医学英文文献阅读 高殿帅PPT课件
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医学专业英语PPT 讲稿 骨骼系统
PTH is secreted by the parathyroid glands, increases the number and activity of osteoclasts so their functions are Antagonistic. CT and PTH are also in charge of the hormonal control of blood calcium. This is the calcium negative feedback loop. When calcium in blood decrease the thyroid gland will secreted more PTH , PTH will simulate osteocalsts degrade bone matrix and release calcium into blood This process in called bone resorption. When calcium in blood increase more CT and less PTH will be secreted and it will simulate calcium deposited in bone, then bring blood calcium back to normal.Sex hormones can Promote the growth of new bone but it also Bring about the degeneration of cartilage cells. so it is a Double-edged sword. Then we will talk about aging.Aging for skeletal syetem happens when Osteoblast activity declines, while osteoclast activity remains level. This causes the loss of calcium from bones, which have tight relation with one disease ,we will talk about it later. Now let’s see another question.For female, this loss begins after age 40 but for male , this loss typically does not begin until after60. So Why? The answer is MENOPAUSE(更年期) Remember, estrogen(sexhormone for female) stimulates osteoblast activity and synthesis of bone matrix. As you can see in the picture decrease in estrogen cause bone loss.While man continue to produce androgens (sex hormone for male) into late life and thus are not as affected. Another effect for aging is the decrease in the rate of protein formation. Less organic matrix more inorganic matrix Bones become brittle and easy to fracture. Here is the disease I mentioned before, When the loss of bone mass compromises normal function a person is diagnosed with osteoporosis. As you can see the bones become brittle and easy to fracture. And here is the risk factors for osteoporosis. And the points in red are what we can change so the prevention of osteoporosis are No smoking Take in more calcium Don’t sit all the day Be careful when taking drugs. At last hope you have strong bones! Thank you!。
Unit6TheAdmirableLesson1Amedicalpioneer课件高中英语北师大版
nd make an interview. One student acts as Tu Youyou, and other students act as reporters. You can refer to following questions.
How did you react upon hearing the prize-winning news? How was artemisinin discovered? What do you think of the discovery of artemisinin? How do you feel about your research? What does the award of the Nobel Prize mean to you?
Lesson 1 A Medical Pioneer 教学阐释
The aim of living is making better lives for others ------Lei Feng
Guiding Theory
the Senior High English Curriculum Standards
Homework
Collect information online about another famous scientist that you admire, and then write a news report to share it in class
Thank you for your listening !
cooperative patriotic
love learning responsible
innovative creative persistent nontraditional
How did you react upon hearing the prize-winning news? How was artemisinin discovered? What do you think of the discovery of artemisinin? How do you feel about your research? What does the award of the Nobel Prize mean to you?
Lesson 1 A Medical Pioneer 教学阐释
The aim of living is making better lives for others ------Lei Feng
Guiding Theory
the Senior High English Curriculum Standards
Homework
Collect information online about another famous scientist that you admire, and then write a news report to share it in class
Thank you for your listening !
cooperative patriotic
love learning responsible
innovative creative persistent nontraditional
《医学英语_课件》
laboratory tests and their
diagnosing and monitoring
and ultrasound in medical
significance in diagnosing
various medical conditions.
diagnostics.
diseases and monitoring
documentation and understand
records more efficiently.
their meanings.
3
Usage and Context
Learn how to effectively use medical abbreviations in written and verbal
1
Decoding Medical Jargon
2
Improving Chart Reading
Decode the abbreviations
Enhance your ability to read and
commonly used in medical
interpret medical charts and
Learn how to effectively communicate and
trust, provide information, and ensure patient
collaborate with healthcare professionals from
understanding.
different disciplines.
documentation.
Communicationinhealthcare settings
医学英语概述PPT课件
如hepatitis（肝炎），先看-itis，是发炎的 意 思 ， 相 当 于 谓 语 意 思 的 部 分 ， 而 hepat（肝脏），相当于主语意思的部分。
第37页/共54页
（2）“组合元音”分析法：是构词成分的 接合点。 最常见的元音字母是“O”。 如esophag/o/jejun/o/gastr/o/stomy 食管空肠胃吻合术。
第8页/共54页
（2）当一个名词常同时有外来复数 与英文规则复数，外来复数在正式 文体中特别是科技用语中较常见， 而英文规则复数则在日常医学英语 中更常见。
第9页/共54页
（3）有些名词变复数时，词尾字母拼 写发生变化
如 phalanx→phalanges指(趾)骨 faux →fauces 咽门
①倒数第二音节中的元音后面跟 两个辅音，大多数情况下，其元 音读短音，重音在该音节上。
如bronch’ismus 支气管痉挛
第46页/共54页
②倒数第二个音节中的元音后面跟 一个辅音，其中有不少元音读短音， 则重音落在倒数第三音节。
如 ’ abdomen
第47页/共54页
心电图
第18页/共54页
• cholangiocholecystocholedochectomy
• cholangiocholecystocholedochectomy • cholangio/cholecysto/choledoch/ectomy
肝胆道切除术(肝管胆总管胆囊切除术)
第19页/共54页
第14页/共54页
（3）为了简洁，常采用被动语态 及应用名词作定语构成复合词形 式，如cancer patient(patient with cancer)，blood vessel wall(wall of the blood vessel)
第37页/共54页
（2）“组合元音”分析法：是构词成分的 接合点。 最常见的元音字母是“O”。 如esophag/o/jejun/o/gastr/o/stomy 食管空肠胃吻合术。
第8页/共54页
（2）当一个名词常同时有外来复数 与英文规则复数，外来复数在正式 文体中特别是科技用语中较常见， 而英文规则复数则在日常医学英语 中更常见。
第9页/共54页
（3）有些名词变复数时，词尾字母拼 写发生变化
如 phalanx→phalanges指(趾)骨 faux →fauces 咽门
①倒数第二音节中的元音后面跟 两个辅音，大多数情况下，其元 音读短音，重音在该音节上。
如bronch’ismus 支气管痉挛
第46页/共54页
②倒数第二个音节中的元音后面跟 一个辅音，其中有不少元音读短音， 则重音落在倒数第三音节。
如 ’ abdomen
第47页/共54页
心电图
第18页/共54页
• cholangiocholecystocholedochectomy
• cholangiocholecystocholedochectomy • cholangio/cholecysto/choledoch/ectomy
肝胆道切除术(肝管胆总管胆囊切除术)
第19页/共54页
第14页/共54页
（3）为了简洁，常采用被动语态 及应用名词作定语构成复合词形 式，如cancer patient(patient with cancer)，blood vessel wall(wall of the blood vessel)
医学英语阅读与写作课件
后缀可根据是否有词根参与构成后缀分为简 单后缀和复合性后缀两种。简单后缀指上述只有 几个字母构成的后缀（一般不超过4个字母），复 合性后缀由词根和简单后缀组成，如-stomy（造 口术）=-stom（造口）+ -y（……的过程）。
连接元音（combining vowel）
连接元音指当词根与词根、词根与后缀相 结合的时候，若后一个词根或后缀首字母为辅音 字母，则二者之间用一个元音字母连接，该元音 字母称之为连接元音。连接元音一般为元音字母 “o”，如angi-o-graphy血管造影术。若后一 个词根或后缀的首字母为元音字母，则连接元音 省略，如gastr-itis（胃炎）而不是gastr-o-itis。
中文
诊断 尖端 根 肩胛骨 神经节 纤维瘤
-us
-um→fungi
medium→media
真菌
培养基
前缀
前缀位于词根或单词之前，前缀本身具有一定 含义，它可改变原单词意义或赋予新的含义。 如：hyper-（高于）+ tension（压力）= hypertension （高血压）等。
后缀
后缀位于词根或单词之后，后缀本身也同样具有 一定含义。
后缀按词性可分为名词性后缀和形容词性后 缀，名词性后缀具有改变词意的功能，如-ism状 态，过程, -ia状态，性质, -itis发炎，炎症, -y过程 等；形容词性后缀具有改变词性的功能，如-ic有 关于；…的, -al有关于；…的等。
Ⅲ. 医学英语术语的构词规则
医学英语术语的构词方法具有相当的特殊性和规律 性，它在构词成分、合成形式，甚至单复数的转化 都有规律可循。因此，虽然医学术语浩如烟海，但 仍易于掌握。 一般来说，绝大多数医学术语词汇都由词根、前缀、 后缀和连接元音构成。
最新UNIT 1 The Hippocratic Oath 医学院校硕士研究生英语读与写课件PPT课
Background information to Text A
Introduction to the author
Hippocrates was a Greek physician born in 460 BC on the island of Cos, Greece. He became known as the founder of medicine and is regarded as the greatest physician of his time. He based his medical practice on observations and on the study of the human body. He held the belief that illness has a physical as well as a rational explanation.
Background information to Text A
Related background information Ancient Greek Medicine
The Ancient Greeks made major strides in the development of medical knowledge. The work of Hippocrates and his followers led to several scientific facts being recorded for the first time and perhaps more significantly the work of these philosophers began a tradition of studying the causes of disease rather than looking solely at the symptoms when prescribing a cure.
医学英文文献汇报PPT课件
Pulmonary hypertension secondary to pulmonary veno-occlusive disease complicated by right heart failure, hypotension and acute kidney injury
肺静脉闭塞性疾病继发肺动脉高压症，并伴发右心衰、 低血压和急性肾损伤
肺静脉闭塞性疾病(PVOD)是一种罕见的肺动脉高血压(PAH) 病因，其肺小静脉和微静脉纤维化，逐渐导致肺动脉高压、 肺间质、胸膜水肿和右心衰。
PVOD常常与肺结缔组织疾病、艾滋病、骨髓移植、化学风 险有关，但特发性占大多数。确诊需要肺组织学活检，但获 得这样一个组织标本的禁忌症就是患者有呼吸系统和血流动 力学的不稳定。虽然还有其他的诊断方法，比肺组织活检的 创伤要小，但是没有组织学的诊断很难区分PVOD特发性多 环芳烃特发性肺动脉高压和间质性肺病区分。
医学英文文献汇报
11
Case description
图1所示。肺活检病理切片。被增生的纤维结缔组织填充的胸膜下小叶间静脉 (箭头所示)。
医学英文文献汇报
12
Case description
该病人被转移到附近的医院进行会诊和治疗。留置的漂浮导管监测结果 示系统PA压力为104/46mmHg（平均67）；心输出量增加至4.98L/min ，肺毛细血管楔压为10mmHg。该患者一开始就是以特发性肺动脉高压 进行治疗的，包括持续吸入NO、西地那非、前列环素等血管舒张剂等 药物治疗。经过治疗，患者PA有轻微改善，但血氧过低和呼吸困难症状 仍存
医学英文文献汇报
10
Case description
在这一点上，鉴于ILD的主要表现，以及病人的严重低氧血 症,CTA检查结果和肺功能测试，外院给她进行了支气管镜 检查和胸腔镜肺活检。而这一系列检查我们都不推荐。在麻 醉诱导后立即出现的无脉性电活动又使病情更加复杂化。这 个病人经历了不到5分钟心肺复苏后才恢复自主循环，整个 过程也才完成。随后，该患者出现低血压，并需要用多巴胺 +米力农等血管收缩药物来维持。初步肺活检结果与与特发 性肺动脉高压是一致的；活检的切片被送到外面的专业实验 室（图1示）。
肺静脉闭塞性疾病继发肺动脉高压症，并伴发右心衰、 低血压和急性肾损伤
肺静脉闭塞性疾病(PVOD)是一种罕见的肺动脉高血压(PAH) 病因，其肺小静脉和微静脉纤维化，逐渐导致肺动脉高压、 肺间质、胸膜水肿和右心衰。
PVOD常常与肺结缔组织疾病、艾滋病、骨髓移植、化学风 险有关，但特发性占大多数。确诊需要肺组织学活检，但获 得这样一个组织标本的禁忌症就是患者有呼吸系统和血流动 力学的不稳定。虽然还有其他的诊断方法，比肺组织活检的 创伤要小，但是没有组织学的诊断很难区分PVOD特发性多 环芳烃特发性肺动脉高压和间质性肺病区分。
医学英文文献汇报
11
Case description
图1所示。肺活检病理切片。被增生的纤维结缔组织填充的胸膜下小叶间静脉 (箭头所示)。
医学英文文献汇报
12
Case description
该病人被转移到附近的医院进行会诊和治疗。留置的漂浮导管监测结果 示系统PA压力为104/46mmHg（平均67）；心输出量增加至4.98L/min ，肺毛细血管楔压为10mmHg。该患者一开始就是以特发性肺动脉高压 进行治疗的，包括持续吸入NO、西地那非、前列环素等血管舒张剂等 药物治疗。经过治疗，患者PA有轻微改善，但血氧过低和呼吸困难症状 仍存
医学英文文献汇报
10
Case description
在这一点上，鉴于ILD的主要表现，以及病人的严重低氧血 症,CTA检查结果和肺功能测试，外院给她进行了支气管镜 检查和胸腔镜肺活检。而这一系列检查我们都不推荐。在麻 醉诱导后立即出现的无脉性电活动又使病情更加复杂化。这 个病人经历了不到5分钟心肺复苏后才恢复自主循环，整个 过程也才完成。随后，该患者出现低血压，并需要用多巴胺 +米力农等血管收缩药物来维持。初步肺活检结果与与特发 性肺动脉高压是一致的；活检的切片被送到外面的专业实验 室（图1示）。
医学英语Unit3经典ppt
华佗认为“人体欲得劳动，……血 脉流通，病不得生，譬如户枢，终 不朽也”。
Hippocrates(460 BC370BC)
The Oath of hippocrates
The father of Western medicine, who taught the prevention of disease through a regimen of diet and exercise and emphasized careful observation of the patient the recuperative powers of nature and a high standard of ethical conduct as incorporated in the Hippocratic Oath.
后世尊华佗为“外 科鼻祖” :“魏有华 佗，设立疮科，剔 骨疗疾，神效良 多”。
Hua Tuo (145—208）
麻沸散
He used it in the surgical operation ,It’s the earliest anesthetic in the world .
Five-beast fight
In addition
Acupuncture
Accurate location of the proper points for the traditional Chinese practice of acupuncture implies some familiarity with the nervous and vascular systems.
Aristotle
Back
The survey of the European Middle Ages
Hippocrates(460 BC370BC)
The Oath of hippocrates
The father of Western medicine, who taught the prevention of disease through a regimen of diet and exercise and emphasized careful observation of the patient the recuperative powers of nature and a high standard of ethical conduct as incorporated in the Hippocratic Oath.
后世尊华佗为“外 科鼻祖” :“魏有华 佗，设立疮科，剔 骨疗疾，神效良 多”。
Hua Tuo (145—208）
麻沸散
He used it in the surgical operation ,It’s the earliest anesthetic in the world .
Five-beast fight
In addition
Acupuncture
Accurate location of the proper points for the traditional Chinese practice of acupuncture implies some familiarity with the nervous and vascular systems.
Aristotle
Back
The survey of the European Middle Ages
Unit3ExtendedreadingAcupuncturemagicneedles课件高中英语牛
Para.1-2 History
(1) How long does it exist?
Over 4000 years.
It was developed long ago, perhaps as early as 2000 BCE. There is evidence that acupuncture dates back to the Stone Age, when stone tools called bian were used to press areas of the body.
, or .
Which aspects of acupuncture might be mentioned in the passage?
function
popularity
definition strengths
history
application
Global reading
origin of acupuncture
Find main ideas of each paragraph
development of
acupuncture needles
the process of diagnosis
process of treatment
health problems treated by acupuncture
Para.5: the health problems acupuncture can be used to treat Para.6: the theories about how acupuncture works Para.7: the __i_n_f_l_u_e_n_c_e__of acupuncture
unit12new医学英语课件
osse/5Csi/ ossification/Cying /Csi faiin /骨化的
ossicles /5Csiklz/小骨
oste(o)
osteoblast/5CstiEblB:st/破骨细胞
/5RstI(EJ)/ osteoarthritis/Csti:7EuB:5Wraitis/
costomediastinal / kCstE7mi:diAs5tainEl/肋纵膈的
10
ischi(o)
ischiocavernosus
`IskI(Eu)/ / iskiEu5kAvE:nEsEs/坐骨海绵体肌
1-1
ischium/5iskiEm/坐骨
坐骨
ischiorectal / iskiEu5rekt(E)l/
5
syndesm(o)sIn`dezm/
2-2 韧带 ligament
syndesmectopia /7sindEsmek5tEupiE/韧带异位
syndesmology /7sindEs5mClEdVi/ 韧带学
syndesmitis /7sindEs5maitis/ 韧带炎
syndesmoma /7sindEs5mEumE/结 缔组织瘤
my(o)肌肉 muscle 2-2
myotonia /7maiEu5tEuniE/肌强直 myoglobin /7maiE5^lEubin/肌红蛋白 myocardium /7maiEu5kB:diEm/心肌层 myosin/ 5maiEsin/肌浆球蛋白
1
os /Cs/
osseous/5CsiEs/骨的
craniolacunia /9kreInIEJ`lAkjuni /
颅顶骨内面凹陷
医学专业英语课件_14
the south
Personal History
Smoking
He was not a smoker He has smoked a package of cigarettes a day
for 35 years He smoked 3 or 5 cigarettes daily formely, but
– Dyspnea occurs soon after lying – The pain became more severe after
meals – Dyspnea is relieved by sitting up – The chest pain had relation to respiration – The pain had no relation to coughing
He often drinks too much ( or heavily)
Eating habits
He has no likes or dislikes in food He has a lifelong dislike for vegetables He liked acid ( sweets, pungent, hot, cold)
He had (or there was) no history of allergy to food or drugs
He had history of Penicillin sensibility Appendectomy was done in May, 1986
because of acute appendicitis
He perceived accidentally that his stool was mixed withblood
Personal History
Smoking
He was not a smoker He has smoked a package of cigarettes a day
for 35 years He smoked 3 or 5 cigarettes daily formely, but
– Dyspnea occurs soon after lying – The pain became more severe after
meals – Dyspnea is relieved by sitting up – The chest pain had relation to respiration – The pain had no relation to coughing
He often drinks too much ( or heavily)
Eating habits
He has no likes or dislikes in food He has a lifelong dislike for vegetables He liked acid ( sweets, pungent, hot, cold)
He had (or there was) no history of allergy to food or drugs
He had history of Penicillin sensibility Appendectomy was done in May, 1986
because of acute appendicitis
He perceived accidentally that his stool was mixed withblood
博士医学英语阅读修订版精品PPT课件
Unit 1 An Introduction to TCM
LOGO
What is TCM?
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a scientific summary of the rich experience of the Chinese nation’s struggle against disease for thousands of years. It is one of the oldest and strongest traditional medical system in the history of the world. Deeply influenced by the thoughts of ancient Chinese philosophy and culture, TCM applies dialectical thinking to research on the laws of a human being’s life activities from a macroscopic and systemic point of view. Chairman Mao said “Traditional Chinese Medicine is a great treasure-house and should be explored and improved diligently.”
The first pharmacopoeia sponsored officially in
ancient China, the earliest pharmacopoeia in the world
Sun
Valuable Prescription
LOGO
What is TCM?
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a scientific summary of the rich experience of the Chinese nation’s struggle against disease for thousands of years. It is one of the oldest and strongest traditional medical system in the history of the world. Deeply influenced by the thoughts of ancient Chinese philosophy and culture, TCM applies dialectical thinking to research on the laws of a human being’s life activities from a macroscopic and systemic point of view. Chairman Mao said “Traditional Chinese Medicine is a great treasure-house and should be explored and improved diligently.”
The first pharmacopoeia sponsored officially in
ancient China, the earliest pharmacopoeia in the world
Sun
Valuable Prescription
医学PPT模板
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医院医疗医学教学
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药学英语 Introduction幻灯片
3. 专业英语词汇具体特点：
(1) 广泛使用表示动作或状态的抽象名词，以及有 名词功用的动名词
(2) 广泛采用名词连用形式 (3) 复合词 (4) 缩略词
(2) 广泛采用名词连用形式
safety range
target cell
surface tension
surface activity
molecular pharmacology
被动语态 清晰、准确、精练、严密
专业英语的特点
1. 文体特点 2. 词汇特点 3. 语法特点
二、专业英语的词汇特点
1. 医药科技英语词汇主要来自于英语、希腊语、拉 丁语及现代英语等。 来自英语： code of conduct board of directors
直接从希腊语和拉丁语中吸收: thesis (希腊语） formula (拉丁语）
2）被动句 The disease is caused by a virus.
The blood flow may be increased by more rapid and vigorous heart action.
It has been suggested that early treatment of streptococcal infections with penicillin may prevent nephritis.
antidote 解毒药 antibody 抗体
6. aqu-：水
aqueous 水的 aquarium 水族馆
7. –ate：具有，具有……形状的，盐，酯
nucleate 具核的 chlorate 氯酸盐 acetate 乙酸酯
8. auto-：自动
医学文献阅读汇报PPT课件
逐步回归法
逐步回归法：在向前引入每一个新解释变量之后，都重新检 验前面已选入的解释变量有无继续保存在方程中的价值。引 入和剔除交替进行，直到既没有具有统计学意义的新变量可 引入，也无失去其统计学意义的解释变量可剔出方程为止。
本例中： 加权后对数据进行逐步的回归，最终结果输出为以实际开 放床位数〔X1〕和门急诊人次数〔X2〕为自变量的模型， 且两者不存在共线性，做出回归方程，通过相关系数的比 较得到，实际开放床位数对因变量医院总职工数影响最大， 得出回归方程为：
0统2 计分析方法
线性的相关分析
采用多重线性回归前首先要满足资料间具有线性相关性， 以职工总人数为因变量，实际开放床位数、急门诊人次数、 出院病人数、住院手术病人数作为自变量，做线性的相关 分析，得准确性为0.795，证明满足线性相关的要求。
独立性检验
对总职工人数进行独立性检验，只需要检验残差间相互独 立，采用Durbin-Watson统计量来判断，其结果〔DW值〕 一般为0-4，越接近于2独立性越好。对总职工人 数进行 的独立性检验DW值为1.507，接近于2，满足独立性。
研究目的
医院职工总人数是一项衡量医院规模、人力资源数量的重要 指标，是表达和评价医院人员储藏的数量指标，通过对其分 析找出影响医院职工总人数的主要因素，能给医院领导或卫 生行政主管部门进行相关抉择提供依据。
运用多重线性回归模型分析影响医院职工总人数的主要因素。
资料来源
本研究样本来源于 2021 武汉卫生计生年鉴所收录的武 汉市地区 44 家公立医院职工总人数、实际开放床位数、 门急诊人次数、出院病人数、住院病人 手术人次数据，数据真实可信。
多重线性回归
本研究选择线性回归模型，对自变量的相对重要性进行衡量， 采用逐步回归法，以医院职工总人数(Y)为因变量，实际开 放床位数(X1)、门急诊人次数(X2)、出院病人数(X3)、住院 病人手术人次(X4)为变量建立多重线性回归模型 。
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• Radial glia-like cells persist in the adult rat brain. • Noggin expands neural stem cells in the adult
hippocampus. • Upregulation of chemokine receptor expression
by IL-10/IL-4 in adult neural stem cells.
题名
• 注意句法结构：完整的句子？ 特定的词组？
• 注意内容结构：处理因素析
Death receptors and caspases but not mitochondria are activated in the
Neurons
• Neurotrophic factors, including glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), promote survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, but the death pathways activated in the dopaminergic neurons by deprivation of these factors are poorly studied. We show here that deprivation of GDNF or BDNF triggers a novel mitochondria-independent death pathway in the cultured embryonic dopaminergic neurons: cytochrome c was not released from the mitochondria to cytosol, proapoptotic protein Bax was not activated, and overexpressed Bcl-xL did not block the death. Caspases were critically required, because the death was completely blocked by caspase inhibitor BAF [boc-aspartyl(OMe)-fluoromethylketone] and overexpression of dominantnegative mutants of caspase-9, -3, and -7 significantly blocked the death. Also, the death receptor pathway was involved, because blockage of caspase-8 or FADD (Fas-associated protein with death domain), an adapter required for caspase-8 activation, inhibited death induced by GDNF or BDNF deprivation. Ligation of Fas by agonistic anti-Fas antibody induced apoptosis in the GDNF- or BDNFmaintained neurons, and inhibition of Fas by Fas-Fc chimera blocked the death of GDNF- or BDNF-deprived neurons, whereas FAIML (long isoform of Fas apoptosis inhibitorymolecule) could control the activity of Fas in the dopaminergic neurons.
学术论文具有四大特点：①学术性 ②科学性 ③ 创造性 ④理论性
学术论文（科研文章）
• 学术论文的形态结构（格式） • 传递学术论文信息的语言单位 • 理解学术论文的三层境界
题名
题名是以最恰当、最简洁的词语反映学术论文中最重要的 特定内容的逻辑组合。
题名应该具有吸引力。
题名举例
• Neural stem and progenitor cells retain their potential for proliferation and differentiation into functional neurons despite lower number in aged brain.
摘要
• 摘要具有独立性和自含性，即不阅读全文，就能获得必要 的信息。
• 摘要一般应说明研究工作目的、材料与方法、结果、结论 等，而重点是结果和结论。
Death Receptors and Caspases But Not Mitochondria Are
Activated in the GDNF- or BDNF-Deprived Dopaminergic
GDNF- or BDNF-deprived dopaminergic neurons
摘要
20世纪60年代国外首先提出科技论文应附摘要，《中华医 学杂志》英文版1972年也提出要求附摘要。
20世纪80年代加拿大温哥华一个研究小组进一步提出结构 式摘要，即要求摘要写法分成四部分，分别冠以标题，使 读者无需查阅正文即可基本了解实质性内容。
综述
• 发展的轨迹（线索） • 现状的总结（归纳） • 指出存在的问题 • 提出解决问题的策略
不是今天要的内容！有机会再讲。
医学学术论文
学术论文是某一学术课题在实验性、理论性或观 测性上具有新的科学研究成果或创新见解的知识 和科学记录；或是某种已知原理应用于实际中取 得新进展的科学总结，用以提供学术会议上宣读、 交流或讨论；或在学术刊物上发表；或作其他用 途的书面文件。
hippocampus. • Upregulation of chemokine receptor expression
by IL-10/IL-4 in adult neural stem cells.
题名
• 注意句法结构：完整的句子？ 特定的词组？
• 注意内容结构：处理因素析
Death receptors and caspases but not mitochondria are activated in the
Neurons
• Neurotrophic factors, including glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), promote survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, but the death pathways activated in the dopaminergic neurons by deprivation of these factors are poorly studied. We show here that deprivation of GDNF or BDNF triggers a novel mitochondria-independent death pathway in the cultured embryonic dopaminergic neurons: cytochrome c was not released from the mitochondria to cytosol, proapoptotic protein Bax was not activated, and overexpressed Bcl-xL did not block the death. Caspases were critically required, because the death was completely blocked by caspase inhibitor BAF [boc-aspartyl(OMe)-fluoromethylketone] and overexpression of dominantnegative mutants of caspase-9, -3, and -7 significantly blocked the death. Also, the death receptor pathway was involved, because blockage of caspase-8 or FADD (Fas-associated protein with death domain), an adapter required for caspase-8 activation, inhibited death induced by GDNF or BDNF deprivation. Ligation of Fas by agonistic anti-Fas antibody induced apoptosis in the GDNF- or BDNFmaintained neurons, and inhibition of Fas by Fas-Fc chimera blocked the death of GDNF- or BDNF-deprived neurons, whereas FAIML (long isoform of Fas apoptosis inhibitorymolecule) could control the activity of Fas in the dopaminergic neurons.
学术论文具有四大特点：①学术性 ②科学性 ③ 创造性 ④理论性
学术论文（科研文章）
• 学术论文的形态结构（格式） • 传递学术论文信息的语言单位 • 理解学术论文的三层境界
题名
题名是以最恰当、最简洁的词语反映学术论文中最重要的 特定内容的逻辑组合。
题名应该具有吸引力。
题名举例
• Neural stem and progenitor cells retain their potential for proliferation and differentiation into functional neurons despite lower number in aged brain.
摘要
• 摘要具有独立性和自含性，即不阅读全文，就能获得必要 的信息。
• 摘要一般应说明研究工作目的、材料与方法、结果、结论 等，而重点是结果和结论。
Death Receptors and Caspases But Not Mitochondria Are
Activated in the GDNF- or BDNF-Deprived Dopaminergic
GDNF- or BDNF-deprived dopaminergic neurons
摘要
20世纪60年代国外首先提出科技论文应附摘要，《中华医 学杂志》英文版1972年也提出要求附摘要。
20世纪80年代加拿大温哥华一个研究小组进一步提出结构 式摘要，即要求摘要写法分成四部分，分别冠以标题，使 读者无需查阅正文即可基本了解实质性内容。
综述
• 发展的轨迹（线索） • 现状的总结（归纳） • 指出存在的问题 • 提出解决问题的策略
不是今天要的内容！有机会再讲。
医学学术论文
学术论文是某一学术课题在实验性、理论性或观 测性上具有新的科学研究成果或创新见解的知识 和科学记录；或是某种已知原理应用于实际中取 得新进展的科学总结，用以提供学术会议上宣读、 交流或讨论；或在学术刊物上发表；或作其他用 途的书面文件。