(完整)逆变器外文文献及翻译
关于逆变的中外文资料
Inverters1.1 Autonomous OperationWhile electrical power generation changes due to different irradiance levels,the energy still has to be stored, especially when the time of demand is different from the time of generation - which is very often the case.Therefore storage consisting of a battery and an adequate charge/discharge controller has to be added to the system (see Figure 1.1). Often alternating voltage is needed, and thus an inverter has to be implemented in order to convert DC from the PV panel and storage to the AC required.Fig. 1.1.Block diagram of an autonomous PV system with storage and an inverter for AC loads.The most simple way to achieve this is by switching the polarity of the DC with the frequency needed for AC (50 Hz or 60 Hz), using devices called rectangular inverters. Yet his kind of AC conversion leads to high distortion levels with higher frequency artifacts, which could damage sensitive loads and interfere with radio signals.A better approximation of the sine-form requested is to use switches with some zero voltage period (so called trapezoid inverters). Distortion levels for this type of inverter are lower than for the rectangular inverters, but still high.Formerly so called “rotating inverters” have been used. At those, a DC motor is coupled to an AC generator. This method enables a very smooth sinusoidal output, but efficiency is relatively poor and the frequency varies when a change of the loadoccurs.State-of-the-art technology at inverters is PWM (pulse width modulation).Here DC is switched on and off for a short period of time (a pulse) in such a manner that the integral of the pulse is equivalent to the actual level at the sinus profile required. The next pulse width is also adapted in that way so the integral is equivalent to the next actual level of the sinus given by the controller. After filtering the output of such an inverter is very close to a perfect sinus at relatively high efficiency (up to 96%). 1.2 Inverters for Electrical Grid InjectionIn autonomous PV systems the energy yield varies due to daily and seasonal changes of solar irradiance. In Central Europe the average irradiance received during summer is about five to six times higher than in winter.Therefore those PV systems have to be equipped with enough energy storage devices to supply loads during periods of poor or no radiation. Storage makes a system more expensive (especially seasonal storage) and increases the costs of generated energy. Therefore, the public grid is used as “storage”or buffer into which energy is fed during periods of overproduction and likewise, taken during periods lacking photovoltaic power generation . To facilitate grid injection, DC power from the PV generator has to be converted into AC according to the requirements of the public grid.Counter to inverters of autonomous systems, the reference sinus for the PWM is not given by the controller but by the grid. While the impedance of the grid is generally very low, the inverters still have to be synchronized before operation and adapt to the particular voltage and frequency of any given grid. Therefore, inverters used for grid connections are different from the ones used for autonomous systems. In case of any connection to the grid,utilities set standards in order to maintain distortion levels and synchronization of voltage and current within certain limits. In the past numerous failures had been reported which involved grid connected inverters, the technology nowadays has been found to be very stable. Only a few types of inverters are capable of working in both operation modes: gridconnected and autonomous.While small loads can often be used for DC, general appliances require AC of 115 V or 230 V with 50 Hz or 60 Hz. For power requirements higher than 3-10 kW a three-phase AC system is usually preferred.Fig. 1.2. Scheme of a typical single-phase PV grid injection system equipped with a Maximum-Power-Point-Tracker (MPPT) and an energy counter (kWh).Many different types of PV grid injectors are available. They differ by their way of commutation whether they feature galvanic separation from the grid(e.g., by transformers), and by the type of power electronics they are using (thyristor, GTO, bipolar-transistor, MOS-FET or IGBT). Due to adequate funding programs for PV power plants of these dimensions (e.g., the German 1,000 and 100,000 PV Roofs Program), most of these grid injectors are available in a power range of 0.6 to 5 kW.A widely utilized principle is the pulse-width-modulation (PWM). For PWM to achieve a 50 or 60 Hz sinus for an AC grid, the first step is to get a rectangular current by shifting the polarity (each 10 ms for 50 Hz, or each 8.33 ms for 60 Hz) of the DC output from the PV power station. The rectangular current is then switched on and off (“pulsed”) in such a manner that the resulting integral of the pulses is as close as possible to the equivalent sinus value to be achieved (see Figure 3. 3). The pulsing is carried out at a relatively high frequency (10 to 100 kHz), the consequent integra tion is done by “smoothing” the pulses via a lowpass filter.The frequency and phase have to be adjusted to the actual grid condition and if the “guiding” grid fails the inverter also has to be switched off immediately. In general, a grid inverter should fulfill the following requirements:(1)The output current follows the grid voltage synchronously (“currentsource”).(2)The distortion and consequent spectral harmonics of the grid frequency are not allowed to surpass given thresholds by the norms (e.g., VDE 0838,EN 60555), which requires a good adaption of the output current to the sinus form.(3)The injected current and the grid voltage should have no phase difference (cos p= 1) in order to avoid the bouncing of reactive power between grid and inverter whichwould cause additional losses and eventually overcharge.(4)In failure condition (missing grid voltage, strong frequency shifts, short circuits or isolation failures) the grid injector has to be disconnected from the grid automatically.(5)Control signals in the grid, often used by the energy suppliers, should not be disturbed by the grid injector nor should they impact his operation.(6)The input terminal resistance should be well adapted to the actual properties of the solar generator during operation, e.g., by “Maximum Power Point Tracking“ (MPPT).(7)Fluctuations of the input voltage (e.g., at 100 Hz caused for a single phase injector device) should be low (< 3%) to allow operation of the solar generator close to its Maximum-Power-Point.(8)Overvoltage, e.g., caused by a solar generator operating at low temperatures near open circuit conditions, should not lead to defects.(9)For overload conditions the input power is limited to a defined value by shifting the point of operation of the PV generator toward open circuit voltage. This could happen when the nominal power of the inverter is lower than the nominal power from the PV generator. Such an occurrence infrequently (see Figure 7.27) leads, at very high irradiance, to an input overload of the grid injector.(10)The grid inverter should be supplied by the solar generator to avoid consumption from the grid (e.g., at nighttime). The inverter should go into operation mode already at low irradiance levels and should operate in a stable manner. Modern PV systems are already injecting to the grid at irradiance levels of 50 W/m2 and efficiencies of 90% can be achieved at 10% of the nominal inverter power so far.(11)Input and output terminals should be protected against transient overvoltages (“surge”, e.g., ca used by lightning strokes). This is mainly carried out by the application of overvoltage or surge arrester devices.(12)The regulations for “electromagnetic compatibility” (EMC), e.g., EN 55014, have to be adhering.(13) Noise emission of the devices should be low, so as to allow operation also in inhabited buildings.The quality of power entering the utility-grid from a PV system is also of concern to the utilities. If too many harmonics are present in the inverter output they may cause interference in loads at other locations (that may require sinusoidal power) or at utility equipment (e.g., for data transmission over the transmission line). Electrical machinery (e.g., motors) operating with a lot of harmonic distortions in the power supply are heating up and the lifetimes of the bearings are reduced due to vibrations.IEEE 519 is specific to grid-connected PV systems and also gives standards relating to:Voltage disturbances: Voltage at inverter output should not be more than 5% higher than the voltage at the point of utility connection and thus the inverter should sense grid voltage abnormalities and disconnect the inverter when indicated. Disconnection should occur within 10 cycles if the utility voltage either drops below 50% of its nominal value or increases above 110% of its nominal value. If the utility line voltage is between 50% and 92% of its nominal value, the inverter should shut down within two seconds.Frequency d isturbances: If, at 60 Hz systems, the line frequency falls below 59.5 Hz or goes above 60.5 Hz, the inverter should be disconnected.Power factors: The power factor (caused by a phase shift between current and voltage) should not be lower than 0.85.Injection of DC in to the AC grid : DC current must be no greater than 0.5% of rated inverter output current.Also, regulations on islanding protection, reconnecting after grid failure and restoration, grounding surge protection, DC and AC disconnecting are assumed in that norm. Sometimes additional requirements of the local energy utilities have to be taken into account. A collection of further international and European regulations are given in the Annex.A typical configuration of a single phase PV injection system is shown in Figure3.2 (with a maximum-power-point-tracker and an energy counter).1.3 Types of inverters1.3.1 External Commutated InvertersExternal commutated inverters need an external AC voltage supply which is not part of the inverter), to supply the “commutation-voltage” during the commutation period (e.g., for thyristors, see also DIN 41750 part 2). At grid controlled inverters this AC voltage is supplied by the grid. External controlled inverters are operated via “natural commutation.” A main feature of them is that a “current rectifier valve” with an actual higher voltage potential after ignition takes over the current from a current rectifier valve in front of it (Heumann 1996).The external commutated, grid-controlled inverter is commonly used for high power applications. For low power applications (<1 MW), which are most common for PV power supply systems, self-commuted inverters are the state-of-the-art.1.3.2 Self Commutated InvertersSelf-commutated inverters do not need an external AC-voltage supply for commutation (see DIN 41 750, part 5). The commutation voltage is supplied either by an energy storage which is part of the inverter (commonly by a “delete”-capacity) or by increase of resistance of the current rectifier valve to be switched off (e.g., a MOS-FET power transistor or an IGBT). Self commutated inverters have been designed for all kind of conversion of electrical energy for energy flows in one or both directions. In the power range relevant for PV-applications (< 1 MW) nowadays exclusively selfcommutated inverters are used.1.3.3 Inverters Based on PWMA self-commuted inverter, which has an output voltage (resp. current) that is controlled by pulses is called pulse-inverter. At this type of inverter the number of commutations per period is increased by frequent on- and off switching at the pulse-frequency f within this period, which may be used to reduce harmonics of current and voltage, because it is equivalent to an increment of pulse numbers. At grid-controlled inverters the increment of pulse numbers is only possible via an adequate augmentation of inverter rectification braces. Figure 3.3 shows the coupling of a DC voltage source (PV-generator) with an AC voltage source via a pulse inverter in a single phase bridge circuit.Fig. 1.3. Scheme of circuit of a single phase sinus inverter based on pulse width modulation forphotovoltaic grid injection.The harmonics of the current are defined by the inductances of the AC side.So,in order to fulfill the directives of the utilities for grid-feeding (EN 60 555), a certain minimum inductance should be kept.The inverter shown in Fig. 3.3 supplementary is equipped with a low pass filter and an isolation transformer, so all harmonics up to the order of n-1 are eliminated, while n represents the number of pulses during each period of the AC current. For elevated switching frequencies the switching losses in the power electronic devices are increased. At low switching frequencies the expenses for the low pass filter increases. While for the sinusoidal current the power into the single-phase grid pulses with twice the frequency, the DC from the PV-generator is superimposed by a sinusoidal current with twice the grid frequency.中文译文逆变1.1自主运作虽然发电的变化，由于不同的辐射水平，能源仍然需要储存，特别是当时间需求不在同一时间时，这是非常常见的情况。
变电站中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述
变电站概述中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述英文翻译A comprehensive overview of substationsAlong with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life.Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。
光伏发电逆变器毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
光伏发电逆变器毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献附录：文献翻译TMS320LF2407, TMS320LF2406, TMS320LF2402TMS320LC2406, TMS320LC2404, MS320LC2402DSP CONTROLLERSThe TMS320LF240x and TMS320LC240x devices, new members of the ‘24x family of digital signal processor (DSP) controllers, are part of the C2000 platform of fixed-point DSPs. The ‘240x devices offer the enhanced TMS320 architectural design of the ‘C2xx core CPU for low-cost, low-power, high-performance processing capabilities. Several advanced peripherals, optimized for digital motor and motion control applications, have been integrated to provide a true single chip DSP controller. While code-compatible with the existing ‘24x DSP controller devices, the ‘240x offers increased processing performance (30 MIPS) and a higher level of peripheral integration. See the TMS320x240x device summary section for device-specific features.The ‘240x family offers an array of memory sizes and different peripherals tailored to meet the specific price/performance points required by various applications. Flash-based devices of up to 32K words offer a reprogrammable solution useful for:◆Applications requiring field programmability upgrades.◆Development and initial prototyping of applications that migrate to ROM-baseddevices.Flash devices and corresponding ROM devices are fully pin-to-pin compatible. Note that flash-based devices contain a 256-word boot ROM to facilitate in-circuit programming.All ‘240x devices offer at least one event manager module which has been optimized for digital motor control and power conversion applications. Capabilities of this module include centered- and/or edge-aligned PWM generation, programmable deadband to prevent shoot-through faults, and synchronized analog-to-digital conversion. Devices with dual event managers enable multiple motor and/or converter control with a single ‗240x DSP controller.The high performance, 10-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC) has a minimum conversion time of 500 ns and offers up to 16 channels of analog input. The auto sequencing capability of the ADC allows a maximum of 16 conversions to take place in a single conversion session without any CPU overhead.A serial communications interface (SCI) is integrated on all devices to provide asynchronous communication to other devices in the system. For systems requiring additional communication interfaces; the ‘2407, ‘2406, and ‘2404 offer a 16-bit synchronous serial peripheral interface (SPI). The ‘2407 and ‘2406 offer a controller area network (CAN) communications module that meets 2.0B specifications. To maximize device flexibility, functional pins are also configurable as general purpose inputs/outputs (GPIO).To streamline development time, JTAG-compliant scan-based emulation has been integrated into all devices. This provides non-intrusive real-time capabilities required to debug digital control systems. A complete suite of code generation tools from C compilers to the industry-standard Code Composerdebugger supports this family. Numerous third party developers not only offer device-level development tools, but also system-level design and development support.PERIPHERALSThe integrated peripherals of the TMS320x240x are described in the following subsections:●Two event-manager modules (EV A, EVB)●Enhanced analog-to-digital converter (ADC) module●Controller area network (CAN) module●Serial communications interface (SCI) module●Serial peripheral interface (SPI) module●PLL-based clock module●Digital I/O and shared pin functions●External memory interfaces (‘LF2407 only)●Watchdog (WD) timer moduleEvent manager modules (EV A, EVB)The event-manager modules include general-purpose (GP) timers, full-compare/PWM units, capture units, and quadrature-encoder pulse (QEP) circuits. EV A‘s and EVB‘s timers, compare units, and capture units function identically. However, timer/unit names differ for EV A and EVB. Table 1 shows the module and signal names used. Table 1 shows the features and functionality available for the event-manager modules and highlights EV A nomenclature.Event managers A and B have identical peripheral register sets with EV A starting at 7400h and EVB starting at 7500h. The paragraphs in this section describe the function of GP timers, compare units, capture units, and QEPs using EV A nomenclature. These paragraphs are applicable to EVB with regard to function—however, module/signal names would differ.Table 1. Module and Signal Names for EV A and EVBEVENT MANAGER MODULESEV AMODULESIGNALEVBMODULESIGNALGP Timers Timer 1Timer 2T1PWM/T1CMPT2PWM/T2CMPTimer 3Timer 4T3PWM/T3CMPT4PWM/T4CMPCompare Units Compare 1Compare 2Compare 3PWM1/2PWM3/4PWM5/6Compare 4Compare 5Compare 6PWM7/8PWM9/10PWM11/12Capture Units Capture 1Capture 2Capture 3CAP1CAP2CAP3Capture 4Capture 5Capture 6CAP4CAP5CAP6QEP QEP1QEP2QEP1QEP2QEP3QEP4QEP3QEP4External Inputs DirectionExternalClockTDIRATCLKINADirectionExternal ClockTDIRBTCLKINBGeneral-purpose (GP) timersThere are two GP timers: The GP timer x (x = 1 or 2 for EV A; x = 3 or 4 for EVB) includes:● A 16-bit timer, up-/down-counter, TxCNT, for reads or writes● A 16-bit timer-compare register, TxCMPR (double-buffered with shadow register), forreads or writes● A 16-bit timer-period register, TxPR (double-buffered with shadow register), forreads or writes● A 16-bit timer-control register,TxCON, for reads or writes●Selectable internal or external input clocks● A programmable prescaler for internal or external clock inputs●Control and interrupt logic, for four maskable interrupts: underflow, overflow, timercompare, and period interrupts● A selectable direction input pin (TDIR) (to count up or down when directionalup-/down-count mode is selected)The GP timers can be operated independently or synchronized with each other. The compare register associated with each GP timer can be used for compare function and PWM-waveform generation. There are three continuous modes of operations for each GP timer in up- or up/down-counting operations. Internal or external input clocks with programmable prescaler are used for each GP timer. GP timers also provide the time base for the other event-manager submodules: GP timer 1 for all the compares and PWM circuits, GP timer 2/1 for the capture units and the quadrature-pulse counting operations. Double-buffering of the period and compare registers allows programmable change of the timer (PWM) period and the compare/PWM pulse width as needed.Full-compare unitsThere are three full-compare units on each event manager. These compare units use GP timer1 as the time base and generate six outputs for compare and PWM-waveform generation using programmable deadband circuit. The state of each of the six outputs is configured independently. The compare registers of the compare units are double-buffered, allowing programmable change of the compare/PWM pulse widths as needed.Programmable deadband generatorThe deadband generator circuit includes three 8-bit counters and an 8-bit compare register. Desired deadband values (from 0 to 24 µs) can be programmed into the compare register for the outputs of the three compare units. The deadband generation can be enabled/disabled for each compare unit output individually. The deadband-generator circuit produces two outputs (with orwithout deadband zone) for each compare unit output signal. The output states of the deadband generator are configurable and changeable as needed by way of the double-buffered ACTR register.PWM waveform generationUp to eight PWM waveforms (outputs) can be generated simultaneously by each event manager: three independent pairs (six outputs) by the three full-compare units with programmable deadbands, and two independent PWMs by the GP-timer compares.PWM characteristicsCharacteristics of the PWMs are as follows:●16-bit registers●Programmable deadband for the PWM output pairs, from 0 to 24 µs●Minimum deadband width of 50 ns●Change of the PWM carrier frequency for PWM frequency wobbling as needed●Change of the PWM pulse widths within and after each PWM period as needed●External-maskable power and drive-protection interrupts●Pulse-pattern-generator circuit, for programmable generation of asymmetric,symmetric, and four-space vector PWM waveforms●Minimized CPU overhead using auto-reload of the compare and period registersCapture unitThe capture unit provides a logging function for different events or transitions. The values of the GP timer 2 counter are captured and stored in the two-level-deep FIFO stacks when selected transitions are detected on capture input pins, CAPx (x = 1, 2, or 3 for EV A; and x = 4, 5, or 6 for EVB). The capture unit consists of three capture circuits.Capture units include the following features:●One 16-bit capture control register, CAPCON (R/W)●One 16-bit capture FIFO status register, CAPFIFO (eight MSBs are read-only, eightLSBs are write-only)●Selection of GP timer 2 as the time base●Three 16-bit 2-level-deep FIFO stacks, one for each capture unit●Three Schmitt-triggered capture input pins (CAP1, CAP2, and CAP3)—one input pinper capture unit. [All inputs are synchronized with the device (CPU) clock. In order fora transition to be captured, the input must hold at its current level to meet two risingedges of the device clock. The input pins CAP1 and CAP2 can also be used as QEPinputs to the QEP circuit.]●User-specified transition (rising edge, falling edge, or both edges) detection●Three maskable interrupt flags, one for each capture unitEnhanced analog-to-digital converter (ADC) moduleA simplified functional block diagram of the ADC module is shown in Figure 1. The ADC module consists of a 10-bit ADC with a built-in sample-and-hold (S/H) circuit. Functions of the ADC module include:●10-bit ADC core with built-in S/H●Fast conversion time (S/H + Conversion) of 500 ns●16-channel, muxed inputs●Autosequencing capability provides up to 16 ―autoconversions‖ in a single session.Each conversion can be programmed to select any 1 of 16 input channels●Sequencer can be operated as two independent 8-state sequencers or as one large16-state sequencer (i.e., two cascaded 8-state sequencers)●Sixteen result registers (individually addressable) to store conversion values●Multiple triggers as sources for the start-of-conversion (SOC) sequence✧S/W – software immediate start✧EV A – Event manager A (multiple event sources within EV A)✧EVB – Event manager B (multiple event sources within EVB)✧Ext – External pin (ADCSOC)●Flexible interrupt control allows interrupt request on every end of sequence (EOS) orevery other EOS●Sequencer can operate in ―start/stop‖ mode, allowing multiple ―time-sequencedtriggers‖ to synchronize conv ersions●EV A and EVB triggers can operate independently in dual-sequencer mode●Sample-and-hold (S/H) acquisition time window has separate prescale control●Built-in calibration mode●Built-in self-test modeThe ADC module in the ‘240x has been enhanced to pro vide flexible interface to event managers A and B. The ADC interface is built around a fast, 10-bit ADC module with total conversion time of 500 ns (S/H + conversion). The ADC module has 16 channels, configurable as two independent 8-channel modules to service event managers A and B. The two independent 8-channel modules can be cascaded to form a 16-channel module. Figure 2 shows the block diagram of the ‘240x ADC module.The two 8-channel modules have the capability to autosequence a series of conversions,each module has the choice of selecting any one of the respective eight channels available through an analog mux. In the cascaded mode, the autosequencer functions as a single 16-channel sequencer. On each sequencer, once the conversion is complete, the selected channel value is stored in its respective RESULT register. Autosequencing allows the system to convert the same channel multiple times, allowing the user to perform oversampling algorithms. This gives increased resolution over traditional single-sampled conversion results.Figure 2. Block Diagram of the ‘240x ADC ModuleFrom TMS320LF2407, TMS320LF2406, TMS320LF2402TMS320LC2406, TMS320LC2404, MS320LC2402数字信号处理控制器TMS320LF240x和TMS320LC240x系列芯片作为’24x系列DSP控制器的新成员，是C2000平台下的一种定点DSP芯片。
外文翻译文献资料
逆变器SHI TingNa, W ANG Jian1引言逆变器是一种电动装置，转换成直流电（DC），交流电流转换的AC（交流）可以在任何所需的电压和频率使用适当的变压器，开关，控制circuits.Solid状态逆变器有没有移动部件，用于广泛的应用范围从小型计算机开关电源，高压大型电力公司电力，运输散装直接电流应用。
逆变器通常用于提供交流电源，直流电源，如太阳能电池板或电池。
逆变器的主要有两种类型。
修改后的正弦波逆变器的输出是类似方波输出，输出变为零伏前一段时间切换积极或消极的除外。
它是简单，成本低，是大多数电子设备兼容，除敏感或专用设备，例如某些激光打印机。
一个纯正弦波逆变器产生一个近乎完美的正弦波输出（<3％的总谐波失真），本质上是相同的公用事业提供电网。
因此，它是与所有的交流电的电子设备兼容。
这是在电网领带逆变器使用的类型。
它的设计更复杂，成本5或10倍以上每单位功率电逆变器是一个高功率的电子振荡器。
它这样命名，因为早期的机械AC到DC转换器工作在反向，因而被“倒”，将直流电转换AC.The变频器执行的整流器对面功能。
2应用2.1直流电源利用率逆变器从交流电力来源，如电池，太阳能电池板，燃料电池的直流电转换成。
电力，可以在任何所需的电压，特别是它可以操作交流电源操作而设计的设备，或纠正，以产生任何所需的voltage Grid领带逆变器的直流送入分销网络的能量，因为它们产生电流交替使用相同的波形和频率分配制度提供。
他们还可以关掉一个blackout.Micro逆变器的情况下自动转换成交流电电网的电流直接从当前个别太阳能电池板。
默认情况下，他们是格领带设计。
2.2不间断电源不间断电源（UPS），电池和逆变器，交流电源，主电源不可用时使用。
当主电源恢复正常时，整流提供直流电源给电池充电。
2.3感应加热逆变器的低频交流主电源转换到更高频率的感应加热使用。
要做到这一点，首先纠正交流电源提供直流电源。
外文翻译---一个逆变器在电梯门中控制两个永磁直线电动机
外文翻译---一个逆变器在电梯门中控制两个永磁直线电动机外文翻译(原文)Control of two PM linear motors with asingle inverter:application to elevator doorsAbstractThis work considers the control of two PM synchronous motors using a single inverter. The standard approach to the control of a PM synchronous motor is to use a single inverter which provides independent control of the direct and quadrature voltages (and therefore of thedirect and quadrature currents) of the motor. Here, an approach is presented that provides independent torque control of two PM synchronous motors using a single inverter. In this approach, the quadrature current of each motor is controlled while it is shown that the direct current is uncontrollable. Both parallel and series connections of the two motorsto the single inverter are considered and it is shown how thesingularity of the controller can be avoided in each case. The methodology is applied to the control of elevator doors. 1. Introduction Composed by the order of relay control system is a realization ofthe first elevator control method. However, to enter the nineties, with the development of science and technology and the widespread application of computer technology, the safety of elevators, reliability of theincreasingly high demand on the relay control weaknesses are becoming evident.Elevator control system relays the failure rate high, greatly reduces the reliability and safety of elevators, and escalators stopped often to take with the staff about the inconvenience and fear. And the event rather than taking the lift or squat at the end of the lift will not only cause damage to mechanical components, but also personal accident may occur.Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is the first order logic control in accordance with the needs of developed specifically for industrial environment applications to operate the electronic digital computing device. Given its advantages,- 1 -外文翻译(原文)at present, the relay control the lift has been gradually replacedby PLC control. At the same time, AC variable frequency motor speed control technology, the way the lift drag speed has been a gradual transition from DC to AC frequency converter. Thus, PLC control technology increases VVVF Elevator modern technology has become a hot industry.With the continuous development of urban construction, theincreasing high-rise buildings, elevators and life in the national economy has a broad application. Elevator high-rise buildings as a means of transport in the vertical run of daily life has been inextricablylinked with people. In fact the lift is based on external call control signals, as well as the laws of their own, such as running, and the call is random, the lift is actually a man-machine interactive control system, simple to use control or logic control order can not meet the control requirements, and therefore , elevator control system uses a random control logic. Elevator control is currently generally used in two ways, first, the use of computer as a signal control unit, the completion of the lift signal acquisition, operation and function of the set, to achieve the lift and set the automatic scheduling function to run the election, drag the control from inverter to complete; the second control mode with programmable logic controller (PLC) to replace the computer control signal sets the election. From the control and performance,these two types of methods and there is no significant difference. Most of the domestic manufacturers to choose the second approach, because the smaller scale of production, their design and manufacture of high costof computer control devices; and PLC high reliability, convenient and flexible program design, anti-interference ability, stable and reliable operation of the characteristics of Therefore, the elevator control system is now widely used to realize programmable controller.This work considers the control of two PM synchronous motors using a single inverter. The standard approach to the control of a PM synchronous motor is to use a single inverter which provides independent control of the direct and quadrature voltages (and therefore of thedirect and quadrature currents) of the motor. The- 2 -外文翻译(原文)quadrature current is proportional to the motor torque and thedirect current is used for field weakening. Here, an approach is presented that provides independent torque control of two PM synchronous motors using a single inverter. In this approach, the quadrature current of each motor is controlled while the direct current is uncontrollable. Such an approach was also considered in the work [6].This problem was motivated by the control of elevator doors. A conventional elevator door system has the two doors mechanically connected to a single cable which forces the two doors to open and close together due to the mechanical coupling. Using position sensor feedback from the wall, the position of the doors is then controlled by amotor/inverter system that pushes/pulls on the cable. The objective here was to consider a different system where the cable system is eliminated and each of the two doors of the elevator are actuated using a linear synchronous motor. The two motors must reliably open and close the two doors of the elevator while maintaining a stiffness in the differential direction of motion on the order of 100,000N/m to have the ―feel‖ of the conventional cable driven doors. For example,in a conventional elevator door system if one door is held, theother door must stop at the same position since the doors are attached to a single cable whose stiffness is 100,000N/m. This same behavior is still desired in the new system and requires one being able toindependently control each of the doors (i.e., their linear motor actuators) to maintain the stiffness. However, in order to reduce costs, the question considered here is that of being able to independently control the two linear motors using a single inverter.The outline of the rest of the paper is as follows: Section 2briefly describes the modeling of PM synchronous motors, Section 3 develops a linear PM motor model from the rotary model, presents the door model and summarizes the standard PM synchronous motor control algorithm, Section 4 considers the control of two linear PM motors using a single inverter for both the parallel and series connection. Finally, Section 5 offers some conclusions.- 3 -外文翻译(原文)2. Modeling and control of PM synchronous motorsA linear permanent magnet motor may be modeled by considering an equivalent three-phase permanent magnet (PM) rotary synchronous motor. To do so, let x, ?denote the position and speed of the linear motor, m denote the mass of the linear motor, req denote the radius of the equivalent rotary motor (i.e., the linear motor travels a distance 2πreq for each complete revolution of the rotary motor), m is the mass of the linear motor, and F, FL denote the force produced by the linear motor and the load force on the motor. Then, for the rotary motor, it follows that theangular position is h = x/req, the angular speed is given by ω= ?/req, the moment of inertia isJ = r2eq m, the torque τ= req F, the load torque τL = req FL. A model of a three-phasePM synchronous (rotary) motor is [5].dididi123sss 11Ls,M,M,vs,Rsis，Km,sin(n,) pdtdtdtdididi2,123sss22,M，Ls,M,vs,Rsis，Kmsin(n,) ,,pdtdtdt3dididi4,123sss 33,M,M，Ls,vs,Rsis，Kmsin(n,) ,,pdtdtdt3d24,,, 12ms3J,,Kmissin(n),Kmissin(n,),Kisin(n,) -τL,,,pppdt33,d ,,dtHere LS is the self-inductance of a stator winding, M is the coefficient of mutual inductance between the phases, Km is thetorque/back-emf constant (so that KM = Km/req is the force/back-emf constant in the linear motor), RS the resistance of a stator winding, np is the number of pole pairs (or the number of rotor teeth for a 1 2stepper motor). If the phases were perfectly coupled, one would have M =LS. Thethree-phase to two-phase transformations for currents and voltages are defined by ii11212,,，，，，，，saS12,,,,,,i,032,32isbS2,,,,,,3,,,,,,121212ii0，，S3，，，，which transforms the original model into the equivalent model- 4 -外文翻译(原文)di3sa (L，M),v,Ri，K,sin(n,)ssaSsampdt2di3sb (L，M),v,Ri,K,sin(n,)ssaSsampdt2For a balanced three-phase system assumed here, it follows that v=(v+v+v)/=0, i=(v+v+v)/=0 330s1s2s30s1s2s3so that one obtains the two-phase equivalent model given by disa L,,Ri，K,sin(n,)，vSsaeqpsadtdib L,,Ri,K,cos(n,)，vSsbeqpsbdt3322Here L= Ls + M(?Ls),K =Km i and i are the equivalent currents in phases a eqaband b, respectively. Letting V denote the bus voltage into a three-phase inverter. busThe maximum voltage out of the inverter is obtained when it is run in six step modeand the peak of the fundamental of the sixstep waveform is v = This is taken to be maxthe maximum limit of the phase voltage. Finally, with i, v denoting the limits of maxmaxthe phase currents and voltages of the three-phase motor, the corresponding limitsI,V for the equivalent two-phase motor are then maxmaxThe direct-quadrature or dq transformation is defined by where i, i and v, v are the transformed currents and voltages, respectively in the dq dqdq(for direct and quadrature) reference frame. The definition of thedq reference 2Vbus,system assumes that the d-axis is aligned with the rotors magnetic axis when ,= 0.Note that ,,,icos(n)sin(n)，，i，，，，dppsa ,,,,,,,,,sin(n)cos(n),iippqsb，，，，，，- 5 -外文翻译(原文),,vcos(n)sin(n)，，v，，，，dppsa ,,,,,,,,,sin(n)cos(n),vvppqsb，，，，，，when =0, the d-axis is aligned the ia-axis which in turn is the same as the i-axis. ,S1The state-space model in the dq coordinates is,d (5) ,,dtThis model assumes that the rotor is smooth (non-salient) and that the magnetics are linear.3. Motor specificationsThe motor parameters are specified for a linear motor and are converted to an equivalent rotary motor. The linear motor parameters are stator inductance L= S6.4mH, stator resistance R = 9.5, coefficient of mutual inductance M = 0.5L = ,SS3.2mH, motor mass m = 2.7 kg, force constant K = 0.0227N/A, distance between Mpoles d = 0.0712/2m, n = 1 (no. of primary pole-pairs). The maximumdc bus ppvoltage to the inverter is V = 320V resulting in a peak fundamental waveform to maxthe motor of v= V=204V.The phase currents are limited to Imax = 10A (peak) max maxand the maximum (linear) force put out by the motor is 320N.The radius of an equivalent rotary motor satisfies 2preq = n2d r= ,ppeq0.0227m. The torque constant of an equivalent three-phase rotarymotor is found from the linear force constant by setting Km = rK =(0.0227)(32)Nm/A = 0.726Nm/A eq M22-32，and the moment of inertia is J =rm =(0.0227)2.7 =1.3910kgm.The parameters eqL, M, R, n are the same as for the linear motor. Here x = 0 for the linear motor SSpcorresponds to the magnetic axis of its rotor phase a being lined up with the magneticaxis of stator phase a and similarly for the equivalent rotary motor.The corresponding equivalent two-phase parameters are then L = L + M= S33229.6mH, RS = 9.5,, K =Km=0.9Nm/A, I (continuous) =ieqmaxmax 32=12.2A,Vmax=vmax=249.5V.The linear force put out by this motor is 3 2F = Ki/ r=Ki/ req q eqm q eq .- 6 -外文翻译(原文)3.1. Door modelThe door model is from the technical report of He [4] and is of the formdx/dt = Ax+buy =Cxwhere88 888 ，，A ,R, b,R , C,R.The values of the triple {A,b,C} are given in [4]. Here x is the door position, x2 is 1the door speed and the input u to the door is the linear force F = Ki/ r put out by eq q eqthe motor. The state variables x, x are the two measured/computed state variables so 12that the output matrix is simply10000000，， C,,,01000000，，The mass of the door is denoted by Mc so that the total mass of the door/motorcombination is Mc + m.The observability matrix234567,,CCACACACACACACAhas rank 4 while the controllability matrix234567,,bAbAbAbAbAbAbAbhas rank 5. However, A is stable. The control approach is to feed back x,?(= ,x/r,ω=?/r) treating the transfer function from input u = F to x as a double eqeqintegrator. The resolution of the linear position feedback from the wall to the doorcontrol system is 0.005mm. The maximum door speed is ?= 1m=s, the maximum max23acceleration is α= 1.2m/s, and the jerk rate is limited to j =2.4m/s. The total max maxdistance traveled by each door is 555mm. 3.2. Standard controller - 7 -外文翻译(原文)A straightforward way to do servo control of this motor for the standard controller in which there is one inverter for each motor is to choose the linear force ast u,M(,，K(v,x)，K(x,x)，K(x,x)dt)210crefrefrefref,0t v,K(i,i)，K(i,i)dtqpqrefqIqrefq,0t v,K(i,i)，K(i,i)dtqpdrefdIdrefd,0where the reference trajectories x, v, α, i are as shown in Section4.1.1 and refrefrefqrefi is typically taken to be zero [1–3]. dref4. Two motors and one inverterThe interest here is to control the motor using a single inverter and the approach to independently control the quadrature current in eachmotor which in turn requires leaving the direct currents uncontrolled. One approach to controlling two PM synchronous motors using one inverter would be to just control the two motors identically. Specifically, as they nominally follow identical trajectories, just set v = d1 ,v, v = v s o that = , ω = ω, i = i, i = i. This is a standard approach ,d2q1q21212d1d2q1q2for torque/speed control of induction motor propulsion systems(light rail vehicles, subway cars, etc.) in which two traction (induction) motors are driven by a single inverter. In this case (torque control), the induction motors require only the rotor speed (to estimate the rotor fluxes) so that the average speed of the two motors can be used in the flux estimator and for speed control. However, in the case of synchronous motors, the position of the rotor is required for control as (7), (8) show. The external disturbances τ, τ on the individual motors are not necessarily equal and so the L1L2,,rotors will misalign, i.e., . In this situation, a control scheme based on ,12putting the same input into both motors is not able to recover after misalignment,occurs, that is, to realign = ,12.Again, the objective here is to use one inverter to control two motors. (If there was an inverter for each motor, then the feedback controller given in (6) would suffice). To develop a controller using a single inverter for the two motors, two cases- 8 -外文翻译(原文)are considered: (1) the motors are connected in parallel (2) the motors are connected in series.4.1. Parallel connectionFirst, consider the motors connected in parallel, that is, the applied voltage to,d1 J,Ki,,eqq1L1dt,d1 ,,1dteach phase of the motors are the same. The model of the two motorsin the dq coordinate system are thenandTo run these two motors off of a single inverter, one must take into account how the voltages are commanded to the motor. The same three voltages v, v, v, or S1S2S3equivalently, the same two phase equivalent voltages v, v are commanded to both abmotors. The dq voltages for the two motors are given by,,icos(n)sin(n)，，i，，，，dppsa ,,,,,,,,,sin(n)cos(n),iippqsb，，，，，，,,vcos(n)sin(n)，，v，，，，dppsa ,,,,,,,,,sin(n)cos(n),vvppqsb，，，，，，,d1 J,Ki,,eqq1L1dt,d1 ,,1dt,where are the angular position of motor 1 and motor 2, respectively 1. ,1,2As the controller (6) indicates, this can be done by specifying the quadrature- 9 -外文翻译(原文),,vcos(n)sin(n),，，v，，，，dppsa ,,,,,,,,,sin(n)cos(n),vvppqsb，，，，，，voltage vq of each motor to control the torque producing current i of each motor. qTo do so, Eqs. (7) and (8) show this requires choosing v, v suchthat abClearly there is a singularity in the inverse at,(n(- ))mod=0. ,,21pThe reference trajectories for the two linear motors are designed to maintain an angular separation of the two motors. A control scheme for the two motors is thenJK()K(),，,,,，,,,refrefref1,11,11i ,qref1Keqt v,K(i,i)，K(i,i)dt11111qpqrefqIqrefq,0JK()K(),，,,,，,,,refrefref2,22,22i,qref2Keqt v,K(i,i)，K(i,i)dt22222qpqrefqIqrefq,0The direct voltages are determined by the quadrature voltages given by (9). Specifically, substitute (9) into,,cos(n)sin(n)vv，，，，，，pp11da1 ,,,,,,,,,cos(n)sin(n)vv22ppdb2，，，，，，1 ?1 = 0 is assumed to correspond with the magnetic axis of phase a of motor 1 and similarly for motor 2.,so that when 0, v, vand consequently, the currents i, ,2 ——1d1d2 d1,,,i can be large near the singularity. d2To avoid the singularity, the control scheme proposed here is to physically offset the angular position of the rotors of the two motors by (π/2)/np. Then, as both- 10 -外文翻译(原文)nominally track the same trajectory (except for the position offset of (π/2)/np), a tight,trajectory tracking control loop would keep n() close to π/2 and thus keep ,p2 ——1the system away from the singularity.4.1.1. SimulationsA basic simulation was run using the one inverter two motor controller. The speed profile for the two motors is shown in Fig. 1 and the position profiles are shown in Fig. 2. These plots show that the doors open in 4.2 s. The speed tracking-4error is less than 5，10m/s and therefore is not shown .The difference in position shown in Fig. 2 is due to the fact thatx(0) = 0 and x12,(0)= rn=0.0356m. eqp2The uncontrolled currents i, i are shown in Fig. 3. The differencein the d1d2trajectories of the two currents can be explained by the fact the initial angular position of the two motors are different by (π/2)/np to avoid the singularity in the control. The consequence of not being able to control the direct current to zero results in the2wasted power Ri because in a one-inverter/one-motor configuration, this current Sdwould typically be zero.The quadrature currents iq1, i are controlled and, as shown, are on top of each q2other. The linear force F = Ki/ r is required to make the move. eq q eqFinally, the phase voltage v is shown .where it is noted that the maximum of S1the voltage is just under 100V.4.2. Series connectionIn the series connection, the current in each motor is the same in their corresponding phases. To analyze this situation, consider the two-phase equivalent models of the two synchronous motors:disa L,,Ri，K,sin(n,)，vSsaeq1p1sa1dt- 11 -外文翻译(原文)disb L,,Ri，K,sin(n,)，vSsbeq1p1sb1dtdisa L,,Ri，K,sin(n,)，vSsaeq2p2sa2dtdisb L,,Ri，K,sin(n,)，vSsbeq2p2sb2dtThe control input isv = v + v sasa1sa2v = v + v. sbsb1sb2Using high-gain current feedback,v = K (i + i) saPsa-refsav = K(i i). sbpsa-ref——sa,,one can force isa isa_ref, isb isb_ref fast enough that isa, isb can beconsidered as the ‖inputs‖ . Note that the high-gain feedback does not have an integrator. This is due to the fact that the currents are sinusoids and will be of high frequency at high speeds and an integrator can have trouble tracking such a fast varying signal .With τ1, τ2 the torque references for the two motors respectively, the following two equations,,,Kusin(n,)，Kucos(n,),Ki1eqsap1eqsbp1eqq1,,,Kusin(n,)，Kucos(n,),Ki 2eqsap2eqsbp2eqq2As in the parallel connection case, this has a singularity when,(n(- ))mod=0. ,,p21As in the case of the parallel connection, the reference trajectories for the two linear motors are designed to maintain an angular separation of the two motors. A control scheme for the two motors is then- 12 -外文翻译(原文),,J,，K(,,,)，K(,,,)11ref,1ref1,1ref1,,J,，K(,,,)，K(,,,)22ref,2ref2,2ref2The direct currents are determined by the quadrature currents, specifically, substitute(13) into,,cos(n)sin(n)ii，，，，，，pp11da1 ,,,,,,,,,cos(n)sin(n)ii22ppdb2，，，，，，,When 0?2kπ, i, iand consequently, the currents i, i ,2 ——1d1d2 d1d2,,,can be large near the singularity.Again, the control scheme is to offset the angular position of the two motors by(1/2) π/n. As before, both motors nominally track the same trajectory so that the p,controller would nominally keep n() = π/2 and therefore keep the system ,p2 ——1away from the singularity.4.2.1. SimulationsTo simulate the series connected system, the first and second equation of (10) areadded to the first and second equation of (11), respectively so that with v = v + sasa2v, v = v + v, along with the two speed and two position equations, the overall sa1sbsb2sb1dynamic model for simulation isdisa 2L,,2Ri，K,sin(n,)，K,sin(n,)，vSsaeq1p1eq2p2sadtdisb 2L,,2Ri，K,cos(n,)，K,sin(n,)，vSsbeq1p1eq2p2sbdt,d1 J,,Kisin(n,)，Kicos(n,),,eqsap1eqsbp1L1dt,d1 ,,1dt- 13 -外文翻译(原文),d2 J,,Kisin(n,)，Kicos(n,),,eqsap2eqsbp2L2dt,d2 ,,2dtHere,xr,11eqd1x1,,1rdteq,xr,22eqd1x2,,2rdteqThe speed profile was the same as the parallel connected case. The position profile are also similar to the parallel connected case. The speed tracking error is less-4than 5+10m/s and therefore is not shown. The quadrature currents shown below are identical to the parallel case as it must since the torque required for either case is the same.The uncontrolled currents i, i. The difference in the trajectories of the two d1d2currents can be explained by the fact the initial angular position of the two motors2was different. As in the parallel case, this represents wasted power Ri because in a S done inverter—one motor scenario, this current would typically be zero. The direct currents below show a slight difference between the parallel and series cases.Finally, the phase voltage v is shown where it is noted that the maximum of the S1voltage is about 180V.5. Conclusions and summaryA controller has been presented that allows one to independently control the torque (force) of two motors which share the same inverter. Such a system allows one to force each motor to track its reference trajectory despite the load disturbances acting on it. However, due to the presence of a singularity in the controller, the- 14 -外文翻译(原文)viability of this approach is limited to situations for which thetwo motors are tracking the same trajectory such as elevator doors. In such a case, the system can be designed where the two motors track the nominal trajectory and are well removed from the singularity.The difference between the parallel and series connection is notreally significant and the choice could be made based on reliability considerations. For example, if a phase fails in the parallel case, then one of the doors could still be operational (one would have to detectthe failure and then control the remaining motor in the normal fashion). The rating of the inverter could also determine the choice of the connection. The series connected motor system uses twice the voltage of the parallel concocted motor system, but half the current. This issimply a result of conservation of energy.Safety and recovery issues are important issues for future consideration. For example, when one door is being blocked and therefore, commanded to reopen, then this same command (trajectory reference) must be sent to the other door so that they,maintain their separation of r/2 to avoid the singularity in the controller. This eq―stiffness‖ of the doors (i.e., acting as if they are mechanically connected to a single cable to force them to open and close together) is dependent on how fast the blocking of the door can be detected and then a command given to the other door to open them,while maintaining the separation r/2. eqAcknowledgmentThe authors are grateful to Dr. Thomas He for his help with the door model. We would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments.- 15 -外文翻译(译文)一个逆变器在电梯门中控制两个永磁直线电动机摘要:本文认为永磁同步电动机的控制采用一个单一的逆变器。
(完整word版)逆变器外文文献及翻译
Inverter1 IntroductionAn inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC); the converted AC can be at any required voltage and frequency with the use of appropriate transformers, switching, and control circuits.Solid-state inverters have no moving parts and are used in a wide range of applications, from small switching power supplies in computers, to large electric utility high-voltage direct current applications that transport bulk power. Inverters are commonly used to supply AC power from DC sources such as solar panels or batteries.There are two main types of inverter. The output of a modified sine wave inverter is similar to a square wave output except that the output goes to zero volts for a time before switching positive or negative. It is simple and low cost and is compatible with most electronic devices, except for sensitive or specialized equipment, for example certain laser printers. A pure sine wave inverter produces a nearly perfect sine wave output (<3% total harmonic distortion) that is essentially the same as utility-supplied grid power. Thus it is compatible with all AC electronic devices. This is the type used in grid-tie inverters. Its design is more complex, and costs 5 or 10 times more per unit power The electrical inverter is a high-power electronic oscillator. It is so named because early mechanical AC to DC converters were made to work in reverse, and thus were "inverted", to convert DC to AC.The inverter performs the opposite function of a rectifier.2 Applications2.1 DC power source utilizationAn inverter converts the DC electricity from sources such as batteries, solar panels, or fuel cells to AC electricity. The electricity can be at any required voltage; in particular it can operate AC equipment designed for mains operation, or rectified to produce DC at any desired voltageGrid tie inverters can feed energy back into the distribution network because they produce alternating current with the same wave shape and frequency as supplied by the distribution system. They can also switch off automatically in the event of a blackout.Micro-inverters convert direct current from individual solar panels into alternating current for the electric grid. They are grid tie designs by default.2.2 Uninterruptible power suppliesAn uninterruptible power supply (UPS) uses batteries and an inverter to supply AC power when main power is not available. When main power is restored, a rectifier supplies DC power to recharge the batteries.2.3 Induction heatingInverters convert low frequency main AC power to a higher frequency for use in induction heating. To do this, AC power is first rectified to provide DC power. The inverter then changes the DC power to high frequency AC power.2.4 HVDC power transmissionWith HVDC power transmission, AC power is rectified and high voltage DC power is transmitted to another location. At the receiving location, an inverter in a static inverter plant converts the power back to AC.2.5 Variable-frequency drivesA variable-frequency drive controls the operating speed of an AC motor by controlling the frequency and voltage of the power supplied to the motor. An inverter provides the controlled power. In most cases, the variable-frequency drive includes a rectifier so that DC power for the inverter can be provided from main AC power. Since an inverter is the key component, variable-frequency drives are sometimes called inverter drives or just inverters.2.6 Electric vehicle drivesAdjustable speed motor control inverters are currently used to power the traction motors in some electric and diesel-electric rail vehicles as well as some battery electric vehicles and hybrid electric highway vehicles such as the Toyota Prius and Fisker Karma. Various improvements in inverter technology are being developed specifically for electric vehicle applications.[2] In vehicles with regenerative braking, the inverter also takes power from the motor (now acting as a generator) and stores it in the batteries.2.7 The general caseA transformer allows AC power to be converted to any desired voltage, but at the same frequency. Inverters, plus rectifiers for DC, can be designed to convert from any voltage, AC or DC, to any other voltage, also AC or DC, at any desired frequency. The output power can never exceed the input power, but efficiencies can be high, with a small proportion of the power dissipated as waste heat.3 Circuit description3.1 Basic designsIn one simple inverter circuit, DC power is connected to a transformer through the centre tap of the primary winding. A switch is rapidly switched back and forth to allowcurrent to flow back to the DC source following two alternate paths through one end of the primary winding and then the other. The alternation of the direction of current in the primary winding of the transformer produces alternating current (AC) in the secondary circuit.The electromechanical version of the switching device includes two stationary contacts and a spring supported moving contact. The spring holds the movable contact against one of the stationary contacts and an electromagnet pulls the movable contact to the opposite stationary contact. The current in the electromagnet is interrupted by the action of the switch so that the switch continually switches rapidly back and forth. This type of electromechanical inverter switch, called a vibrator or buzzer, was once used in vacuum tube automobile radios. A similar mechanism has been used in door bells, buzzers and tattoo guns.As they became available with adequate power ratings, transistors and various other types of semiconductor switches have been incorporated into inverter circuit designs 3.2 Output waveformsThe switch in the simple inverter described above, when not coupled to an output transformer, produces a square voltage waveform due to its simple off and on nature as opposed to the sinusoidal waveform that is the usual waveform of an AC power supply. Using Fourier analysis, periodic waveforms are represented as the sum of an infinite series of sine waves. The sine wave that has the same frequency as the original waveform is called the fundamental component. The other sine waves, called harmonics, that are included in the series have frequencies that are integral multiples of the fundamental frequency.The quality of output waveform that is needed from an inverter depends on thecharacteristics of the connected load. Some loads need a nearly perfect sine wave voltage supply in order to work properly. Other loads may work quite well with a square wave voltage.3.3 Three phase invertersThree-phase inverters are used for variable-frequency drive applications and for high power applications such as HVDC power transmission. A basic three-phase inverter consists of three single-phase inverter switches each connected to one of the three load terminals. For the most basic control scheme, the operation of the three switches is coordinated so that one switch operates at each 60 degree point of the fundamental output waveform. This creates a line-to-line output waveform that has six steps. The six-step waveform has a zero-voltage step between the positive and negative sections of the square-wave such that the harmonics that are multiples of three are eliminated as described above. When carrier-based PWM techniques are applied to six-step waveforms, the basic overall shape, or envelope, of the waveform is retained so that the 3rd harmonic and its multiples are cancelled4 History4.1 Early invertersFrom the late nineteenth century through the middle of the twentieth century, DC-to-AC power conversion was accomplished using rotary converters or motor-generator sets (M-G sets). In the early twentieth century, vacuum tubes and gas filled tubes began to be used as switches in inverter circuits. The most widely used type of tube was the thyratron.The origins of electromechanical inverters explain the source of the term inverter. Early AC-to-DC converters used an induction or synchronous AC motor direct-connected to a generator (dynamo) so that the generator's commutator reversed its connections atexactly the right moments to produce DC. A later development is the synchronous converter, in which the motor and generator windings are combined into one armature, with slip rings at one end and a commutator at the other and only one field frame. The result with either is AC-in, DC-out. With an M-G set, the DC can be considered to be separately generated from the AC; with a synchronous converter, in a certain sense it can be considered to be "mechanically rectified AC". Given the right auxiliary and control equipment, an M-G set or rotary converter can be "run backwards", converting DC to AC. Hence an inverter is an inverted converter.4.2 Controlled rectifier invertersSince early transistors were not available with sufficient voltage and current ratings for most inverter applications, it was the 1957 introduction of the thyristor or silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) that initiated the transition to solid state inverter circuits.The commutation requirements of SCRs are a key consideration in SCR circuit designs. SCRs do not turn off or commutate automatically when the gate control signal is shut off. They only turn off when the forward current is reduced to below the minimum holding current, which varies with each kind of SCR, through some external process. For SCRs connected to an AC power source, commutation occurs naturally every time the polarity of the source voltage reverses. SCRs connected to a DC power source usually require a means of forced commutation that forces the current to zero when commutation is required. The least complicated SCR circuits employ natural commutation rather than forced commutation. With the addition of forced commutation circuits, SCRs have been used in the types of inverter circuits describedIn applications where inverters transfer power from a DC power source to an AC above.power source, it is possible to use AC-to-DC controlled rectifier circuits operating in the inversion mode. In the inversion mode, a controlled rectifier circuit operates as a line commutated inverter. This type of operation can be used in HVDC power transmission systems and in regenerative braking operation of motor control systems.Another type of SCR inverter circuit is the current source input (CSI) inverter. A CSI inverter is the dual of a six-step voltage source inverter. With a current source inverter, the DC power supply is configured as a current source rather than a voltage source. The inverter SCRs are switched in a six-step sequence to direct the current to a three-phase AC load as a stepped current waveform. CSI inverter commutation methods include load commutation and parallel capacitor commutation. With both methods, the input current regulation assists the commutation. With load commutation, the load is a synchronous motor operated at a leading power factor. As they have become available in higher voltage and current ratings, semiconductors such as transistors or IGBTs that can be turned off by means of control signals have become the preferred switching components for use in inverter circuits.4.3 Rectifier and inverter pulse numbersRectifier circuits are often classified by the number of current pulses that flow to the DC side of the rectifier per cycle of AC input voltage. A single-phase half-wave rectifier is a one-pulse circuit and a single-phase full-wave rectifier is a two-pulse circuit. A three-phase half-wave rectifier is a three-pulse circuit and a three-phase full-wave rectifier is a six-pulse circuit。
逆变器英文
英文原文：Inverter into ac, dc will lower if dc voltage transformer, through the communication, namely receive standard pressor ac voltage and frequency. For large capacity of inverter, due to the dc bus voltage is higher, ac output generally do not need to boost transformer can achieve 220V, in medium and small volume of inverter, due to the low voltage dc 12V, such as, must design, 24V pressor circuit.In general, small volume inverter mosfet inverter circuit, there the whole bridge with high frequency inverter circuits pressor push-pull inverter circuits, and will boost the circuit transformer neutral plug up in power, two power tube is alternant, output power, because get ac power transistor DeBian altogether, drive and control circuit is simple, because of the transformer has certain leakage, can limit the short-circuit current, thus improving the reliability of the circuit. Its defect is driven low utilization, transformer perceptual load ability is poor.The bridge has push-pull inverter circuit to overcome the shortcoming, power transistor circuits of the output pulse width adjustment, the output voltage of the RMS is changed. Because of this circuit has free-wheeling loop, even to the perceptual load, the output voltage waveform nor distortion. This circuit faults is under the arm, bridge, no power transistor must therefore be adopted by isolating circuit or special driving power. In addition, in order to prevent, bridge, and the common arms occurs before the final design must be shut, namely current must set time, the dead zone circuit structure is relatively complicated. Photovoltaic (pv) grid inverter circuit control circuit:These kinds of inverter circuit are needed to control circuit, general square wave and are weak wave two control mode, the output pulse inverter circuit is simple, low cost, low efficiency, harmonic components. Sine wave output is the development trend of the inverter, along with the development of microelectronics technology, PWM function of micro processor is also available, so the sinusoidal output inverter technology has matured.1 the output pulse current inverter using PWM integrated circuit, such as SG3525 TL494, etc. Practice shows that the SG3525 integrated circuits, and adopts power mosfet as switch power components, can achieve higher performance price of inverter, because SG3525 has direct driving power mosfet ability and internal standards and operational amplifiers and the voltage protection function, thus its outer circuit is simple.2 the sinusoidal output inverter control circuits, sine wave output inverter, the control circuit can be used as INTEL microprocessor control, the company produces 80C196MC, MOTOROLA MP16 production and CROCHIP company production of MI - PIC16C73 etc, these microcontroller is more road, and PWM generator set, the bridge between the arms of the dead zone,INTEL company adopted 80C196MC realization of the output circuit, sine wave 80C196MC complete sine signals, and the test voltage output voltage, realize communication.)译文：逆变器将直流电转化为交流电，若直流电压较低，则通过交流变压器升压，即得到标准交流电压和频率。
外文翻译--新型单级直流AC逆变器(可编辑)
外文翻译--新型单级直流AC逆变器（可编辑）外文翻译--新型单级直流AC逆变器毕业设计论文外文资料翻译题目:新型单级直流AC逆变器院系名称: 电气工程学院专业班级: 电气F0602 学生姓名: 学号:指导教师: 臧义教师职称:讲师起止日期: 2009.3.1-3.15 地点: 中原路2号楼319附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文;2.外文原文。
指导教师评语:外文资料选取得当,与所做课题内容相关。
按时完成了外文翻译,翻译基本准确,语句基本通顺,基本能够反映出作者的原意。
签名: 年月日附件1:外文资料翻译译文新型单级直流AC逆变器摘要:本文介绍两种新型单级逆变半桥和推挽设计拓扑结构。
半桥单级直流的C 拓扑适合高输入电压,而推挽单级直流的C拓扑适合低输入电压。
这里也主要介绍了两个拓扑结构的应用原则。
该理论和实验结果验证,由于具有卓越的性能,如结构简单,体积小,重量轻,可靠性高等,所以它们适合于小功率直流与交流的应用。
关键词:逆变器,单级逆变器,直流与交流变换器,半桥推挽引言目前,大多数变频器都有两个阶段,包括逆变直流直流转换器,带有高频变压器和直流与交流变频。
与旧的拓扑学低频变压器相比较,这种逆变器具有较好的噪声性能,效率,尺寸,重量和动力响应。
然而,它有以下缺点:(1)它是太复杂和可靠性比较低;(2)其效率低下,因为它需要三个阶段的转换。
为了克服上述缺点,本文提出了两个战略。
其中之一是应用软开关,采用这种技术,软开关不但有利于减少开关损耗,并增加开关频率。
另外一种技术是提供了一种简单而可靠的电力电路方案。
共振技术和软开关,是大多数研究的主要内容,在一定程度上它可以提高开关频率,但它的结构复杂,并阻碍了许多特点的改善,如可靠性。
因此,本文介绍两种单级新型简单的变频器,以改善其供应性能。
1.半桥单级逆变适宜的高输入电压图1显示,该半桥单级逆变器适用于高输入电压,T是一个高频变压器。
图1半桥单级逆变器1.1操作原理这种逆变器是基于飞回转换。
单相逆变器并网控制技术毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
在完成并网控制系统理论分析的基础上，本文设计并制作了基于TMS320LF2407DSP的数字化控制硬件实验系统，包括DSP外围电路、模拟量采样及调理电路、隔离驱动电路、保护电路和辅助电源等,最后通过MATLAB仿真软件进行验证理论的可行性,实现功率因数为1的并网要求。
IGBT英文资料翻译
Kollektor 集电极Emitter 发射极Sperrspannung 激励电压collector-emitter voltage 集电极-发射极电压Kollektor-dauergleichstrom(DC-collector current) 集电极电流Periodischer Kollektor spitzenstrom(Repetitive peak collector current) 周期换向电流Gesamt-Verlustleistung (total power dissipation) 总功耗Gate-Emitter-Spitzenspannung(gate-emitter peak voltage) 栅极-发射极峰值电压Kollektor-Emitter Sättigungsspannung(collector-emitter saturation voltage)集电极-发射极饱和电压Gate-Schwellenspannung(gate threshold voltage) 栅极阈值电压Gateladung(gate charge) 栅极电荷Interner Gatewiderstand（internal gate resistor）内部栅极电阻Eingangskapazität（input capacitance）输入的电容Rückwirkungskapazität（reverse transfer capacitance）反向传输电容Kollektor-Emitter Reststrom（collector-emitter cut-off current）集电极-发射极截止电流Gate-Emitter Reststrom(gate-emitter leakage current) 栅极发射极漏电流Einschaltverzögerungszeit (ind. Last)(turn-on delay time (inductive load)) 导通延迟时间（感性负载）Anstiegszeit (induktive Last)(rise time (inductive load)) 上升时间（感性负载）Abschaltverzögerungszeit (ind. Last)(turn-off delay time (inductive load)) 关断延迟时间（感性负载）Fallzeit (induktive Last)（fall time (inductive load)）下降时间（感性负载）Einschaltverlustenergie pro Puls（turn-on energy loss per pulse）每脉冲导通能量损失Abschaltverlustenergie pro Puls（turn-off energy loss per pulse）每脉冲关断能量损失Kurzschlussverhalten（SC data）供应链数据Innerer Wärmewiderstand（thermal resistance, junction to case）内部热阻Übergangs-Wärmewiderstand（thermal resistance, case to heatsink）过渡电阻Periodische Spitzensperrspannung（repetitive peak reverse voltage）重复峰值反向电压Dauergleichstrom（DC forward current）直流正向电流Periodischer Spitzenstrom（repetitive peak forward current）重复峰值正向电流Grenzlastintegral（I²t - value）I²t-价值Durchlassspannung（forward voltage）正向电压Rückstromspitze（peak reverse recovery current）峰值反向恢复电流Sperrverzögerungsladung（recovered charge）恢复电荷Abschaltenergie pro Puls（reverse recovery energy）反向恢复能量Innerer Wärmewiderstand（thermal resistance, junction to case）内部热阻Übergangs-Wärmewiderstand（thermal resistance, case to heatsink）过渡电阻Isolations-Prüfspannung（insulation test voltage）绝缘测试电压Material Modulgrundplatte（material of module baseplate）模块基板材料Material für innere Isolation（material for internal insulation）内部绝缘材料Kriechstrecke（creepage distance）爬电距离Luftstrecke（clearance distance）间隙距离Vergleichszahl der Kriechwegbildung（comparative tracking index）比较跟踪指数Übergangs-Wärmewiderstand（thermal resistance, case to heatsink）过渡电阻Modulinduktivität（stray inductance module）杂散电感模块Modulleitungswiderstand,Anschlüsse - Chip（module lead resistance,terminals - chip）模块引线电阻，端子-芯片Höchstzulässige Sperrschichttemperatur（maximum junction temperature）最大结温Temperatur im Schaltbetrieb（temperature under switching conditions）开关条件下的温度Lagertemperatur（storage temperature）存储温度Anzugsdrehmoment f. mech. Befestigung（mounting torque）安装扭矩Anzugsdrehmoment f. elektr. Anschlüsse（terminal connection torque）终端连接扭矩Gewicht（weight）重量Ausgangskennlinie IGBT-Wechselr. (typisch)（output characteristic IGBT-inverter (typical)）IGBT逆变器输出特性（典型）Ausgangskennlinienfeld IGBT-Wechselr. (typisch) (output characteristic IGBT-inverter (typical)) IGBT逆变器的输出特性（典型）Übertragungscharakteristik IGBT-Wechselr. (typisch) (transfer characteristic IGBT-inverter (typical)) 转移特性的IGBT逆变（典型）Schaltverluste IGBT-Wechselr. (typisch)(switching losses IGBT-inverter (typical)) IGBT逆变器的开关损耗（典型）Transienter Wärmewiderstand IGBT-Wechselr.(transient thermal impedance IGBT-inverter) 瞬态热阻抗的IGBT逆变Sicherer Rückwärts-Arbeitsbereich IGBT-Wr. (RBSOA) (reverse bias safe operating area IGBT-inv. (RBSOA))反向偏置安全工作区（RBSOA）igbt-inv.Durchlasskennlinie der Diode-Wechselr. (typisch) (forward characteristic of diode-inverter (typical)) 二极管的正向特性（典型）逆变器。
逆变器中英文对照外文翻译文献
逆变器中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)逆变器1引言逆变器是一种电动装置，转换成直流电（DC），交流电流转换的AC（交流）可以在任何所需的电压和频率使用适当的变压器，开关，控制circuits.Solid状态逆变器有没有移动部件，用于广泛的应用范围从小型计算机开关电源，高压大型电力公司电力，运输散装直接电流应用。
逆变器通常用于提供交流电源，直流电源，如太阳能电池板或电池。
逆变器的主要有两种类型。
修改后的正弦波逆变器的输出是类似方波输出，输出变为零伏前一段时间切换积极或消极的除外。
它是简单，成本低，是大多数电子设备兼容，除敏感或专用设备，例如某些激光打印机。
一个纯正弦波逆变器产生一个近乎完美的正弦波输出（<3％的总谐波失真），本质上是相同的公用事业提供电网。
因此，它是与所有的交流电的电子设备兼容。
这是在电网领带逆变器使用的类型。
它的设计更复杂，成本5或10倍以上每单位功率电逆变器是一个高功率的电子振荡器。
它这样命名，因为早期的机械AC到DC转换器工作在反向，因而被“倒”，将直流电转换AC.The变频器执行的整流器对面功能。
2应用2.1直流电源利用率逆变器从交流电力来源，如电池，太阳能电池板，燃料电池的直流电转换成。
电力，可以在任何所需的电压，特别是它可以操作交流电源操作而设计的设备，或纠正，以产生任何所需的voltage Grid领带逆变器的直流送入分销网络的能量，因为它们产生电流交替使用相同的波形和频率分配制度提供。
他们还可以关掉一个blackout.Micro 逆变器的情况下自动转换成交流电电网的电流直接从当前个别太阳能电池板。
默认情况下，他们是格领带设计。
2.2不间断电源不间断电源（UPS），电池和逆变器，交流电源，主电源不可用时使用。
当主电源恢复正常时，整流提供直流电源给电池充电。
2.3感应加热逆变器的低频交流主电源转换到更高频率的感应加热使用。
三相逆变器输出LC滤波器有效的隐式模型预测控制外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
Efficient Implicit Model-Predictive Control of aThree-Phase Inverter Withan Output LC Filter Three-phase inverters are commonly used to transfer energy from a dc source to ac load. In applications suchas uninterruptible power supplies and variable frequency drives, the three-phase inverters are commonly used with an output LC filter to sinusoidal voltages with low harmonic distortion .Several controllers have been proposed in the literature to control three-phase inverters. Hysteresis and proportional integral (PI) controllers are commonly used for voltage regulation of three-phase inverters. Conventional stationary frame PI controller does not achieve zero steadystate error for a sinusoidal reference, and the error increases with an increase in ref-erence signal frequency. Synchronous dq reference frame PI controller and proportional resonant regulator attain zero steadystate error but cannot handle constraints. A drawback of hysteresis controller is variable switching frequency, which can reduce the efficiency of a converter due to an increase in switching losses. Some other control schemes include deadbeat control and linear quadratic regulator (LQR) control. Deadbeat controller has been extensively used to control inverters ,and rectifiers . LQR provides a good dynamic performance. However, none of the above-mentioned controllers can systematically handle constraint on peak filter current that is required to ensure protection of components of the inverter .Model-predictive control (MPC) has been extensively used in power electronics because of its flexibility to include constraints in the control scheme. However, a major drawbackof MPC is that it requires a large number of online compu-tations. To reduce the computational requirements, a variant called explicit MPC has been proposed . In explicit MPC, the optimization problem is solved offline using multiparametric programming. Multiparametric programming yields a lookup table, which gives optimal control action as an explicit func-tion of the state. This approach reduces the number of online computations. However, explicit MPC cannot directly account for real-time changes in the model, and its computational com-plexityincreases exponentially with the number of states and constraints. In this paper, we propose an implicit MPC that solves the optimization problem online while having lower computational requirements than explicit MPC.We have been able to achieve lower computational requirements than explicit MPC by using implicit MPC with a customized active set approach for a single-step prediction horizon. In active set methods, a working set, which is a set of potential active constraints, is maintained and updated in each iteration of the algorithm. The computational complexity of active set methods grows exponentially with the total number of constraints. In the proposed scheme, we have been able to re-duce the computational requirements by combining some of the constraints, thereby reducing the total number of constraints. We also use a single-step prediction horizon. Although it reduces number of computations for both the implicit and explicit MPC, in our case, it further aids us in reducing the number of constraints leading to an efficient optimization algorithm. While a single-step horizon is not common in MPC in general, the reason that it works for the three-phase inverter with an LC filter is that it is a stable minimum phase system that does not require a long prediction horizon. For this reason, the single-step prediction horizon can also be seen in other applications in power converters . Reducing the computational requirements is of interest since it allows the controller to operate at higher frequencies or alternately it allows for implementation on a cheaper hardware.This paper is organized as follows. Section II deals with the converter modeling. Section III describes our problem formu-lation. The proposed scheme is discussed in Section IV. Sim-ulations results for an inductive load are presented in Section VI. Section V compares the computational requirements of the proposed control scheme and explicit MPC.A three-phase inverter with an output LC filter for producing sinusoidal voltages. Load is assumed to be unknown and balanced. Each leg of inverter has two switches that operate in complementary mode. The inverter has eight different switching states that can be represented by three binaryswitching signals, one for each leg of the inverter, stated belowinstead of the switching signals. Using state-space averaging anddiscretization, we obtain the following discrete-time state-space model for sampling time T s Based on the above switching signals, we can find the following continuous-time state-space model of the inverter:where k is the sampling time index, and d a ,k , d b ,k , and d c ,k are duty cycles of the PWM signal of respective inverter legs. In obtaining the above discrete-time model, we have also used the fact that at any instant, d a ,k+d b ,k+d c ,k= 1.5 for a balanced load .A quadratic cost function to regulate the output voltages fora single-step prediction horizon isis not usual in MPC for general applications. However, it isUsing , cost functioncan be represented in terms of thewhere α1 , α2 , α3 , and α4 are constant coefficients depending onand values of L and C. To avoid large currents, which can cause spikes in output voltages and damage the components, the inductor currents have to be bounded. The constraint on inductor currents can be stated aswhere the currents and voltages are defined . Output current is treated as a disturbance because of its dependence on an unknown load. Details of the modeling can be found in.The modelis nonlinear because of the discrete nature of switching signals S a , S b , and S c . The state-space averaging technique is usually employed to approximate it with a lin-ear model by utilizing the duty cycles of each leg of the inverter.In each iteration of active set methods, the Lagrange mul-tipliers are computed and the working set is updated . n our case, we only have two constraints, i.e., an upper and lower bound on the duty cycle . Moreover, these two constraints are also complementary, i.e., both the upper bound constraint and lower bound constraint cannot be active simultaneously. Therefore, to avoid calculations involved in updating the work-ing set, we propose to compute the cost for all possible working sets and choose the duty cycle for the lowest cost that is feasible. There are three possible working sets: no constraint is active, the upper bound in is active, or the lower bound in is active.When no constraint is active, the optimal duty cycle can be computed by using the derivative of the cost function with respect to d a ,k and equating it to zero, which turns out to beThe number of computations involved in the proposed con-troller, i.e.,Algorithm 1, are shown in Table I. The total com-putations required by the proposed algorithm for a single-step prediction horizon and a single phase are 27 multiplications and 22 additions.To calculate the computations of the explicit MPC controller, it was implemented for the optimization problem using the MPC tool box. The multiparametric programming of ex-plicit MPC generates 274 regions, leading to a binary search tree of depth equal to 9. Computations of explicit MPC controller for a single-step prediction horizon and single phase turn out to be 120 multiplications and 120 additions.Comparing the computational requirements, it can be ob-served that the proposed algorithm is approximately five times faster than explicit MPC.phase inverter with an output LC filter. The proposed scheme is computationally efficient as compared to the explicit MPC. The proposed scheme reduces the computational load by ex-ploiting the structure of the inverter model and the constraints. Simulations have been performed to show that the proposed al-gorithm regulates the output voltages of the inverter subject to constraints on filter current and duty cycle. The reduced com-putational requirements could help operation of the controller at higher frequencies, implementation on a cheaper hardware, or a tradeoff between them..The proposed scheme was simulated using Simulink with the parameters given in Table II. The output current was estimated using the observer in. The performance of the proposed implicit controller for a series inductive–resistive load of 10 mH and 20 Ω is shown. The load is applied at 0.02 s. It can be seen that the controller provides the desired output voltage while respecting the constraints on both the duty cycle and the inductor current. Initially, the filter capacitor tries to draw a large amount of current; however, it is constrained by the controller. It may be noted that since state-space averaging is used, which neglects the switching behavior, the filter current is expected to violate the constraints slightly .三相逆变器输出LC滤波器有效的隐式模型预测控制三相逆变器通常用于能量从一个直流源转移到一个交流负载。
IGBT英文资料翻译
Kollektor 集电极Emitter 发射极Sperrspannung 激励电压collector-emitter voltage 集电极-发射极电压Kollektor-dauergleichstrom(DC-collector current) 集电极电流Periodischer Kollektor spitzenstrom(Repetitive peak collector current) 周期换向电流Gesamt-Verlustleistung (total power dissipation) 总功耗Gate-Emitter-Spitzenspannung(gate-emitter peak voltage) 栅极-发射极峰值电压Kollektor-Emitter Sättigungsspannung(collector-emitter saturation voltage)集电极-发射极饱和电压Gate-Schwellenspannung(gate threshold voltage) 栅极阈值电压Gateladung(gate charge) 栅极电荷Interner Gatewiderstand（internal gate resistor）内部栅极电阻Eingangskapazität（input capacitance）输入的电容Rückwirkungskapazität（reverse transfer capacitance）反向传输电容Kollektor-Emitter Reststrom（collector-emitter cut-off current）集电极-发射极截止电流Gate-Emitter Reststrom(gate-emitter leakage current) 栅极发射极漏电流Einschaltverzögerungszeit (ind. Last)(turn-on delay time (inductive load)) 导通延迟时间（感性负载）Anstiegszeit (induktive Last)(rise time (inductive load)) 上升时间（感性负载）Abschaltverzögerungszeit (ind. Last)(turn-off delay time (inductive load)) 关断延迟时间（感性负载）Fallzeit (induktive Last)（fall time (inductive load)）下降时间（感性负载）Einschaltverlustenergie pro Puls（turn-on energy loss per pulse）每脉冲导通能量损失Abschaltverlustenergie pro Puls（turn-off energy loss per pulse）每脉冲关断能量损失Kurzschlussverhalten（SC data）供应链数据Innerer Wärmewiderstand（thermal resistance, junction to case）内部热阻Übergangs-Wärmewiderstand（thermal resistance, case to heatsink）过渡电阻Periodische Spitzensperrspannung（repetitive peak reverse voltage）重复峰值反向电压Dauergleichstrom（DC forward current）直流正向电流Periodischer Spitzenstrom（repetitive peak forward current）重复峰值正向电流Grenzlastintegral（I²t - value）I²t-价值Durchlassspannung（forward voltage）正向电压Rückstromspitze（peak reverse recovery current）峰值反向恢复电流Sperrverzögerungsladung（recovered charge）恢复电荷Abschaltenergie pro Puls（reverse recovery energy）反向恢复能量Innerer Wärmewiderstand（thermal resistance, junction to case）内部热阻Übergangs-Wärmewiderstand（thermal resistance, case to heatsink）过渡电阻Isolations-Prüfspannung（insulation test voltage）绝缘测试电压Material Modulgrundplatte（material of module baseplate）模块基板材料Material für innere Isolation（material for internal insulation）内部绝缘材料Kriechstrecke（creepage distance）爬电距离Luftstrecke（clearance distance）间隙距离Vergleichszahl der Kriechwegbildung（comparative tracking index）比较跟踪指数Übergangs-Wärmewiderstand（thermal resistance, case to heatsink）过渡电阻Modulinduktivität（stray inductance module）杂散电感模块Modulleitungswiderstand,Anschlüsse - Chip（module lead resistance,terminals - chip）模块引线电阻，端子-芯片Höchstzulässige Sperrschichttemperatur（maximum junction temperature）最大结温Temperatur im Schaltbetrieb（temperature under switching conditions）开关条件下的温度Lagertemperatur（storage temperature）存储温度Anzugsdrehmoment f. mech. Befestigung（mounting torque）安装扭矩Anzugsdrehmoment f. elektr. Anschlüsse（terminal connection torque）终端连接扭矩Gewicht（weight）重量Ausgangskennlinie IGBT-Wechselr. (typisch)（output characteristic IGBT-inverter (typical)）IGBT逆变器输出特性（典型）Ausgangskennlinienfeld IGBT-Wechselr. (typisch) (output characteristic IGBT-inverter (typical)) IGBT逆变器的输出特性（典型）Übertragungscharakteristik IGBT-Wechselr. (typisch) (transfer characteristic IGBT-inverter (typical)) 转移特性的IGBT逆变（典型）Schaltverluste IGBT-Wechselr. (typisch)(switching losses IGBT-inverter (typical)) IGBT逆变器的开关损耗（典型）Transienter Wärmewiderstand IGBT-Wechselr.(transient thermal impedance IGBT-inverter) 瞬态热阻抗的IGBT逆变Sicherer Rückwärts-Arbeitsbereich IGBT-Wr. (RBSOA) (reverse bias safe operating area IGBT-inv. (RBSOA))反向偏置安全工作区（RBSOA）igbt-inv.Durchlasskennlinie der Diode-Wechselr. (typisch) (forward characteristic of diode-inverter (typical)) 二极管的正向特性（典型）逆变器。
逆变器(文献综述)
一、前言利用晶闸管电路把直流转变成交流电，这种对应于整流的逆向过程，定义为逆变[1]。
如：应用逆变的电力机车，当再生制动时牵引电机作为发动机运行，把产生的电能反送到交流电网中。
当牵引制动时逆变器则为其提供交流电，驱动电机。
把直流电逆变为某一频率的交流电供给负载称为无源逆变；把直流电逆变为交流电反送到电网称为有源逆变[2]。
随着科技的不断发展，各种仪器对逆变器的要求越来越高，各种行业对电气设备的控制要求也越来越高。
高性能的逆变电路是工业发展的基本保证。
逆变器横跨电力、电子、微处理器等领域。
目前IGBT模块组成功率逆变器具有工作电压底的缺点，采用三电平NPC主电路，可将IGBT电压降低至两电平电路的一半左右[3].为了适应于大容量，高电压，电流谐波含量少的要求，本文通过查阅大量相关研究学者的论文，以及专家的文献综述，发现逆变器的各方面研究方法及其最前沿的研究成果和趋势。
本文主要分析逆变器各种不一样的控制策略之间的联系、缺点、优点；最后提出一些个人看法和认识。
相信逆变器技术在未来会有很大的突破和进步。
二、主题逆变器毋庸置疑成为现代工业在中高压调速领域，交流柔性供电系统的无功率补偿中关键的技术支点。
对逆变器的拓扑结构和调制策略也进行深入的研究，本文首先论述中高压三电平逆变器的发展现状，然后重点分析三电平逆变器的控制策略。
1.逆变器的发展现状及研究趋势。
于1931年有人研究逆变器的工作原理，直到1948年美国西屋电气公司研制出第一台3KHz感应加热逆变器。
随着晶闸管SCR的诞生，为正弦波逆变器的发展创造了条件。
20世纪70年代，可关断晶闸管（GTO）、电力晶体管（BJT）的诞生使逆变技术得到发展应用。
到了20世纪80年代，功率场效管（MOSFET）、绝缘栅极晶体管(IGBT)、MOS 控制晶闸管（MCT）以及静电感应功率器件的诞生为逆变器向大容量方向奠定了基础，因此电力电子器件的发展为逆变技术高频化，大容量创造了条件。
光伏逆变器中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
外文翻译文献中英文对照资料外文翻译文献光伏逆变器的发展及优势结构与工作原理逆变器是一种由半导体器件组成的电力调整装置，主要用于把直流电力转换成交流电力。
一般由升压回路和逆变桥式回路构成。
升压回路把太阳电池的直流电压升压到逆变器输出控制所需的直流电压；逆变桥式回路则把升压后的直流电压等价地转换成常用频率的交流电压。
逆变器主要由晶体管等开关元件构成，通过有规则地让开关元件重复开-关（ON-OFF），使直流输入变成交流输出。
当然，这样单纯地由开和关回路产生的逆变器输出波形并不实用。
一般需要采用高频脉宽调制（SPWM），使靠近正弦波两端的电压宽度变狭，正弦波中央的电压宽度变宽，并在半周期内始终让开关元件按一定频率朝一方向动作，这样形成一个脉冲波列（拟正弦波）。
然后让脉冲波通过简单的滤波器形成正弦波。
逆变器不仅具有直交流变换功能，还具有最大限度地发挥太阳电池性能的功能和系统故障保护功能。
归纳起来有自动运行和停机功能、最大功率跟踪控制功能、防单独运行功能（并网系统用）、自动电压调整功能（并网系统用）、直流检测功能（并网系统用）、直流接地检测功能（并网系统用）。
这里简单介绍自动运行和停机功能及最大功率跟踪控制功能。
1、自动运行和停机功能早晨日出后，太阳辐射强度逐渐增强，太阳电池的输出也随之增大，当达到逆变器工作所需的输出功率后，逆变器即自动开始运行。
进入运行后，逆变器便时时刻刻监视太阳电池组件的输出，只要太阳电池组件的输出功率大于逆变器工作所需的输出功率，逆变器就持续运行；直到日落停机，即使阴雨天逆变器也能运行。
当太阳电池组件输出变小，逆变器输出接近0时，逆变器便形成待机状态。
2、最大功率跟踪控制功能太阳电池组件的输出是随太阳辐射强度和太阳电池组件自身温度（芯片温度）而变化的。
另外由于太阳电池组件具有电压随电流增大而下降的特性，因此存在能获取最大功率的最佳工作点。
太阳辐射强度是变化着的，显然最佳工作点也是在变化的。
英文论文及中文翻译格式(附件1)
附件1南京工程学院英文论文及中文翻译英文论文题目：Multilevel Inverters for ElectricVehicle Applications中文翻译题目：多电平逆变器在电动汽车中的应用专业：车辆工程（车辆电子电气）班级：车电气101学号：215100439学生姓名：许兵指导教师：朱华教授张开林副教授说明：本页开始可直接附上打印好的pdf格式英文论文（注：不要把pdf格式的英文论文转化为word文档或其它格式），选择英文论文的要求如下：1.选择与你毕业设计（论文）内容相关或与你所学专业相关且公开发表的英文论文。
2.所选英文论文的页数4—5页为宜。
3.不要选择英文产品说明书或英文教材上的内容。
4.不要选择由中国学者翻译发表的英语论文。
多电平逆变器在电动汽车中的应用莱昂·托尔伯特，彭方Z. 托马斯·G. Habetler美国橡树岭国家实验室* 佐治亚理工学院邮政信箱2009 电气和计算机工程学院橡树岭，TN37831-8038 亚特兰大,佐治亚州30332-0250电话：（423）576-6206 电话：（404）894-9829传真：（423）241-6124 传真：（404）894-9171邮箱：tolbertlm@邮箱：tom.habetler 邮箱：pengfz@摘要：本文介绍了多电平逆变器在纯电动汽车（EV）和混合动力汽车（HEV）电机驱动上的应用。
二极管钳位逆变器和串联H桥型逆变器（1）能够产生只含基频近似的正弦电压，（2）几乎没有任何电磁干扰（EMI）和共模电压，（3）使得电动汽车更方便/更安全和对大多数电动汽车动力系统可能的开放性线路。
本文探讨了电动汽车的好处并讨论了使用电动汽车马达驱动或并联式混合动力汽车驱动和二极管钳位逆变器的一系列混合动力汽车电机驱动的串联逆变器的控制方案。
分析、仿真和实验结果表明了这些多电平逆变器在这个新领域中的优越性。
1．背景电动和混合动力汽车的发展，尤其是以牵引电机驱动为主的发展[1]，为电力电子行业提供了众多新机遇和挑战。
文献翻译
微逆变器也被称为交流模块模块集成转换器（MIC），在光伏发电系统中凭靠每个光伏模块转换器微逆变器已经被证明了具有高功率产率[1]。MIC的随时随地、方便简单的使用的特点对低功率的居民住宅用有非常大的好功率变换的高频链代替传统的直流环环节系统。文献[2]提出了一种利用阻抗-导纳转换方法给负载提供电流的MIC。文献[3]提出了高频链推挽式DC-AC逆变器，在变压器的副边它有一个四象限开关的矩阵转换器。在文献[4]中论述了一种基于反激式逆变器在光伏模块输出电路。文献[5]提出了基于高频链全桥逆变器降低矩阵转换器的开关频率。
该转换器可以使用两个状态方程来表示，电感器电流和电容器电压作为
状态变量。输入电压Vin和电网电压Vo可以被认为是理想的电压源。（12-13）给出了状态方程。
如图4所示一个开关周期，方程在simulink中仿真和提供的的电压理想波形，变压器电压和未滤波电流。在该图中，两个瞬间被示出，它们是正和负电网电压的峰值。在该模拟中使用的值是表Ⅰ中给出。
[6] A. Trubitsyn, B. Pierquet, A. Hayman, G. Gamache, C. Sullivan, and
D. Perreault, “High-efficiency inverter forphotovoltaic applications,” inEnergy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2010 IEEE, 2010,pp. 2803 –2810.
5.
以上述为谐振频率逆变器的优点之一是实现软开关。谐振槽的电流总是滞后给定电压，所以所有的开关都能实现软开关。但是，槽电压不是方波，因为它有零状态，如图2所示。
基于图1所示的电流的方向，输出侧桥的软开关技术条件是变压器的副边电压超过原边电压。只要电压转换比统一，软开关操作是可能的，在输出侧转换器也是一样。在输出侧的有源电桥采用四象限开关。为了实现软开关，基于该线电压的极性四象限开关的两个MOSFET的其中一个始终保持接通。这确保了其它交换机执行ZVS，基于该条件是变压器次级电流超前VOHF。下面给出了仿真的图证明了实现软开关。
电力电子外文摘要综述翻译
综述1、Modeling, Control, and Implementation of DC–DC Converters for Variable Frequency Operation频率可变的DC-DC变换器的建模，和实现Abstract—In this paper, novel small-signal averaged models for dc–dc converters operating at variable switching frequency are derived. This is achieved by separately considering the on-time and the off-time of the switching period. The derivation is shown in detail for a synchronous buck converter and the model for a boost converter is also presented. The model for the buck converter is then used for the design of two digital feedback controllers, which exploit the additional insight in the converter dynamics. First, a digital multiloop PID controller is implemented, where the design is based on loop-shaping of the proposed frequency-domain transfer functions. And second, the design and the implementation of a digital LQG state-feedback controller, based on the proposed time-domain state-space model, is presented for the same converter topology. Experimental results are given for the digital multiloop PID controller integrated on an application-specified integrated circuit in a 0.13μmCMOS technology, as well as for the statefeedback controller implemented on an FPGA. Tight output voltage regulation and an excellent dynamic performance is achieved, as the dynamics of the converter under variable frequency operation are considered during the design of both implementations.本文中利用小信号的平均值通过变频开关实现DC-DC的变换，通过单独控制导通和关断时间，并建立了back拓扑模型和boost拓扑模型，该模型的buck转换器用于两个数字反馈控制器，实现变换器的动态控制。
（完整版）电机学英文文献翻译
（完整版）电机学英文文献翻译The three-phase induction motor speed control methodThree-phase asynchronous motor speed formula: N = 60f / p (1-s) Can be seen from the above formula, change the power supply frequency f, motor pole number p and the slip s may be too much to change the speed of purpose. From the speed of the essence of view, is simply a different way to change speed synchronous AC motor does not change the sync transfer speed or two.Widespread use in production machines without changing the synchronous speed of motor speed control method Wound Rotor Series Resistance Speed, chopper speed control, cascade control, and application of electromagnetic slip clutch, fluid couplings, clutches and other film speed. Change the synchronous speed of change on the number of stator pole multi-speed motor to change the stator voltage and frequency to frequency conversion with no change to the motor speed and so on.Energy from the speed point of view when, with high speed method and inefficient methods of two kinds of speed: high speed when the slip refers to the same, so no slip losses, such as multi-speed motors, Slip frequency control and loss can speed recovery methods (such as cascade control, etc.). A deteriorating loss of speed control methodsare inefficient speed, such as series resistance of the rotor speed method, the energy loss in the rotor circuit on; Electromagnetic Clutch The speed method, the energy loss in the clutch coils; fluid coupling speed, energy loss in the fluid coupling of the oil. General deterioration in loss increased with theexpansion speed range, if not speed range, the energy loss is minimal.1, variable speed control method of pole pairsThis speed is then used to change the stator winding way to change the red cagemotor stator pole pairs to achieve speed control purposes, the followingfeaturesWith hard mechanical properties, good stability;No slip loss, high efficiency; Wiring simple, easy to control, low price;A level speed, differential large, can not get smooth speed control;With pressure and speed adjustment, with the use of electromagnetic slip clutch,smooth and efficient access to high speed characteristics.This method is suitable for the production does not require variable speed machinery, such as metal cutting machine Bed , Lift , Lifting equipment, Fans Water Pump And so on.2, Frequency Control Method Frequency control is to change the motor stator Power supply Frequency, thus changing the speed of its synchronous speed method. Frequency control system main equipment is to provide variable frequency power supply Inverter , Inverter can be divided into AC - DC - AC inverter and AC - AC converter two categories, most of the current domestic use of AC - DC - AC inverter. Its characteristicsHigh efficiency, speed the process without additional loss;Wide range of applications, can be used for cage induction motor;。
逆变保护和实时监测系统外文文献翻译英文原文(可编辑)
MicroelectronicsJournal342003823?832//0>./locate/mejoAsystemforinverterprotectionandreal-timemonitoringEftichiosKoutroulisa,JohnChatzakisa,KostasKalaitzakisa,*,Stefanos Maniasb,NicholasC.VoulgarisaaDepartmentofElectronicandComputerEngineering,TechnicalUniversity ofCrete,GR-73100Chania,GreecebDepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering,NationalTechnicalUn iversityofAthens,Athens,GreeceReceived5September2002;accepted4March2003AbstractAreal-timesystemforprotectingandmonitoringaDC/ACconverterhasbeend esignedandconstructed.Theproposedsystemconsistsofaahardwareprotectionunitforfastreaction,loadprotectionandinverter fail-safeoperationandbamicrocontrollerunitforcalculating //.proposedhardwarearchitecture and sensors form a low-cost and reliable control unit. The experimental results show that the proposed system ensures the inverterprotectionandfail-safefeatures.Theproposedunitcanbeusedto increasethereliabilityofanypowerinverterinACmotordrives,renewableenergysystems,etc.orcanbeincorporatedinanyUPSsystem.q2003ElsevierScienceLtd.Allrightsreserved.Keywords:Real-timesystem;DC/ACinverter;Fail-safe;Protection;Micro controller1.IntroductionConsideringtheinverterprotection,thedesignersusuallyemployspecialprotectiondevicesandcontrolcircuits.Themostcommonformofovercurrentprotectionisfusing[1],butthismethodisnotalwayseffectivebecausefuseshaverelatively slow response-time, so additional protectiveequipment is required, such as crowbar circuits or a didtlimitinginductance.TheDCsupplyandload-sidetransientscanbesuppressedwith?lters,whichhavethedisadvantageofincreasingtheinverterpowerlosses,costandweight.Current source inverters CSI have an inherent over-currentprotectioncapability,sinceproperdesignoftheDClink inductance can provide protection against overloadconditions[2].VoltagesourceinvertersVSIincludeanL-C?lterattheoutputstagethus,incaseofanoutputshort-circuit condition, the ?lter inductance limits the outputcurrent rising rate [3]. In both preceding cases, the highinductance value leads to inverter size and power lossesincrease.A commonly used protectioncircuit is shownin Fig.1[4].Theinverteroutputcurrent,loadvoltageand?lter capacitorcurrentaresensedandcomparedtopresetlimits. Ifanyoftheabovequantitiesexceedsthepresetlimits,an inhibitsignalshutsofftheDCpowersupply.DC/AC power converters inverters are used today mainlyinuninterruptiblepowersupplysystems,ACmotor drives, induction heating and renewable energy source systems.TheirfunctionistoconvertaDCinputvoltageto anACoutputvoltageofdesiredamplitudeandfrequency. Theinverterspeci?cationsaretheinputandoutputvoltage range, the output voltage frequency and the imum outputpower.Aninverterisrequiredto:1. always operatewithin itsstrictspeci?cations, since the inverter may supply power to sensitive and expensive equipment,2. fail-safelyincaseofmalfunction,sinceinvertersareoften usedinharshenvironmentstoelectronics,forexample, outdoorsincaseofrenewableenergyapplicationswith widetemperatureandhumidityvariationsand3. record the inverter state and inform the suppliedequipmentand/ortheoperatoraboutthecauseoffailure.In motor drive applications, the inverters are usuallyprotected only from overloading conditions, using eitherintrusivecurrentsensingtechniques,whichmeasuretheDC* Corresponding author. Tel.: t30-2821-037233; fax: t30-2821- 037530.E-mailaddress:koskal@//..Kalaitzakis.0026-2692/03/$-seefrontmatterq2003ElsevierScienceLtd.Allrightsres erved.doi:10.1016/S0026-26920300134-4824E.Koutroulisetal./MicroelectronicsJournal342003823?832circuitrywithprede?nedlevels,inordertodeterminethepropersystemoperation,andb a microcontroller-based, real-time system, whichmonitors all critical parameters of the inverteroperation and displays them to the system operatorin real-time.In case of malfunction, the hardware protection unitimmediately turns-off the inverter ensuring the fail-safefeature,while the microcontroller unitinforms thesystemoperator about the malfunction conditions. The microcon-trollerunitcommunicateswithacomputerthroughanRS-232 protocol. The necessary inverter parameters are measured with non-intrusive and non-dissipative sensors so that the inverter operation and speci?cations are not affected. The microcontroller-based implementation is preferred over a faster DSP because of its lower cost. However,aDSPwouldbeafavourablesolutionincasethat additional control functions i.e. power semiconductors control,advancedbatterymonitoringalgorithms,etc.aretobe digitally implemented. The control unit malfunctions havenotbeeninvestigatedinthisstudy.Fig.1.Aninverterprotectioncircuit.input current or the load current [5?7] or special motor control algorithm techniques [8?10]. However, the above methodsdonotfullydetectallpossiblefaultconditions,e.g. aDClinkcapacitorshortcircuit[11]. Thispaperisorganisedasfollows:theinverterhardware andcausesoffailureareexplainedinSection2;thesensors andactuatorsrequiredtodetectproblemsontimeandforcethe inverter to shut down are explained in Section 3; the proposed control and monitoring unit is presented in Section 4; the microcontroller algorithm is analysedin Section 5, while the experimental results are presentedinSection6.The advance of the microcontroller technology has ledto the implementation of digital control techniques for controllingandmonitoringinverters.TheuseofaKalman?lter for monitoring the magnitude and frequency of a UPS output voltage is proposed in Ref. [12]Althoughthis method has the advantage of integration of a number ofcontrolfunctionsinasinglechip,itisnotadequatefor protection of the inverter from many kinds of faults. If this method is extended to monitor more critical signals, then the system response becomes not fast enough to protect the inverter, while the use of a faster microcon- troller or a digital signal processor DSP increases the system cost.2.Inverterhardwareandcausesoffailure AninvertergeneraldiagramisshowninFig.2.Abridgebuilt around IGBTs modulates the DC input voltage to a sinusoidal pulse width modulated wave SPWM. A low-pass,LC-type?lterisusedtodemodulatetheSPWMtoa sinusoidalwaveform,whileapowertransformerisusedto produce the required high voltage, low-distortion outpute.g.220V,50Hz.Alternatively,thepowerbridgecanbebuilt around power MOSFETs [15], depending on theinverterpowercapability, theDC inputvoltagevalue andthedesiredef?ciency.Severalmethodshavebeenproposedforfaultdetectionon an inverter. A diagnostic system for the detection offaultsofthepowerswitchesusingoutputcurrentsensorsina PWM inverter supplying a synchronous machine ispresented in Ref. [13]. It is based on the analysis of thecurrent-vectortrajectoryandoftheinstantaneousfrequencyinfaultymode.Anexpert-system-basedfaultdiagnosisandmonitoringmethodforaVSIispresentedinRef.[14].Theabove-mentioned methods intend to assist the systemoperator to diagnose the inverter malfunction or damageafteritsoccurrence.The problems that may occur during the inverteroperationarethefollowing[3,11]:inputvoltageoutsidetheinverterspec i?cations,overloadingconditions,Inallabovemethodscanbenotedthatmostinvertersdonotfullyful?llthepreviouslystatedinverterrequirementssteps 1?3. In this paper, the development of a low-costcontrolunitforprotectingandmonitoringaDC/ACinverterispresented.Theproposedsystemconsistsof:output overvoltage transients, e.g. when connecting ordisconnectingmotors,outputshort-circuitcondition,output voltage amplitude and frequency outside theinverterspeci?cations,a a hardware protection unit, which compares theappropriate signals at speci?c points of the inverterhigh ambient temperature, which changes the powersemiconductorscharacteristics,E.Koutroulisetal./MicroelectronicsJournal342003823?832825Fig.2.AgeneraldiagramofanSPWMsingle-phaseinverter high humidity which may affect the electronic partsbehaviorand?nallyfeaturewidefrequencybandwidth,includingDCoperationand low temperature variation of their characteristics,so they are ideal for current detection on PWM inverters[16,17]. The operation of the Hall-effect sensors withoutfeedbackensureslowpower-consumption.But,sincetheyresponse relatively slow cannot protect effectively thepowerbridgesemiconductorsfromovercurrentconditions.Thus,anovercurrentprotectioncircuitisdevelopedfortheprotectionofeverysetofparallel-connectedMOSFETs,as//.erringtothis?gure,theQ1IRF530is the power MOSFET to be protected, while the small-signalMOSFETQ2BS170preventswrongreactionoftheprotectioncircuitifhighvoltageappearsatthedrainduringthe power MOSFET turn-off state. Under overcurrentconditions,thefollowinginequalityholds:other unexpected factors, e.g. faults on the inverterdriving circuit, etc.If any of the above-mentioned problems occurs, theinvertermustbeshutdownimmediatelyinordertoprotecttheloadandtheinverterpowerconversionstagesfromdestruc-tion,whilethesystemoperatormustbeinformedaccordinglyabouttheproblem.ThemeantimebetweenfailuresMTBFforinvertersisoftheorderofseveral10,000h,[9].3.ThesensorsThe position ofthesensorsontheinverterisshowninFig.3.Hall-effect-basedsensorsareusedtomeasuretheDCinput current and the AC output current. They haveadvantages compared to shunt resistors, such as isolationfrom the main power circuit and independency of theircharacteristics from dust, humidity and time. Also, theyR2tR2ID?rDS;on?R1$VBEe1Twhere ID and rDS;on are the power MOSFET current andon-stateresistance,respectively,whileVBEisthetransistorQ3base-emittervoltage.Fig.3.Thesensorsandactuatorsontheinverter.826E.Koutroulisetal./MicroelectronicsJournal342003823?832Fig.4.TheMOSFETprotectioncircuit:atheschematicdiagramandbthesimul atedoutputvoltagewaveformY3forastepincreaseoftheMOSFETcurrentY2.Theoperationoftheabove-describedprotectioncircuitissimulated using the IS-SPICE program. The results areshown in Fig. 4b, where Y2 is a step change of the Q1power MOSFET current and Y3 is the protection circuitoutputvoltage.Itcanbeobservedthattheprotectioncircuitoutputvoltagedropstozeroinabout100ns.Ifthisvoltageis used to drive the MOSFET, the turn-off process takesplace within about 500ns, from the occurrence ofthe overcurrent condition, for this particular MOSFET. SincethepowerMOSFETpeakcurrentcapabilityismuchhigher than its average rating and the current rise time is further limited by the inverter circuit inductances, this protection circuit is considered adequate for overcurrent protection oftheMOSFETs.IncaseswheretheDCinputvoltage is high, the inverter design can be based on alternativesemiconductordevicessuchasIGBTsorBJTs,E.Koutroulisetal./MicroelectronicsJournal342003823?832827which are characterised by negative saturation voltage4.Descriptionoftheprotectionandmonitoringunit temperaturecoef?cient.Insuchcase,theprotectioncircuit described above can be used to measure the voltage developed across a current shunt connected in series with thepowerswitch. Ablockdiagramofthedetectionandprotectionunitis showninFig.5.ThesensorsdescribedinSection3areusedto measure the following parameters during the inverter operation:AnICinstrumentationampli?erisusedtomeasuretheAC output voltage, providing high input-impedance, highcommon-mode rejection and good temperature stability.A voltage divider followed by a unity-gain isolationampli?er voltage follower is used to measure the DCinput voltage, protecting the inverter from malfunctionsassociatedwitheithertheDCinputpowersourceortheDClink capacitor. In addition, power semiconductor switchesare occasionally subjected to overvoltages during theinverteroperation.Suchconditionsareappropriatelytreatedduring the inverter design phase, by employing specialcircuits e.g. RC snubbers depending on the invertertopologyrequirementstheACoutputvoltageandcurrent,theDCinputvoltageandcurrentandtheambient temperature.The above measurements are interfaced to the micro-controllerthroughitsA/Dconverterchannels.Themicro-controllercalculatesthermsoutputvoltagevalue,theoutputvoltage frequency, the inverter load as a percent of theimum permitted load, the DC input voltage and theambienttemperature.IfabatteryisusedastheinverterDCinput source, the microcontroller checks continuously thechargelevelofthebattery,aswell.TheinverterDCinputcurrent, which is the battery discharging current, ismonitored and the battery remaining operating time is estimated.A2 16-characterliquidcrystaldisplayLCDinterfaced with the microcontroller informs the operator abouttheinverterparametervalues.An IC temperature sensor is used to measure theambient temperature. Its output voltage is proportional to temperature, while offering good linearity in awide temperature range with high accuracyAlso,negative temperature coef?cient NTC, low-cost thermis-tors are used to monitor the temperature of the inverter powerMOSFETs.Also,theabove-mentionedsensorsignalsarecomparedwithprede?nedthresholdsandtheresultsarestoredinan externalregister-setconsistingoflatches.Theoutputvaluesof the MOSFETs overcurrent protection circuits are also stored in the register-set. During normal operation, all register-set bits are in logic state ‘1’, while in case of Anelectromechanicalswitchrelay,switchSinFig.3is usedtoisolatetheinverterfromtheDCinputsource,incase theinputvoltageexceedstheimumlimitoftheinverterspeci?cations.Fig.5.Blockdiagramoftheproposedcontrolunit.828E.Koutroulisetal./MicroelectronicsJournal342003823?832 inverterspeci?cationsviolation,thecorrespondingregister-set bits are set to logic ‘0’. Then the hardware protection circuitturns-offtheinverterandforwardsaninterrupttothe microcontroller, causing the check of the register-set bits one by one. The microcontroller parses the nature of the problemfromthepositionoflogic0sintheregister-setandinforms the operator accordingly. In case of DC input overvoltage, the corresponding comparator output signal activates an electromechanical switch, as mentioned in Section3.an on-chip A/D converter, 16-bit architecture, high clock rate, low-power consumption and low cost. An additional8KB static RAM and a 16KB EPROM are also installedon the microcontroller board for data and program storage. An RS-232 port interfaces the microcontrollerwith a computer, so that the operator can be informed ina more friendly and detailed way about the inverter operation state.The microcontroller used is the Intel 80C196KC witha 16MHz clock. It has a 16-bit CPU, a 10-bit, 8-channelsuccessive approximation A/D converter, a 4KB internal RAM, a 16KB internal EPROM and a serial communi-cation port. This type of microcontroller features all characteristics required by the proposed system, such as 5.ThemicrocontrolleralgorithmThe microcontroller algorithm ?owchart is illustratedin Fig. 6. On start-up, all the microcontroller special function registers SFRs and the program variables are initialised.Fromthenon,themicrocontrollercontinuously Fig.6.Flowchartofthemicrocontrollerprogram.E.Koutroulisetal./MicroelectronicsJournal342003823?832 829calculatestheoutputvoltagermsvalueandfrequency,the inverterloadasapercentoftheimumpermittedload,the remaining operating time of the battery connected to the input and the ambient temperature. When the above values are calculated, the microcontroller transmits them to a LCD and through the optional RS-232 interface to a computer. In case of improper inverter operation, the microcontroller accepts an interrupt from the hardware protection unit. The normal program ?ow is suspended,the microcontroller checks one by one the bits of theregister-set and informs the operator about the problemthat suspended the inverter operationAfterwards,the microcontroller enters into an idle mode waiting forthe problem to be resolved before restarting its normaloperation through reset.TheoutputvoltagefrequencyisdeterminedbysamplingthecorrespondingA/Dconverterchannelwithareference3kHz frequency and counting the number of samplesbetween two consecutive output voltage zero-crossings.TheoutputvoltagefrequencyfiscalculatedbydividingthesamplingfrequencyefsTwiththenumberofsamples,N,overoneperiod:fsfe2TNFig.7.Theinverteroutputvoltageandcurrentfor:aanoutputpowerincreas efrom150to312Wandbanoutputshort-circuitcondition.830E.Koutroulisetal./MicroelectronicsJournal342003823?832The calculation of the output voltage and current rmsvaluesisdoneusingthefollowingrelationship:v ACDCinputoutputvoltagevoltage20220??30240V, Vrms;50Hzandimumoutputpower300W.uut1NX2Vie3TVrms?NFig.7a showsoscilloscopewaveformsoftheinverteroutputvoltageandcurrentforastepincreaseoftheinverteroutputpowerfrom150to312W.Theinverteristurned-off,whentheinstantaneousvalueoftheoutputcurrentexceeds2.5A.Theinverteroutputvoltageandcurrentwaveformsforanoutputshort-circuitconditionaredepictedinFig7b.Theoutputcurrentreachesitspeakvalueof10Ainabout500ns,whichisthetimerequiredbytheirprotectioncircuitstoturn-offthepowerMOSFETs.Theenergystoredintheinverter inductances at that moment is dissipated through current re-circulation in the inverter ?yback diodes, the powertransformerandtheoutput?lteruntilthecurrentdropstozero.ItcanbeobservedinFig.8thattheinverteristurned- offwhenitsoutputvoltageincreasesbeyondthe240Vrmslimit.Theringingwhentheinverteristurned-offiscausedby theoutput?ltercapacitance,theinternalimpedanceofthe inverterandtheenergystoredinthepowertransformerandtheoutput?lterinductances.Theinverteristurned-offwhen theDCinputvoltagedropsbelow20V,ascanbeobservedinFig. 9a. In this case, the DC input voltage is not disconnectedfromtheinverterterminals.Fig.9billustrates theinverterinputandoutputvoltagewaveformsforaninput overvoltage condition. When the input supply voltageexceeds 30V, switch S in Fig. 3 is opened, in order to preventthedestructionoftheinverterstages.Atthistime,the invertercapacitors,whichareinparallel。
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Inverter1 IntroductionAn inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current （DC）to alternating current （AC）; the converted AC can be at any required voltage and frequency with the use of appropriate transformers，switching，and control circuits.Solid-state inverters have no moving parts and are used in a wide range of applications, from small switching power supplies in computers, to large electric utility high—voltage direct current applications that transport bulk power. Inverters are commonly used to supply AC power from DC sources such as solar panels or batteries.There are two main types of inverter。
The output of a modified sine wave inverter is similar to a square wave output except that the output goes to zero volts for a time before switching positive or negative。
It is simple and low cost and is compatible with most electronic devices，except for sensitive or specialized equipment， for example certain laser printers. A pure sine wave inverter produces a nearly perfect sine wave output （〈3％ total harmonic distortion) that is essentially the same as utility—supplied grid power. Thus it is compatible with all AC electronic devices。
This is the type used in grid-tie inverters。
Its design is more complex, and costs 5 or 10 times more per unit power The electrical inverter is a high—power electronic oscillator. It is so named because early mechanical AC to DC converters were made to work in reverse，and thus were ”inverted"，to convert DC to AC.The inverter performs the opposite function of a rectifier。
2 Applications2。
1 DC power source utilizationAn inverter converts the DC electricity from sources such as batteries，solar panels, or fuel cells to AC electricity。
The electricity can be at any required voltage; in particular it can operate AC equipment designed for mains operation, or rectified to produce DC at any desired voltageGrid tie inverters can feed energy back into the distribution network because they produce alternating current with the same wave shape and frequency as supplied by the distribution system. They can also switch off automatically in the event of a blackout.Micro—inverters convert direct current from individual solar panels into alternating current for the electric grid. They are grid tie designs by default.2.2 Uninterruptible power suppliesAn uninterruptible power supply (UPS） uses batteries and an inverter to supply AC power when main power is not available。
When main power is restored, a rectifier supplies DC power to recharge the batteries.2。
3 Induction heatingInverters convert low frequency main AC power to a higher frequency for use in induction heating. To do this， AC power is first rectified to provide DC power. The inverter then changes the DC power to high frequency AC power。
2.4 HVDC power transmissionWith HVDC power transmission， AC power is rectified and high voltage DC power is transmitted to another location。
At the receiving location，an inverter in a static inverter plant converts the power back to AC.2。
5 Variable-frequency drivesA variable—frequency drive controls the operating speed of an AC motor by controlling the frequency and voltage of the power supplied to the motor。
An inverter provides the controlled power. In most cases，the variable—frequency drive includes a rectifier so that DC power for the inverter can be provided from main AC power. Since an inverter is the key component， variable—frequency drives are sometimes called inverter drives or just inverters。
2。
6 Electric vehicle drivesAdjustable speed motor control inverters are currently used to power thetraction motors in some electric and diesel—electric rail vehicles as well as some battery electric vehicles and hybrid electric highway vehicles such as the Toyota Prius and Fisker Karma. Various improvements in inverter technology are being developed specifically for electric vehicle applications。
［2］In vehicles with regenerative braking, the inverter also takes power from the motor （nowacting as a generator） and stores it in the batteries。
2。
7 The general caseA transformer allows AC power to be converted to any desired voltage, but at the same frequency。
Inverters, plus rectifiers for DC, can be designed to convert from any voltage， AC or DC， to any other voltage, also AC or DC, at any desired frequency。