欧盟商标条例
欧盟商标注册指南及费用
欧盟商标：欧洲联盟现有25个成员国。
分别为：奥地利、比利时、塞浦路斯、捷克共和国、丹麦、爱沙尼亚、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、匈牙利、爱尔兰、意大利、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、卢森堡、马耳他、荷兰、波兰、葡萄牙、西班牙、斯洛伐克共和国、斯洛文尼亚、瑞典、英国。
按《欧共体商标条例》和《欧共体商标条例实施细则》的规定。
可以向设在西班牙阿里肯特Alicante的欧盟商标局（或称内部市场协调局）申请注册欧盟商标。
注册的欧盟商标其权利在所有欧盟成员国受到法律保护，具有与在成员国注册的商标相同的法律效力。
欧盟商标注册是双重保护原则，欧盟商标不取代国家商标，国家商标与欧盟商标同时并存。
注册的程序：1、任何希望在欧盟得到商标保护的自然人或法人均可以向内部市场协调局申请商标注册，然而，非欧洲国家的申请人必须委托欧洲国家的代理人提交欧盟商标申请；2、内部市场协调局收到申请后，对认为符合条件的商标即予以受理，给予申请日和申请号；3、受理后，该局进行在先商标检索，同时将申请书递交各成员国进行在先商标检索，各成员国在3个月内将检索报告送交内部市场协调局；4、内部市场协调局收到这些检索报告后连同本局的检索报告提供给申请人参考；5、如果申请被初步接受注册，自公告之日3个月为异议期。
没有异议或异议不成立，商标予以注册。
补救措施：如果商标申请被内部市场协调局裁定驳回（包括因成员国有人提出异议而导致共同体商标申请被驳回），申请人或者其代理人可以向共同体商标复审委员会申请复审，在有理由认为共同体商标复审委员会的复审裁定违反罗马条约或共同体商标条例的情况下，还可以向位于卢森堡的欧洲法庭上诉。
1、什么是欧盟商标？答：欧盟商标是指根据CTMR（欧共体商标条例）规定的条件获得OHIM（欧共体内部市场协调局）注册的，在欧盟范围内有效的，用来识别和区分商品或服务的标记。
2、怎样理解欧盟商标的统一性？答：欧盟商标及其注册申请在整个欧盟有效。
商标申请及其相应的注册会自动延伸至所有25个成员国。
欧盟商标OR成员国商标注册之比较
欧盟商标OR成员国商标欧盟商标的成员国及介绍欧共体商标或欧盟商标还是指根据CTMR（欧共体商标条例）规定的条件获得OHIM （欧共体内部市场协调局）注册的，在欧盟范围内有效的，用来识别和区分或服务的标记。
现今阶段，欧盟成员国包括奥地利、比利时、丹麦、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、爱尔兰、意大利、卢森堡、荷兰、葡萄牙、西班牙、瑞典、英国、捷克、爱沙尼亚、塞浦路斯、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、匈牙利、马耳他、波兰、斯洛文尼亚、斯洛伐克、罗马尼亚、保加利亚和克罗地亚。
所以一旦注册了欧盟商标，就会获得以上28个成员国的保护，这样就省去了繁杂的在每一个国际的注册手续。
优点：1、申请人通过提交一份申请即可在欧盟28个成员国内得到对该商标的保护，无需再分别指定所希望得到保护的欧盟成员国家。
2、一件商标申请最多可能涵盖三个类别的商品或服务，超过三个类别的，每增加一类费用须另外收取。
3、欧盟商标在任一成员国的使用被视为在所有成员国的使用，即使商标只在加盟国中的一个国家使用，也不会因为没有在其它国家使用该商标而遇到被撤销的危险。
4、欧盟商标的转让、变更或续展将在全部成员国范围内发生效力。
5、享有巴黎公约优先权，同一商标用于一种或多种指定商品或服务名称，在巴黎公约成员国申请后6个月申请欧盟商标是，可享有优先权。
6、注册费用较低，欧盟商标申请注册所需费用比逐一国家的相关费用品阿姨很多，续展费用也较低。
缺点：1、欧盟商标注册对商标显著性要求很高。
28个成员国中只要有一个成员国中有人提出异议，且异议成立，将导致该注册被驳回。
尽管该驳回商标可以转为国家申请，且保留原申请日，但申请人须向每个国家支付转换费用。
如果商标的显著性不是很强，则不适合申请欧盟商标注册。
2、在内部市场协调局申请的时间较难确定。
如果一切顺利，可能在一年内获得注册。
但是，只要有异议，该商标就不能及时得到注册。
解决异议需要花费很长时间，通常是2年左右。
如何选择途径正如商标缺点中所介绍，欧盟商标虽然不进行实审，但28个成员国中只要有一个成员国有人提出异议，的确可能造成整个欧盟不能注册的不利后果，从字面上来理解，似乎申请欧盟商标风险很大，但仔细分析，有以下几点供申请人参考。
欧盟商标注册说明书
欧盟商标注册说明书欧共体是西欧主要发达国家为了加强相互间的合作，推动本地区和各自的经济而于本世纪50年代建立和发展起来的区域性经济贸易组织。
欧共体商标简称CTM（European Community Trade Mark），亦称欧盟商标，是指根据CTMR（欧共体商标条例）规定的条件获得OHIM （欧共体内部市场协调局）注册的，在欧盟范围内有效的，用来识别和区分商品或服务的标记。
英、德、法、意大利、西班牙等欧盟国家早已开始实行一种在欧盟全部25个国家适用的商标体制。
欧共体商标注册是根据《欧洲共同体商标条例》来进行的一种注册方式，这是一种区别与马德里国际商标注册的一种商标国际注册方式，它也有其优越性，为方便广大客户朋友考虑自己企业的商标发展策略，日聪商标事务所将简单介绍一下这种注册方式。
一、欧盟商标注册主管机关1993年12月20日，欧洲理事会发布了关于欧盟商标注册的40/94号“条例”(即欧共体商标法)，该“条例”于1994年3月15日生效。
根据该“条例”规定，在欧盟内部设立“欧盟内部市场一体化管理局（OHIM）”，简称“内协局”，负责处理商标注册事宜。
位于西班牙Alicante 的欧盟商标局于1996年1月1日开始受理欧盟商标申请。
二、欧共体成员国保加利亚和罗马尼亚当地时间2007年1月1日零时正式加入欧盟，至此，欧盟成员国增加到27个,欧盟现有27个会员国，包括：英国意大利荷兰希腊卢森堡葡萄牙爱沙尼亚匈牙利捷克法国爱尔兰波兰丹麦比利时立陶宛拉脱维亚斯洛伐克德国奥地利芬兰瑞典马尔他西班牙塞浦勒斯斯洛维尼亚注册欧共体商标在上述27个国家都受到保护。
此前的欧共体注册商标和申请商标将自动延伸至新的成员国，并受到应有的保护。
三、欧盟商标优势1、申请人无限制。
欧盟商标的申请人不限于欧盟成员国的国民,其他如《巴黎公约》、《世界知识产权组织》（WIPO）成员国的国民也可提出申请。
2、费用低。
只须申请注册一次，即可在整个欧盟的二十五个成员国使用该注册商标。
欧洲共同体商标条例
2．第1条所指的“在先商标”指：
（a）下列几种商标，其申请注册日早于申请注册共同体商标的日期，如有必要，应考虑这几种商标的优先权请求：
第9条 共同体商标所赋予的权利
1．共同体商标应赋予商标所有人对该商标的专用权。商标所有人有权阻止所有第三方未经其同意在贸易过程中使用：
（h）未经主管机关认可应按照巴黎公约第六条之三被拒绝注册的商标；
（i）虽非巴黎公约第六条之三所指的，但具有特殊公众利益的徽章、徽记或者纹章图案的商标，但有关当局同意其注册的除外。
（j）如葡萄酒和烈性酒的商标中含有或由用以识别葡萄酒和烈性酒的地理名称，而葡萄酒及烈性酒又不是出产于该地的。
1．以下商标不得予以注册：
（a）不符合第4条要求的标志；
（b）缺乏显著性的商标；
（c）仅由在商业活动中可用于标明商品的种类、质量、数量、用途、价值、原产地商品的生产日期，或提供服务的时间的符号或标志组成的商标，或标明商品或服务的其他特征的符号标志组成的商标。
（d）仅由在习惯用语或善意和公认的商务实践中成为惯例的符号或标志组成的商标；
3．商标所有人的代理人或代表人，未经该所有人的同意而以自己的名义申请商标注册的，在商标所有人的异议下，该商标不应予以注册，除非该代理人或代表人证明其行为是正当的；
4．申请注册的商标，经非注册商标所有人或经在不单限于当地的商业活动中使用另一标志的所有人的异议，根据成员国有关该标志的法律规定，不应予以注册：
欧盟商标法律
欧盟商标法律在欧盟，既有各成员国国内的商标法律制度，又有欧盟的跨国商标法律制度即共同体商标条例，并设有将这两种商标法律制度协调运行的机制。
该机制的核心主要有三个方面：一是优先注册权制度，即在一成员国有效的商标，或者同时又是共同体商标，权利人可以享有将同一商标在相同商品或服务上优先注册共同体商标的权利，或者优先注册其他成员国国内商标的权利;二是转换申请制度，即共同体商标的申请人或所有人在其申请失败或其商标失效时请求将该申请或商标转换成国内商标申请的情况;三是共同体商标特有的诉讼管辖和法律适用制度。
欧盟所建立的这种复式商标法律制度及其协调机制，对于“一国两制”下的中国大陆、香港、澳门和台湾四法域商标法律制度的协调具有重要的借鉴作用。
欧盟，商标法，协调，“一国两制”欧盟的商标法律制度是一种复式的制度体系，包括各成员国国内的商标法律制度和欧盟的跨国商标法律制度，并设置有使这两种商标法律制度协调运行的机制。
欧盟与其成员国商标法律制度协调机制的建立，在全世界范围内开创了一种协调商标法律制度的新模式，成为其他国家或地区在协调商标法律制度时不可不读的“参考书”。
(一)商标权的域外效力与协调保护的方式国际私法意义上的法律冲突，主要发生在涉外法律适用之程序上，也即就特定涉外关系而有数国法律发生竞相适用之情形。
因而，现代国际社会凡国家法律体系中就特定涉外案件具备被适用之性能即适用资格者，均足以互相构成法律冲突之现象。
[1]可见，法律冲突之成立，有赖内国对外国法律效力的承认。
由于商标权作为一种专有权利在空间上的效力有限，即具有严格的领土性，其效力只限于本国境内，没有在他国自动受到保护的域外效力，[2]故在商标领域，国际私法意义上的法律冲突无从产生。
《保护工业产权巴黎公约》要求缔约国之间依“国民待遇”相互保护对方的工业产权。
这意味着，外国权利人所享有的原始权利，也可按所在国的法律赋予知识产权并予以保护。
[3]但这也并未突破工业产权之严格的地域性。
欧盟商标(EUTM)体系简介
欧盟商标（EUTM）体系简介作者：马君泽来源：《中国知识产权》2019年第02期本文旨在从整体上为中国从业者介绍欧洲IPR（知识产权）体系——主要是商标和外观设计的情况，为从业者及其客户大致描述在欧盟知识产权局（EUIPO）提交商标申请时需要了解的一些事项。
如果读者有意进一步了解相关事项，可参阅载于本刊第138期的该系列文章之第二篇《改革中的欧盟商标制度》，或者查阅EUIPO网站上公布的审查指南文件。
在了解前述文章中讨论的战略考虑后，我们将介绍如何进行欧盟商标（EUTM）的申请。
申请欧盟商标，要么通过EUIPO直接申请，要么通过世界知识产权组织（WIPO）的国际注册（马德里体系）进行申请。
欧盟商标申请程序与中国程序的最大不同，是没有依职权的相对理由审查过程。
EUTM体系建立在这样一种观点上：在先权利人有责任并应谨慎地监控有可能引起冲突的商标的发布，并进而进行自发的异议或者撤销程序。
作为法律术语的“申请日期”对于申请人十分重要，它能帮助申请人了解其新权利何时可以成功注册。
与中国体系不同的是，EUTM体系有“快速通道”和“标准通道”两种程序。
图1所示的估算时间线反映的是快速通道程序，在该程序中，商标可以在提出申请4个月后完成商标注册。
而在标准通道程序中，用户至少要用6个月的时间，且前提是审查员没有就相对理由予以驳回，且没有收到异议请求。
如果出现异议，则至少再增加12-18个月才能完成这一过程。
EUIPO收到的知识产权权利申请中，电子提交的比例超过99%。
这不仅便于中国申请人在本地进行申请，而且在不久的将来还便于知识产权所有人自行进行申请。
事实上，EUTM系统一直在通过申请程序给用户以便捷引导，使整个申请过程可在10分钟内轻松搞定，其便利程度與通过网络订机票没有太大区别。
申请程序的最后一步是付款。
如果申请人有疑虑，在申请提交过程中也可以进行中途保存，稍后再接着完成。
对于知识产权代理人，EUIPO现在规定其不再需要正式的律师身份。
欧盟商标异议程序
欧盟商标异议程序1、任何人自商标公告日起3个月内都可以提出异议，不能延期提异议。
2、异议的理由可以包括：(1)申请商标与在先注册/申请的商标构成类似商品/服务上的近似商标，从而存在混淆的可能;这种混淆可能性的存在包括了消费者发生混淆性联想的可能。
(2)欧盟的在先商标已经享有很高的知名度或信誉，即使使用商品或服务不类似，但申请商标不正当利用了这种知名度和信誉，或者将损害这种良好知名度和信誉。
3、异议提交后经内协局审查符合法定要求的，内协局异议处将正式通知被异议人，并送达异议书及相关证据材料，同时要求被异议人答辩。
4、自异议通知日起2个月时间称为“冷静期”，内协局异议处在双方一致要求下可以允许延期。
每次延期为2个月。
在此期间，双方可以展开谈判，达成互利互惠协议，从而尽早结束异议。
5、如在冷静期内双方未达成协议，被异议人将在冷静结束日起1个月内提交异议答辩，异议程序正式启动。
6、在异议程序启动后，异议人应提交在先注册商标自异议提交日起前5年的真实使用证据材料，以及证明其异议理由的其他证据。
内协局异议处将把这些材料送达给被异议人，同时要求被异议人也提交相应的证据材料。
之后，基于双方提交的理由和证据，内协局异议处将依法作出裁定。
如异议成立，申请商标将被依法不予注册;如异议不成立，申请商标将被核准注册。
7、经异议不予注册的商标，申请人还可以选择转化欧共体申请为单独个别欧盟国家的商标注册申请，同时保留原来的申请日。
8、对内协局异议处作出裁定不服的，可以在收到裁定通知日起2个月内，向内协局上诉委员会提交复审。
对上诉委员会作出复审裁定不服的，还可以向欧盟国际法院提起诉讼。
是否有更有效的方法解决恶意商标异议和迅速获权?我们可借鉴欧美发达国家的做法，从异议程序上入手，提高异议门槛，具体如下：一、设置更为精细的异议程序中国商标异议通常只有一个回合，异议人提交异议，被异议人答辩，双方坐等官方裁定。
但异议俗称双方案件，对于诸多请求和众多证据材料，官方很难通过一个回合就能查明事实真相。
欧洲共同体商标条例
歐洲共同體商標條例(1993年12月20日第（EC）40／94號令)歐洲聯盟理事會，根據歐共體條約，特別是該條約第235條、根據歐洲委員會的建議、根據歐洲議會的意見、根據經濟和社會委員會的意見，鑒於需要通過建立一個運作良好和能提供像國家市場同樣條件的歐洲內部市場以促進整個歐共體經濟活動的和協、持續、穩定的發展；鑒於建立這樣一個市場並使其日益成為一個統一的市場，不僅必須消除阻礙商品和服務自由流通的障礙，建立一種使競爭不被扭曲的秩序，而且必須創造法律使企業的經濟活動，不管是商品製造和流通或服務的提供，能在整個共同體範圍內順利進行；鑒於此，在企業能夠不考慮邊境並用同一方式在整個歐共體內區別其商品或服務的法律手段中，商標最為合適；鑒於為達到上述目標，歐共體採取行動看來是很有必要的；鑒於這個行動在於創立歐共體商標體系，企業通過取得共同體商標註冊而獲得在歐共體整個範圍內對商標的統一保護；鑒於除非本條例中另有規定，上述商標的單一性原則應予以適用；鑒於國家法律授予商標所有人的權利的地域性障礙不能靠各國法律的協調而消除；鑒於此，為了在整個歐共體市場內使企業沒有限制地開展經濟活動，有必要創立一種商標，由直接適用於各成員國的統一的歐共體法律進行管理；因為條約未賦予建立這樣一種法律工具的權①生效日期：1995年3月15日來源：1994年1月14日第11期歐共體官方公報利，條約的第235條應予適用；鑒於共同體法律並不能取代各成員國的商標法律；鑒於事實上，不能要求企業一定申請共同體商標註冊；對於那些不想獲得共同體商標保護的企業商標的國家註冊仍很重要；鑒於共同體商標權利只能依註冊獲得，特別是如果商標缺乏顯著性、不符合法律或者與在先權利相衝突將會被駁回註冊；鑒於歐共體對注冊商標的保護應完全適用，其功能在於特別保證商標起到一種區分商品來源的作用，特別是在商標與標記相同、商品或服務間相同的情況下；鑒於這種情形同時適用商標與標記、商品或服務間相似的情況；鑒於應該聯繫可能引起混淆來解釋相似的概念；對引起混淆的可能性的判斷取決於很多因素，特別是取決於商標在市場上的被認可程度、與已使用或註冊的標記相聯繫的可能，商標或標記、商品或服務間相類似的程度，這些是提供這種保護的特殊條件；鑒於根據商品自由流通的原則，共同體商標所有人無權禁止經他本人或經授權投放共同體內流通的商品由第三方使用，除非商標所有人有合法理由反對這種商品進一步的流通；鑒於共同體商標或先於共同體商標註冊的商標，只有真正投入使用後才能得到保護；鑒於共同體商標應該被看作與該商品或服務企業相獨立的財產；因此，它可以轉讓，只要公眾不會因為轉讓而被誤導。
欧盟商标注册规则改革
欧盟商标注册规则改革2015年12月24日，欧盟商标改革方案在欧洲联盟公报上正式公布。
此次改革主要集中在两方面：一是《欧盟商标指令》(EU Trade Mark Directive)的修改，二是针对《欧盟商标条例》(EU Trade Mark Regulation)的一系列修改。
其中尤以后者更为引人瞩目。
《欧盟商标条例》本次修改主要涉及下述三个方面的内容：一、官费的变化首先值得注意的是，修改后的《欧盟商标条例》中会将原先属于《欧盟商标费用条例》(Community trade mark fees regulation)的内容纳入其中。
即，新的《欧盟商标条例》生效后，不会再有单独的《欧盟商标费用条例》作为配套。
根据本次修改，欧盟商标申请费将采取更加纯粹的阶梯费率(即“一类一价”)，如下:1、改革前，商标通过电子申请指定三个类以内的官费均为900欧元，从第四类起每增加一类增加150欧元，同样，商标注册在三个类以内，续展官费为1350欧元，从第四类起每增加一类增加400欧元。
改革后，对于电子申请，申请、续展均按类别计费，均为申请一个类850欧元，申请两个类900欧元，申请三类及以上每类增加150欧元。
2、此外，其他一些官费数额也有了不同程度的降低：提起权利丧失或无效程序的基础费从原来的700欧元降到630欧元，提起申诉程序的基础费原为800欧元，现降低为720欧元，提起异议基础费从原来的350欧元降到320欧元。
3、欧盟证明商标将和欧盟集体商标一样，申请一类为1500欧元，申请两个类为2000欧元，申请三类以上每类增加150欧元。
影响：从整体上看，由于续展费用的降低，商标维护费用其实是降低了。
可以看到，和原有的申请费体系相比，在新的申请费体系下，只申请一个大类的申请人所花费的申请费是相对有所减少的;申请两个大类的花费与之前持平;而申请三个及以上大类的花费则比原有体系要高一些，由于续展费用实质上也降低了，这被认为符合本次欧盟商标改革提出的更加重视中小企业及个人申请人需求的宗旨。
欧盟商标规则
欧洲共同体商标条例(1993年)第一章总则第1条欧共体商标第2条协调局第3条行为能力第二章商标权第一节共同体商标的定义，如何获得共同体商标第4条可构成共同体商标的标志第5条谁能成为共同体商标的所有人第6条获得共同体商标的方式第7条驳回注册的绝对理由第8条驳回注册的相对理由第二节共同体商标的效力第9条共同体商标所赋予的权利第10条共同体商标编入词典第11条禁止使用以代理人或代表人名义注册的共同体商标第12条共同体商标效力的限定第13条共同体商标权利耗尽第14条与侵权有关的国家法的补充适用第三节共同体商标的使用第15条共同体商标的使用第四节共同体商标作为财产的客体第16条将共同体商标视同国家商标第17条转让第18条以代理人名义注册的商标的转让第19条物权第20条强制执行第21条破产或类似诉讼第22条商标许可第23条对第三人的效力第24条申请将共同体商标作为财产标的第三章共同体商标的申请第一节申请的提交及申请所要求的条件第25条申请的提交第26条申请必须符合的条件第27条申请日第28条分类第二节优先权第29条优先权第30条要求优先权第31条优先权的效力第32条共同体商标申请等同于国内商标申请第三节展览会优先权第33条展览会优先权，第四节请求国家商标的老牌特权第34条请求国家商标的老牌特权第35条在共同体商标注册后请求老牌特权第四章注册程序第一节商标申请的审查第36条申请条件的审查第37条有关所有人资格条件的审查第38条对驳回的绝对理由的审查第二节查询第39条查询第三节申请的公告第40条申请的公告第四节第三人的意见和异议第41条第三人的意见第42条异议第43条异议的审查第五节申请的撤回、限制和修改第44条申请的撤回、限制和修改第六节注册第45条注册第五章共同体商标的有效期、续展和变更第46条注册的有效期第47条续展第48条变更第六章放弃、撤消、无效第一节放弃第49条放弃第二节撒消理由第50条撤消理由第三节无效的理由第51条无效的绝对理由第52条无效的相对理由第53条默许的限制第四节撤消和无效的后果第54条撤消和无效的后果第五节向协调局提起撤消或无效诉讼第55条撤消或宣布无效的申请第56条申请的审查第七章上诉第57条可提起上诉的决定第58条有权上诉和成为上诉当事人的人第59条上诉时限及形式第60条诉讼进行中的修改第61条上诉的审理第62条上诉的裁定第63条向法院提起上诉第八章共同体集体商标第64条共同体集体商标第65条集体商标使用章程第66条驳回申请第67条第三人意见第68条商标的使用第69条商标使用章程的修改第70条有权提起侵权诉讼的人第71条撤消的理由第72条无效的理由第九章程序第一节总则第73条决定依据的理由说明第74条协调局主动审查事实第75条口头审理第76条取证第77条通知第78条权利的恢复第79条参考一般原则第80条支付义务的终止第二节费用第81条费用第82条确定费用金额决定的执行第三节成员国的公开信息和官方资料第83条共同体商标注册簿第84条查阅档案第85条定期刊物第86条行政合作第87条交换出版物第四节代理第88条代表的一般原则第89条职业代理人第十章有关共同体商标的管辖和诉讼程序第一节适用《管辖和执行公约》第90条适用《管辖和执行公约》第二节关于共同体商标侵权和有效性的争议第91条共同体商标法院第92条对侵权和有效性的管辖第93条国际管辖第94条管辖范围第95条有效推断——答辩理由第96条反诉第97条适用法律第98条制裁第99条临时和保全措施第100条相关诉讼的特殊规则第101条共同体商标二审(上诉)法院的管辖权第三节关于共同体商标的其他争议第102条共同体商标法院以外的国家法院的管辖权附则第103条国家法院的义务第四节过渡规定第104条关于适用《管辖与执行公约》的过渡规定第十一章对成员国法律的效力第一节以一个以上商标为依据的民事诉讼第105条以共同体商标和国内商标为依据同时和相继进行的民事诉讼第二节为禁止使用共同体商标的目的而适用国内法第106条禁止使用共同体商标第107条适用特别地方的在先权利第三节转换成国内商标申请第108条请求适用国内程序第109条转换申请的提交、公告和移交第110条转换申请的形式要件第十二章协调局第一节总则第111条法律地位第112条职员第113条特权和豁免权第114条责任第115条语言第116条公告；在注册簿上登记第117条第118条对合法性的监督第二节协调局的管理第119条局长的权利第120条聘任高级官员第三节行政委员会第121条创立和权利第122条组成第123条委员长第124条会议第四节程序的实施第125条权限第126条审查员第127条异议处第128条商标管理和法律处第129条撤消处第130条上诉委员会第131条上诉委员会成员的独立性第132条回避和反对第五节预算和财务管理第133条预算委员会第134条预算第135条准备预算第136条财务管理第137条帐目的审计第138条财务规章第139条收费条例第十三章最后规定第140条共同体商标实施细则第141条小组委员会的设立和通过实施细则的程序第142条与其它共同体法律条款保持一致第143条生效欧洲联盟理事会，根据欧共体条约，特别是该条约第235条、根据欧洲委员会的建议、根据欧洲议会的意见、根据经济和社会委员会的意见，鉴于需要通过建立一个运作良好和能提供像国家市场同样条件的欧洲内部市场以促进整个欧共体经济活动的和协、持续、稳定的发展；鉴于建立这样一个市场并使其日益成为一个统一的市场，不仅必须消除阻碍商品和服务自由流通的障碍，建立一种使竞争不被扭曲的秩序，而且必须制订法律使企业的经济活动，不管是商品制造和流通或服务的提供，能在整个共同体范围内顺利进行；鉴于此，在企业能够不考虑边境并使用同一方式在整个欧共体内部区别其商品或服务的法律手段中，商标最为合适；鉴于为达到上述目标，欧共体采取行动看来是很有必要的；鉴于该行动的目的在于创立欧共体商标体系，企业通过取得共同体商标注册而获得在欧共体整个范围内对商标的统一保护；鉴于除非本条例中另有规定，上述商标的单一性原则应予以适用；鉴于国家法律授予商标所有人的权利的地域性障碍不能依靠各国法律的协调而消除；鉴于此，为了在整个欧共体市场内使企业不受限制地开展经济活动，有必要创立一种商标，由直接适用于各成员国的统一的欧共体法律进行管理；因为条约未赋予创立这样一种法律文书的权利，条约的第235条应予适用；鉴于共同体法律并不能取代各成员国的商标法律；鉴于事实上，不能要求企业一定申请共同体商标注册；对于那些不想获得共同体商标保护的企业，商标的国家注册仍很重要；鉴于共同体商标权利只能依注册获得，特别是对于缺乏显著性、不合法或者与在先权利相冲突的商标将会被驳回注册；鉴于欧共体对注册商标的保护应完全适用，其功能在于特别保证商标起到一种区分商品来源的作用，特别是在商标与标记相同、商品或服务间相同的情况下；鉴于这种情形同时适用商标与标记、商品或服务间相似的情况；鉴于应该联系可能引起混淆来解释相似的概念；对引起混淆的可能性的判断取决于很多因素，特别是取决于商标在市场上的认可程度、与已使用或注册的标记发生联想的可能，商标或标记、商品或服务间相类似的程度，这些是提供这种保护的特殊条件；鉴于根据商品自由流通的原则，共同体商标所有人无权禁止经他本人或经授权投放共同体内流通的商品由第三人使用，除非商标所有人有合法理由反对这种商品进一步流通；鉴于共同体商标或先于共同体商标注册的商标，只有真正投入使用后才能得到保护；鉴于共同体商标应该视为独立于商品或服务企业的财产；因此，可以转让，只要公众不会因为转让而被误导。
欧盟商标条例
I(Acts adopted under the EC Treaty/Euratom Treaty whose publication is obligatory)REGULATIONSCOUNCIL REGULATION(EC)No207/2009of26February2009on the Community trade mark(codified version)(Text with EEA relevance)THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Commu-nity,and in particular Article308thereof,Having regard to the proposal from the Commission,Having regard to the opinion of the European Parliament(1), Whereas:(1)Council Regulation(EC)No40/94of20December1993on the Community trade mark(2)has been substantially amended several times(3).In the interests of clarity and rationality the said Regulation should be codified.(2)It is desirable to promote throughout the Community aharmonious development of economic activities and a continuous and balanced expansion by completing an internal market which functions properly and offers conditions which are similar to those obtaining in a national market.In order to create a market of this kind and make it increasingly a single market,not only must barriers to free movement of goods and services be removed and arrangements be instituted which ensure that competition is not distorted,but,in addition,legal conditions must be created which enable undertakings to adapt their activities to the scale of the Community,whether in manufacturing and distributing goods or in providing services.For those purposes,trade marks enabling the products and services of undertakings to be distinguished by identical means throughout the entire Community,regardless of frontiers, should feature amongst the legal instruments which undertakings have at their disposal.(3)For the purpose of pursuing the Community's saidobjectives it would appear necessary to provide forCommunity arrangements for trade marks whereby under-takings can by means of one procedural system obtain Community trade marks to which uniform protection is given and which produce their effects throughout the entire area of the Community.The principle of the unitary character of the Community trade mark thus stated should apply unless otherwise provided for in this Regulation.(4)The barrier of territoriality of the rights conferred onproprietors of trade marks by the laws of the Member States cannot be removed by approximation of laws.In order to open up unrestricted economic activity in the whole of the internal market for the benefit of under-takings,trade marks should be created which are governed by a uniform Community law directly applicable in all Member States.(5)Since the Treaty has not provided the specific powers toestablish such a legal instrument,Article308of the Treaty should be applied.(6)The Community law relating to trade marks neverthelessdoes not replace the laws of the Member States on trade marks.It would not in fact appear to be justified to require undertakings to apply for registration of their trade marks as Community trade marks.National trade marks continue to be necessary for those undertakings which do not want protection of their trade marks at Community level.(7)The rights in a Community trade mark should not beobtained otherwise than by registration,and registration should be refused in particular if the trade mark is not distinctive,if it is unlawful or if it conflicts with earlier rights.(1)OJ C146E,12.6.2008,p.79.(2)OJ L11,14.1.1994,p.1.(3)See Annex I.(8)The protection afforded by a Community trade mark,thefunction of which is in particular to guarantee the trade mark as an indication of origin,should be absolute in the case of identity between the mark and the sign and the goods or services.The protection should apply also in cases of similarity between the mark and the sign and the goods or services.An interpretation should be given of the concept of similarity in relation to the likelihood of confusion.The likelihood of confusion,the appreciation of which depends on numerous elements and,in particular,on the recognition of the trade mark on the market,the association which can be made with the used or registered sign,the degree of similarity between the trade mark and the sign and between the goods or services identified, should constitute the specific condition for such protection.(9)It follows from the principle of free movement of goodsthat the proprietor of a Community trade mark must not be entitled to prohibit its use by a third party in relation to goods which have been put into circulation in the Community,under the trade mark,by him or with his consent,save where there exist legitimate reasons for the proprietor to oppose further commercialisation of the goods.(10)There is no justification for protecting Community trademarks or,as against them,any trade mark which has been registered before them,except where the trade marks are actually used.(11)A Community trade mark is to be regarded as an object ofproperty which exists separately from the undertakings whose goods or services are designated by it.Accordingly,it should be capable of being transferred,subject to the overriding need to prevent the public being misled as a result of the transfer.It should also be capable of being charged as security in favour of a third party and of being the subject matter of licences.(12)Administrative measures are necessary at Community levelfor implementing in relation to every trade mark the trade mark law created by this Regulation.It is therefore essential, while retaining the Community's existing institutional structure and balance of powers,to provide for an Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market(trade marks and designs)which is independent in relation to technical matters and has legal,administrative and financial autonomy.To this end it is necessary and appropriate that that Office should be a body of the Community having legal personality and exercising the implementing powers which are conferred on it by this Regulation,and that it should operate within the framework of Community law without detracting from the competencies exercised by the Com-munity institutions.(13)It is necessary to ensure that parties who are affected bydecisions made by the Office are protected by the law in a manner which is suited to the special character of trade mark law.To that end provision is made for an appeal to lie from decisions of the examiners and of the various divisions of the Office.If the department whose decision is contested does not rectify its decision it is to remit the appeal to a Board of Appeal of the Office,which is todecide on it.Decisions of the Boards of Appeal are,in turn, amenable to actions before the Court of Justice of the European Communities,which has jurisdiction to annul or to alter the contested decision.(14)Under the first subparagraph of Article225(1)of the ECTreaty the Court of First Instance of the European Communities has jurisdiction to hear and determine at first instance the actions referred to in particular in Article230of the EC Treaty with the exception of those assigned to a judicial panel and those reserved in the Statute to the Court of Justice.The jurisdiction which this Regulation confers on the Court of Justice to cancel and alter decisions of the Boards of Appeal should accordingly be exercised at first instance by the Court.(15)In order to strengthen the protection of Community trademarks the Member States should designate,having regard to their own national system,as limited a number as possible of national courts of first and second instance having jurisdiction in matters of infringement and validity of Community trade marks.(16)Decisions regarding the validity and infringement ofCommunity trade marks must have effect and cover the entire area of the Community,as this is the only way of preventing inconsistent decisions on the part of the courts and the Office and of ensuring that the unitary character of Community trade marks is not undermined.The provisions of Council Regulation(EC)No44/2001of22December 2000on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters(1)should apply to all actions at law relating to Community trade marks,save where this Regulation derogates from those rules.(17)Contradictory judgments should be avoided in actionswhich involve the same acts and the same parties and which are brought on the basis of a Community trade mark and parallel national trade marks.For this purpose,when the actions are brought in the same Member State,the way in which this is to be achieved is a matter for national procedural rules,which are not prejudiced by this Regulation,whilst when the actions are brought in different Member States,provisions modelled on the rules on lis pendens and related actions of Regulation(EC)No44/2001 appear appropriate.(18)In order to guarantee the full autonomy and independenceof the Office,it is considered necessary to grant it an autonomous budget whose revenue comes principally from fees paid by the users of the system.However,the Community budgetary procedure remains applicable as far as any subsidies chargeable to the general budget of the European Communities are concerned.Moreover,the auditing of accounts should be undertaken by the Court of Auditors.(19)Measures necessary for the implementation of thisRegulation should be adopted,particularly as regards fees regulations and an Implementing Regulation,in accordance with Council Decision1999/468/EC of28June1999(1)OJ L12,16.1.2001,p.1.laying down the procedures for the exercise of implement-ing powers conferred on the Commission(1),HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:TITLE IGENERAL PROVISIONSArticle1Community trade mark1.A trade mark for goods or services which is registered in accordance with the conditions contained in this Regulation and in the manner herein provided is hereinafter referred to as a ‘Community trade mark’.2.A Community trade mark shall have a unitary character.It shall have equal effect throughout the Community:it shall not be registered,transferred or surrendered or be the subject of a decision revoking the rights of the proprietor or declaring it invalid,nor shall its use be prohibited,save in respect of the whole Community.This principle shall apply unless otherwise provided in this Regulation.Article2OfficeAn Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market(trade marks and designs),hereinafter referred to as‘the Office’,is hereby established.Article3Capacity to actFor the purpose of implementing this Regulation,companies or firms and other legal bodies shall be regarded as legal persons if, under the terms of the law governing them,they have the capacity in their own name to have rights and obligations of all kinds,to make contracts or accomplish other legal acts and to sue and be sued.TITLE IITHE LAW RELATING TO TRADE MARKSSECTION1Definition of a Community trade mark and obtaining aCommunity trade markArticle4Signs of which a Community trade mark may consistA Community trade mark may consist of any signs capable of being represented graphically,particularly words,including personal names,designs,letters,numerals,the shape of goods or of their packaging,provided that such signs are capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings.Article5Persons who can be proprietors of Community trade marks Any natural or legal person,including authorities established under public law,may be the proprietor of a Community trade mark.Article6Means whereby a Community trade mark is obtainedA Community trade mark shall be obtained by registration.Article7Absolute grounds for refusal1.The following shall not be registered:(a)signs which do not conform to the requirements ofArticle4;(b)trade marks which are devoid of any distinctive character;(c)trade marks which consist exclusively of signs or indica-tions which may serve,in trade,to designate the kind, quality,quantity,intended purpose,value,geographical origin or the time of production of the goods or of rendering of the service,or other characteristics of the goods or service;(d)trade marks which consist exclusively of signs or indica-tions which have become customary in the current language or in the bona fide and established practices of the trade;(e)signs which consist exclusively of:(i)the shape which results from the nature of the goodsthemselves;(ii)the shape of goods which is necessary to obtain a technical result;(iii)the shape which gives substantial value to the goods;(f)trade marks which are contrary to public policy or toaccepted principles of morality;(g)trade marks which are of such a nature as to deceive thepublic,for instance as to the nature,quality or geographical origin of the goods or service;(h)trade marks which have not been authorised by thecompetent authorities and are to be refused pursuant to Article6ter of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property,hereinafter referred to as the‘Paris Convention’;(1)OJ L184,17.7.1999,p.23.(i)trade marks which include badges,emblems or escutcheonsother than those covered by Article6ter of the Paris Convention and which are of particular public interest, unless the consent of the competent authority to their registration has been given;(j)trade marks for wines which contain or consist of a geographical indication identifying wines or for spirits which contain or consist of a geographical indication identifying spirits with respect to such wines or spirits not having that origin;(k)trade marks which contain or consist of a designation of origin or a geographical indication registered in accordance with Council Regulation(EC)No510/2006of20March 2006on the protection of geographical indications and designations of origin for agricultural products and food-stuffs(1)when they correspond to one of the situations covered by Article13of the said Regulation and regarding the same type of product,on condition that the application for registration of the trade mark has been submitted after the date of filing with the Commission of the application for registration of the designation of origin or geographical indication.2.Paragraph1shall apply notwithstanding that the grounds of non-registrability obtain in only part of the Community.3.Paragraph1(b),(c)and(d)shall not apply if the trade mark has become distinctive in relation to the goods or services for which registration is requested in consequence of the use which has been made of it.Article8Relative grounds for refusal1.Upon opposition by the proprietor of an earlier trade mark, the trade mark applied for shall not be registered:(a)if it is identical with the earlier trade mark and the goods orservices for which registration is applied for are identical with the goods or services for which the earlier trade mark is protected;(b)if because of its identity with,or similarity to,the earliertrade mark and the identity or similarity of the goods or services covered by the trade marks there exists a likelihood of confusion on the part of the public in the territory in which the earlier trade mark is protected;the likelihood of confusion includes the likelihood of association with the earlier trade mark.2.For the purposes of paragraph1,‘earlier trade marks’means:(a)trade marks of the following kinds with a date ofapplication for registration which is earlier than the date of application for registration of the Community trademark,taking account,where appropriate,of the priorities claimed in respect of those trade marks:(i)Community trade marks;(ii)trade marks registered in a Member State,or,in the case of Belgium,the Netherlands or Luxembourg,atthe Benelux Office for Intellectual Property;(iii)trade marks registered under international arrange-ments which have effect in a Member State;(iv)trade marks registered under international arrange-ments which have effect in the Community;(b)applications for the trade marks referred to in subpara-graph(a),subject to their registration;(c)trade marks which,on the date of application forregistration of the Community trade mark,or,where appropriate,of the priority claimed in respect of the application for registration of the Community trade mark, are well known in a Member State,in the sense in which the words‘well known’are used in Article6bis of the Paris Convention.3.Upon opposition by the proprietor of the trade mark,a trade mark shall not be registered where an agent or representative of the proprietor of the trade mark applies for registration thereof in his own name without the proprietor's consent,unless the agent or representative justifies his action.4.Upon opposition by the proprietor of a non-registered trade mark or of another sign used in the course of trade of more than mere local significance,the trade mark applied for shall not be registered where and to the extent that,pursuant to the Community legislation or the law of the Member State governing that sign:(a)rights to that sign were acquired prior to the date ofapplication for registration of the Community trade mark, or the date of the priority claimed for the application for registration of the Community trade mark;(b)that sign confers on its proprietor the right to prohibit theuse of a subsequent trade mark.5.Furthermore,upon opposition by the proprietor of an earlier trade mark within the meaning of paragraph2,the trade mark applied for shall not be registered where it is identical with, or similar to,the earlier trade mark and is to be registered for goods or services which are not similar to those for which the earlier trade mark is registered,where,in the case of an earlier Community trade mark,the trade mark has a reputation in the Community and,in the case of an earlier national trade mark,the trade mark has a reputation in the Member State concerned and where the use without due cause of the trade mark applied for would take unfair advantage of,or be detrimental to,the distinctive character or the repute of the earlier trade mark.(1)OJ L93,31.3.2006,p.12.SECTION2Effects of Community trade marksArticle9Rights conferred by a Community trade mark1.A Community trade mark shall confer on the proprietor exclusive rights therein.The proprietor shall be entitled to prevent all third parties not having his consent from using in the course of trade:(a)any sign which is identical with the Community trade markin relation to goods or services which are identical with those for which the Community trade mark is registered;(b)any sign where,because of its identity with,or similarity to,the Community trade mark and the identity or similarity of the goods or services covered by the Community trade mark and the sign,there exists a likelihood of confusion on the part of the public;the likelihood of confusion includes the likelihood of association between the sign and the trade mark;(c)any sign which is identical with,or similar to,theCommunity trade mark in relation to goods or services which are not similar to those for which the Community trade mark is registered,where the latter has a reputation in the Community and where use of that sign without due cause takes unfair advantage of,or is detrimental to,the distinctive character or the repute of the Community trade mark.2.The following,inter alia,may be prohibited under para-graph1:(a)affixing the sign to the goods or to the packaging thereof;(b)offering the goods,putting them on the market or stockingthem for these purposes under that sign,or offering or supplying services thereunder;(c)importing or exporting the goods under that sign;(d)using the sign on business papers and in advertising.3.The rights conferred by a Community trade mark shall prevail against third parties from the date of publication of registration of the trade mark.Reasonable compensation may, however,be claimed in respect of acts occurring after the date of publication of a Community trade mark application,which acts would,after publication of the registration of the trade mark,be prohibited by virtue of that publication.The court seized of the case may not decide upon the merits of the case until the registration has been published.Article10Reproduction of Community trade marks in dictionaries If the reproduction of a Community trade mark in a dictionary, encyclopaedia or similar reference work gives the impression that it constitutes the generic name of the goods or services for which the trade mark is registered,the publisher of the work shall,at the request of the proprietor of the Community trade mark, ensure that the reproduction of the trade mark at the latest in the next edition of the publication is accompanied by an indication that it is a registered trade mark.Article11Prohibition on the use of a Community trade markregistered in the name of an agent or representative Where a Community trade mark is registered in the name of the agent or representative of a person who is the proprietor of that trade mark,without the proprietor's authorisation,the latter shall be entitled to oppose the use of his mark by his agent or representative if he has not authorised such use,unless the agent or representative justifies his action.Article12Limitation of the effects of a Community trade markA Community trade mark shall not entitle the proprietor to prohibit a third party from using in the course of trade:(a)his own name or address;(b)indications concerning the kind,quality,quantity,intendedpurpose,value,geographical origin,the time of production of the goods or of rendering of the service,or other characteristics of the goods or service;(c)the trade mark where it is necessary to indicate the intendedpurpose of a product or service,in particular as accessories or spare parts,provided he uses them in accordance with honest practices in industrial or commercial matters.Article13Exhaustion of the rights conferred by a Community trademark1.A Community trade mark shall not entitle the proprietor to prohibit its use in relation to goods which have been put on the market in the Community under that trade mark by the proprietor or with his consent.2.Paragraph1shall not apply where there exist legitimate reasons for the proprietor to oppose further commercialisation of the goods,especially where the condition of the goods is changed or impaired after they have been put on the market.Article14Complementary application of national law relating toinfringement1.The effects of Community trade marks shall be governed solely by the provisions of this Regulation.In other respects, infringement of a Community trade mark shall be governed by the national law relating to infringement of a national trade mark in accordance with the provisions of Title X.2.This Regulation shall not prevent actions concerning a Community trade mark being brought under the law of Member States relating in particular to civil liability and unfair competition.3.The rules of procedure to be applied shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of Title X.SECTION3Use of Community trade marksArticle15Use of Community trade marks1.If,within a period of five years following registration,the proprietor has not put the Community trade mark to genuine use in the Community in connection with the goods or services in respect of which it is registered,or if such use has been suspended during an uninterrupted period of five years,the Community trade mark shall be subject to the sanctions provided for in this Regulation,unless there are proper reasons for non-use.The following shall also constitute use within the meaning of the first subparagraph:(a)use of the Community trade mark in a form differing inelements which do not alter the distinctive character of the mark in the form in which it was registered;(b)affixing of the Community trade mark to goods or to thepackaging thereof in the Community solely for export purposes.e of the Community trade mark with the consent of the proprietor shall be deemed to constitute use by the proprietor.SECTION4Community trade marks as objects of propertyArticle16Dealing with Community trade marks as national trademarks1.Unless Articles17to24provide otherwise,a Community trade mark as an object of property shall be dealt with in its entirety,and for the whole area of the Community,as a national trade mark registered in the Member State in which,according to the Register of Community trade marks:(a)the proprietor has his seat or his domicile on the relevantdate;(b)where point(a)does not apply,the proprietor has anestablishment on the relevant date.2.In cases which are not provided for by paragraph1,the Member State referred to in that paragraph shall be the Member State in which the seat of the Office is situated.3.If two or more persons are mentioned in the Register of Community trade marks as joint proprietors,paragraph1shall apply to the joint proprietor first mentioned;failing this,it shall apply to the subsequent joint proprietors in the order in which they are mentioned.Where paragraph1does not apply to any of the joint proprietors,paragraph2shall apply.Article17Transfer1.A Community trade mark may be transferred,separately from any transfer of the undertaking,in respect of some or all of the goods or services for which it is registered.2.A transfer of the whole of the undertaking shall include the transfer of the Community trade mark except where,in accordance with the law governing the transfer,there is agreement to the contrary or circumstances clearly dictate otherwise.This provision shall apply to the contractual obligation to transfer the undertaking.3.Without prejudice to paragraph2,an assignment of the Community trade mark shall be made in writing and shall require the signature of the parties to the contract,except when it is a result of a judgment;otherwise it shall be void.4.Where it is clear from the transfer documents that because of the transfer the Community trade mark is likely to mislead the public concerning the nature,quality or geographical origin of the goods or services in respect of which it is registered,the Office shall not register the transfer unless the successor agrees to limit registration of the Community trade mark to goods or services in respect of which it is not likely to mislead.5.On request of one of the parties a transfer shall be entered in the Register and published.6.As long as the transfer has not been entered in the Register, the successor in title may not invoke the rights arising from the registration of the Community trade mark.7.Where there are time limits to be observed vis-à-vis the Office,the successor in title may make the corresponding statements to the Office once the request for registration of the transfer has been received by the Office.8.All documents which require notification to the proprietor of the Community trade mark in accordance with Article79 shall be addressed to the person registered as proprietor.Article18Transfer of a trade mark registered in the name of an agent Where a Community trade mark is registered in the name of the agent or representative of a person who is the proprietor of that trade mark,without the proprietor's authorisation,the latter shall be entitled to demand the assignment in his favour of the said registration,unless such agent or representative justifies his action.Article19Rights in rem1.A Community trade mark may,independently of the undertaking,be given as security or be the subject of rights in rem.2.On request of one of the parties,rights mentioned in paragraph1shall be entered in the Register and published.Article20Levy of execution1.A Community trade mark may be levied in execution.2.As regards the procedure for levy of execution in respect of a Community trade mark,the courts and authorities of the Member States determined in accordance with Article16shall have exclusive jurisdiction.3.On request of one the parties,levy of execution shall be entered in the Register and published.Article21Insolvency proceedings1.The only insolvency proceedings in which a Community trade mark may be involved are those opened in the Member State in the territory of which the debtor has his centre of main interests.However,where the debtor is an insurance undertaking or a credit institution as defined in Directive2001/17/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of19March2001on the reorganisation and winding-up of insurance undertakings(1) and Directive2001/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of4April2001on the reorganisation and winding up of credit institutions(2),respectively,the only insolvency proceedings in which a Community trademark may be involved are those opened in the Member State where that undertaking or institution has been authorised.2.In the case of joint proprietorship of a Community trade mark,paragraph1shall apply to the share of the joint proprietor.3.Where a Community trade mark is involved in insolvency proceedings,on request of the competent national authority an entry to this effect shall be made in the Register and published in the Community Trade Marks Bulletin referred to in Article89.Article22Licensing1.A Community trade mark may be licensed for some or all of the goods or services for which it is registered and for the whole or part of the Community.A licence may be exclusive or non-exclusive.2.The proprietor of a Community trade mark may invoke the rights conferred by that trade mark against a licensee who contravenes any provision in his licensing contract with regard to:(a)its duration;(b)the form covered by the registration in which the trademark may be used;(c)the scope of the goods or services for which the licence isgranted;(d)the territory in which the trade mark may be affixed;or(e)the quality of the goods manufactured or of the servicesprovided by the licensee.3.Without prejudice to the provisions of the licensing contract,the licensee may bring proceedings for infringement of a Community trade mark only if its proprietor consents thereto.However,the holder of an exclusive licence may bring such proceedings if the proprietor of the trade mark,after formal notice,does not himself bring infringement proceedings within an appropriate period.4.A licensee shall,for the purpose of obtaining compensation for damage suffered by him,be entitled to intervene in infringement proceedings brought by the proprietor of the Community trade mark.5.On request of one of the parties the grant or transfer of a licence in respect of a Community trade mark shall be entered in the Register and published.Article23Effects vis-à-vis third parties1.Legal acts referred to in Articles17,19and22concerning a Community trade mark shall have effects vis-à-vis third parties in all the Member States only after entry in the Register. Nevertheless,such an act,before it is so entered,shall have(1)OJ L110,20.4.2001,p.28.(2)OJ L125,5.5.2001,p.15.。
马德里商标与欧盟商标之比较
马德里商标与欧盟商标之比较一般来说，国际商标即通过马德里体系与单一国家（区域）申请两种途径注册的商标，而单一注册又以欧盟注册最为典型。
因为欧盟均为发达国家，区域市场广阔，法治发达，知识产权法律体系较为完善，国内企业在对外投资中总是首先青睐于欧盟市场。
但对于究竟是通过马德里体系寻求欧盟国家保护，还是选择直接注册欧盟商标，投资者因不甚了解，往往感到选择困难。
本文将从诸多方面，对马德里商标体系与欧盟商标体系做以比较。
首先，简单介绍一下两种商标体系。
马德里商标即国际商标注册的一种途径，根据1981年4月14日在西班牙马德里通过的《商标注册马德里协定》与1989年12月1日生效的《商标注册马德里协定有关议定书》规定而产生，由世界知识产权组织（World Intellectual Property Organization,WIPO）负责管理。
商标申请人可以通过该组织向指定成员国申请，把在本国注册或申请的商标扩大保护至该成员国。
欧盟商标（EuropeanUnion Trademark，EUTM）原称共同体商标（Community Trademark,CTM）,最早是由欧洲内部市场协调管理局（OHIM）管理。
2016年3月23日起通过的欧盟商标条例将OHIM改为EUIPO(EuropeanIntellectual Property Office),正式称为欧盟知识产权局，同时管理欧盟商标与外观设计专利，随之将共同体商标（CTM）正式改为欧盟商标（EUTM）。
需要指出的是，欧盟商标体系从来没有取代欧盟国家商标单一注册，申请人仍可直接向某个特定欧盟国家提交申请，注册该国商标。
在欧盟商标条例修正前，申请人既可以直接向内部市场协调局申请，也可以通过某个欧盟国家的知识产权当局向内部市场协调局提交。
但改革之后，只能通过欧盟知识产权局提交欧盟商标。
关于马德里商标体系与欧盟商标体系主要存在如下区别：权利保护覆盖地域范围：欧盟商标：受保护范围覆盖欧盟目前28个成员国，也会自动延伸保护到未来加入欧盟的国家。
欧盟商标制度
欧盟商标制度何谓CTM：欧盟商标(Community Trade Mark, CTM)，主要涉及欧洲地区统一的商标申请的提交及审查的一个欧洲地区商标条约。
由欧盟内部市场协调局(EU Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market，下称欧盟商标局OHIM)审查核准的欧盟商标权，自动在欧洲联盟(European Union, 下称欧盟)的所有会员国直接获得商标权保护。
CTM会员国：会员国：即为欧盟(European Union)会员国，至2013年7月止欧盟商标(CTM)共有下列28个会员国：奥地利、比利时、保加利亚、塞浦路斯、捷克、丹麦、爱沙尼亚、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、匈牙利、爱尔兰、意大利、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、卢森堡、马耳他、荷兰、波兰、葡萄牙、罗马尼亚、斯洛伐尼亚、斯洛伐克、西班牙、英国、瑞典。
详细的欧盟会员国名单请参阅欧盟官方网站(EUROPA)的下列网页：The Member States of the European Union。
申请欧盟商标(CTM)的优点：费用低廉：申请欧盟商标(CTM)的费用远低于逐一向27个会员国提出商标申请的费用。
申请CTM 的费用甚至比申请单一国家的费用低廉。
另外，办理商标权延展的费用亦相对低廉。
整体核准：由欧盟商标局(OHIM)审查核准的欧盟商标权，自动在欧洲联盟所有会员国直接获得商标权保护;不需额外办理各国登记或领证等手续。
使用商标：经核准注册的欧盟商标(CTM)只要在任何一个会员国使用，视同在所有会员国均已使用该欧盟商标;不会因为在某一会员国未使用该欧盟商标达5年以上，而被该会员国撤销商标注册。
另外，欧盟商标(CTM)办理转让、变更及商标权延展等，在所有会员国均发生效力。
多类申请：一件欧盟商标(CTM)申请案，除可多类申请外，如指定商品类别在3类(含)以内者，申请规费均相同，减少申请人的负担。
申请欧盟商标(CTM)的缺点：整体核驳：相对于「整体核准」，经欧盟商标局(OHIM)审查核驳的欧盟商标申请案，在欧洲联盟所有会员国均被「整体核驳」;因此，如果申请CTM的商标与任何一个会员国申请或注册在先的商标权有所抵触时，如经利害关系人提出异议且成立时，该CTM商标申请案将被OHIM驳回其注册，亦即该CTM商标申请案将在欧洲联盟所有会员国被「整体核驳」。
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欧盟商标条例
欧洲法庭(European Court of Justice，以下简称ECJ)最近对议会法案40/94号条例(欧洲商标条例)第7条(1)(c)作出了解释，以期解决商标的描述性问题[注1]。
ECJ认为，在“绿
箭”(Doublemint)的共同体商标(CTM)[注2]注册诉讼中，一审法庭作出的关于商标是否具有排他性描述的判决是错误的。
第7条(1)(c)的检验法则是，商标是否完全由描述性符号组成。
在欧盟，无论是CTM还是国内商标，有三种情况是被绝对禁止注册的：
1.不符合商标定义的;
2.不具可注册性的，即无显著性的、带有描述性的、普遍性的符号;
3.违反公共利益,道德,法律,欺骗性的或违背信用原则的。
40/94号条例第7条(1)(c)对不得注册的商标这样陈述：“完全由服务和交易的种类、质量、数量、使用目的、价值、地理来源或者生产时间、服务的表现，或者其他描述或暗示产品和服务的标志组成的商标，不得被注册。
”在Doublemint案件的最终裁决中，ECJ发现一审法庭没有正确适用欧共体商标规则中关于禁止描述性标志被注册为商标的条款。
案情背景
箭牌公司的“绿箭”口香糖(Doublemint)在美国已经受了多年的商标保护。
1996年3月29日，箭牌公司向俄亥俄州申请“Doublemint”一词的联合商标，涉及包括口香糖在内的各种商品。
而俄亥俄州的审查员认为，Doublemint一词作为两个词的合成，包含了产品的特征。
根据40/94号条例第7条(1)(c)，该商标将不能获得注册。
紧随着否决，箭牌公司向一审法庭提起上诉，请求撤销原判。
一审
一审法庭受理了该上诉，认为第7条(1)(c)意在禁止那些纯描述性的标志被注册，因为这将导致对商品与其同类产品的区别困难。
那些含义超越排他性描述的标志和指示可以被注册为联合商标。
该法庭还说，Doublemint一词并不具有排他的描述性。
首先，“Double”这个形容词并不常用;其次，当与“mint”一词连用的时候，将有两个明显的可能含义：常用薄荷剂量的两倍，或者两种口味的薄荷合成，因为薄荷这个术语包含许多种类的内涵。
另外，该法庭还认为，Doublemint一词的多种含义对于英语母语的消费者来说是直接显而易见的。
一审法庭作出的结论是，尽管Doublemint一词含义模糊且可作多种解释，由于他并无排他性的描述，该词不应被拒绝注册。
上诉
欧洲统一市场协调局(OHIM)于是就此向ECJ提出上诉。
而在此之前的2001年1月21日已经就此进行了一次听证会。
在听证会中，OHIM辨称，一审法庭的错误在于认为复合词“Doublemint"有着多重含义而不可能具有排他性的描述性。
在这种情况下一个词即使并不具有排他性描述也会被认为是描述性的，OHIM如是说。
“按照法律第40/94号第七条(1)(c)的立法意图，一个标志不仅仅在其实际对其特定的商品具备描述性时才被认定为具有描述性，而且当其被消费者认为具有对那些特征具有潜在描述性时也会被判定为有描述性。
”OHIM说。
当时商标专家Abrida Chaudri预测，ECJ的最终判决可能要支持其在先的词语商标的判决，她相信ECJ将依据在作出Baby-dry[注3]判决时依据的原则，即“判定词的组合需要遵守以下步骤的指导：(1)它是否满足条例的第4条?(2)从顾客的角度，它是否“可能或在某一本质特征的方面与商品或服务类别的通常用途相区别”?(3)它是否是通常用来表示商品或服务或本质特征的种类、质量、数量等?”[注4]
这意味着最终判决将有利于箭牌公司。
“Doublemint有着不确定性的描述。
你不可能在各种场合下用Doublemint描述事实，正如不能以Baby-dry作为通用语一样。
”
ECJ的判决
ECJ 于2003年10月23日就“Doublemint”一案作出C-191/01P号案判决，驳回一审法庭的决定并将该案发回一审法庭重审。
ECJ指出，在第7条(1)(c)之下，不仅只有当商标包含实质上对其涉及的商品和服务有描述性的元素时才拒绝注册。
当一个商标的可能含义指向商品或服务的特征时，它也可能被其他经济实体使用到，因此有足够充分的理由不被注册。
ECJ认为，一审法庭错在对第7条(1)(c)的理解，他们的检验是建立在该商标是否具有确定性描述上，于是对确认Doublemint一词是否对其他产品有描述性从而无法用于其他产品和服务上无法定论。
如果有描述性的话，该词必须被留置以便可以被其他人使用。
它强调，一审法庭基于该标记具有排他性的描述运用了一项假设，但是没有确认涉案词句能够被其他经济实体为指明他们的商品和服务时所运用。
不仅如此，ECJ还认为依据第7条(1)(c)，即使组成商标的标记在申请的当时并不真正具有对其商品或服务的描述性的使用，也不能被允许注册。
在第7条(1)(c)限制下，Windsurfing Chiemsee 申请商标一案中已经确认，“也许会使用”意味着并不需要该标志已经被现实中使用作为被拒绝的必要条件。
第7条(1)(c)下，只要一个商标的一个可能涵义设计到该商品或服务的特征，就应该被拒绝注册。
该规则并不意味着箭牌已经被完全拒绝了Doublemint的注册。
该案已经发了一审法庭，该庭必须就40/94号条例第7条(1)(c)的解释再次作出相关判决。
(李昭编译)
描述性，通常指商标是一种物品的名称或对它的描述，比如"家用电器"。
实践中，在任何情况下，这种术语都不应该成为一个商标;有时候，描述性是特别地描述一件物品的特征或成份，比如"明亮牌灯泡"，“苹果牌果汁”等。
因为这种商标语可以描述"商标申请者之商品的特性"，所以它不应成为一个有效的商标。
共同体商标(CTM)是指由欧洲统一市场协调局(OHIM)注册的在欧盟所有国家获统一保护的商标，它则需遵守1993第40/94号条例(欧洲商标条例)。
欧洲法院(ECJ)系CTM争议的最终的解决途径。
各国执行指导令发生歧义时也需以欧洲法院解释为准。
作为合成词是否具有描述性的先例，Baby-dry一案颇有启示意义。
1996年宝洁公司就Baby-dry 向OHIM提出共同体商标申请，该商标的使用意图是以纸或者纤维素制成的纸尿布或者织物尿布。
OHIM审查员于1998年拒绝了该申请。
在判决论辨词中，OHIM的上诉委员会否决了宝洁为对抗原拒绝决定而提出的上诉。
该委员会发现“baby-dry"完全由可以描述商品用途的词语组成，而且并不具有区别性特征。
按照欧洲商标条例(40/94号法)第7条(1)(b)和 (c)的规定，不符合授予共同体商标的条件。
而ECJ则认为，要考察一个合成词例如“Baby-dry”是否具有描述性，必须将它放在英语母语的消费者情形下考查。
在这种观点下，如果相关的产品是婴儿尿布，判断的作出有赖于该词组是否能在普通谈话中用来指代产品或者代表产品的根本性特征。
虽然该词组毫无疑问的暗示了产品的用途，并且这两个词汇都分别表达了口语中的婴儿尿布功能，他们在语法上不同寻常的组合却对英语来说是一个不熟悉的表达，不管是对指代尿布还是形容他们的本质功能来说。
词组并不当然被是作为整体来描述特性，它们是被凝练创造的具有特色力量的词汇，而不应依据40/94法案第七条(1)(c)而拒绝。