, he has developed far beyond all other animals.2. Work is also his liberator from nature, his creator as a social and independent of nature.Work also frees man from nature and makes him into a social being independent of nature.3. …all are expressions of the creative transformation of nature by man’s reason and skill.All the above-mentioned work shows how man has transformed nature through his reason and skill.4. There is no split of work and play, or work and culture.Therefore pleasure and work went together; so did the cultural development of the worker go hand in hand with the work he was doing.5. Work became the chief factor in a system of “inner worldly asceticism”, an answer to man’s sense of aloneness and isolation.Work became the chief element in a system that preached an austere and self-denying way of life. Work was the only thing that brought relief to those who felt alone and isolated leading this kind of ascetic life.6. Work has became alienated from the working person.In capitalist society the worker feels estranged from or hostile to the work he is doing.7. Work is a means of getting money, not in itself a meaning human activity.Work helps the worker to earn some money; and earning money only is an activity without much significance or purpose.8. …a pay check is not enough to base one’s self-respect on.Just earning some money is not enough to make a worker have a proper respect of himself.9. …most industrial psychologists are mainly concerned with the manipulation of the worker’s psyche.Most industrial psychologists are mainly trying to manage and control the mind of the worker.10. It is going to pay off in cold dollars and cents to management.Better relations with the public will yield larger profits to management. The management will earn larger profits if it has better relations with the public.11. But this usefulness often serves only as a rationalization for the appeal to complete passivity and receptivity.The fact that many gadgets are indeed useful is often used by advertisers as a more "high-minded" cover for what is reallya vulgar, base appeal to idleness and willingness to accept things.12. He has a feeling of fraudulency about his product and a secret contempt for it.The businessman knows the quality or usefulness of his product is not what it should be. He despises the goods he produces, conscious of the deception involved.第九课1. With a clamor of bells that set the swallows soaring, the Festival of Summer came to the city Omelas.The loud ringing of the bells, which sent the frightened swallows flying high, marked the beginning of the Festival of Summer in Omelas.2. Their high calls rising like the swallows’ crossing flights over the music and singsing.The shouting of the children could be heard clearly above the music and singing like the calls of the swallows flying by overhead.3. Exercised their restive horses before the race.The riders were putting the horses through some exercises because the horses were eager to start and stubbornly resisting the control of the riders.4. Given a description such as this one tends to make certain assumptions.After reading the above description the reader is likely to assume certain things.5. These were not simple folk, not dulcet shepherds, noble savages, bland utopians.The citizens of Omelas were not simple people, not kind and gentle shepherds, not savages of high birth, nor mild idealists dreaming of a perfect society.6. This is the treason of artist: a refusal to admit the banality of evil and the terrible boredom of pain.An artist betrays his trust when he does not admit that evil is nothing fresh nor novel and pain is very dull and uninteresting.7. They were nature, intelligent, passionate adults whose lives were not wretched.They were fully developed and intelligent grown-up people full of intense feelings and they were not miserable people.8. Perhaps it would be best if you imagined it as your own fancy bids, assuming it will rise to the occasion.Perhaps it would be best if the reader pictures Omelas to himself as his imagination tells him, assuming his imagination willbe equal to the task.9. The faint insistent sweetness of drooz may perfume the way of the city.The faint but compelling sweet scent of the drug drooz may fill the streets of the city.10. Perhaps it was born defective, or perhaps it has become imbecile through fear, malnutrition and neglect.Perhaps the child was mentally retarded because it was born so or perhaps it has become very foolish and stupid because of fear, poor nourishment and neglect.11. Its habits are too uncouth for it to respond to humane treatment.The habits of the child are so crude and uncultured that it will show no sign of improvement even if it is treated kindly and tenderly.12. Their tears at the bitter injustice dry when they begin to perceive the terrible justice of reality, and to accept it.They shed tears when they see how terribly unjust they have been to the child, but these tears dry up when they realize how just and fair though terrible reality was.第十课1. The slightest mention of the decade brings nostalgic recollections to the middle-aged.At the very mention of this post-war period, middle-aged people begin to think about it longingly.2. The rejection of Victorian gentility was, in any case, inevitable.In any case, an American could not avoid casting aside its middle-class respectability and affected refinement.3. The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian social structure.The war only helped to speed up the breakdown of the Victorian social structure.4. It was tempted, in America at least, to escape its responsibilities and retreat behind an air of naughty alcoholic sophistication.In America at least, the young people were strongly inclined to shirk their responsibilities. They pretended to be worldly-wise, drinking and behaving naughtily.5. Prohibition afforded the young the additional opportunity of making their pleasures illicit.The young people found greater pleasure in their drinking because Prohibition, by making drinking unlawful added a sense of adventure.6. Our young men began to enlist under foreign flags.Our young men joined the armies of foreign countries to fight in the war.7. They “wanted to get into the fun before the whole thing turned belly up”.The young people wanted to take part in the glorious ad-venture before the whole war ended.8. They had outgrown towns and families.These young people could no longer adapt themselves to lives in their home towns or their families.9. The returning veteran also had to face the sodden, Napoleonic cynicism of Versailles, the hypocritical do-goodism of Prohibition.The returning veteran also had to face Prohibition which the lawmakers hypocritically assumed would do good to the people.10. Something in tension-ridden youth of America had to “give”.(Under all this force and pressure) something in the youth of America, who were already very tense, had to break down. 11. It was only natural that hopeful young writers, their minds and pens inflamed against war, Babbittry, and “Puritanical”gentility, should flock to the traditional artistic center.It was only natural that hopeful young Writers whose minds and writings were filled with violent anger against war, Babbitry, and "Puritanical" gentility, should come in great numbers to live in Greenwich Village, the traditional artistic centre.12. Each town had its “fast” set which prided itself on its unconventionality.Each town was proud that it had a group of wild, reckless people, who lived unconventional lives.第十一课1. Below the noisy arguments, the abuse and the quarrels, there is a reservoir of instinctive fellow-feeling.The English people may hotly argue and abuse and quarrel with each other but there still exists a lot of natural sympathetic feeling for each other.2. At heart they would like to take a whip to the whole idle troublesome mob of them.What the wealthy employers would really like to do is to whip all the workers whom they consider to be lazy and troublesome people.3. There are not many of these man, either on the board or the shop floor.There are not many snarling shop stewards in the work-shop, nor are there many cruel wealthy employers on the board of managers (or governing board of a factory).4. It demands bigness, and they are suspicious of bigness.The contemporary world demands that everything be done on a big scale and the English do not like or trust bigness.5. Against this, at least superficially, Englishness seems a poor shadowy show.At least on the surface, when Englishness is put against the power and success of Admass, Englishness seems to put up a rather poor weak performance.6. While Englishness is not hostile to change, it is deeply suspicious of change for change’s sake.Englishness is not against change, but it believes that changing just for changing and for no other useful purpose to be very wrong and harmful.7. To put cars and motorways before houses seems to Englishness a communal change’s sake.To regard cars and motorways as more important than houses seems to Englishness a public stupidity~8. I must add that while English can still fight on, Admass could be winning.I must further say that while Englishness can go on fighting, there is a great possibility of Admass winning.9. It must have some moral capital to draw upon, and soon it may be asking for an overdraft.Englishness draws its strength from a reservoir of strong moral and ethical principles, and soon it may be asking for strength which this reservoir of principles cannot supply.10. They probably believe, as I do, that the Admass “Good Life” is a fraud on all counts.These people probably believe, as I do, that the 'Good Life' promised by Admass is false and dishonest in all respects. 11. They can be found, too —though not in large numbers because the breed is dying out —among crusty High T ories who avoid the City and directors’ fees.They can be found too though there are not many of them now because these kind of people are dying out -- among the curt, bad-tempered, extremely conservative politicians who refuse to accept high posts in big commercial enterprises. 12. They are inept, shiftless, slovenly, messy.They are incompetent, lazy and inefficient, careless and untidy.13. He will not even find much satisfaction in this scrounging messy existence, which does nothing for a man’s self-respect. He will not even find much satisfaction in his untidy and disordered life where he manages to live as a parasite by sponging on people. This kind of life does not help a person to build up any self-respect.14. To them the House of Commons is a remote squabbling-shop.These people think of the House of Commons as a place rather far away where some people are always quarreling and arguing over some small matter.15. Heavy hands can fall on the shoulders that have been shrugging away politics.If a dictator comes to power, these people then will soon learn in the worst way that they were very wrong to ignore politics for they can now suddenly and for no reason be arrested and thrown into prison.第十二课1. It is a complex fate to be an American.The fate of an American is complicated and hard to understand.2. They were no more at home in Europe than I was.They were uneasy and uncomfortable in Europe as I was.3. We were both searching for our separate identities.They were all trying to find their own special individualities.4. I do not think that could have made this reconciliation here.I don't think I could have accepted in America my Negro status without feeling ashamed.5. Europe can be very crippling too.Europe can also have a very frustrating or disabling effect.6. It is easier to cut across social and occupational lines there than it is here.It is easier in Europe for people of different social groups and occupations to intermingle and have social intercourse.7. A man can be as proud of being a good waiter as of being a good actor, and in neither case feel threatened.In Europe a good waiter and a good actor are equally proud of their social status and position. They are not jealous of each other and do not live in fear of losing their position.8. I was born in New York, but have lived only in pockets of it.I was born in New York but have lived only in some small areas of the city.9. This reassessment, which can be very painful, is also very valuable.The reconsideration of the significance and importance of many things that one had taken for granted in the past can be very painful, though very valuable.10. On this acceptance, literally, the life of a writer depends.The life of a writer really depends on his accepting the fact that no matter where he goes or what he does he will always carry the marks of his origins.11. American writers do not have a fixed society to describe.American writers live in a mobile society where nothing is fixed, so they do not have a fixed society to describe.12. Every society is really governed by hidden laws, by unspoken but profound assumptions on the part of the people. Every society is influenced and directed by hidden laws, and by many things deeply felt and taken for granted by the people, though not openly spoken about.。
高英第二册十一课课文翻译-高级英语2-Unit11-Lesson11
第十一课英国人的未来若想用世界上流行的标准政治术语，即左、中、右三派这种毫无意义的陈腔老调来描述英国人的话，那多半是白费时间，徒耗精力。
英国人可是与众不同。
他们甚至比自己想象中的英国人还要不同，倒是同他们自己感觉中的英国人差不多。
而他们所感觉到的…这一点再次反映出英国人的特性——比他们想象到的更为重要。
在英国，决定一切事物形式和色彩的不是人的理性思维，而是人的本能感觉。
举例来说，尽管英国人表面上似乎存在着严重的意见分歧，彼此之间进行政治上的攻击谩骂也是常有的事，但英国却不像许多其他国家一样有那么多的共产主义者以及新的或潜在的法西斯主义分子。
再如，虽然英国人举行的群众集会、示威游行、与当局对抗的事件似乎比一般国家多，但有些在法国或美国有可能发展成生死搏斗，在日本有可能演变成街头血战的恶性事件，而在英国至多也不过以一阵扭打或几个人被拘捕的结局了事。
这是因为在英国人当中狂热的盲从分子较少，同时，在他们那一片乱哄哄的争论、谩骂和吵闹的背后，还蕴藏着一股河海般深厚、纯真的同胞之情。
这种情谊虽然还不到充溢的程度，却还没有枯竭。
当然，也不是每个人都能够利用这种蕴藏的同胞之情。
在英国，毫无疑问，还存在着那么一些喜欢大声咆哮的工会代表，他们口口声声嚷着要为工人们争自由，而事实上，其真正目的是想破坏现行的社会制度及一切保障自由的措施。
毫无疑问，也有那么一些腰缠万贯的资本家，他们面对着电视摄像机，笑容可掬地宣称他们唯一的愿望是同自己的劳动队伍建立起最亲密友好的关系，而实际上他们心里只想拿起鞭子狠狠抽打那群专爱惹事生非的懒虫。
不过，像这样的人，无论在管理者中间还是在劳动者中间，都不是很多，而且他们无疑也不是典型的英国人。
他们性格上的肿瘤已经吞噬了他们身上的英国人特性。
那些“与众不同的”真正地道的英国人，由于继承了英国人的特性而又尚未抛弃这一祖传特性，因而对于这个代表了整个时代日新月异的发展形势的现代世界感到不很习惯。
现代世界事事求“大”，而英国人却对此不以为然。
高级英语第二册课文翻译
约翰用手将妻子搂了一下。詹妮丝心里明白了他的意思。由于风雨和恐惧，她不住地发抖。她一面拉过两个孩子紧贴在自己身边，一面默祷着：亲爱的上帝啊，赐给我力量，让我经受住必须经受的一切吧。她心里怨恨这场飓风。我们一定不会让它得胜。
不一会儿，?阵强风掠过，将整个屋顶卷入空中，抛向4()英尺以外。楼梯底层的几级台阶断裂开来。有一堵墙眼看着就要倒向这群陷入进退维谷境地的男女老少。
设在弗罗里达州迈阿密的国家飓风中心主任罗伯特．H．辛普森博士将卡米尔号飓风列为“有过记载的袭击西半球有人居住地区的最猛烈的一场飓风”。在飓风中心纵横约70英里的范围内，其风速接近每小时200英里，掀起的浪头高达30英尺。海湾沿岸风过之处，所有东西都被一扫而光。19 467户人家和709家小商号不是完全被毁，便是遭到严重破坏。高尔夫港一个60万加仑的油罐被狂风刮起，摔到3．5英里以外。三艘大型货轮被刮离泊位，推上岸滩。电线杆和20英寸粗的松树一遇狂风袭击便像连珠炮似的根根断裂。
第一课
迎战卡米尔号飓风
小约翰。柯夏克已料到，卡米尔号飓风来势定然凶猛。就在去年8月17日那个星期天，当卡米尔号飓风越过墨西哥湾向西北进袭之时，收音机和电视里整天不断地播放着飓风警报。柯夏克一家居住的地方一—密西西比州的高尔夫港——肯定会遭到这场飓风的猛烈袭击。路易斯安那、密西西比和亚拉巴马三州沿海一带的居民已有将近15万人逃往内陆安全地带。但约翰就像沿海村落中其他成千上万的人一样，不愿舍弃家园，要他下决心弃家外逃，除非等到他的一家人一—妻子詹妮丝以及他们那七个年龄从三岁到十一岁的孩子一一眼看着就要灾祸临头。
高英第二册11课、13课部分paraphrase
Lesson 111. It is the science of planetary housekeeping.Ecology is the science about how the affairs of our house, the planet, are managed.2. In quite a similar way, stabilizing cybernetic relations are built into an ecological cycle.Similar to the ship system, cybernetics systems with stabilizing effects are an integral part of an ecological cycle.3. The most famous examples of such ecological oscillations are the periodic fluctuations of the size of fur-bearing animal populations.The best-known examples that can clearly illustrate such ecological oscillations are the changes of the size of fur-bearing animal populations that take place periodically.4. A persistent effort to a nswer the question, “Where does it go?” can yield a surprising amount of valuable information about an ecosystem.If everything must go somewhere, we may persistently try to answer the question, “Where does it go?” In doing so, we can learn a great deal of valuable information about an ecosystem.5. Consider, for example, the fate of a household item which contains mercury – a substance with environmental effects that have just recently surfaced.Let’s examine what’s going to happen to a household item which contains mercury. Mercury is a substance with environmental effects that science has recently discovered.Lesson 131. The space may once have been bridgeable, but lately it’s become a chasm.In the past the gap was bridgeable, that is, people could move upward from middle class to upper class, but lately the gap between the two classes has widened so much that it is hard to cross. 2. But all of this misses the point: However terrible the sins of the financial markets, they’re merely a reflection of a cultural predisposition.But people failed to see the real point. It’s true that the financial markets made terrible mistakes. However, they merely reflected a tendency to suffer a particular cultural illness.3. The moral: Americans are in their current bind because too many of them saw houses as moneymaking opportunities.The practical lesson taught by the story of the Garcias was that Americans are in their current trouble because too many of them regard houses as opportunities for making money.4. Across America, some version of this drama has become a social norm. Throughout America, there are various versions of such dramatic events like what happened to the Garcias, and they have become a social pattern.5. The house was so vast that the sound waves that normally precede the arrival ofa living creature got lost.The house was so vast that the sound of footsteps got lost in the large space.。
张汉熙《 高级英语 》重点词汇表整理第二册11
L esson Eleven The Future of the EnglishNounrally, scuffle, subsidy, poster, overdraft, caper, advert, syndicalism, hippopotamus, fraud, vandalism, damnation, apathy, repertory, farce, demagogue, sulks, bowler, Admass, catch, racket, spoil, commentator, menace, oddity, financier, imbecility, academics, bureaucrat, enthusiast, monotony, reinforcement, spokesman, spoilsVerbs narl, accelerate, impoverish, recoil, swagger, skimp, scrounge, booze, color, exhaust, pilfer, squabble, banish, nudge, nourish, astound,Adjective and adverbalien, cozy, razor-keen, crusty, articulate, sloppy, inept, shiftless, slovenly, messy, frivolous, myopic, vicious, apathetic, self-interested, ungovernable, responsive, ailing, concrete, shallow, smallish, heartily, plainly, superficially, tedious, contemptible, instinctive, rational, fanatical,Noun phraseshop steward, pay packet, walk-outs, High Tories, instinct and intuition, pencil sketch, state of mind, fellow-feeling, work force, protest marches, communal imbecility, repertory company, sense of community, Admass spoils, all-round grab, sense of community, bowler hat,Verb phrasebring down, take a whip to, end in, hang upon, keep well clear of, shrug off, take turns at, take to crime, change sides, slop around, sweat one’s guts out, conform to, swing the battle, drive…into boredom, harden into, drop into early grave, take refuge in, hold fast to, draw on, thrive on, give thought to,fall between two stoolsOther phraseIn one’s right mind, in the eyes of, in place of, on all counts, on the increase, on a do-it-yourself-basis, at heart, at root, on the board, on the shop floor, out of scale, in no position to, in full color, to one’s credit, under the influence of, at the worst。
高级英语高级英语2练习11
《高级英语》第二册练习Lesson 11The Future of The EnglishⅠ.Questions on content:1.What role, according to Priestly, does instinctive feeling play in the behavior of an Englishman?2. How does Priestly come to the conclusion that there are fewer fanatical believers in England?3. What does the writer mean when he says, “Some cancer in their character has eaten away their Englishne ss”? Whom is he referring to? (Para. 2)4. How, according to the writer, are the real English people different?5. What is the conflict between Admass and Englishness? What importance does the writer attach to the outcome of this conflict?6. What force may play a decisive role in this battle between Admass and Englishness? How?7. Who are those people who have rejected Admass? What important role can they play?8. What does Priestly think about the young in England?9. What does he say about the “sloppy people”?10. Why is there widespread boredom in heavily industrialized societies? How does boredom affect the English?11. What other elements apart from boredom have brought about dishonesty and vicious criminality in England?12. Does the writer consider politics important? Why?Ⅱ. Read the following statements and decide whether they are true or false according to the text.contemporary world.2. The demand for bigness an d efficiency is alien to “Admass”.5. ‘Englishness’ is not hospitable to change and is suspicious of changeinevitable mechanical progress.6. ‘Englishness’ i s not as strong as it was 30 years ago.7. People who are fascinated by ‘Admass’ can be found among workers in smallish, well-managed and honest enterprises, in which everybody8. Priestley believes that the English people still have someperceived10. The English people may hotly argue and abuse and quarrel with eachⅢ. Reading Comprehension:1. The following are statements about ‘Admass’. According to the text, which one is NOT appropriate?A. ‘Admass’ demands higher and higher figures and larger and larger profits.B. ‘Admass’ demands enormous advertising campaigns and brigades of razor-keen salesmenC. ‘Admass’ offers more and more things and creates the so-called ‘good-life’.D. ‘Admass’ holds the idea that man is not simply a producer andconsumer.2. The following are statements about ‘Englishness’. According to the text, which one is NOT appropriate?A. ‘Englishness’ depends on instinct and intuition.B. ‘Englishness’ has conquered most of the west world.C. ‘Englishness’ has deep roots in the past.D. ‘Englishness’ belongs to the invisible inner world.3. To explain that ‘Englishness’ is not hostile to change but is deeply suspicious, the author has used the following writing skills EXCEPT:A. definitionB. exemplificationC. comparisonD. contrast4. According to the text, people who have been liberated from the harsh discipline of circumstance should move on to acquire some measure of self-discipline because:A. a man cannot live without some measure of self-discipline in a civilized society.B. a man cannot play an adequate role in a civilized society.C. a man can make more money with self-discipline.D. a man can be promoted easily with self-discipline.5. According the text, what’s the author’s idea towards ‘Englishness’?A. In the modern society, there is a battle between ‘Admass’ and ‘Englishness’.B. In the modern society, all the important and influential men hold fast to ‘Englishness’.C. In the modern society, people need not ‘Englishness’ to live happily and properly.D. In the modern society, ‘Englishness’ should not be refused because people need a direction and a great lift of the heart.ⅣPoint out what figure of speech is used in each of the followingsentences:show – a faint pencil sketch beside a poster in full colour.asking for an overdraftopotamus blundering in and out of a pets’tea party5. Bewildered, they grope and mess around because they have fallen between two stools, the old harsh discipline having vanished and theof reach.6. Yes, Englishness is still with us. But it needs reinforcement, extra7. There are English people of all ages, though far more under thirty thangames – polo, let us say.8. Otherwise they could soon learn, in the worst way, that heavy hands9. Englishness cannot be fed with the east wind of a narrow rationality,national character.Ⅴ. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence.1.The police were shocked by the _____ attack.A ferociousB frivolousC fanaticalD feverish2. He is in a _____ position as the only part- time worker in the firmA anonymousB amorphousC anomalousD analogous3. We seem too _____ from one crisis to the nextA. seriousB. grievousC. roughD. gentle4. A _____ person is unable to see what results of a particular action or decision will be; to think about anything outside his own situationA mistyB myopicC muddledD muffled5. He _____ from the idea of betraying his own brotherA recoilsB refrainsC refractsD recedes6. Do you have to be so _____ about everything and only trust yourself?A pessimisticB optimisticC practicalD cynical7 The festival has the usual mixture of films — good, bad and _____A apatheticB indifferentC unconcernedD uninvolved8 He hasn’t received the latest iss ue of National Insurance because he forgot to pay the _________for it in timeA subscriptionB subsidyC tributeD contribution9 Children do not know by _____ the difference between right and wrongA talentB giftC aptitudeD instinct10 In a world that had suddenly become _____ and dangerous, he was her only securityA strangeB foreignC alienD unfamiliar11 Guy was greedy, _____ and dishonestA immoralB amoralC abnormalD unmoral12 Society is _____ together by certain commonly held beliefsA knittedB mergedC combinedD united13 Unemployment was proving to be an _____ problemA ungovernableB unmanageableC uncontrollableD intractable14 It’s not a hotel, in the _____ sense, but rather a whole village turned into a hotelA accustomedB conventionalC customaryD habitual15. Throughout history, people have been _____ for their religiousA abusedB maltreatedC mistreatedD persecuted16. As the situation at home got worse she increasingly took _____ in her workA refugeB shieldC shelterD protection17 Why not _____ yourself with a weekend in a luxurious hotelA indulgeB spoilC enjoyD treat18 The book will _____ your appetite for more of her workA exciteB enlivenC whetD stimulate19 The announcement had _____ effect on house priceB histrionicC theatricalD flamboyant20.There are always _____ of tourists here in summerA. mobB throngC stateD point21. The two small independent countries entered into _____ with each other and they felt less afraid of their powerful neighborA combinationB allianceC cooperationD union22. The police _____ their attention to the events that led up to the accidentA confirmedB containedC conservedD confined23. The plans for the new office and apartment building were _____ a few weeks ageA drawn onB drawn outC drawn upD drawn in24. After his heavy defeat in the local elections, the senator decided to _____ from the campaign for the PresidencyA abandonB renounceD withhold25. The republication of the poet's most recent work will certainly _____ his national reputationA enhanceB strengthenC enlargeD magnify26.If the specific attribute is _____, subsequent generations of offspring can be expected to display it more frequentlyA inheritedB inhibitedC imitatedD transmitted27. For many people, overeating and overspending are _____ as to Christmas as candles and hollyA integralB suitableC inevitableD compatible28.Body paint or face paint is used mostly by men in pre-literate societies in order to attract good health or to _______ diseaseA set asideB ward offC shrug offD give away29. On the whole, men hold a higher position in society than women, because of this _____, men enjoy more power than womenA statusB prestigeC talent30. Gone is the idea of statement and answer, the symmetrical design that is so _____ in the music of previous centuriesA prevalentB extravagantC zealousD prevailingⅥ. Fill in each blank with a word or phrase from the box.keep clear of cut off from be hostile to hang on draw on be suspicious of to one’s credit throw away be committed to thrive on drive…to on all counts shrug off safe to say，along with3. They were found and would be sentenced to life imprisonmentto hit hard.5. The community6. You must take the exam —7. The president reforming health care and was greatlyits base and fall short of substances to keep on fightingto the idea of change.13. They become of the 1960's brought back wild14. Jack never told anyone exactly what had happened.Ⅶ.Fill in each blank with a suitable word taken from the list at the head of the group, giving alternatives where this is possible.sensation sense felling sensible rational reasonable saneat the time of murder3. Betty asked her son to befamily car.attitude towards disciplining their children.6. The mental patient became morehad taken effect.7. We are proud that you have adopted a approach to this controversial subject.8. After the accident when he came to his in a hospitalthat everyone in the room was staring at me ill at ease.in her legs.custom habit practice tradition12. Do not be a slave to in her legs.13. __________ acquired very early will be, in later life, just like instincts;is second nature.”of calling on the Queen to15. He has formed the of fingering a coat button when speaking in public.of shaking hands when introduced for the first time.17. Many British people abide by the by which the18. It is Susan’s to read a lot of reference books on a variety of subjects before she begins to write an essay.19. When studying in a foreign country, we must know and respect thedifferent countries.of hard work and plain living must be handed down from generation to generation.discarding the fines.Ⅷ.For each blank in the following passage, choose the most suitable word from the list of words provided below. Each work can be usedonce only. Write your choice of words in its proper form in the corresponding blanks in the passage.settled nonfiction specialized in in cash at once have earned the windfall except sociologists in my pocket insist upon make review copies stocks and shares review hurry out of pound notes a long voyage millionaire a great deal of salaries or feesMONEY FOR NOTHINGJ . B. Priestleyreviews than there is now.) I was ready tooften did columns of short notes on new books. The books themselves– to a certain shop not far from theStrand, a shop thatmoney I have ever handled, this gave me most delight. Money for Jam,creatures, are bewildered and saddened by the ubiquitous passion amonghours and prices, the more wethe more we compel two and two to make four everywhere, the morewhen two and two miraculouslySince those days when I used to sell myhave all been lost in a dreary maze of band accounts,certificates, cheques and bills and receipts. I have never felt rich andhome formor so I felt like a tipsyMonte Carlo.Ⅸ.TranslationAn Important Aspect of College LifeIt is perfectly possible to organize the life of our colleges in such a way that students and teachers alike will take part in it; in such a way that a perfectly natural daily intercourse will be established between them; and it is only by such an organization that they can be given real vitality as places of serious training, be made communities in which youngsters will come fully to realize how interesting intellectual work is, how vital, how important, how closely associated with all modern achievement-only by such an organization that study can be made to seem part of life itself. Lectures often seem very formal and empty things; recitations generally prove very dull and unrewarding. It is in conversation and natural intercourse with scholars chiefly that you find how lively knowledge is, how it ties into everything that is interesting and important, how intimate。
高级英语第二册第十一课学习辅导资料
opolitan political terms, the usual Left-Centre-Right stuff, is alm ost always wasting time and trouble. The English are different. The English are even m ore different than they think they are, though not m ore different than they feel they are. And what they feel — Englishness again - ism ore important than what they think. It is instinctive feeling and not rational thought that shapes and colours actual events in England.to be so sharply divided, always indulging in plenty of loud political abuse, there are nothing like so m any Comm unists or neo- or potential Fascists in England as there are in m ost other countries. Again, although the English seem to have m ore than their share of rallies, protest marches, confrontations with authority, what could begin to look like a m urderous encounter in France or Am erica, or m ight be a bloody street battle in Japan, would in England end at the worst in a few scuffles and arrests. This is because there are fewer fanatical believers am ong the English, and at the sam e tim e, below the noisy argum ents, the abuse and the quarrels, there is a reservoir of instinctive fellow-feeling, not yet exhausted though it m ay not be filling up. Not everybody can draw on that reservoir. No doubt there are in England som e snarling shop stewards who demand freedom for the workers when what they really want is to bring the whole system crashing down, together with every guarantee of liberty. No doubt there are wealthy employers who sm ile at the TV cam eras and declare that all they desire is the friendliest relation with their work force, when at heart they would like to take a whip to the whole idletroublesom e m ob of them. But there are not m any of these m en, either on the board or the shop floor, and they are certainly not typical English. Som e cancer in their character has eaten away their Englishness.‘different’, who have inherited Englishness and have not yet thrown away their inheritance, cannot feel at hom e in the contemporary world, representing the accelerated developm ent of our whole age. It demands bigness, and they are suspicious of bigness. (And there is now not only Industrial bigness; there is also Scientific bigness, needing m ore and m ore to discover less and less.) Clearly everything cannot be done by smallish and reasonably hum an enterprises. No cosy shipyard can undertake to build a 150,000-ton ship, though we m ay not be in our right minds if we want such a ship. But it is safe to say that while Englishness m ay reluctantly accept bigness, its m onsters are never heartily welcom ed. They look all right in America, itself so large, but seem altogether out of scale in England. Along with the demand for bigness goes a demand for severe efficiency, often quite rational but not reasonable, therefore alien to Englishness. A further necessary demand, to feed the m onster with higher and higher figures and larger and larger profits, is for enorm ous advertising campaigns and brigades of razor-keen salesmen. Finally, from the m onster and all its spokesm en com es a m essage, endlessly repeated. It runsm ore or less as follows: ‘You ought to be happy. But you are not happy. You can be happy, though, if you buy what we are m aking for you.’ And a postscript might be added from Iago: ‘Put m oney in thy purse.’‘Admass’, and will do so from now on. I will also announcewhat the future of the English hangs upon, while at the sam e tim e, unlike almost everybody else, keeping well clear of econom ics. It hangs upon the final result of a battle that has been going on for som e years now and that explains why the Englishseem so odd, eccentric, unsatisfactory, not only abroad but to many persons at hom e.It is a battle that is being fought in the minds of the English. It is between 'Admass', which has already conquered m ost of the Western world, and 'Englishness', ailing and im poverished, in no position to receive vast subsidies of dollars, francs, deutschmarks and the rest, for public relations and advertising campaigns. The triumphs of 'Admass' can be plainly seen. It operates in the outer visible world, where it offers m ore andm ore things - for m ore and m ore money of course - and creates the so-called ‘Good Life’. Against this, at least superficially, 'Englishness' seem s a poor shadowy show –a faint pencil sketch beside a poster in full colour - belonging as it really does to the invisible inner world, m erely offering states of m ind in place of that rich variety of things. But then while things are important, states of mind are even m ore important.'Englishness'. What is central to 'Admass' is the production and consum ption of goods. If there is enough of this —though of course there never is, because dissatisfaction is built into 'Admass' - there will be sufficient m oney to pay for its‘Good Life’. But it is worth noting along the way that while America has been for many years the chief advocate of 'Adm ass', America has shown us too m any desperatelyworried executives dropping into early graves, too m any exhausted salesm en takingrefuge in bars and breaking up their hom es, too m any workm en suffering fromm onotony or tim e-and-motion studies and wondering how the hell they got into these traps. And America, to its credit, can also show us a lot of sensible m en and wom en who have denounced all this and have walked out of it. But this book is about the English, not the Am ericans. Now 'Englishness', with its relation to the unconscious, its dependence upon instinct and intuition, cannot break its links with the past: it has deep long roots. Being itself a state of mind, it cannot ignore other states of mind and cannot help feeling that 'Admass', with its ruthless com petitiveness, its idea of m an simply as a producer and consum er, its dependence upon dissatisfaction, greed and envy, m ust be responsible for bad and not good states of mind. Furtherm ore, while 'Englishness' is not hostile to change, it is deeply suspicious of change for change’s sake, rejecting the idea that we are now committed to som e inevitable m echanical progress. Here we m ight take a concrete exam ple. 'Englishness' would support animmediate dem and, at the expense of many other things, for m ore and better housing.Without adequate shelter and a decent place to call their own, people feel wretched. But people in England, not a big country, do not have to have m ore and m ore and larger and larger cars, with longer and wider m otorways, wrecking the countryside, to take the cars. If they think they do, this is 'Admass' at work. People have wanted houses for centuries, and cars of their own only for a very short tim e. To put cars and m otorways before houses seem s to 'Englishness' a comm unal imbecility .this time of writing, we in England are in the m iddle of it. I must add that while'Englishness' can still fight on, 'Admass' could be winning. There are various reasonswhy this m ay be happening. To begin with, not all the English ho ld fast to 'Englishness'.Som e important and influential m en carefully train them selves out of it - politicians, academ ics, bureaucrats, ambitious financiers and industrialists, can be found am ong these m en - and a horde of others, shallow and foolish, wander away from it, shrugging off their inheritance. 'Englishness' is not as strong as it was even thirty years ago. It needs to be nourished by a sense of the dignity and possible destiny of mankind. It m ust have som e m oral capital to draw upon, and soon it m ay be asking for an overdraft . The Zeitgeist seem s to be working for 'Admass'. So does m ost of what we read and what we hear. Even our inflation, which keeps everybody nudging everybody for m ore m oney, is often seen not as a warning, not as an enem y of the genuine good life, but as a proof that we need m ore and not less 'Admass'.e battles have been won or lost because the commander of a large force, arriving late, decided alm ost at the last m oment to change sides. I feel that a powerful section of English workers, together with their union bosses, is in the sam e situation as that commander just before he could m ake up his mind. These m en believe that if there is a ‘Good Life’ going, then it’s high tim e they had their s hare of it. But som e rem aining 'Englishness' in them whispers that there m ay be a catch in it. Where’s this ‘Good Life’ in sweating your guts out, just because the m anagers are on theproductivity-per-m an-hour caper? It’s all a racket anyhow. If we don’t work like the old man used to do, we’re not turning out the honest stuff the old m an was expected to turn out. It’s the profit now, not the product. Half the time, we cheat the forem en, the forem en cheat the m anagem ent, the m anagem ent cheats the custom ers. Okay, we want shorter hours, m ore holidays, bigger pay packets - then the ‘Good Life’ of the adverts for us. Or are we kidding ourselves?not pretending that som ething like this is being said in every branch of English industry, and certainly not where there is a genuine - if rather old-fashioned –pride in the work on hand. But som ething like it is being said, thought or felt, in the very places where there is the m ost m oney, the m ost boredom, the m ost trouble and‘industrial action’, and indeed the m ost 'Admass'. Behind the constant bickering , the sudden walk-outs and strikes, the ‘bloody-m indedness’, which bewilder so m any foreign comm entators, is the conflict between 'Admass', offering so m uch, and the 'Englishness' that instinctively recoils from 'Admassian' values and life-style. There are, of course, people on the m anagement side who m ay be aware of this conflict in them selves, but it is probably nothing like so sharp, the 'Admass' spoils being greater for them and their instinctive feeling not being so strong. The comm on people have clung harder to tradition than any other class. In addition to this conflict, all the m ore worrying because it is hardly ever openly discussed, there is som ething else that m ust disturb many officials and m embers of the m ore powerful trade unions. This is the anomalous position of these huge organizations. What exactly are they? One day they describe themselves as existing simply to negotiate rates of pay, hours and conditionsof work. Another day they talk and behave as if the country was m oving towardssyndicalism and they were in the van. A week later they will be back in their purely negotiating role. They m ake the rest of us feel that either they should be m oreim portant and if possible creative, or less im portant, just minding their own business. As it is they are like a hippopotam us blundering in and out of a pets’ tea party. Moreover, sooner or later they will have to put an end to this conflict between 'Adm ass' and what remains of their 'Englishness', com ing down decisively on one side or theother, for they cannot enjoy both together. The future of the English may be shaped by this decision.fascinated and then enslaved by 'Admass', and who if necessary are ready to m ake afew sacrifices, largely m aterial, to achieve a satisfying state of m ind. They probably believ e, as I do, that the 'Admass Good Life’ is a fraud on all counts. Even the stuff it produces is m ostly junk, m eant to be replaced as soon as you can afford to keep on buying. Such people can be found am ong workers in smallish, well-managed and honest enterprises, in which everybody still cares about the product and does not assum e the custom ers are idiots. They can be found, too - though not in largenum bers because the breed is dying out - am ong crusty High Tories who avoid the City and d irectors’ fees. But they are strongest and, I fancy, on the increase in the professional classes, m en and wom en who m ay or m ay not believe in m y'Englishness' but have rejected 'Admass'. They are usually articulate; they have m any acquaintances, inside or outside their professions, ready to listen to them; and not afew of them have a chance to talk on TV and radio. If the battle can be won, it will probably be these m en and wom en who will swing it.member that as soon as we consider even the fairly immediate future then our young will not be the young anym ore; som e other young will have arrived. It is one difficulty the Am ericancounter-culture enthusiasts have to face - that while they are still praising the rebellious young, half those lads and girls may have already lost their youth and m ay be as busy conforming to Madison Avenue as they conform ed earlier to Hippy California or the road to Katmandu. So far as the English young are concerned, I am dubious about the noisy types, whether they are shouting in the streets or joining the vast herds at pop festivals. Too m any of them lack the individuality to stand up to'Admass', which can provide them with another and even larger herd to join. I have far m ore faith in the quieter young, who never swaggered around in the youth racket , who may have com e under the influence of one or two of those professional m en and wom en, who have probably given som e thought to what life m ay be like at forty or forty-five. They, too, m ight help to swing the battle.and underpaid, to all the English who have som e integrity, som e individual judgment and real values. Far too m any of the other English - though 1 don’t say a m ajority - are sloppy people. They are easy to get along with, rarely unkind, but they are not dependable; they are inept , shiftless, slovenly , m essy . This is not entirely their ownfault. Unlike their fathers or grandfathers, they have not been disciplined by grimcircum stances. They are no longer facing starvation if they don’t work properly or go on strike, no longer told to clear out if they aren’t properly respectful and start answering back, no longer find themselves the victim s of too many hard facts. And this, in m y opinion, is how things should be in a civilized society. But people who have been liberated from the harsh discipline of circumstance should then m ove on to acquire som e m easure of self-discipline. Without self- discipline a m an cannot play an adequate part in a civilized society: he will be just slopping around, accepting no responsibility, skimping the work he is supposed to be doing, cheating not only‘the bosses’, the capitalists, but even his neighbours. And unless he is an unusual type, he will not even find m uch satisfaction in this scrounging messy existence, which does nothing for a man’s self-respect. (I am keeping this on the male side, if only because a wom an’s problem s are generally m ore personal, immediate, em otionally urgent, so that unless she is a hopeless case she has to face and deal with som e of them.) And this is the situation that m any of the English, decent at heart, find them selves in today.Bewildered, they grope and m ess around because they have fallen between two stools,the old harsh discipline having vanished and the essential new self-discipline either not understood or thought to be out of reach.is a m enace, now and in the future. All heavily industrialized societies are in the boredom business. This is not sim ply because so m uch of the work they offer is boring. It is also because, after having shattered the slow rhythms, thetraditional skills, the closely knit communities of rural societies, they crowd peopletogether, excite them by large prom ises that cannot be kept, so drive them into boredom. Now the English - at least the contem porary English of m y experience - can soon feel bored, which largely explains why they gamble and booze so m uch and enjoy any dram atic change in public life, any news that encourages excited talk: the urban English have always seem ed to m e a dramatic people. When boredom can’t be banished, there is always danger ahead. Teenagers, ‘who have not been able to use up enough energy during the day (they should be worked harder), turn at night to idiot vandalism . Later, if boredom hardens into frustration, som e of them, too m any ofthem, take to crim e, all kinds, from petty shop-lifting to ferocious robbery with violence.ore superficially insecure, when I wasyoung, but there seem ed to be m ore honesty about, less constant cheating and pilfering and certainly far less vicious criminality. Other elem ents apart from boredom of cour se have been at work here. There is Iago’s ‘Put m oney in thy purse’; there is the false notion that the world owes you som ething while you owe it nothing; the other idea that so long as you are not found out, then all will be well - no final dam nation threatening you any longer, and no understanding yet that there can be plenty of Hells on a do-it-yourself basis. Behind it all, whether people are sunk into alm ost m indless apathy or scream out of their frustration for violence, there is a feeling that everything is different now, that life has been ‘found out’ to be without m eaning, without purpose, equally negative for all m ankind or for your own nation. Naturally I am not saying all theEnglish are down on this level. We still have som e 'Englishness' left, keeping ourminds open to the past and retaining som e faith in our future, rejecting thelogic-chopping rational for the widely if hazily reasonable, refusing to be cut off frominstinct and intuition.Yes, 'Englishness' is still with us. But it needs reinforcem ent, extra nourishm ent,especially now when our public life seems ready to starve it. There are English peopleof all ages, though far m ore under thirty than over sixty, who seem to regard politics asa gam e but not one of their gam es – polo , let us say. To them the 'House ofCommons' is a rem ote squabbling-shop. Recognized political parties are repertorycom panies staging ghostly cam paigns, and all that is real between them is thearrangem ent by which one set of chaps take their turn at m inisterial jobs while the otherset pretend to be astounded and shocked and bring in talk of ruin. The whole thing, inthe eyes of these people, is an expensive and tedious farce. In m y view they aremistaken, indeed quite dangerously wrong, and I can only hope that no youngdem agogue of genius and his friends are listening to them. Otherwise they could soonlearn, in the worst way, that heavy hands can fall on the shoulders that have beenshrugging away politics. You can ignore politics, taking what has been gained forgranted, only to discover your cousins have vanished and you are being knocked up atthree in the m orning. Dictatorships have thrived on m ajorities that are apathetic andthen frightened, and on m inorities that are fanatically divided, brutally quarrelsom e and stupid.ajority, whichim agines itself to be outside politics, and the stubbornly divided m inority, only agreeing in being m yopic and entirely self-interested, exist in England. But I believe there m ust also still exist, if only on a hidden level, what rem ains of a characteristically English sense of community, decent fellow-feeling, fair ness. (‘It isn’t fair’, children still cry.) In spite of the 'Admass' atm osphere, inflation, the all-round grab, all this must yet exist even now, for there are deep roots here. But those roots m ust be needing nourishm ent. 'Englishness' cannot be fed with the east wind of a narrow rationality, the latest figures of profit and loss, a constant appeal to self-interest. Politicians are always m aking such appeals, whereas statesmen, when they can be found, prefer to take themselves and their hearers out of the stock exchanges, shareholders’ m eetings, counting-houses. They offer men the chance of behaving better and not as usual. They create an atm osphere in which the fam iliar greed and envy and resentm ent begin to seem small and contem ptible. They restore to people their idea of themselves as a family. It has been done in England over and over again. But not lately. There has been little or no appeal from deep feeling to deep feeling, from imagination to im agination. Recent years have ‘robbed us of immortal things’. But we do not have to go on like that, to enter a 'Comm on Market of national character'. It is now m any years since I first declared in public m y belief that the English, despite so m any appearances to the contrary, are at heart and at root an im aginative people immediately responsive to any suggestion of drama in their lives. Deprived of it, they drift towards boredom, sulks and foolish short-sighted quarrels.And this is true, whether they are wearing bowler hats or ungovernable m ops of hair.To face the future properly they need both a direction and a great lift of the heart. A rather poorer and harder way of life will not defeat them so long as it is not harder and poorer in spirit, so long as it still refuses to reject 'Englishness' - for so m any centuriesthe secret of the islanders’ oddity and irrationality, their m any weaknesses, their creative strength.The Final Chapter from ‘The English’ published by William Heinemann in 19731. Iago: the villain in Shakespeare's Othello. His advice to Roderigo is, "Put m oney in thy purse", (to get rich, to have a lot of m oney) if he wants to win the favor of Desdem ona. (Act I, Scene Ⅲ, Line 340)2. Admass: a system of comm ercial marketing that attempts to influence great masses of consum ers by m ass-m edia advertising3. tim e-and-m otion studies: an investigation of the m otion perform ed and time taken in industrial work with a view to increase production4. adverts: colloquial abbreviation of "advertisem ents"5. bloody-m indedness: a show or a m ood of aggressive obstinacy6. High Tories: a bigoted or extrem e conservative in politics7. Hippy: sam e as "Hippie"8. road to Katm andu: a search for truth in Eastern religions or m ysticism9. east wind: the spring wind that revitalizes nature1)Im proving students’ability to read between lines and understand the text properly;2)Cultivating students’ability to m ake a creative reading;3)Enhancing students’ability to appreciate the text from different perspectives4)Helping students to understand som e difficult words and expressions;5)Helping students to understanding rhetorical devices;6) Encouraging students to voice their own viewpoint fluently and accuratelyTeaching Contents1.Background Knowledge2.Exposition and Argument3.Detailed Study of The Essayanization Pattern5.Style and Language FeaturesTim e allocation1.Background knowledge (15 min.)2.Detailed study of the text (180 min.)3.Structure analysis (15 m in.)nguage appreciation (15 m in.)5.Free talk (30 min)课文讲解部分Background Knowledge About the Author and His Works1) A brief introduction to the author, Priestley: /Jpriestley.htm2) AdmassThe whole system of an increasing productivity, plus inflation, plus a rising standard of material living, plus high-pressure advertising and salesmanship, plus mass communications, plus cultural dem ocracy and the creation of the m ass mind, the mass man the part of society that can be influenced by advertising or publicityExposition and Argument1) Type of literature: part exposition and part persuasion or argum entFor further information, connect to< http://hom epages.iol.ie/~laoistec/LENGLISH/lpers.html>Difference between exposition and argum entDifference between persuasion and argumentHonest persuasion and dishonest persuasionForm al argument and informal argum entDetailed Study of The Essay1. The dom inant intention or the controversial topic of his argum ent is stated early in paragraph one in one unam biguous sentence: “ The English are different”.1) It is instinctive feeling and not rational thought that shapes and colours actual events in England.“Englishness again”—an inserted elliptical phrase standing for perhaps: This shows their Englishness again.“Below the noisy argum ents, the abuse and the quarrels, there is a reservoir of instinctive fellow –feeling”—The English people may hotly argue and abuse and quarrel with each other but there still exists a lot of natural sympathetic feeling for each other.“Som e cancer in their character has eaten away their Englishness”figure of speech:___________. Compare ________ to _______.2) The English do not feel at hom e in the contem porary world, representing the accelerated developm ent of our whole age. They are suspicious of largeness, severe efficiency and admass.“Along with the demand for bigness goes a dem and for severe efficiency, ofter quite rational but not reasonable, therefore alien to Englishness.”—Along with the demand for bigness, there is also a dem and for strict and dem anding efficiency. This is often the product of cold logical thinking but not sensible. Therefore it is opposed or repugnant to Englishness.3) The English are also deeply suspicious of change for change’s sake.4) The English can soon feel bore d and that’s why they gamble and booze so m uch and enjoy any dram atic change in public life.5) The English have a sense of comm unity, decent fellow feeling, fairness.6) The English are at heart and at root an im aginative people imm ediately responsive to any suggestion of dram a in their lives.2. The Future of the English hangs on1) The final result of a battle between Admass and Englishness.The striking contrast between admass and Englishness to show how inevitable the battle is.Admass Englishness1.Already conquered m ost of the western world2.receive vast subsidies of dollars,francs, Deutschmarks and the rest for public relations and advertising campaigns3.offers m ore and m ore things for m ore and m ore m oney ,creates the so-called “Good Life”4.operates in the outer visible world5.a poster in full colour1.ailing and impoverished2.in no position to receive vast subsidies of dollars,francs, Deutschmarks and the rest for public relations and advertising campaigns3.offers states of m ind in place of that rich variety of thins4.belong to the invisible inner world5.a poor shadowy show, a faint pencil sketch“Against this, at least superficially, Englishness seem s a poor shadowy show — a faint percil sketch beside a poster in full colour …”Shadowy show: ____________.The conflict between Admass and Englishness.Admass: What is central to Admass is the production and consumption of goods. Dissatisfaction is em bedded in AdmassRuthless com petitivenessTake m an only as a producer and consum erDependence upon dissatisfaction, greed and envyEnglishness: With its relation to the unconsciousDependence upon instinct and intuitionAdherence to the past and deep long rootsNot hostile to change and deeply suspicious of change for change’s sakeRejecting being committed to som e inevitable m echanical progressWhile Englishness can still fight on, Admass could be winning.Reason:Not all the English hold fast to EnglishnessSom e important and influential m en carefully train them selves out of itA horde of others, shallow and foolish, wander away form itThe spirits of age is working for AdmassMost of what we read and what we hear is working for AdmassInflation proved that we need m ore and not less Admass2) The Future of the English rests upon the decision made by English workers together with the people on the m anagem ent side who will have to put an end to the conflict between Admass and Englishness.3) The Future of the English hangs upon m en and wom en who are strong-minded enough to hold the Englishness and reject Admass4) The Future of the English depends upon the quieter young, who under the influence of one or two of those professional m en and wom en, far-sighted enough to think what life would be like in the future.5) The Future of the English can not depends on the SLOOPY PEOPLE3. Boredom is a MENACE.Heavily industrially societyoffer boring work shatter slow rhythm s, crowd and excite people bytraditional skills, closely knit prom ises that cannot be keptcommunities of rural societies↓boredom↓idiot vandalism, frustration, ferocious robbery with violence, vicious crim inality4. English is still with us. But it needs reinforcement, extra nourishm ent.1) On a hidden level, there rem ains of a characteristically English sense of community, decent fellow feeling, fairness.2) Englishness cannot be fed with the east wind of a narrow rationality, the latest figures of profit and loss, a constant appeal to self-interest.3) English are at heart and at root an im aginative people imm ediately responsive to any suggestion of drama in their lives.Question:“And this is true, whether they are wearing bowler hats or ungovernable m ops of hair.”The rhetorical device used in this sentence is __________.“bowler hats” is standing for ___________.“ungovernable m ops of hair” is standing for ___________.5. The writer’s voice。
高级英语(第三版)第二册第十一课 Four Laws of Ecology Part I)
The Closing Circle: Nature, Man, and Technology, a bestseller
• In this book Commoner suggests that the American economy should be restructured to conform to the unbending laws of ecology. For example, he argued that polluting products (like detergents or synthetic textiles) should be replaced with natural products (like soap or cotton and wool). This book is one of the first to bring the idea of sustainability to a mass audience. Commoner suggested a left-wing, eco-socialist response to the limits to growth thesis, postulating that capitalist technologies were chiefly responsible for environmental degradation, as opposed to population pressures.
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•Lesson 11•In outline---generally speaking •Immediate---Close at hand; near1. niche (Para. 1)(n.) the status of an organism within its environmentand community (affecting its survival as a species) 生态位，小生态环境e.g. According to the competitive exclusion principle, notwo species can occupy the same niche in the sameenvironment for a long time.•Intricate---Having many complexlyarranged elements; elaborate.•Pollen---花粉fine powder formed inflowers•Fungi---真菌类•Degrade---To cause (an organic compound) to undergo degradation•Make up---put together, construct /compose2. bewildering (Para. 2)(adj.) confusing, especially because there are too manychoices or things happening at the same timee.g. John faces a bewildering variety of choices.3. intricate (Para. 2)(adj.) containing many small parts or details that allwork or fit togethere.g. This is a novel with an intricate plot. •Explicitly---fully and clearly •Cohesive---well-integrated4. exemplify (Para. 3)(v.) clarify by giving an example ofe.g. This painting exemplifies the artist’s early style.•Population--- All the organisms that constitute a specific group or occur in a specified habitat.•Multiple--- manifold•Picture---describe•Cybernetics---控制论The theoretical study of communication and control processes in biological, mechanical, and electronic systems, especially the comparison of these processes in biological and artificial systems.•Owe to--- be indebted to5. act on (Para. 5)to do something because of another person’sadvice or order, or because you have receivedinformation or have an ideae.g. She is acting on the advice of her lawyers. •Veer---To turn aside from a course, direction, or purpose; swerve•Deflect---To turn aside or cause to turn aside; bend or deviate6. helmsman (Para. 6)(n.) someone who guides a ship or boate.g. He is a very experienced helmsman.7. steer (Para. 6)(v.) to control the direction a vehicle is going, forexample by turning a wheele.g. He steered the car skillfully through the narrowstreets.8. rudder (Para. 6)(n.) a flat part at the back of a ship or aircraft thatcan be turned in order to control the direction inwhich it moves 舵, 方向舵e.g. Some tried to stop up the leaks while others triedto steady the rudder.9. deplete (Para. 7)(v.) to reduce the amount of something that ispresent or availablee.g. Our stock of food is greatly depleted.10. build into (Para. 7)to make an integral part of; to make something apermanent part of a system, agreement, etc.e.g. The rate of pay was built into her contract.11. out of balance (Para. 7)losing the state of being steadye.g. The baby tottered out of balance and fell on thefloor.•Agent---A force or substance that causes a change•Oscillate---To swing back and forth with a steady, uninterrupted rhythm•Periodic---Having or marked by repeated cycles•Die off---To undergo a sudden, sharp decline in population12. unwaveringly (Para. 8)(adv.) with resolute determinatione.g. He holds his political belief unwaveringlyeven duringthe social turmoil.13. obscure (Para. 9)(v.) to prevent something from being seen or heardclearlye.g. The windscreen was obscured by the rain.14. ravage (Para. 9)(v.) cause extensive destruction or ruin utterlye.g. The forests were ravaged by fire.15. die off (Para. 9)if a group of people or animals die off, they die one byone until they are no more of theme.g. If the snowstorm does not blow over, the cattle willdie off.•Eutrophication--n.富(养)化作用; 水体加富过程•a process by which pollution from such sources as sewage effluent or leachatefrom fertilized fields causes a lake, pond, or fen to become overrich in organic and mineral nutrients, so that algae and cyanobacteria grow rapidly and deplete the oxygen supply•Intrinsic-- Of or relating to the essential nature of a thing; inherent.•Die back-- The gradual dying of plant shoots, starting at the tips, as a result of various diseases or climatic conditions. •Debris--The scattered remains of something broken or destroyed; rubble or wreckage•Decay--To break down into component parts; rot16. debris (Para. 11)(n.) pieces of waste materiale.g. Clean the ventilation ducts to remove dust and insectdebris.•Turnover-- The number of workers hired by an establishment to replace those whohave left in a given period of time •Dump-- To release or throw down in a large mass•Exceed—surpass•Intrude—enter as an improper element •Marine--Of or relating to the sea •Shoreline--The edge of a body of water •Alfalfa--[植]紫花苜蓿•Pathway--A course usually followed by a body part or process•Fabric--A complex underlying structure •Strand-- rope, thread, or yarn •Vulnerable--Susceptible to attack17. crisscross (Para. 16)(v.) to make a pattern of straight lines that crosseach othere.g. The curtain has a crisscrossed pattern.18. be vulnerable to (Para. 16)can be easily harmed to hurte.g. She is very young and vulnerable to fraud •Amplify-- To make larger or morepowerful; increase •Magnitude—greatness in size, extent, etc. •Incorporate--To cause to merge or combine together into a united whole •Earthworm--蚯蚓•Woodcock--[鸟] 鸟鹬19. oxidize (Para. 17)(v.) to combine with oxygen or make somethingcombine with oxygen, especially in a way that causesruste.g. Iron is easily oxidized. •Indestructible--Impossible to destroy •Nitrate--[化]硝酸盐, 硝酸钾•Phosphate--磷酸盐20. excrete (Para. 19)(v.) (formal) to get rid of waste material from yourbody through your bowels, your skin, etc.e.g. Dogs are not permitted to excrete on thepavement.21. respiratory (Para. 19)(adj.) (formal) relating to breathing or your lungs 与呼吸有关的e.g. Lungs are respiratory organs. •Surface--To emerge after concealment •Incinerator--One that incinerates, especially an apparatus, such as a furnace, for burning waste•Emit—give or send out matter or energy •Toxic—poisonous•Condense--To become more compact •Convert—change or transform•Methyl--甲基：单价碳氢基•Soluble--That can be dissolved, especially easily dissolved•Deposit--To lay down or leave behind by a natural process22. vapor (Para. 20)(n.) a mass of very small drops of a liquid which floatin the air, for example because the liquidhas beenheated 蒸汽，水汽e.g. Water can be changed into vapor when heated.23. stack (Para. 20)(n.) a chimneye.g. Mercury vapor is emitted by the incinerator stack.24. soluble (Para. 20)(adj.) a soluble substance can be dissolved in a liquide.g. This substance is soluble in alcohol.25. lodge (Para. 21)(v.) to provide someone with a place to stay for ashort timee.g. a building used to lodge prisoners of war26. be extracted from (Para. 21)to carefully remove a substance from something whichcontains it, using a machine, chemicalprocess, etc.e.g. Petroleum is extracted from oil.27. be converted into (Para. 21)to change something into a different form of thinge.g. This bedroom can be converted into a study.Ⅲ. Sentence Paraphrase1. All this, many times multiplied and organized species by species in intricate, precise relationships, makes up the vast network of life on the earth. (Para. 2)The above is just a single example about the connections of deer to other forms of life. In reality this is added many times and organized species by species in precise relationships with many details. And this makes up the large and extensive network of life on the earth.2. It is the science of planetary housekeeping. (Para. 3)Ecology is the science about how the affairs of our house, the planet, are managed.3. Our ability to picture the behavior of such systems has been helped considerably by the development, even more recent than ecology, of the science of cybernetics. (Para. 5)The development of the science of cybernetics has greatly helped our ability to describe the behavior of ecosystems. The science of cybernetics is even younger than the science of ecology.4. In quite a similar way, stabilizing cybernetic relations are built into an ecological cycle. (Para. 7)Similar to the ship system, cybernetics systems with stabilizing effects are an integral part of an ecological cycle.5. The most famous examples of such ecological oscillations are the periodic fluctuations of the size of fur-bearing animalpopulations.(Para. 9)The best-known examples that can clearly illustrate such ecological oscillations are the changes of the size of fur-bearing animal populations that take place periodically.6. These oscillations are built into the operations of the simple cycle, in which the lynx population is positively related to the number of rabbits and the rabbit population is negatively related to the number of lynx. (Para.9)More rabbits provide more food for lynx and thus the rising population of rabbits increases the population of the lynx. Reversely, when there are more lynx, rabbits are more fiercely hunted and consumed, and as a result the population of the rabbits decreases.7. Ecosystems differ considerably in their rate characteristic and therefore vary a great deal in the speed with which they react to changed situations or approach the point of collapse.(Para. 15)There are many different ecosystems on the earth: the air, the fresh water, the ocean, the soil, the desert, the forest, etc. Their rate characteristics differ, and for that reason they respond to changed situations or come near to the point of collapse with differing speeds.8. Environmental pollution is often a sign that ecological links have been cut and that the ecosystem has been artificially simplified and made more vulnerable to stress and to final collapse. (Para. 16)Environmental pollution indicates that some ecological links have been destroyed. As a result the ecosystem has been altered by simplification caused by human activity, and its ability to resist stress is weakened and thus it is more vulnerable to final collapse.9. A persistent effort to answer the question, ―where does it go?‖ can yield a surprising amount of valuable information about anecosystem. (Para. 20)If everything must go somewhere, we may persistently try to answer the question, ―where does it go?‖ In doing so , we can learn a great deal of valuable information about an ecosystem.10. Consider, for example, the fate of a household item which contains mercury- a substance with environmental effects that have just recently surfaced. (Para. 20)Let’s examine what’s going to happen to a household item which contains mercury. Mercury is a substance with environmental effects that science has recently discovered.•Lesson 121. detrimental (Para. 1)(a.) cause harm or damage to 有害的，不利的be detrimental to (Para. 1)e.g. Staying up late is detrimental to health. e.g. Online reputations can be detrimental to jobseekers.2. thrust (Para. 2)(n.) a strong blow with a knife or other sharp pointedinstrumente.g. The knife thrust almost killed him.3. predecessor (Para. 2)(n.) one who precedes you in time (as in holding aposition or office)e.g. He undid most of the good work of his predecessor.4. induce (Para. 3)(v.) (formal) to cause a particular physical conditione.g. Too much food induces sleepiness.5. mutation (Para. 3)(v.) (biology) a change in the genetic structure of ananimal or plant that makes it different from others ofthe same kinde.g. The mutations in plants caused by radiation have beenfound in experiments.6. staggering (Para. 4)(adj.) so surprisingly impressive as to stun or overwhelme.g. The juvenile delinquency has soared to a staggeringnumber these days.7. variant (Para. 5)(n.) a group of organisms within a species that differ intrivial ways from similar groupse.g. The story has many variants.8. screen (Para. 5)(v.) to remove people or things that are not acceptableor not suitable 筛选，筛查e.g. It is now possible to screen babies forheart disease .screen oute.g. An answering service can screen out nuisance calls.自动应答服务可以剔除骚扰电话。