英文翻译
万能英文翻译
1.as an old saying goes,....正如一句古老的谚语所说2....be nothing but... ....不过就是...3.from where i stand.... 从我的立场来说4.give oneself a chance to.....给某人一个机会去...5.i feel sure that...我坚信...6....is the best way to make sure that....确保...的最好办法是...7.we must do our absolute best to....我们必须竭尽全力做...8.there is no denying the fect that...无可否认....9.nothing is more+adj.+than to+v.没有比...更重要的了10.主语+cannot emphasize the importance of....too much 再怎么强调..的重要性也不为过11....pose a great threat to... ...对..造成了一大威胁（eg.Pollution poses a great threat to our existance.)12.stole the spotlight from...从...获得大众的瞩目13....touch sb. on the raw ....触到某人的痛处14.it is not uncommon that... 这是常有的事儿。
15it is almost impossible to do.. 。
是很困难的16the recent research has shown that..最近研究表明。
17...has/have no alternative but to...除...外别无选择18....between the devil and the deep blue sea 进退维谷，左右为难19.content in the thought that...满足于...的想法20(重磅出击，一般老师都会感动，这个句子可以千变万化，可以替换其中的一些词）The long,(costly strike) proved to be the last nail in the coffin for (the company),with( its history of financial problems).长时期的罢工损失巨大，再加上一直以来的财政问题，使得该公祠一蹶不振。
中英文句子翻译在线翻译
中英⽂句⼦翻译在线翻译1. ⼀些唯美的英⽂句⼦,带翻译1、To the world you may be one person, but to one person you may be the world. 对于世界⽽⾔，你是⼀个⼈；但是对于某个⼈，你是他的整个世界。
2、No man or woman is worth your tears, and the one who is, won't make you cry. 没有⼈值得你流泪，值得让你这么做的⼈不会让你哭泣。
3、Never frown, even when you are sad, because you never know who is falling in love with your smile. 纵然伤⼼，也不要愁眉不展，因为你不知是谁会爱上你的笑容。
4、We met at the wrong time, but separated at the right time. The most urgent is to take the most beautiful scenery; the deepest wound was the most real emotions. 我们在错误的时间相遇，在正确的时间却⼜分开。
⾛的最急的是最美的景⾊，伤的最深的是最真的感情。
5、Time would heal almost all wounds. If your wounds have not been healed up, please wait for a short while. 时间⼏乎会愈合所有伤⼝，如果你的伤⼝还没有愈合，请给时间⼀点时间！6、There's a difference between "love" and "like". If you like a flower you will pick it, but if you love a flower, you will water it every day. 爱与喜欢是有区别的。
外文翻译中英文对照
Strengths优势All these private sector banks hold strong position on CRM part, they have professional, dedicated and well-trained employees.所以这些私人银行在客户管理部分都持支持态度，他们拥有专业的、细致的、训练有素的员工。
Private sector banks offer a wide range of banking and financial products and financial services to corporate and retail customers through a variety of delivery channels such as ATMs, Internet-banking, mobile-banking, etc. 私有银行通过许多传递通道（如自动取款机、网上银行、手机银行等）提供大范围的银行和金融产品、金融服务进行合作并向客户零售。
The area could be Investment management banking, life and non-life insurance, venture capital and asset management, retail loans such as home loans, personal loans, educational loans, car loans, consumer durable loans, credit cards, etc. 涉及的领域包括投资管理银行、生命和非生命保险、风险投资与资产管理、零售贷款（如家庭贷款、个人贷款、教育贷款、汽车贷款、耐用消费品贷款、信用卡等）。
Private sector banks focus on customization of products that are designed to meet the specific needs of customers. 私人银行主要致力于为一些特殊需求的客户进行设计和产品定制。
中文名句 英文翻译
As Heaven’s movement is ever vigorous, so must a gentleman ceaselessly strive along.
温故而知新，可以为师矣。
He who by reviewing the old can gain knowledge of the new and is fit to be a teacher.
16三个臭皮匠赛过一个诸葛亮。
two heads are better than one.
17.活到老学到老
you are never too old to learn.
18知己知彼百战不殆。
know the enemy and know yourself, you'll fight a hundred battles without defeat.
种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。
9.Where there's a will,there's a way.
有志者事竟成。
10.An uncut gem goes not sparkle.
玉不琢，不成器
11. progress sometimes uses a comma, but never a full stop.
9.失之毫厘谬以千里。
a miss is as good as a mile.
10. 远亲不如近邻。
a new friend is better than a far-dwelling kinsman.
11.不到黄河不死心。
ambition never dies until there is no way out.
常用的英文翻译
常用的英文翻译A AA制 Dutch treatment; to go DutchB 毕业答辩 thesis/dissertation defence 毕业设计 final project博士生 a PhD Candidate 报销 to apply for reimbursement博导 PhD student supervisor 班主任 class tutor必修/选修课 compulsory/optional courses/modules辩论队 debate team 辩论赛 debate contest 本命年 one's own Chinese zodiac yearC 成就感 sense of accomplishments/achievementsD 第三产业 the tertiary industry 导师 tutor, supervisor独立思考能力 capacity for independent thinking 党支部 Party branch党支部书记 Party branch secretary 调研 research; surveyE 厄尔尼诺现象 El Nino phenomenon 二等奖 the second prizeF 附中 affiliated (high or junior etc) school of ....附件(email): attachment 房地产 real estateG 公务员 civil servant (工作)单位 work unit工学学士/硕士 Bachelor/Master of Science (B.S & M.S)高考 National College Entrance Examination国家重点实验室 state key laboratory股份制 shareholding system; joint-stock system股份有限公司 Co. Ltd; company/corporation limited: limited corporationH 户口簿 residence booklet; household register; household registration booklet 获六级证书 obtain a certificate of CET-6J 甲方乙方 Part A and Party B 基础设施 infrastructure敬业精神 professional dedication; professional ethics讲师 lecturer 高级讲师 senior lecturer 技术支持 technical support精神文明建设 ideological and ethical progress机电一体化 Electromechanical Integration激烈的竞争 intense/fierce/bitter competition九五攻关 The 9th 5-year plan 竞争力 competitivenessK 可持续发展 sustainable development考研 take part in the entrance exams for postgraduate schools课代表 subject representativeL 理论联系实际 to link theory with practice论文答辩 thesis defence 劳动密集型labour-intensive联系方式 contacts;contact details; how to contact;M 民工 migrant workers/labourers 满分 full mark 面试 interviewP 平面设计 graphic designQ 全职full-timeR 人才 talent; talented people 理念 philosophy; value; doctrine入世 china's accession to the wto; china joins the wtoS 三个代表(论) the Three Represents (Theory) 三等奖 the third prize双刃剑double-edged sword 上网 to get on the internet适者生存 survival of the fittest 私营经济 private sector事业单位 public institution 私/民营企业 private enterprise三好学生 merit student; three good student(good in study, attitude and health)师兄无准确英译，可表达为'junior or senior (fellow) schoolmate/student双赢(局面） win-win; a win-win situation 实习 internship 实习生 intern双学位 double degree/dual degree 手机短信SMS/short message/instant message上市 to go public; to be listed (in the stock market)市场营销(活动) marketing (activitiess)硕博联读 a continuous academic project that involves postgraduate and doctoral study; a PhD programme水平一/二 English Proficiency Test I/II (of Tsinghua University)社会实践 social practice社会实践优秀个人 excellent individual in social practiceT 团队精神 esprit de corps OR team spirit 特此证明 this is to certify that.团支部书记 League branch secretary 团委 the Youth League committee特等奖学金 top class/level scholarship通过大学四级考试 pass the College English Test Band 4W 物业管理 asset management, property management物流 logistics外联部 liaison department (小的办公室，叫office)企业的外联部，通常是PR: Public Relations Division/DepartmentX 性价比 cost performance 学术交流 academic exchange信息化 adj and n. information v. informatise/informationisen. informatisation/informationisation 选修课 optional/selective courses/modules学位课 degree course 学号 student numberY 营销（学） marketing优胜互补 (the two parties...) have complementary advantages优胜劣汰，适者生存 survival of the fittest院士（见Z中科院条）与时俱进 to advance/progress with times 研究所 research institute以人为本 people oriented; people foremost研一生first-year graduate student一等奖学金 first class scholarship 一等奖 first prize有限公司 limited company; Ltd.Z振兴xxx: to rejuventate/revitalise xxx 准考证 admission ticket知识经济 knowledge economy; knowledge-based economy知识密集（性） knowledge-intensive知识产权 intellectual property rights中科院 the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Academia Sinica (院士 member, academician)中国工程院 the Chinese Academy of Engineering正版 adj. authorised综合国力 comprehensive national strength政治面貌 political status助教 teaching assistant (TA)自强不息，厚德载物 Self-discipline and Social Commitment 自我评价 self-assessment; self-evaluation。
最常用的一百句英语及翻译
77．I wonder if they can make it. 我在想他们是不是能办得到。
78．It’s not as cold / hot as it was yesterday. 今天不想昨天那么冷/热。
32.Can you believe that I bought a TV for $25?
33.Did you know he was having an affair/cheating on his wife? 你知道他有外遇了吗？/欺骗他的妻子吗？
34.Did you hear about the new project? 你知道那个新项目吗？
[ 最常用的一百句英语及翻译 ]
1.I’m an office worker. 我是上班族。
2.I work for the government. 我在政府机关做事。
3.I’m happy to meet you. 很高兴见到你。
4.I like your sense of humor. 我喜欢你的幽默感。
95.Thanks for taking me the movie. 谢谢你带我去看电影。
96.I am too tired to speak. 我累得说不出活来。
97.Would you tell me your phone number? 你能告诉我你的电话号码吗？
98.Where did you learn to speak English? 你从哪里学会说英语的呢？
92.I was wondering if you were doing anything this weekend. 我想知道这个周末你有什么要做。
翻译--中英文在线翻译(动词、名词)
Translation1、动词1、智能手机可以让你随时随地上网购物（enable）1. Smartphones enable you to shop online anytime and anywhere.2、绝大多数的医疗专家认为，防止该疾病传播最有效的方法是用肥皂和水洗手。
（spread）2. I am fully aware that only by working hard now can we realize our dream in the future.3、随着生活水平的不断提高，人们越来越关注食品安全和生活质量。
（concern）3. Over half of the boys in school are keen on playing phone games, which makes the school worried.4、我充分意识到，只有现在努力才能将来实现梦想。
（aware）4.Most medical experts believe the most effective way to prevent the spread of the disease is to wash hands with soap and water.5、学校里约半数的男生热衷于玩手机游戏，这让校方很担忧。
（keen）5.With the constant improvement of the living standard, people are more and more concerned about the food safety and the life quality.6. 寒冷的天气让大多数濒危动物很难在这里生存。
(it)6. Cold weather makes it hard for most endangered animals to survive here.7. 网络课程的快速发展已经对传统教学方式带了一定的冲击。
全部英文翻译
负负得正DOUBLE NEGATIVE TO POSITIVE城市轻轨高架空间激活—以重庆轻轨二号线为例ACTIVATION OF THE URBAN LIGHT RAIL TRACK SPACE—LIGHT RAIL NO.2, CHONGQING 负人群困境NEGATIVE CITIZEN GROUP负空间产生NEGATIVE SPACES EMERGENCE负空间激活NEGATIVE SPACES ACTIVATION第一站较场口STOP JIAOCHANGKOU第二站黄花园STOP HUANGHUAYUAN第三站大溪沟STOP DAXIGOU第四站牛角沱STOP NIUJIAOTUO第五站佛图关STOP FOTUGUAN第六站大坪STOP DAPING第七站袁家岗STOP YUANJIAGANG第八站谢家湾STOP XIEJIAWAN第九站杨家坪STOP YANGJIAPING第十站动物园STOP ZOO第十一站大渡口STOP DADUKOU第十二站新山村STOP XINSHANCUN第十三站大江厂STOP DAJIANGCHANG码头DOCK滨江区RIVER BANK AREA特色景点（洪崖洞）PLACE OF INTEREST(HONGYADONG)城市广场CITY PALZA车站GENERAL STATION公园PARK学校SCHOOL居住区HOUSING ESTATE工厂FACTORY体育馆STADIUM商业街COMMERCIAL STREET动物园ZOO郊区THE SUBURBS江域ABOVE THE RIVER材料MATERIAL废旧集装箱DISCARDED SHIPPING CONTAINER 废钢DISCARDED STEEL建造步骤STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION改造场地RENOVATION SCENE功能FUNCTION。
40个英文翻译
1.Do you have a family?正确译文:你有孩子吗?2.It's a good father that knows his son.就算是最好的父亲,也未必了解自己的儿子.3.I have no opinion of that sort of man.我对这类人很反感.4.She put 5 dollars into my hand,"you have been a great man today."她把5美圆塞到我手上说:"你今天表现得很好."5.I was the youngest son, and the youngest but two.我是最小的儿子,但是我还有两个妹妹.6.The picture flattered her.她比较上照.7.The country not agreeing with her, she returned to England.她杂那个国家水土不服,所以回到了英国.8. He is a walking skeleton.他很瘦.9.The machine is in repair.机器已经修好了.10.He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own s on guilty.他让法官的职责战胜了父子的亲情，最终宣布儿子有罪.11.You don't know what you are talking about.你在胡说八道.12.You don't begin to understand what they mean. 你根本不知道他们在干嘛.don't begin ：决不13.They didn't praise him slightly.他们大大地表扬了他.14.That's all I want to hear.我已经听够了.15.I wish I could bring you to see my point.你要我怎么说你才能明白呢.16.You really flatter me.你让我受宠若惊.17.He made a great difference.有他没他结果完全不一样.18.You cannot give him too much money.你给他再多的钱也不算多.19.The long exhausting trip proved too much.这次旅行矿日持久,我们都累倒了.20.The monk is only not a dead man.这个和尚虽然活着,但跟死了差不多.21.A surgeon made a cut in the patient's stomach. 外科医生在病人胃部打了个洞.22.You look darker after the holiday.你看上去更健康了.23.As luck would have it, he was caught by the teacher again.不幸的是,他又一次被老师逮个正着.24.She held the little boy by the right hand.她抓着小男孩的右手.(这里"by"与"with"动作主语完全相反.)25.Are you there?等于句型:Do you follow me?26.If you think he is a good man, think again.如果你认为他是好人,那你就大错特错了.27.She has blue eyes.她长着双蓝眼睛.28.That took his breath away.他大惊失色.29.Two is company but three is none.两人成伴,三人不欢.30.The elevator girl reads between passengers.开电梯的姑娘在没有乘客时看书."between"="without":相同用法:She modeled between roles.译成:她不演戏时去客串下模特.31.Students are still arriving.学生还没有到齐.32.I must not stay here and do nothing.我不能什么都不做待在这儿.33.They went away as wise as they came.译文：他们一无所获.34.I won’t do it to save my life.译文：我死也不会做.35.Nonsense, I don’t think his painting is any better than yours.译文：胡说，我认为他的画比你好不到哪去.36.Traditionally, Italian presidents have been seen and not heard.译文：这个总统有名无权.37.Better late than the late.译文：迟到总比丧命好.38.You don’t want to do that.译文：你不应该去做。
中国网络热词的英译
中国网络热词的英译随着互联网的普及，中国网络上涌现了许多独特的网络热词，这些词语常常反映了当前社会文化和时事动态。
今天我们就来盘点一些最近比较热门的中国网络热词，并给它们做一个英文翻译。
1. 脑洞大开（nǎo dòng dà kāi）这个热词源自于网络小说和百度贴吧，用来形容一个人的想象力非常丰富、创造性非常高，有很多奇思妙想，通常与一些不切实际的、超出常规思维的想法相关。
它的英文翻译可以是 "mind-blowing" 或 "thinking out of the box"。
例句：他的创意真是脑洞大开，我从来没想到过这样的点子。
2. 拍砖（pāi zhuān）这个词来源于网络论坛，用来形容对某人的言论或创作进行批评和指责。
它的英文翻译可以是 "throw shade" 或 "shoot down".例句：他发了一篇文章，结果被网友们拍砖得体无完肤。
3. 尬聊（gà liáo）这个词用来形容一种尴尬的交谈气氛，通常是指同事或朋友之间的交流出现了尴尬的沉默或话题谈不到一起。
它的英文翻译可以是 "awkward chat" 或 "cringy conversation"。
例句：我们在饭局上不知道聊什么，结果就变成了一场尬聊。
4. 加鸡腿（jiā jī tuǐ）这个词源自王者荣耀游戏，在游戏中代表为队友加速、帮助其获得更多的金币和经验。
在网络用语中，它被用来形容对别人的创意或行为表示认可和支持。
它的英文翻译可以是"give a thumbs up"。
例句：你的创意太棒了，我一定要给你加鸡腿！5. 小鲜肉（xiǎo xiān ròu）这个词用来形容那些年轻、俊美的男性明星，通常指年龄在20到30岁之间，具有清新、阳光的外表和形象。
英语翻译：常用英语短语翻译
英语翻译：常用英语短语翻译1. 海量 have a hollow leg你想灌醉他？他可是海量，从来没有醉过。
Want to drink him under the table? Well…you can never do. He got a hollow leg, you know.2. 略胜一筹 be a notch above论油画，张先生比刘先生画得好。
但是，谈到水彩画，刘先生可就比张先生略胜一筹了。
In oil painting, Mr.Zhang paints better than Mr.Li.But when it comes to water colors,Mr.Liu appears to be a notch above Mr.Zhang.3. 有头脑 be a brain他可是个有头脑的人，决不会相信你的那一套。
He’s a brain, who wouldn’t be fooled into believing your babbling.4. 很能干 to have a lot on the ball我知道李明很能干，但我怀疑他是否真的愿意到我们这儿来工作。
I know Li Ming has a lot on the ball. But I’m not sure if he likes to work here.5. 有名无实 a poor apology你刚才提到的那个作家不过是个有名无实的人。
他的作品太没意思了。
The man you’ve just mentioned is but a poor apology for a writer. His writings are tedious.6. 绞尽脑汁 to rack one’s brain他已经绞尽脑汁了，可是仍未找到问题的答案。
He had racked his brain, but hadn’t been able to work out the answer to the problem.7. 没骨气 have no guts.真没想到小高那么没骨气，竟然嫁给了坑害过她父亲的人。
英文翻译
1. 这本书我已读了三遍。
正：I’ve read the book a third time.又如：He ate a second pear. 他又吃了一个梨。
2. 他在公共汽车后面追，并追上了。
正：He ran after the bus, and was able to catch it.3. 他接受过良好的教育。
正：He received a good education.4. 他做这事是偶然的，还是故意的? 正：Did he do it by accident or on purpose?5. 你怎么解释事故的原因? 正：How can you account for the accident?6. 不要杞人忧天。
正：Don’t cross th e bridge until you come to it. 正：Don’t walk across the bridge until you come to it.7. 你要想卖掉你的产品,你就得为此登广告。
正：If you want to sell your product you must advertise it.8. 他建议我同他们一起去。
正：He advised me to go with them.Y ou would be well advised to stay indoors. 你最好呆在家里。
9. 气候变化会影响你的健康。
正：The change in climate will affect your health.10. 这些方法适用于英语学习。
正：These methods apply to learning English.11. 如果你能告诉我一些情况，我将十分感激。
正：I’d appreciate it very much if you would tell me something about it.12. 他安排我去机场迎接客人。
经典句子英文翻译
经典句子英文翻译导读：本文是关于经典句子英文翻译的文章，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享！01、Walk the same street，back to the two world。
走完同一条街，回到两个世界。
02、Life is like riding a bicycle。
To keep your balance，you must keep moving。
生活，就像骑单车。
要保持平衡，就得不断往前走。
03、Love leaves a memory that no one can steal，but sometimes it leaves a heartache that no one can heal。
爱留下了一段无法抹灭的记忆，但是它也留下了一段无法治愈的伤。
04、Good woman，only after the breakup，still tell the child the man was his father，not the enemy。
善良的女人，才会在分手后，仍然告诉孩子那个男人是他的爸爸，而不是仇人。
05、You can do it too！你也做得到！06、Are you waiting for my pale，ironically my dedication。
是你苍白了我的等待，讽刺了我的执着。
07、A lot of things，not because of the distance and giveup，just because of giving up and far away。
很多事情，不是因为遥远而放弃，只是因为放弃而遥远。
08、The world’s li ngering，the end is still no match for the forget the bitter oligonucleotide soup。
几世的缠绵，终还是敌不过那苦涩寡汤的忘却。
09、Never too old to learn。
常用的英文缩写翻译
常用英文缩写翻译常用英文缩写翻译：星期星期一：MONDAY=MON 星期二：TUESDAY=TUS星期三：WENSEDAY=WEN 星期四：THURSDAY=THUR 星期五：FRIDAY=FRI 星期六：SATURDAY=SAT星期天：SUNDAY=SUN月份一月份＝JAN 二月份＝FEB三月份＝MAR 四月份＝APR五月份＝MAY 六月份＝JUN七月份＝JUL 八月份＝AUG九月份＝SEP 十月份＝OCT十一月份＝NOV 十二月份＝DEC常用词4＝FOR 到永远＝FOREVER2＝TO RTN＝RETURN(送回)BT＝BLOOD TYPE(血型) PLS＝PLEASE(请)BD＝BIRTHDAY(生日) REWARD＝酬谢REWARD 4 RETURN＝送回有酬谢ALLRG＝过敏军事术语USMC＝海军陆战队NAVY＝海军AF＝AIR FORCE(空军) ARMY＝陆军AAMOF as a matter of factADN any day nowAFAIC as far as I'm concernedAFAICS as far as I can seeAFAICT as far as I can tellAFAIK ＝as far as I know 就我所知AFAIR as far as I rememberAFK away from keyboardAISB as I said beforeAISI as I see itAIUI as I understand itAKA - " Also Known As"AKA also known asANFAWFOS and now for a word from our sponsor ANFSCD And now for something completely different...ARP - " Address Resolution Protocol"ARQ - " Automatic Repeat Request"ASAP as soon as possibleASCII(American Standard Code for Information Interchange) ：美国信息交换标准码。
中英文在线翻译
中英文在线翻译2020.05.14 锦觅良识1. Don’t fear failure, be afraid of not having the chance.不要害怕失败，而应该害怕没有机会。
2. No sky too high, no sea too rough, no muff too tough.没有触不可及的天，没有深不可测的海，没有难以跨越的坎。
3.In order to feel compelled to live a powerful and meaningful life, you must love you.为了让生活有意义并充满能量，你必须爱自己。
4. I don’t care how minuscule the movement is, but make movement.我不在乎行动有多渺小，但至少你是行动了的。
5. There is no passion to be found playing small in setting for a life, that’s less than the on you’re capable of living.没有人喜欢碌碌无为，过着比自己所能创造的生活还要糟糕的日子。
6. When all the clouds darken up the skyway, there is a rainbow highway to be found.当乌云密布，彩虹会为你铺就一条路。
7.Because tomorrow, the sun will rise. 因为明天，太阳总会升起。
8. You’ve got glitter in your veins. 你骨子里就是发光的。
9. You have to spin a good yarn before you can weave a great dream.你得先备好针线，才能织出更美好的梦。
10.The world is a chessboard, on which we played game will never supposed to be fair. But still excite us with its numbers possibilities. So go play with what you have, change the game!世界宛如一张棋盘，我们在此进行着永不平等的竞争，但仍存在种种让我们跃跃欲试的可能。
英文句子翻译
1.Do you have a family?正确译文：你有孩子吗？2.It's a good father that knows his son。
就算是最好的父亲，也未必了解自己的儿子。
3.I have no opinion of that sort of man。
我对这类人很反感。
4.She put 5 dollars into my hand,"you have been a great man today."她把5美圆塞到我手上说："你今天表现得很好."5.I was the youngest son, and the youngest but two。
我是最小的儿子，但是我还有两个妹妹。
6.The picture flattered her。
她比较上照。
7.The country not agreeing with her, she returned to England。
她杂那个国家水土不服，所以回到了英国。
8. He is a walking skeleton。
他很瘦。
9.The machine is in repair。
机器已经修好了。
10.He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty。
他让法官的职责战胜了父子的亲情，最终宣布儿子有罪。
11.You don't know what you are talking about。
你在胡说八道。
12.You don't begin to understand what they mean。
你根本不知道他们在干嘛. don't begin ：决不13.They didn't praise him slightly。
他们大大地表扬了他。
14.That's all I want to hear。
100个词语与英文的翻译
100个词语与英文对照1. 举世瞩目：attract worldwide attention2. 井喷式发展：explosive growth3. 贵族气节：aristocratic spirit4. 瞬息万变：ever-changing5. 劳动最光荣：work is the noblest virtue6. 安如泰山：as steady as Mount Tai7. 口是心非：say one thing and mean another8. 金鸡独立：stand on one's own feet9. 水落石出：the truth comes to light10. 人性的扭曲：human nature is twisted11. 心安理得：feel justified in one's heart12. 前途光明：bright future13. 不畏艰苦：unafraid of hardship14. 手足之情：brotherly affection15. 动如脱兔：quick as a rabbit16. 狭路相逢勇者胜：when a difficult encounter is met, the brave will win17. 包容万物：tolerance for all things18. 一衣带水：only a strip of water separates us19. 有方有义：logical and justified20. 点滴之间：in the details21. 茫茫人海：an ocean of people22. 顺其自然：let nature take its course23. 以德报怨：return kindness for anger24. 四面八方：from all directions25. 潜移默化：unconsciously influenced26. 一丝不苟：meticulous27. 安然无恙：safe and sound28. 三分天注定，七分靠打拼：fate is determined by 30 percent, and 70 percent is up to hard work29. 明争暗斗：open and secret struggle30. 朝气蓬勃：full of youthful vigor31. 难得糊涂：sometimes it's better to be confused32. 名不虚传：well-deserved reputation33. 手舞足蹈：dance with excitement34. 心灵手巧: skilled and resourceful35. 日新月异：change rapidly36. 心如止水：calm as still water37. 物以类聚：birds of a feather flock together38. 玩世不恭：indifferent to the world39. 步步为营：make a meticulous plan40. 神似慈祥：kindly appearance41. 神采奕奕：radiant and full of energy42. 有脚就走，有路就走: run as far as possible, wherever paths lead43. 左右逢源: find a favorable way at every turn44. 迫不及待：can't wait45. 披荆斩棘：conquer all kinds of difficulties and obstacles46. 文韬武略：excellent strategic skills47. 水到渠成：everything falls into place48. 千军万马：a great number of troops49. 克己奉公：dedication and self-discipline50. 群策群力：joint efforts51. 日薄西山：the setting sun52. 对牛弹琴：speak to the wrong audience53. 心事重重: heavy-hearted54. 心有灵犀：one heart and one mind55. 逆境中成长：grow in adversity56. 言归正传：to get back to the point57. 十年树木，百年树人：it takes ten years to grow a tree, but a hundred years to cultivate a person58. 夜长梦多：long nights lead to many dreams59. 百折不挠：firm and unyielding60. 前事不忘后事之师: learn from past mistakes to avoid future ones61. 冰雪聪明: quick-witted and sharp-minded62. 废寝忘食：work hard and neglect rest and food63. 洞若观火：able to see through things like live fire64. 富有创意：creative and innovative65. 先发制人：offense is the best defense66. 知人善用，用人善待: use talents effectively and treat them well67. 众口铄金：public opinion is powerful68. 有始有终：start with a plan and finish with it69. 口诛笔伐：resort to verbal and written attacks70. 乘胜追击：seize the opportunity and pursue victory71. 敬人者，人恒敬之：he who respects others is respected72. 苟延残喘：hanging on by a thread73. 止于至善：aim for the best74. 临渊羡鱼：look down on fish in the pond75. 左右为难：caught in a dilemma76. 珠联璧合：match perfectly77. 画蛇添足：unnecessary addition78. 画龙点睛：adding the finishing touch79. 千里之堤毁于蚁穴：the Great Wall may be broken down by a single ant80. 放飞自我：express oneself81. 勇往直前：bravely forward82. 九牛一毛：a drop in the bucket83. 长风破浪会有时，直挂云帆济沧海：sometimes determination can overcome all difficulties84. 知耻而后勇：knowledge of shame leads to courage85. 笑脸相迎: greet with a smile86. 不怕慢，就怕站: it's ok to move slowly, but not to stop87. 磨刀不误砍柴工: sharpen your tools before starting work88. 明枪暗箭: open and secret attacks89. 塞翁失马，焉知非福：a blessing in disguise90. 目擊者：eyewitness91. 一网打尽: catch them all together92. 酒足饭饱：full of food and drink93. 同舟共济：help each other in difficult times94. 睡眼惺忪: sleepy eyes95. 恬淡寡欲：contentment with little96. 快马加鞭：hurry up97. 满腹经纶：knowledge and wisdom98. 有恒心就有出息：persistence pays99. 举一反三：apply what you have learned to new situations 100. 败者为寇，胜者为王: the losers are the rebels, and the winners are the kings.。
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注射过程工艺参数实时控制技术基础的研究
芦亚萍,袁云龙
(宁波工程学院, 浙江宁波315016)
摘要
CAE技术的发展使寻求最优化的注射工艺参数更加科学,但注射过程实际工艺参数的控制尚未得到解决。
本文讨论了模具型腔内塑料注射特定环境对传感器的具体要求,指出利用压电材料PZT制成的微传感器具有体积小、响应快、灵敏度高、对环境要求低等优点,并分析了它在注射工艺控制中的独到之处,讨论了用于模腔压力监测的PZT压电薄膜传感器结构原理,认为深入研究PZT压电薄膜, 必将给国产塑件的质量带来巨大飞跃。
关键词：实时控制，注射，工艺参数
0 引言
塑料工业在国民经济中发挥的作用已越来越明显,机械、电子、汽车、石化、建筑5大支柱产业都已越来越多地使用塑料材料。
随着塑料应用范围的扩展,塑料制品呈现出精密化(精密塑件尺寸公差0.01～0.001mm,超精密件尺寸0.001～0.0001mm),微型化(如微型机器人,医学手术智能人等)和超大型化(17万g注射机)的变化趋势。
这对塑料制品的精度提出了新要求。
影响塑料制品精度的因素很多,如塑料原材料质量稳定性、模具设计及制作质量、模具材料、注射工艺等。
而对于加工完毕的模具,注射温度、压力等工艺参数对注射件的质量起着决定性的作用。
传统工艺是先凭经验选定工艺参数,再试模、观察试件缺陷调整工艺参数再试模,多次反复后,将所得最优工艺参数用于指导实际生产,至于具体生产时型腔内部压力等参数究竟是多少及是否恒定则无能为力。
这显然是导致我国目前塑料制品精度偏低质量不稳定的一个重要原因。
随着CAE软件的开发和应用，最优工艺参数的确定方法已在很大程度上告别了耗时耗力的实物试错法,但注射过程中的工艺参数控制却尚未得到解决。
如何及时准确地获取成型过程中模腔内压力等信息正是控制工艺、优化参数、稳定质量的关键,探寻适合注射环境下的传感器则成了当务之急。
1 塑料注射环境对传感器的要求及压电材料PZT的特性
在注射过程中，模具型腔内的工作条件是非常恶劣的，200℃左右的高温熔融塑料高速流经型腔，注满腔体，腔内压力可高达50 MPa。
另外，塑料制品往往有外表面美观方面的要求，这就要传感器在高温高压环境下能正常工作的同时，探头尺寸尽可能小。
以硅基晶体作为感应单元已经历较长时间的研究并取得了一定进展，但由于
硅基晶体加工比较困难，使传感器尺寸小型化的要求受到了限制，加上硅基晶体价格较昂贵，制造成本偏高也影响了传感元件的进一步普及应用。
压电材料PZT是指锆钛酸铅(PbZrxTi1-xO3,PZT)铁电薄膜,它是ABO3型钙钛矿(perovskites)结构,Zr、Ti处于氧八面体的中心, Pb处于氧八面体的间隙。
单元结构如图1所示[1]。
图1 PZT结构单元
Fig.1 PZTstructural units
表1是铁电薄膜与非铁电薄膜(如ZnO,AlN等)性能比较表。
压电系数是压电器件的关键参数,其中又以横向压电系数最为重要。
它是确定器件驱动能力的一个重要参数。
高的压电系数能使压电器件在外部注入电荷相同的情况下获得大的应力和应变,产生大的驱动力。
PZT压电薄膜作为传感器具有高灵敏度和低电噪声、时间稳定性好等特点,是理想的微传感器材料,适合注射模腔内压力等传感。
加上PZT可以根据需要通过多种方法进行人工合成,且封装也相对简单。
因此通过使用PZT可以生产低价、高性能的模腔压力传感器。
同时它具有体积小、反应快、灵敏度高、对环境要求低等优点,这些是传统硅基传感器无法比拟的[2]。
表1 PZT与ZnO薄膜材料性能比较
Tab.1 PZTandZnOperformance comparison of thin film materials
2 PZT传感器结构及性能特点
Luo等人在Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si衬底上通过射频控溅射的方法研制出了PZT压力传感器及其阵列,并在此基础上利用直接溅射淀积的方法在硅和钢质(不锈钢)衬底
上将PZT压力传感器阵列和k类热电偶集成在一起,形成压力/温度传感器阵列。
这种压力/温度传感器阵列可以直接用于对喷射成型过程的实时监测[3]。
图2是PZT压电薄膜模腔压力传感器的结构简图。
探头延伸至模腔内表面, 直接接触塑料熔体,熔体压力将通过探头传递到根部的PZT感应片,PZT薄膜受压产生电荷,电荷通过导线传导到模具外面的电荷放大器,经电压测量和相关计算得出模腔压力。
工作时,将传感器安装于注塑模具模板内,要注意与模板的合理配合、传感器的牢固定位和方便安装。
具体确定在模具中的安装位置时则需考虑探头对塑料制品外表面质量的影响。
此结构的PZT压电薄膜模腔压力传感器的阶跃响应时间很小,低于0.5s,而且可以达到比较低的线性误差,压力为0～125MPa之间的线性误差6.92%,0～83MPa 之间为2.5%,12.5～100MPa之间小于1%。
在动态反应测试中,测得PZT传感器的频率带宽为175Hz。
图2 PZT压电薄膜模腔压力传感器的结构简图
Fig.2 PZTpiezoelectric thin film structure diagram of the cavity pressure sensors
PZT模腔压力传感器有以下优点:
(1)耐高温由于探头前端与PZT感应片之间有一定的距离,感应片的温度比较低,可以有效避免被模腔内的高温损坏和影响测量精度。
(2)耐高压由于采用了合适的材料和独特的设计,传感器可以在测量高达200MPa的高压时保持良好线性。
(3)探头尺寸小探头前端可以做成直径1mm的小尺寸,并且还在继续往更小尺寸努力。
(4)信号处理由于感应单元不会被高温损坏,并且安装在外壳里面,而不是探头的前端,所以感应单元可以做得比其他压力传感器大,提高输出电压,从而使灵敏度大大改善。
(5)价格低PZT晶体的价格远比硅基晶体低,所以可以降低造价。
同时由于PZT 传感器的灵敏度很好,输出电压较高,所以连接到电荷放大器的导线可以选用一些相对低廉的线材,从而进一步节省成本。
3 结论
利用压电材料PZT制成的微传感器具有体积小、响应快、灵敏度高、对环境要求低等优点,是现有的硅基材料微传感器所无法比拟的。
近20年来, PZT压电薄膜在光、电、热、声等领域的应用研究得到了广泛开展。
但是,目前PZT压电薄膜存在的以下问题制约了其实用化的进程:
(1) PZT薄膜中复杂的离子结构和缺陷结构,使得生产高质量的PZT薄膜还存在一定的难度。
(2) 影响PZT薄膜性能的因素较多,除了其本身结构外还受电极材料、衬底质量、淀积温度、外界应力等其它因素的影响。
虽然科学家多方探索其机理和解
决的方法,但是到目前为止还没有得到理想的解决办法。
(3)解决PZT薄膜的性能需要多学科的交叉。
目前, 国际上多个研究机构都开展了PZT压电薄膜微传感器技术的研究,在PZT压电薄膜微器件的原理、结构、性能等的理论分析方面取得了一定的成果,但真正能在实际中应用的压电微器件很少。
其关键问题是压电薄膜的微细加工技术和压电薄膜与硅集成电路工艺的兼容性问题尚未得到解决。
可以预见,随着薄膜结构、薄膜成核原理以及薄膜性能方面问题的深入研究, PZT 压电薄膜在塑料成型工艺参数控制中将发挥极大的作用,高速高效地生产高精度塑料注射制品的时代即将到来。
参考文献
[1] 杨冰,杨银堂,李跃进.PZT压电薄膜在微传感器中的应用[J].传感器技术2003，12（22）：
73-77.
[2] 军镗,邵长城.注塑压力传感器具有成本低和小型探测器的研究.传感器和驱动器101,
2002,269-274.
[3] 徐海航,吴洪武,PZT压电薄膜在型腔压力中的研究应用.广东塑料制品.2004,7
[4] LUO Ren C,Tsai chi Shan. Thin film pressure/temperature sensory arrays for on-line monitor -ing of injection molding [ J] .Industrial Electronics Society, 2001, IECON ’01 The 27th
[5] Annual Conference of the IEEE. 2001 Dept ,of Electr. Eng. Nat Chung Chan Univ, Ming-Hsiung, Taiwan, 2001,1 : 375- 380.。