外文翻译译文汇总
什么使薪酬看起来合理？【外文翻译】
外文文献翻译译文一：外文原文原文：What Make a Salary Seem ReasonableHighhouse Scoot，Brooks-Laber Margaret EAlthough considerable research attention has been directed at understanding perceptions of salary fairness, very little attention has been given to how salary expectations are formed or how trivial elements of the job search context may influence these expectations.Twoexp eriments demonstrated how the simple manipulation of response options for a multiple-choice item may influence subsequent salary expectations and salary satisfaction. Results are discussed in light of Parducci's(1995) contextual theory.It has been repeatedly shown that the way in which a question is asked can influence perceptions of what is normal. For example, Harris found that people who were asked 'How short was the basketball player?' estimated lower heights than people who were asked 'How tall was the basketball player?' Similarly, Loftus found that people who were asked 'Do you get headaches frequently?' reported more headaches than people asked 'Do you get headaches occasionally?' More recently, Norbert Schwarz and his colleagues identified numerous examples of how the wording of survey items can strongly impact self reports. For example, Schwarz reported research showing that people claimed a higher life success when the numeric values of a life-success item ranged from -5 to + 5, than when they ranged from 0 to 10. He described another study showing that psychosomatic patients reported symptom frequencies of more than twice a month when the item's response scale ranged from 'twice a month or less' to 'several times per day', but did not do so when the scale ranged from 'never' to 'more than twice a month'. Schwarz suggested that respondents to surveys assumethat the values in the middle range of a scale reflect the 'typical' value in the 'real world', whereas the extremes of the scale correspond to the extremes of the distribution. More provocative is the finding that, in addition to affecting respondents' behavioural reports on surveys, these simple context effects may also affect subsequent judgments. For example, patients in Schwarz and Scheuring's study reported a higher health satisfaction when the response scale suggested that their symptom frequency was below average.Similar to the Schwarz and Scheuring study, our research examined the effects of response scales on subsequent judgments. However,the response-scale paradigm was used to examine broader theoretical issues regarding the impact of the job-seeking context on expectations about pay. Despite the importance of starting salary in the job choice process,very little research has focused on factors that has focused on incumbent satisfaction with organizational pay noted that the existing meagre research on job-seeker expectations for staring salary is more fragmented than programmatic.The authors suggested that researchers draw from the vast literature on decision-making to understand how individual and situational factors influence salary perceptions.Our failure to find effects consistent with adaptation-level theory for our sample of job seekers was consistent with Parducci, Calfee, Marshall, and Davidson's (1960) failure to support adaptation-level theory predictions in the lab. Parducci and his colleagues found that, holding all else constant, variation in the mean of a distribution of numbers had no effect on student perceptions of the typical number. Similary, Ordóñez et al. (2000), in a study of distributive fairness perceptions, found that MBAs presented with two reference salaries (i.e., salary of a peer paid higher and salary of a peer paid lower) did not average these reference points in the manner predicted by adaptation-level theory. Ordóñez and her colleagues recommended that future research examine what happens when people are presented with more than two reference salaries.Parducci's (1995) contextual theory generally proposes that attribute judgments reflect a compromise between a range principle and a frequency principle. Most relevant tothe present concern is the frequency principle, which is a tendency for people to assign the same number of contextual representations to equal segments of the scale of judgment. For example, if fewer than one half of salaries available in the immediate context (e.g., salaries in classified advertisements) are below a particular salary, that salary is perceived to be in the bottom half of the scale of judgment. As another simple example, consider a summer job seeker whose three friends have accepted jobs with hourly rates of $5, $10, and $11. An offer of $8.50 may be perceived to be near the bottom of salaries available in the market, because two of the three available strategies are above that offer, even though it is objectively above the midpoint of the salaries of his friends. A related phenomenon, called the alternative-outcomes effect (Windschitl & Wells, 1998), has been observed for people judging the likelihood of winning a raffle. In one study, participants were presented with two different raffles involving 10 tickets. In the first situation, they were told 'You hold 3 tickets and seven other people each hold 1.' In the second situation, they were told 'You hold 3 tickets and one other person holds 7.' People felt much more certain of winning in the situation where they held more tickets than any individual competitor (3-1-1-1-1-1-1-1) than when they held fewer tickets ( 3-7), despite the fact that the probability of winning either raffle is the same. In both this example and the previous hypothetical salary examples, people are influenced by the context in which information is presented, ignoring the absolute value of the current situation. Contextual theory posits that when events that elicit hedonic judgments are concentrated at the upper endpoints of their contexts, they elicit greater happiness, regardless of the absolute levels of the events. This means that an important factor influencing satisfaction with any particular outcome is the placement of that outcome relative to other possible outcomes, or the proportion of contextual representations below that outcome. Other researchers have also suggested that reference points are not combined into a single comparison point (Kahneman, 1992) and that satisfaction is determined instead by the relative frequencies of positive and negative events (Diener, Sandvik, & Pavot, 1990). When applied to starting salary expectations, these models seem to suggest that the frequency of salary options above and below a targetsalary, not the lower and upper bounds of the salary distribution, will influence starting salary expectations. The experiments were designed to examine this proposition within the context of a simple multiple-choice item on a career-expectations survey.Participants were business students (N= 204) enrolled at a medium-sized public university in the Midwestern United States. Participation occurred during class time in seven marketing classes, ranging in size from 21 to 37 students. The majority (i.e., 90%) of the students were juniors or seniors, and male (52%). The average participant was 21 years of age. A'career attitudes survey' was designed that contained seven typical items inquiring about students' plans after graduation, along with demographic questions. Items were in multiple-choice and open-ended formats, and addressed issues such as how many jobs the students planned to apply for, what methods they planned to use to find jobs, and the nature of their expected first job. Embedded within the survey was the starting salary item that was the focus of the endpoint-level and option-frequency manipulations. The item read 'What do you expect your starting salary to be?' Participants received one of four response scales differing on the two factors. Table 1 presents the response options by endpoints of the range (low= $15,000-50,000; high= $30,000-65,000) and frequency of multiple-choice options above a target salary(low frequency; high frequency). The overall range roughly corresponded with the range of annual starting salaries of recent graduates from the business school (i.e., $21,000-65,000). Note that the manipulation of range endpoints (see Fig. 1) is distinct from a manipulation of range width, which has appeared in earlier research by Rynes et al. (1983) and Highhouse et al. (1999). The width of the salary range (i.e., $35,000) remained constant across experimental conditions in our study. The option-frequency manipulation was designed using $40,000 as the target salary(low frequency = 1 response option above $40,000; high frequency = 4 response options above $40,000). The target salary is the midpoint of the entire salary range (i.e., half the distance between the lowest salary in the low endpoint level condition and the highest salary in the high endpoint level condition). Each participant received one endpoint level and one frequency condition in a2 x 2between-subjects factorial design.Although previous research has shown that the social environment can have an impact on perceptions of a fair staring salary, far fewer studies have investigated the impact of contextual features of the decision-marking environment that may influence salary expectations. The research that does exist has focused on the width of the range of salaries available in the market. Our research builds on this work by showing that factors other than range width may influence salary expectations. Drawing from Parducci's contextual theory. We expected that, holding salary range constant, the frequency of salary options above and below a target salary would influence salary expectations independent of the level of the endpoints of salaries in the market. Our first experiment, using the manipulated response-option paradigm, showed that the frequency of response options above a target salary in the response categories for an item on a typical career survey influenced later reports of expected staring salary for a group of business majors. Contrary to Helson's adaptation-level theory, the salary endpoint level had no effect on expectations for this group. Thus, consistent with Parducci's proposition, our findings showed that one must consider not only the level of the endpoints of salaries in the immediate context but also the perceived frequency of salaries. The second experiment showed that these effects can extend beyond salary expectations to influence satisfaction with job offers. The frequency of response options above the midpoint salary in a multiple-choice item had a main effect on salary satisfaction and job attractiveness for psychology students presented 20 min later with a hypothetical job advertisement.These research results suggest that salary expectations,at least for naive job seekers,can be influenced by simple features of the contextual environment. Unfortunately, longitudinal investigations are highly dynamic.Future research is needed that employs more moment-to-moment assessments(see Stone, Shiffman,& DeCries, 1999)of job seekers' salary expectations.We do suspect,however,that our results are not limited to the simple numerical anchors set up in our experiments.Considerable research has shown that simple numerical anchors can strongly influence judgments of experts as well as novices (e.g, Northcraft andNeale,1987).Similarly, studies using such varied experts as agricultural judges (Gaeth Shanteau,1984) ,parole offices (Carroll& Payne, 1976),and court judges (Ebbesen & Konecni,1975) have concluded that the experience of these judges does not make them less susceptible to simple context effects.Barber and Bretz(2000) noted that understanding how different contexts can evoke difference in how a given salary offer will be evaluated is important for organizations"as organizations cannot predict employee reactions to pay practices without knowledge of the standards against which those practices will be evaluated" We believe that,in addition to the importance of this knowledge for organizations,such knowledge is important for job seekers. Job seekers need to be aware that their salary expectations can be inadvertently affected by their exposure to salaries that may or may not be meaningful to their situation.People are constantly faced with skewed distributions of salaries because they tend to hear more about fellow job seekers who were paid high salaries than they are to hear about fellow job seekers who were paid the industry average. This creates a cognitive context in which offered salaries are likely to be perceived as being in the bottom half of the scale of judgement,even when they are objectively near the middle of the distributions of salaries. This could be positive if it leads employees to hold high expectations of pay,as these expectations may be associated with higher negotiated salaries.Generally,though,it is important for job seekers to realize when they are being affected by context.Job seekers need to be aware of the danger of marking inferences from small saiples,as small samples of salaries may not represent the salary distribution in the population of relevant jobs.Demonstrating context dependence may be as simple as showing people how a multiple-choice option on a typical survey can influence their standards for appropriate pay.Future research might consider whether such basic training techniques can inoculate job seekers against simple context effects.Source：Frequency Context Effects On Starting-Salary Expectations. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, V olume 67, 2003(1): P69二、翻译文章译文：什么使薪酬看起来合理？虽然很多研究工作应该注意理解对工资公平、怎样看管给出了期望的薪水如何形成或者是多么微不足道的要素影响上下文可以找工作的这些期望。
外文翻译中英文对照
Strengths优势All these private sector banks hold strong position on CRM part, they have professional, dedicated and well-trained employees.所以这些私人银行在客户管理部分都持支持态度，他们拥有专业的、细致的、训练有素的员工。
Private sector banks offer a wide range of banking and financial products and financial services to corporate and retail customers through a variety of delivery channels such as ATMs, Internet-banking, mobile-banking, etc. 私有银行通过许多传递通道（如自动取款机、网上银行、手机银行等）提供大范围的银行和金融产品、金融服务进行合作并向客户零售。
The area could be Investment management banking, life and non-life insurance, venture capital and asset management, retail loans such as home loans, personal loans, educational loans, car loans, consumer durable loans, credit cards, etc. 涉及的领域包括投资管理银行、生命和非生命保险、风险投资与资产管理、零售贷款（如家庭贷款、个人贷款、教育贷款、汽车贷款、耐用消费品贷款、信用卡等）。
Private sector banks focus on customization of products that are designed to meet the specific needs of customers. 私人银行主要致力于为一些特殊需求的客户进行设计和产品定制。
经典英汉翻译
许渊冲译文：不见棺材不掉泪。 / 不到俄 岛我不倒。
马红军译文：落败孤岛孤败落。 / 若非孤 岛孤非弱。
Better late than the late.
晚了总比完了好。 宁迟一时，不迟一世。 慢行回家， 快行回老家。
You reckon your Dodge would help you up to all these dodges again?
Begot by butchers, but by butchers bred, / How high his highness holds his haughty head.
译文一：屠夫所生，屠夫所养；如此高贵， 这般高尚。
君居屠户屋，君属屠户后；俯仰何佼佼， 倨傲俨倬倬。
不爱红妆爱武装
你以为坐上你的道奇跑车就可以再 次跑掉么？
The output of the U.N. has not been commensurate with the input.
联合国所起的作用与其所耗的费用已不 相称了。
联合国的作用已难抵其费用。
The ballot is stronger than the bullet.
马红军译文：Monastical men make monks, / But become Buddhas barely; / Miserable maidens make maids, / Styled slaves so squarely.
三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。 Three cobblers with their wits combined，
Equal Zhu Geliang the mastermind.
(完整版)外文翻译
外文文献原稿和译文原稿logistics distribution center location factors:(1) the goods distribution and quantity. This is the distribution center and distribution of the object, such as goods source and the future of distribution, history and current and future forecast and development, etc. Distribution center should as far as possible and producer form in the area and distribution short optimization. The quantity of goods is along with the growth of the size distribution and constant growth. Goods higher growth rate, the more demand distribution center location is reasonable and reducing conveying process unnecessary waste.(2) transportation conditions. The location of logistics distribution center should be close to the transportation hub, and to form the logistics distribution center in the process of a proper nodes. In the conditional, distribution center should be as close to the railway station, port and highway.(3) land conditions. Logistics distribution center covers an area of land in increasingly expensive problem today is more and more important. Is the use of the existing land or land again? Land price? Whether to conform to the requirements of the plan for the government, and so on, in the construction distribution center have considered.(4) commodities flow. Enterprise production of consumer goods as the population shift and change, should according to enterprise's better distribution system positioning. Meanwhile, industrial products market will transfer change, in order to determine the raw materials and semi-finished products of commodities such as change of flow in the location of logistics distribution center should be considered when the flow of the specific conditions of the relevant goods.(5) other factors. Such as labor, transportation and service convenience degree, investment restrictions, etc.How to reduce logistics cost，enhance the adaptive capacity and strain capacity of distribution center is a key research question of agricultural product logistics distribution center．At present，most of the research on logistics cost concentrates off theoretical analysis of direct factors of logistics cost, and solves the problem of over-high logistics Cost mainly by direct channel solution．This research stresses on the view of how to loeate distribution center, analyzes the influence of locating distribution center on logistics cost．and finds one kind of simple and easy location method by carrying on the location analysis of distribution center through computer modeling and the application of Exeel．So the location of agricultural product logistics distribution center can be achieved scientifically and reasonably, which will attain the goal of reducing logistics cost, and have a decision．making support function to the logisties facilities and planning of agricultural product．The agricultural product logistics distribution center deals with dozens and even hundreds of clients every day, and transactions are made in high-frequency. If the distribution center is far away from other distribution points，the moving and transporting of materials and the collecting of operational data is inconvenient and costly. costly．The modernization of agricultural product logistics s distribution center is a complex engineering system，not only involves logistics technology, information technology, but also logistics management ideas and its methods，in particular the specifying of strategic location and business model is essential for the constructing of distribution center. How to reduce logistics cost，enhance the adaptive capacity and strain capacity of distribution center is a key research question of agricultural product logistics distribution center. The so—called logistics costs refers to the expenditure summation of manpower, material and financial resources in the moving process of the goods．such as loading and unloading，conveying，transport，storage，circulating，processing, information processing and other segments. In a word。
外文翻译及中文译文
车床用于车外圆、端面和镗孔等加工的机床称作车床。
车削很少在其他种类的机床上进行，因为其他机床都不能像车床那样方便地进行车削加工。
由于车床除了用于车外圆还能用于镗孔、车端面、钻孔和铰孔，车床的多功能性可以使工件在一次定位安装中完成多种加工。
这就是在生产中普遍使用各种车床比其他种类的机床都要多的原因。
两千多年前就已经有了车床。
现代车床可以追溯到大约1797年，那时亨利•莫德斯利发明了一种具有把主轴和丝杆的车床。
这种车床可以控制工具的机械进给。
这位聪明的英国人还发明了一种把主轴和丝杆相连接的变速装置，这样就可以切削螺纹。
车床的主要部件：床身、主轴箱组件、尾架组件、拖板组、变速齿轮箱、丝杆和光杆。
床身是车床的基础件。
它通常是由经过充分正火或时效处理的灰铸铁或者球墨铸铁制成，它是一个坚固的刚性框架，所有其他主要部件都安装在床身上。
通常在球墨铸铁制成，它是一个坚固的刚性框架，所有其他主要部件都安装在床身上。
通常在床身上面有内外两组平行的导轨。
一些制造厂生产的四个导轨都采用倒“V”，而另一些制造厂则将倒“V”形导轨和平面导轨结合。
由于其他的部件要安装在导轨上并（或）在导轨上移动，导轨要经过精密加工，以保证其装配精度。
同样地，在操作中应该小心，以避免损伤导轨。
导轨上的任何误差，常常会使整个机床的精度遭到破坏。
大多数现代车床的导轨要进行表面淬火处理。
以减少磨损和擦伤，具有更大的耐磨性。
主轴箱安装在床身一端内导轨的固定位置上。
它提供动力。
使工件在各种速度下旋转。
它基本上由一个安装在精密轴承中的空心轴和一系列变速齿轮---类似于卡车变速箱所组成，通过变速齿轮，主轴可以在许多中转速的旋转。
大多数车床有8～18中转速，一般按等比级数排列。
在现代车床上只需扳动2～4个手柄，就能得到全部挡位的转速。
目前发展的趋势是通过电气的或机械的装置进行无级变速。
由于车床的精度在很大程度上取决于主轴，因此主轴的结构尺寸较大，通常安装在紧密配合的重型圆锤滚子轴承或球轴承中。
翻译50句中英翻译
翻译50句中英翻译【翻译50句】1. Law, in its true notion, is not so much the limitation as the direction of a freeand intelligent man to his proper interest.法律真正的意义，是要把一个自由而理性的人，导向正当的利益上去，而不是对此加以限制的。
2. Chilly gusts of wind with a taste of rain in them had well nigh dispeopled thestreets.阵阵寒风夹着零星雨点已使街上几乎空无一人了。
3. When the news from the countryside reached the city, it causedimmediately uproar among the gentry.乡里消息传到城里来，城里的绅士立刻大哗。
4. People who have enjoyed good educational opportunities ought to show itin their conduct and language.5. But persons who are of a lazy or a benevolent, or a sarcastic mood, mayperhaps like to step in for half an hour, and look at the performances.但是不这样想的人们，带着一点懒散、慈悲或是嘲讽的心情也许愿意进来花半个小时看看演出。
6. He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapidsuccession.他有个习性鸣己蒙不了，意义重复不订，一会一个主意。
液压系统外文文献翻译中英文
外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)英文原文Hydraulic systemW Arnold1 IntroductionThe hydraulic station is called a hydraulic pump station and is an independent hydraulic device. It is step by step to supply oil. And control the direction of hydraulic oil flow, pressure and flow, suitable for the host and hydraulic equipment can be separated on the various hydraulic machinery.After the purchase, the user only needs to connect the hydraulic station and the actuator (hydraulic or oil motor) on the mainframe with different tubings. The hydraulic machine can realize various specified actions and working cycles.The hydraulic station is a combination of manifolds, pump units or valve assemblies, electrical boxes, and tank electrical boxes. Each part function is:The pump unit is equipped with a motor and an oil pump, which is the power source of the hydraulic station and can convert mechanical energy into hydraulic oil pressure energy.V alve combination - its plate valve is mounted on the vertical plate, and the rear plate is connected with the same function as the manifold.Oil manifolds - assembled from hydraulic valves and channel bodies. It regulates hydraulic oil pressure, direction and flow.Box--a semi-closed container for plate welding. It is also equipped with an oil screen, an air filter, etc., which is used for cooling and filtering of oil and oil.Electrical box - divided into two types: one is to set the external lead terminal board; one is equipped with a full set of control appliances.The working principle of the hydraulic station: The motor drives the oil pump to rotate, then the pump sucks oil from the oil tank and supplies oil, converts the mechanical energy into hydraulic pressure energy, and the hydraulic oil passes through the manifold (or valve assembly) to adjust the direction, pressure and flow and then passes through the external tube. The way to the hydraulic cylinder or oil motor in the hydraulic machinery, so as to control the direction of the hydraulic motor, the strength of the speed and speed, to promote all kinds of hydraulic machinery to do work.(1) Development history of hydraulic pressureThe development history of hydraulics (including hydraulic power, the same below), pneumatics, and seals industry in China can be roughly divided into three stages, namely: the starting stage in the early 1950s to the early 60s; and the professional in the 60s and 70s. The growth stage of the production system; the 80-90's is a stage of rapid development. Among them, the hydraulic industry began in the early 1950s with thedevelopment of hydraulic machines such as Grinding Machines, broaching machines, and profiling lathes, which were produced by the machine tool industry. The hydraulic components were produced by the hydraulic workshop in the machine tool factory, and were produced for self use. After entering the 1960s, the application of hydraulic technology was gradually promoted from the machine tool to the agricultural machinery and engineering machinery. The original hydraulic workshop attached to the main engine plant was independent and became a professional manufacturer of hydraulic components. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, with the continuous development of mechanization of production, particularly in the provision of highly efficient and automated equipment for the second automobile manufacturing plant, the hydraulic component manufacturing industry witnessed rapid development. The batch of small and medium-sized enterprises also began to become specialized manufacturers of hydraulic parts. In 1968, the annual output of hydraulic components in China was close to 200,000 pieces. In 1973, in the fields of machine tools, agricultural machinery, construction machinery and other industries, the professional factory for the production of hydraulic parts has grown to over 100, and its annual output exceeds 1 million pieces. Such an independent hydraulic component manufacturing industry has taken shape. At this time, the hydraulic product has evolved from the original imitation Su product intoa combination of imported technology and self-designed products. The pressure has been developed towards medium and high pressures, and electro-hydraulic servo valves and systems have been developed. The application of hydraulics has been further expanded. The pneumatic industry started a few years later than hydraulics, and it was only in 1967 that it began to establish a professional pneumatic components factory. Pneumatic components began to be manufactured and sold as commodities. Its sealing industry including rubber seals, flexible graphite seals, and mechanical seals started from the production of common O-rings, oil seals, and other extruded rubber seals and asbestos seal products in the early 1950s. In the early 1960s, it began to develop and produce flexible products. Graphite seals and mechanical seals and other products. In the 1970s, a batch of batches of professional production plants began to be established one after another in the systems of the former Ministry of Combustion, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Agricultural Machinery, formally forming the industry, which laid the foundation for the development of the seal industry.In the 1980s, under the guidance of the national policy of reform and opening up, with the continuous development of the machinery industry, the contradiction between the basic components lags behind the host computer has become increasingly prominent and caused the attention of all relevant departments. To this end, the former Ministry of Machinesestablished the General Infrastructure Industry Bureau in 1982, and unified the original pneumatic, hydraulic, and seal specialties that were scattered in the industries of machine tools, agricultural machinery, and construction machinery, etc. The management of a piece of office, so that the industry in the planning, investment, the introduction of technology and scientific research and development and other aspects of the basic parts of the bureau's guidance and support. This has entered a period of rapid development, it has introduced more than 60 foreign advanced technology, of which more than 40 hydraulic, pneumatic 7, after digestion and absorption and technological transformation, are now mass production, and has become the industry's leading products . In recent years, the industry has intensified its technological transformation. From 1991 to 1998, the total investment of national, local, and corporate self-raised funds totaled about 2 billion yuan, of which more than 1.6 billion were hydraulic. After continuous technological transformation and technological breakthroughs, the technical level of a group of major enterprises has been further improved, and technological equipment has also been greatly improved, laying a good foundation for forming a high starting point, specialization, and mass production. In recent years, under the guidance of the principle of common development of multiple ownership systems in the country, various small and medium-sized enterprises with different ownership have rapidly emerged and haveshown great vitality. With the further opening up of the country, foreign-funded enterprises have developed rapidly, which plays an important role in raising industry standards and expanding exports. So far China has established joint ventures with famous manufacturers in the United States, Germany, Japan and other countries or directly established piston pumps/motors, planetary speed reducers, hydraulic control valves, steering gears, hydraulic systems, hydrostatic transmissions, and hydraulic components. The company has more than 50 manufacturing enterprises such as castings, pneumatic control valves, cylinders, gas processing triplets, rubber seals, and mechanical seals, and has attracted more than 200 million U.S. dollars in foreign capital.(2) Current statusBasic profileAfter more than 40 years of hard work, China's hydraulics, pneumatics and seals industry has formed a complete industrial system with a certain level of production capacity and technical level. According to the statistics of the third n ational industrial census in 1995, China’s state-owned, privately-owned, cooperative, village-run, individual, and “funded enterprises” have annual sales income of more than 1 million yuan in hydraulic, pneumatic, and seal industrial townships and above. There are a total of more than 1,300 companies, including about 700 hydraulics, and about 300 pneumatic and sealing parts. According to thestatistics of the international industry in 1996, the total output value of the hydraulic industry in China was about 2.448 billion yuan, accounting for the 6th in the world; the total output value of the pneumatic industry was about 419 million yuan, accounting for the world’s10 people.2. Current supply and demand profileWith the introduction of technology, independent development and technological transformation, the technical level of the first batch of high-pressure plunger pumps, vane pumps, gear pumps, general hydraulic valves, oil cylinders, oil-free pneumatic components and various types of seals has become remarkable. Improve, and can be stable mass production, provide guarantees for all types of host to improve product quality. In addition, certain achievements have also been made in the aspects of CAD, pollution control, and proportional servo technology for hydraulic pneumatic components and systems, and have been used for production. So far, the hydraulic, pneumatic and seal products have a total of about 3,000 varieties and more than 23,000 specifications. Among them, there are about 1,200 types of hydraulic pressure, more than 10,000 specifications (including 60 types of hydrodynamic products, 500 specifications); about 1350 types of pneumatic, more than 8,000 specifications; there are also 350 types of rubber seals, more than 5000 The specifications are now basically able to adapt to the general needs ofvarious types of mainframe products. The matching rate for major equipment sets can reach more than 60%, and a small amount of exports has started.In 1998, the domestic production of hydraulic components was 4.8 million pieces, with sales of about 2.8 billion yuan (of which mechanical systems accounted for 70%); output of pneumatic components was 3.6 million pieces, and sales were about 550 million yuan (including mechanical systems accounting for about 60%) The production of seals is about 800 million pieces, and the sales volume is about 1 billion yuan (including about 50% of mechanical systems). According to the statistics of the annual report of the China Hydraulic and Pneumatic Sealing Industry Association in 1998, the production and sales rate of hydraulic products was 97.5% (101% of hydraulic power), 95.9% of air pressure, and 98.7% of seal. This fully reflects the basic convergence of production and sales.Although China's hydraulic, pneumatic and sealing industries have made great progress, there are still many gaps compared with the development needs of the mainframe and the world's advanced level, which are mainly reflected in the variety, performance and reliability of products. . Take hydraulic products as an example, the product varieties are only 1/3 of the foreign country, and the life expectancy is 1/2 of that of foreign countries. In order to meet the needs of key hosts, imported hosts, and majortechnical equipment, China has a large number of imported hydraulic, pneumatic, and sealing products every year. According to customs statistics and relevant data analysis, in 1998, the import volume of hydraulic, pneumatic and seal products was about 200 million U.S. dollars, of which the hydraulic pressure was about 140 million U.S. dollars, the pneumatics were 30 million U.S. dollars, and the seal was about 0.3 billion U.S. dollars. The year is slightly lower. In terms of amount, the current domestic market share of imported products is about 30%. In 1998, the total demand for hydraulic parts in the domestic market was about 6 million pieces, and the total sales volume was 4 billion yuan; the total demand for pneumatic parts was about 5 million pieces, and the total sales volume was over 700 million yuan; the total demand for seals was about 1.1 billion yuan. Pieces, total sales of about 1.3 billion yuan. (3) Future developments1. The main factors affecting development(1) The company's product development capability is not strong, and the level and speed of technology development can not fully meet the current needs for advanced mainframe products, major technical equipment and imported equipment and maintenance;(2) Many companies have lagged behind in manufacturing process, equipment level and management level, and their sense of quality is not strong, resulting in low level of product performance, unstable quality,poor reliability, and insufficiency of service, and lack of user satisfaction. And trusted branded products;(3) The degree of professional specialization in the industry is low, the power is scattered, the duplication of the low level is serious, the product convergence between the region and the enterprise leads to blind competition, and the prices are reduced each other, thus the efficiency of the enterprise is reduced, the funds are lacking, and the turnover is difficult. Insufficient investment in development and technological transformation has severely restricted the overall level of the industry and its competitive strength.(4) When the degree of internationalization of the domestic market is increasing, foreign companies have gradually entered the Chinese market to participate in competition, coupled with the rise of domestic private, cooperative, foreign-funded, and individual enterprises, resulting in increasing impact on state-owned enterprises. .2. Development trendWith the continuous deepening of the socialist market economy, the relationship between supply and demand in the hydraulic, pneumatic and sealed products has undergone major changes. The seller market characterized by “shortage” has basically become a buyer’s market characterized by “structured surplus”. Replaced by. From the perspective of overall capacity, it is already in a trend of oversupply, and in particular,general low-grade hydraulic, pneumatic and seals are generally oversupply; and like high-tech products with high technological content and high value and high value-added products that are urgently needed by the host, Can not meet the needs of the market, can only rely on imports. After China's entry into the WTO, its impact may be greater. Therefore, during the “10th Five-Y ear Plan” period, the growth of the industry’s output value must not only rely on the growth of quantity. Instead, it should focus on the structural contradiction of the industry and intensify efforts to adjust the industrial structure and product structure. It should be based on the improvement of quality. Product technology upgrades in order to adapt to and stimulate market demand, and seek greater development.2. Hydraulic application on power slide(1) Introduction of Power Sliding TableUsing the binding force curve diagram and the state space analysis method to analyze and study the sliding effect and the smoothness of the sliding table of the combined machine tool, the dynamics of the hydraulic drive system of the sliding table—the self-regulating back pressure regulating system are established. mathematical model. Through the digital simulation system of the computer, the causes and main influencing factors of the slide impact and the motion instability are analyzed. What kind of conclusions can be drawn from those, if we canreasonably design the structural dimensions of hydraulic cylinders and self-regulating back pressure regulators ——The symbols used in the text are as follows:s 1 - flow source, that is, the flow rate of the governor valve outlet;S el —— sliding friction of the sliding table;R - the equivalent viscous friction coefficient of the slide;I 1 - quality of slides and cylinders;12 - self-adjusting back pressure valve core quality;C 1, c 2 - liquid volume without cylinder chamber and rod chamber;C 2 - Self-adjusting back pressure valve spring compliance;R 1, R2 - Self-adjusting back pressure valve damping orifice fluid resistance;R 9 - Self-adjusting back pressure valve valve fluid resistance;S e2——initial pre-tightening force of self-adjusting back pressure valve spring;I 4, I5 - Equivalent liquid sense of the pipeline;C 5, C 6 - equivalent liquid capacity of the pipeline;R 5, R7 - Equivalent liquid resistance of the pipeline;V 3, V4 - cylinder rodless cavity and rod cavity volume;P 3, P4—pressure of the rodless cavity and rod cavity of the cylinder;F - the slide bears the load;V - speed of slide motion;In this paper, the power bond diagram and the state space splitting method are used to establish the system's motion mathematical model, and the dynamic characteristics of the slide table can be significantly improved.In the normal operation of the combined machine tool, the magnitude of the speed of the slide, its direction and the load changes it undergoes will affect its performance in varying degrees. Especially in the process of work-in-process, the unsteady movement caused by the advancing of the load on the slide table and the cyclical change of the load will affect the surface quality of the workpiece to be machined. In severe cases, the tool will break. According to the requirements of the Dalian Machine Tool Plant, the author used the binding force curve diagram and the state space analysis method to establish a dynamic mathematical model of a self-adjusting back pressure and speed adjustment system for the new hydraulic drive system of the combined machine tool slide. In order to improve the dynamic characteristics of the sliding table, it is necessary to analyze the causes and main influencing factors of the impetus and movement of the sliding table. However, it must pass the computer's digital simulation and the final results obtained from the research.(2) Dynamic Mathematical ModelThe working principle diagram of the self-adjusting back pressure speedregulation system of the combined machine tool slide hydraulic drive system is shown in the figure. This system is used to complete the work-cycle-stop-rewind. When the sliding table is working, the three-position four-way reversing valve is in the illustrated position. The oil supply pressure of the oil pump will remain approximately constant under the effective action of the overflow valve, and the oil flow passes through the reversing valve and adjusts the speed. The valve enters the rodless chamber of the cylinder to push the slide forward. At the same time, the pressurized oil discharged from the rod chamber of the cylinder will flow back to the tank through the self-regulating back pressure valve and the reversing valve. During this process, there was no change in the operating status of both the one-way valve and the relief valve. The complex and nonlinear system of the hydraulic drive system of the self-adjusting back pressure governor system is a kind of self-adjusting back-pressure governor system. To facilitate the study of its dynamic characteristics, a simple and reasonable dynamic mathematical model that only considers the main influencing factors is established. Especially important [1][2]. From the theoretical analysis and the experimental study, we can see that the system process time is much longer than the process time of the speed control valve. When the effective pressure bearing area of the rodless cavity of the fuel tank is large, the flow rate at the outlet of the speed control valve is instantaneous. The overshoot is reflected in thesmall change in speed of the slide motion [2]. In order to further broaden and deeply study the dynamic characteristics of the system so that the research work can be effectively performed on a miniature computer, this article will further simplify the original model [2], assuming that the speed control valve is output during the entire system pass. When the flow is constant, this is considered to be the source of the flow. The schematic diagram of the dynamic model structure of this system is shown in Fig. 2. It consists of a cylinder, a sliding table, a self-adjusting back pressure valve, and a connecting pipe.The power bond graph is a power flow graph. It is based on the transmission mode of the system energy, based on the actual structure, and uses the centralized parameters to represent the role of the subsystems abstractly as a resistive element R, a perceptual element I, and a capacitive element. Three kinds of role of C. Using this method, the physical concept of modeling is clear, and combined with the state-space analysis method, the linear system can be described and analyzed more accurately. This method is an effective method to study the dynamic characteristics of complex nonlinear systems in the time domain. According to the main characteristics of each component of the self-adjusting back pressure control system and the modeling rules [1], the power bond diagram of the system is obtained. The upper half of each key in the figure represents the power flow. The two variables that makeup the power are the force variables (oil pressure P and force F) and the flow variables (flow q and velocity v). The O node indicates that the system is connected in parallel, and the force variables on each key are equal and the sum of the flow variables is zero; 1 The nodes represent the series connection in the system, the flow variables on each key are equal and the sum of the force variables is Zero. TF denotes a transformer between different energy forms. The TF subscripted letter represents the conversion ratio of the flow variable or the force variable. The short bar on the key indicates the causal relationship between the two variables on the key. The full arrow indicates the control relationship. There are integral or differential relationships between the force and flow variables of the capacitive and perceptual elements in the three types of action elements. Therefore, a complex nonlinear equation of state with nine state variables can be derived from Fig. 3 . In this paper, the research on the dynamic characteristics of the sliding table starts from the two aspects of the slide's hedging and the smoothness of the motion. The fourth-order fixed-length Runge-Kutta is used for digital simulation on the IBM-PC microcomputer.(3) Slide advanceThe swaying phenomenon of the slide table is caused by the sudden disappearance of the load acting on the slide table (such as drilling work conditions). In this process, the table load F, the moving speed V, and thepressure in the two chambers of the cylinder P3 and P4 can be seen from the simulation results in Fig. 4. When the sliding table moves at a uniform speed under the load, the oil pressure in the rodless cavity of the oil cylinder is high, and a large amount of energy is accumulated in the oil. When the load suddenly disappears, the oil pressure of the cavity is rapidly reduced, and the oil is rapidly reduced. When the high-pressure state is transferred to the low-pressure state, a lot of energy is released to the system, resulting in a high-speed forward impact of the slide. However, the front slide of the sliding table causes the pressure in the rod cavity of the oil cylinder to cause the back pressure to rise, thereby consuming part of the energy in the system, which has a certain effect on the kicking of the slide table. We should see that in the studied system, the inlet pressure of the self-adjusting back pressure valve is subject to the comprehensive effect of the two-chamber oil pressure of the oil cylinder. When the load suddenly disappears, the pressure of the self-adjusting back pressure valve rapidly rises and stably exceeds the initial back pressure value. It can be seen from the figure that self-adjusting back pressure in the speed control system when the load disappears, the back pressure of the cylinder rises more than the traditional speed control system, so the oil in the rod cavity of the cylinder absorbs more energy, resulting in the amount of forward momentum of the slide It will be about 20% smaller than traditionalspeed control systems. It can be seen from this that the use of self-adjusting back-gear speed control system as a drive system slider has good characteristics in suppressing the forward punch, in which the self-adjusting back pressure valve plays a very large role.(4) The smoothness of the slideWhen the load acting on the slide changes periodically (such as in the case of milling), the speed of the slide will have to fluctuate. In order to ensure the processing quality requirements, it must reduce its speed fluctuation range as much as possible. From the perspective of the convenience of the discussion of the problem, assume that the load changes according to a sine wave law, and the resulting digital simulation results are shown in Figure 5. From this we can see that this system has the same variation rules and very close numerical values as the conventional speed control system. The reason is that when the change of the load is not large, the pressure in the two chambers of the fuel tank will not have a large change, which will eventually lead to the self-regulating back pressure valve not showing its effect clearly.(5) Improvement measuresThe results of the research show that the dynamic performance of a sliding table with self-regulating back pressure control system as a drive system is better than that of a traditional speed control system. To reduce the amount of kick in the slide, it is necessary to rapidly increase the backpressure of the rod cavity when the load disappears. To increase the smoothness of the sliding table, it is necessary to increase the rigidity of the system. The main measure is to reduce the volume of oil. From the system structure, it is known that the cylinder has a large volume between the rod cavity and the oil discharge pipe, as shown in Fig. 6a. Its existence in terms of delay and attenuation of the self-regulating back pressure valve function, on the other hand, also reduces the rigidity of the system, it will limit the further improvement of the propulsion characteristics and the smoothness of the motion. Thus, improving the dynamic characteristics of the sliding table can be handled by two methods: changing the cylinder volume or changing the size of the self-regulating back pressure valve. Through the simulation calculation of the structural parameters of the system and the comparison of the results, it can be concluded that the ratio of the volume V4 between the rod cavity and the oil discharge pipe to the volume V3 between the rodless cavity and the oil inlet pipe is changed from 5.5 to 5.5. At 1 oclock, as shown in the figure, the diameter of the bottom end of the self-adjusting back pressure valve is increased from the original 10mm to 13mm, and the length of the damper triangle groove is reduced from the original lmm to 0.7mm, which will enable the front of the slide table. The impulse is reduced by 30%, the transition time is obviously shortened, and the smoothness of the slide motion will also be greatly improved.中文译文液压系统W Arnold1. 绪论液压站称液压泵站,是独立的液压装置。
英汉汉英段落翻译100篇
1Lexicography1)Lexicography provides at its best a joyful sense of busyness with language2) One isimmersed in the details of language as in no other field. 3) Sometimes the details are so overwhelming and endless they sap the spirit and depress the mind4) Often at the end of a hard day’s work one realizes with dismay that the meager stack of finished work one has accomplished has an immeasurably slight impact on the work as a whole 5) As I hope the readers of this work will come to understand dictionaries do not sprint into being 6)People must plan them collect information and write them.7 )Writing takes time and it is often frustrating and even infuriating.8 )No other form of writing is at once so quixotic and so intensely practical.9) Dictionary making does not require brilliance or originality of mind.10) It does require high intelligence mastery of the craft and dedication to hard work.11) If one has produced a dictionary one has the satisfaction of having produced a work of enduring value.2.Pollution1) Pollution is a problem because man in an increasingly populated and industrialized world is upsetting the environment in which he lives.2) Many scientists maintain that one of man’s greatest errors has been to equate growth with advancement. 3) Now ―growth‖ industries are being looked on with suspicion in case their side effects damage the environment and disrupt the relationship of different forms of life.4) The growing population makes increasing demands on the world’s fixed supply of air water and land.5) This rise in population is accompanied by the desire of more and more people for a better standard of living, in an ever increasing amount of waste material to be disposed of.6) The problem has been causing increasing concern to living things and their environment.7) Many believe that man is not solving these problems quickly enough and that his selfish pursuit of possessions takes him past the point of no return before he fully appreciates the damage.1参考译文词典编纂的绝妙之处是给人一种与语言打交道的快乐感。
经典中文英文翻译
经典中文的英译但愿人长久，千里共婵娟。
We wish each other a long life so as to share the beauty of this graceful moonlight, even though miles apart.独在异乡为异客，每逢佳节倍思亲。
A lonely stranger in a strange land I am cast, I miss my family all the more on every festive day.大江东去，浪淘尽，千古风流人物。
The endless river eastward flows; with its huge waves are gone all those gallant heroes of bygone years.二人同心，其利断金。
If two people are of the same mind, their sharpness can cut through metal.富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能曲，此之谓大丈夫。
It is a true great man whom no money and rank can confuse, no poverty and hardship can shake, and no power and force can suffocate.海内存知己，天涯若比邻。
A bosom friend afar brings distance near.合抱之木，生于毫末，九层之台，起于累土；千里之行始于足下。
A huge tree that fills one’s arms grows f rom a tiny seedling; a nine-storied tower rises from a heap of earth; a thousand li journey starts with the first step.祸兮，福之所依；福兮，祸之所伏。
刘颖会 外文翻译原文及译文
大连民族学院国际商学院英文翻译2007级毕业论文外文翻译资料Microfinance's Latest Growing Pains小额信贷业的发展阵痛《Knowledge Wharton》February 2nd 2011《沃顿知识》杂志 2011年2月2日译者：刘颖会大连民族学院国际商学院国际经济与贸易072班2011年6月小额信贷业发展阵痛近期的小额信贷危机源于印度南部城市安得拉邦，当地过度负债、暴力催款和借款者被迫自杀等问题引发了民众对小额信贷行业的广泛指责，并强烈呼吁政府加强监管。
10月，印度政府对损害信贷、强行控制回款天数并拖累印度最大的盈利性小额信贷公司SKS股价暴跌的小额信贷机构实施管制。
1月19日，印度储备银行发布Malegam委员会报告，建议对印度小额信贷机构施加一系列新的监管措施，包括设置利率上限、贷款限额以及对借款人的收入进行规定。
有些观察家对此表示欢迎，而悲观人士则认为此举难以避免信贷紧缩和行业崩溃。
尽管现在要分析行业前景还为时尚早，但安得拉邦的危机着实引发了民众对全球小额信贷行业的热烈讨论和深刻反省。
近期在沃顿阿瑞斯高级管理教育学院小额信贷管理培训班上，讨论的焦点集中在过度信贷、高速的行业增长以及如何在追求利润的同时更好地实现小额信贷的设立宗旨。
小额信贷业经历了一场由坏账“大地震”所引发的“痛苦的觉醒”，26名来自全球各地的社会财富计划参与者之一Kamran Azim在一堂主题为小额信贷业的增长与可持续发展的讨论中如此比喻道。
Azim是创立于1996年的巴基斯坦拉合尔小额信贷机构Kashf 基金的运营总监。
他指出，过去20到30年间，小额信贷的方式方法几乎都没有发生过变化。
但现在，突然之间，这个行业经历了一场地震。
正如该培训计划中一门课程的导言所说：“面对不断加速的变革，人们趋向于依赖传统的方式进行商业发展。
然而，正是在这样的时刻，创新方显得尤为重要。
”此外，几名学员也指出，小额信贷行业必须在兼顾客户需求的同时通过创新的方式来巩固发展。
译文翻译大全
译文翻译大全 Translation DictionaryAAccount 账户；账号Accurate 准确的Achievement 成就；成绩Action 行动；作用Adapt 适应；改编Address 地址Advantage 优势Advertising 广告BBalance 平衡；余额Beauty 美丽；美妙Behavior 行为；举止Bold 大胆的；勇敢的Book 书籍；本子CCareful 仔细的Challenge 挑战；难题Championship 冠军赛Character 字符；角色Church 教堂DData 数据；资料Debt 债务Decision 决定；抉择Description 描述；描写 Design 设计；布置EEducation 教育Electricity 电Employment 雇佣；就业 Energy 能量；力量Engineer 工程师FFamiliar 熟悉的Fashion 时尚；潮流Finance 金融；财政Forgive 宽恕；饶恕Freedom 自由；自主GGift 礼物Goal 目标；目的Golf 高尔夫Government 政府；行政 HHabit 习惯；习性Hall 大厅；厅堂Harmful 有害的Healthy 健康的History 历史IIdentity 身份；本质 Income 收入；收益Interest 兴趣；利息 Interview 面试；会谈 Involve 包含；牵扯JJob 工作；职务Judge 审判；裁定KKitchen 厨房；厨具Knowledge 知识；学问 LLanguage 语言Liberty 自由；豁达Lifestyle 生活方式Logic 逻辑；推理MMajor 专业；主要Mark 标志；印记Material 物质；材料Mile 英里；里程NNature 自然；本质Negative 负面的；消极的 Notice 通告；注意OObject 物体；目标Opinion 意见；看法Organization 组织；机构 PPayment 付款；费用Performance 表演；表现 Pollution 污染；环境污染 Position 位置；姿势QQuantity 数量；量Question 问题；疑问RRace 种族；人种Religion 宗教；信仰Response 回应；答复Reward 奖励；报酬SService 服务；业务Skill 技能；技巧Social 社会的；社交的 Solution 解决方案；溶液 TTeacher 老师；教师Technique 技术；方法Team 团队；组织Technology 技术；科技 Thought 思想；想法UUnit 单位；部门University 大学VValuable 有价值的Victory 胜利；成功 Vision 视觉；远见WWorth 价值；可取之处 XX-ray X光YYard 码；院子Year 年；一年ZZone 区域；地带。
英语好词好句摘抄大全带翻译
英语好词好句摘抄大全带翻译1. Serendipity（意外发现美好事物的能力）翻译：生活中总有一些意想不到的美好，这就是所谓的“意外发现美好事物的能力”。
2. Carpe Diem（抓住今天，及时行乐）翻译：把握当下，珍惜每一刻，这就是“抓住今天，及时行乐”的意义。
3. Euphoria（极度愉快的心情）翻译：当你体验到极致的快乐时，那种心情便是“极度愉快”。
4. Amity（友好，和睦）翻译：人与人之间的友好相处，社会和谐共处，这就是“友好，和睦”的力量。
5. Resilience（韧性，恢复力）翻译：面对困难，我们展现出顽强的生命力，这就是“韧性，恢复力”。
6. Enigma（谜团，难以理解的事物）翻译：生活中总有一些难以解释的谜团，让人陷入无尽的思考。
7. Melancholy（忧郁，悲伤）翻译：当心情低落时，那种淡淡的忧伤便是“忧郁，悲伤”。
8. Symbiosis（共生，相互依存）翻译：大自然中，生物之间相互依存、共生共荣，展现了生命的奇妙。
9. Elegance（优雅，高雅）翻译：优雅的气质，高雅的举止，让人赏心悦目。
10. Perseverance（毅力，坚持不懈）翻译：面对挑战，我们凭借毅力，坚持不懈，终将取得成功。
11. Solitude（独处，孤独）翻译：在独处的时光里，我们与自己对话，体会孤独带来的宁静与思考。
12. Benevolence（仁慈，善行）翻译：以一颗仁慈之心待人，用善行温暖他人，这是人性中最美的光辉。
13. Enthusiasm（热情，热忱）翻译：对生活充满热情，对事业保持热忱，这是通往成功的重要动力。
14. Grace（优雅，恩典）翻译：在逆境中保持优雅，对他人的善意给予感激，这就是“恩典”的力量。
15. Resilience（坚韧，适应力）翻译：生活总是充满变数，而我们的坚韧与适应力，是应对变化的关键。
16. Introspection（内省，自省）翻译：时常内省，审视自己的言行，是自我提升的有效途径。
外文翻译资料及译文
附录C：外文翻译资料Article Source：Business & Commercial Aviation, Nov 20, 2000. 5-87-88 Interactive Electronic Technical Manuals Electronic publications can increase the efficiency of your digital aircraft and analogtechnicians.Benoff, DaveComputerized technical manuals are silently revolutionizing the aircraft maintenance industry by helping the technician isolate problems quickly, and in the process reduce downtime and costs by more than 10 percent.These electronic publications can reduce the numerous volumes of maintenance manuals, microfiche and work cards that are used to maintain engines, airframes, avionics and their associated components."As compared with the paper manuals, electronic publications give us greater detail and reduced research times," said Chuck Fredrickson, general manager of Mercury Air Center in Fort Wayne, Ind.With all the advances in computer hardware and software technologies, such as high quality digital multimedia, hypertext and the capability to store and transmit digital multimedia via CD-ROMs/ networks, technical publication companies have found an effective, cost-efficient method to disseminate data to technicians.The solution for many operators and OEMs is to take advantage of today's technology in the form of Electronic Technical Manuals (ETM) or Interactive Technical Manuals (IETM). An ETM is any technical manual prepared in digital format that has the ability to be displayed using any electronic hardware media. The difference between the types of ETM/IETMs is the embedded functionality and implementation of the data."The only drawback we had to using ETMs was getting enough computers to meet our technicians' demand," said Walter Berchtold, vice president of maintenance at Jet Aviation's West Palm Beach, Fla., facility.A growing concern is the cost to print paper publications. In an effort to reduce costs, some aircraft manufacturers are offering incentives for owners to switch from paper to electronic publications. With an average printing cost of around 10 cents per page, a typical volume of a paper technical manual can cost the manufacturer over $800 for each copy. When producing a publication electronically, average production costs for a complete set of aircraft manuals are approximately $20 per copy. It is not hard to see the cost advantages of electronic publications.Another advantage of ETMs is the ease of updating information. With a paper copy, the manufacturer has to reprint the revised pages and mail copies to all the owners. When updates are necessary for an electronic manual, changes can either be e-mailed to theowners or downloaded from the manufacturer's Web site.So why haven't more flight departments converted their publications to ETM/IETMs? The answer lies in convincing technicians that electronic publications can increase their efficiency."We had an initial learning curve when the technicians switched over, but now that they are familiar with the software they never want to go back to paper," said Fredrickson.A large majority of corporate technicians also said that while they like the concept of having a tool that aids the troubleshooting process, they are fearful to give up all of their marked-up paper manuals.In 1987, a human factors study was conducted by the U.S. government to compare technician troubleshooting effectiveness, between paper and electronic methodology, and included expert troubleshooting procedures with guidance through the events. Results of the project indicated that technicians using electronic media took less than half the time to complete their tasks than those using the paper method, and technicians using the electronic method accomplished 65 percent more in that reduced time.The report also noted that new technicians using the electronic technical manuals were 12-percent more efficient than the older, more experienced technicians. (Novices using paper took 15 percent longer than the experts.)It is interesting that 90 percent of the technicians who used the electronic manuals said they preferred them to the paper versions. This proved to the industry that with proper training, the older technicians could easily transition from paper to electronic media.Electronic publications are not a new concept, although how they are applied today is. "Research over the last 20 years has provided a solid foundation for today's IETM implementation," said Joseph Fuller of the U.S. Naval Surface Warfare Center. "IETMs such as those for the Apache, Comanche, F-22, JSTAR and V-22 have progressed from concept to military and commercial implementation."In the late 1970s, the U.S. military investigated the feasibility of converting existing paper and microfilm. The Navy Technical Information Presentation System (NTIPS) and the Air Force Computer- based Maintenance Aid System (CMAS) were implemented with significant cost savings.The report stated that transition to electronic publications resulted in reductions in corrective maintenance time, fewer false removals of good components, more accurate and complete maintenance data collection reports, reduction in training requirements and reduced system downtime.The problem that the military encountered was ETMs were created in multiple levels of complexity with little to no standardization. Options for publications range from simple page-turning programs to full-functioning automated databases.This resulted in the classification of ETMs so that the best type of electronic publication could be selected for the proper application.Choosing a LevelWith all of the OEM and second- and third-party electronic publications that are available it is important that you choose the application level that is appropriate for your operation.John J. Miller, BAE Systems' manager of electronic publications, told B/CAthat "When choosing the level of an ETM/IETM, things like complexity of the aircraft and its systems, ease of use, currency of data and commonality of data should be the deciding factors; and, of course, price. If operational and support costs are reduced when you purchase a full-functioning IETM, then you should purchase the better system."Miller is an expert on the production, sustainment and emerging technologies associated with electronic publications, and was the manager of publications for Boeing in Philadelphia.Electronic publications are classified in one of five categories. A Class 1 publication is a basic electronic "page turner" that allows you to view the maintenance manual as it was printed. With a Class 2 publication all the original text of the manual is viewed as one continuous page with no page breaks. In Class 3, 4 and 5 publications the maintenance manual is viewed on a computer in a frame-based environment with increasing options as the class changes. (See sidebar.)Choosing the appropriate ETM for your operation is typically limited to whatever is being offered on the market, but since 1991 human factors reports state the demand has increased and, therefore, options are expected to follow.ETM/IETM ProvidersCompanies that create ETM/IETMs are classified as either OEM or second party provider. Class 1, 3 and 4 ETM/IETMs are the most commonly used electronic publications for business and commercial operators and costs can range anywhere from $100 to $3,000 for each ETM/ IETM. The following are just a few examples ofETM/IETMs that are available on the market.Dassault Falcon Jet offers operatorsof the Falcon 50/50EX, 900/900EX and 2000 a Class 4 IETM called the Falcon Integrated Electronic Library by Dassault (FIELD). Produced in conjunction with Sogitec Industries in Suresnes Cedex, France, the electronic publication contains service documentation, basic wiring, recommended maintenance and TBO schedules, maintenance manual, tools manual, service bulletins, maintenance and repair manual, and avionics manual.The FIELD software allows the user to view the procedures and hot- link directly to the Illustrated parts catalog. The software also enables the user to generate discrepancy forms, quotation sheets, annotations in the manual and specific preferences for each user.BAE's Miller said most of the IETM presentation systems have features called "Technical Notes." If a user of the electronic publication notices a discrepancy or needs to annotate the manual for future troubleshooting, the user can add a Tech Note (an electronic mark-up) to the step or procedure and save it to the base document. The next time that or another user is in the procedure, clicking on the tech note icon launches a pop-up screen displaying the previous technician's comments. The same electronic transfer of tech notes can be sent to other devices by using either a docking station or through a network server. In addition, systems also can use "personal notes" similar to technical notes that are assigned ID codes that only the authoring technician can access.Requirements for the FIELD software include the minimum of a 16X CD-ROM drive,Pentium II 200 MHz computer, Windows 95, Internet Explorer 4 SP 1 and Database Access V3.5 or higher.Raytheon offers owners of Beech and Hawker aircraft a Class 4 IETM called Raytheon Electronic Publication Systems (REPS). The REPS software links the frame-based procedures with the parts catalog using a single CD-ROM.Raytheon Aircraft Technical Publications said other in- production Raytheon aircraft manual sets will be converted to the REPS format, with the goal of having all of them available by 2001. In addition Raytheon offers select Component Maintenance Manuals (CMM). The Class 1 ETM is a stand-alone "page-turner" electronic manual that utilizes the PDF format of Adobe Acrobat.Other manufacturers including Bombardier, Cessna and Gulfstream offer operators similar online and PDF documentation using a customer- accessed Web account.Boeing is one manufacturer that has developed an onboard Class 5 IETM. Called the Computerized Fault Reporting System (CFRS), it has replaced the F-15 U.S. Air Force Fault Reporting Manuals. Technologies that are currently being applied to Boeing's military system are expected to eventually become a part of the corporate environment.The CFRS system determines re-portable faults by analyzing information entered during a comprehensive aircrew debrief along with electronically recovered maintenance data from the Data Transfer Module (DTM). After debrief the technicians can review aircraft faults and schedule maintenance work to be performed. The maintenance task is assigned a Job Control Number (JCN) and is forwarded electronically to the correct work center or shop. Appropriate information is provided to the Air Force's Core Automated Maintenance System (CAMS).When a fault is reported by pilot debrief, certain aircraft systems have the fault isolation procedural data on a Portable Maintenance Aid (PMA). The JCN is selected on a hardened laptop with a wireless Local Area Network (LAN) connection to the CFRS LAN infrastructure. The Digital Wiring Data System (DWDS) displays aircraft wiring diagrams to the maintenance technician for wiring fault isolation. On completion of maintenance, the data collected is provided to the Air Force, Boeing and vendors for system analysis.Third party IETM developers such as BAE Systems and Dayton T. Brown offer OEMs the ability to subcontract out the development of Class 1 through 5 ETM/IETMs. For example, Advantext, Inc. offers PDF and IPDF Class 1 ETMs for manufacturers such as Piper and Bell Helicopters. Technical publications that are available include maintenance manuals, parts catalogs, service bulletins, wiring diagrams, service letters and interactive parts ordering forms.The difference between the PDF and IPDF version is that the IPDF version has the ability to search for text and include hyperlinks. A Class 1 ETM, when printed, is an exact reproduction of the OEM manuals, including any misspellings or errors. Minimum requirements for the Advantext technical publications is a 486 processor, 16 MB RAM with 14 MB of free hard disk space and a 4X CD-ROM or better.Aircraft Technical Publishers (ATP) offers Class 1, 2 and 3 ETM/ IETMsfor the Beechjet 400/400A; King Air 300/ 350, 200 and 90; Learjet 23/24/25/28/29/35/36/55; Socata TB9/10/20/21 and TBM 700A; Sabreliner 265-65, -70 and -80; andBeech 1900. The libraries can include maintenance manuals, Illustrated parts bulletins, wiring manuals, Airworthiness Directives, Service Bulletins, component maintenance manuals and structural maintenance manuals. System minimum requirements are Pentium 133 MHz, Windows 95 with 16 MB RAM, 25 MB free hard disk space and a 4X CD-ROM or better.Additional providers such as Galaxy Scientific are providing ETM/ IETMs to the FAA. This Class 2, 3 and 4 publication browser is used to store, display and edit documentation for the Human Factors Section of the administration."Clearly IETMs have moved from research to reality," said Fuller, and the future looks to hold more promise.The Future of Tech PubsThe use of ETM/IETMs on laptop and desktop computers has led research and development corporations to investigate the human interface options to the computer. Elements that affect how a technician can interface with a computer are the work environment, economics and ease of use. Organizations such as the Office of Naval Research have focused their efforts on the following needs of technicians: -- Adaptability to the environment.-- Ease of use.-- Improved presentation of complex system relationship.-- Maximum reuse and distribution of engineering data.-- Intelligent data access.With these factors in mind, exploratory development has begun in the areas of computer vision, augmented reality display and speech recognition.Computer vision can be created using visual feedback from a head- mounted camera. The camera identifies the relative position and orientation of an object in an observed scene, and the object is used to correlate the object with a three-dimensional model. In order for a computer vision scenario to work, engineering data has to be provided through visually compatible software.When systems such as Sogitech's View Tech electronic publication browser and Dassault Systemes SA's Enovia are combined, a virtual 3D model is generated.The digital mockup allows the engineering information to directly update the technical publication information. If a system such as CATIA could be integrated into a Video Reference System (VRS), then it could be possible that a technician would point the camera to the aircraft component, the digital model identifies the component and the IETM automatically displays the appropriate information.This example of artificial intelligence is already under development at companies like Boeing and Dassault. An augmented reality display is a concept where visual cues are presented to users on a head-mounted, see-through display system.The cues are presented to the technician based on the identification of components on a 3D model and correlation with the observed screen. The cues are then presented as stereoscopic images projected onto the object in the observed scene.In addition a "Private Eye" system could provide a miniature display of the maintenance procedure that is provided from a palm- size computer. Limited success hascurrently been seen in similar systems for the disabled. The user of a Private Eye system can look at the object selected and navigate without ever having to touch the computer. Drawbacks from this type of system are mental and eye fatigue, and spatial disorientation.Out of all the technologies, speech recognition has developed into an almost usable and effective system. The progression through maintenance procedures is driven by speaker-independent recognition. A state engine controls navigation, and launches audio responses and visual cues to the user. Voice recognition software is available, although set up and use has not been extremely successful.Looking at other industries, industrial manufacturing has already started using "Palm Pilot" personal digital assistants (PDAs) to aid technicians in troubleshooting. These devices allow the technician to have the complete publication beside them when they are in tight spaces. "It would be nice to take the electronic publications into the aircraft, so we are not constantly going back to the work station to print out additional information," said Jet Aviation's Berchtold.With all the advantages that a ETM/ IETM offers it should be noted that electronic publications are not the right solution all of the time, just as CBT is not the right solution for training in every situation. Only you can determine if electronic publications meet your needs, and most technical publication providers offer demo copies for your review. B/CA IllustrationPhoto: Photograph: BAE Systems' Christine Gill prepares a maintenance manual for SGML conversion BAE Systems; Photograph: Galaxy Scientific provides the FAA's human factors group with online IETM support.; Photograph: Raytheon's Class 4 IETM "REPS" allows a user to see text and diagrams simultaneously with hotlinks to illustrated parts catalogs.外文翻译资料译文部分文章出处:民航商业杂志，2000-11-20,5-87-88交互式电子技术手册的电子出版物可以提高数字飞机和模拟技术的效率。
外文文献翻译原文+译文
外文文献翻译原文Analysis of Con tin uous Prestressed Concrete BeamsChris BurgoyneMarch 26, 20051、IntroductionThis conference is devoted to the development of structural analysis rather than the strength of materials, but the effective use of prestressed concrete relies on an appropriate combination of structural analysis techniques with knowledge of the material behaviour. Design of prestressed concrete structures is usually left to specialists; the unwary will either make mistakes or spend inordinate time trying to extract a solution from the various equations.There are a number of fundamental differences between the behaviour of prestressed concrete and that of other materials. Structures are not unstressed when unloaded; the design space of feasible solutions is totally bounded；in hyperstatic structures, various states of self-stress can be induced by altering the cable profile, and all of these factors get influenced by creep and thermal effects. How were these problems recognised and how have they been tackled?Ever since the development of reinforced concrete by Hennebique at the end of the 19th century (Cusack 1984), it was recognised that steel and concrete could be more effectively combined if the steel was pretensioned, putting the concrete into compression. Cracking could be reduced, if not prevented altogether, which would increase stiffness and improve durability. Early attempts all failed because the initial prestress soon vanished, leaving the structure to be- have as though it was reinforced; good descriptions of these attempts are given by Leonhardt (1964) and Abeles (1964).It was Freyssineti’s observations of the sagging of the shallow arches on three bridges that he had just completed in 1927 over the River Allier near Vichy which led directly to prestressed concrete (Freyssinet 1956). Only the bridge at Boutiron survived WWII (Fig 1). Hitherto, it had been assumed that concrete had a Young’s modulus which remained fixed, but he recognised that the de- ferred strains due to creep explained why the prestress had been lost in the early trials. Freyssinet (Fig. 2) also correctly reasoned that high tensile steel had to be used, so that some prestress would remain after the creep had occurred, and alsothat high quality concrete should be used, since this minimised the total amount of creep. The history of Freyssineti’s early prestressed concrete work is written elsewhereFigure1:Boutiron Bridge,Vic h yFigure 2: Eugen FreyssinetAt about the same time work was underway on creep at the BRE laboratory in England ((Glanville 1930) and (1933)). It is debatable which man should be given credit for the discovery of creep but Freyssinet clearly gets the credit for successfully using the knowledge to prestress concrete.There are still problems associated with understanding how prestressed concrete works, partly because there is more than one way of thinking about it. These different philosophies are to some extent contradictory, and certainly confusing to the young engineer. It is also reflected, to a certain extent, in the various codes of practice.Permissible stress design philosophy sees prestressed concrete as a way of avoiding cracking by eliminating tensile stresses; the objective is for sufficient compression to remain after creep losses. Untensionedreinforcement, which attracts prestress due to creep, is anathema. This philosophy derives directly from Freyssinet’s logic and is primarily a working stress concept.Ultimate strength philosophy sees prestressing as a way of utilising high tensile steel as reinforcement. High strength steels have high elastic strain capacity, which could not be utilised when used as reinforcement; if the steel is pretensioned, much of that strain capacity is taken out before bonding the steel to the concrete. Structures designed this way are normally designed to be in compression everywhere under permanent loads, but allowed to crack under high live load. The idea derives directly from the work of Dischinger (1936) and his work on the bridge at Aue in 1939 (Schonberg and Fichter 1939), as well as that of Finsterwalder (1939). It is primarily an ultimate load concept. The idea of partial prestressing derives from these ideas.The Load-Balancing philosophy, introduced by T.Y. Lin, uses prestressing to counter the effect of the permanent loads (Lin 1963). The sag of the cables causes an upward force on the beam, which counteracts the load on the beam. Clearly, only one load can be balanced, but if this is taken as the total dead weight, then under that load the beam will perceive only the net axial prestress and will have no tendency to creep up or down.These three philosophies all have their champions, and heated debates take place between them as to which is the most fundamental.2、Section designFrom the outset it was recognised that prestressed concrete has to be checked at both the working load and the ultimate load. For steel structures, and those made from reinforced concrete, there is a fairly direct relationship between the load capacity under an allowable stress design, and that at the ultimate load under an ultimate strength design. Older codes were based on permissible stresses at the working load; new codes use moment capacities at the ultimate load. Different load factors are used in the two codes, but a structure which passes one code is likely to be acceptable under the other.For prestressed concrete, those ideas do not hold, since the structure is highly stressed, even when unloaded. A small increase of load can cause some stress limits to be breached, while a large increase in load might be needed to cross other limits. The designer has considerable freedom to vary both the working load and ultimate load capacities independently; both need to be checked.A designer normally has to check the tensile and compressive stresses, in both the top and bottom fibre of the section, for every load case. The critical sections are normally, but not always, the mid-span and the sections over piers but other sections may become critical ，when the cable profile has to be determined.The stresses at any position are made up of three components, one of which normally has a different sign from the other two; consistency of sign convention is essential.If P is the prestressing force and e its eccentricity, A and Z are the area of the cross-section and its elastic section modulus, while M is the applied moment, then where ft and fc are the permissible stresses in tension and compression.c e t f ZM Z P A P f ≤-+≤Thus, for any combination of P and M , the designer already has four in- equalities to deal with.The prestressing force differs over time, due to creep losses, and a designer isusually faced with at least three combinations of prestressing force and moment;• the applied moment at the time the prestress is first applied, before creep losses occur,• the maximum applied moment after creep losses, and• the minimum applied moment after creep losses.Figure 4: Gustave MagnelOther combinations may be needed in more complex cases. There are at least twelve inequalities that have to be satisfied at any cross-section, but since an I-section can be defined by six variables, and two are needed to define the prestress, the problem is over-specified and it is not immediately obvious which conditions are superfluous. In the hands of inexperienced engineers, the design process can be very long-winded. However, it is possible to separate out the design of the cross-section from the design of the prestress. By considering pairs of stress limits on the same fibre, but for different load cases, the effects of the prestress can be eliminated, leaving expressions of the form:rangestress e Perm issibl Range Mom entZ These inequalities, which can be evaluated exhaustively with little difficulty, allow the minimum size of the cross-section to be determined.Once a suitable cross-section has been found, the prestress can be designed using a construction due to Magnel (Fig.4). The stress limits can all be rearranged into the form:()M fZ PA Z e ++-≤1 By plotting these on a diagram of eccentricity versus the reciprocal of the prestressing force, a series of bound lines will be formed. Provided the inequalities (2) are satisfied, these bound lines will always leave a zone showing all feasible combinations of P and e. The most economical design, using the minimum prestress, usually lies on the right hand side of the diagram, where the design is limited by the permissible tensile stresses.Plotting the eccentricity on the vertical axis allows direct comparison with the crosssection, as shown in Fig. 5. Inequalities (3) make no reference to the physical dimensions of the structure, but these practical cover limits can be shown as wellA good designer knows how changes to the design and the loadings alter the Magnel diagram. Changing both the maximum andminimum bending moments, but keeping the range the same, raises and lowers the feasible region. If the moments become more sagging the feasible region gets lower in the beam.In general, as spans increase, the dead load moments increase in proportion to the live load. A stage will be reached where the economic point (A on Fig.5) moves outside the physical limits of the beam; Guyon (1951a) denoted the limiting condition as the critical span. Shorter spans will be governed by tensile stresses in the two extreme fibres, while longer spans will be governed by the limiting eccentricity and tensile stresses in the bottom fibre. However, it does not take a large increase in moment ，at which point compressive stresses will govern in the bottom fibre under maximum moment.Only when much longer spans are required, and the feasible region moves as far down as possible, does the structure become governed by compressive stresses in both fibres.3、Continuous beamsThe design of statically determinate beams is relatively straightforward; the engineer can work on the basis of the design of individual cross-sections, as outlined above. A number of complications arise when the structure is indeterminate which means that the designer has to consider, not only a critical section,but also the behaviour of the beam as a whole. These are due to the interaction of a number of factors, such as Creep, Temperature effects and Construction Sequence effects. It is the development of these ideas whichforms the core of this paper. The problems of continuity were addressed at a conference in London (Andrew and Witt 1951). The basic principles, and nomenclature, were already in use, but to modern eyes concentration on hand analysis techniques was unusual, and one of the principle concerns seems to have been the difficulty of estimating losses of prestressing force.3.1 Secondary MomentsA prestressing cable in a beam causes the structure to deflect. Unlike the statically determinate beam, where this motion is unrestrained, the movement causes a redistribution of the support reactions which in turn induces additional moments. These are often termed Secondary Moments, but they are not always small, or Parasitic Moments, but they are not always bad.Freyssinet’s bridge across the Marne at Luzancy, started in 1941 but not completed until 1946, is often thought of as a simply supported beam, but it was actually built as a two-hinged arch (Harris 1986), with support reactions adjusted by means of flat jacks and wedges which were later grouted-in (Fig.6). The same principles were applied in the later and larger beams built over the same river.Magnel built the first indeterminate beam bridge at Sclayn, in Belgium (Fig.7) in 1946. The cables are virtually straight, but he adjusted the deck profile so that the cables were close to the soffit near mid-span. Even with straight cables the sagging secondary momentsare large; about 50% of the hogging moment at the central support caused by dead and live load.The secondary moments cannot be found until the profile is known but the cablecannot be designed until the secondary moments are known. Guyon (1951b) introduced the concept of the concordant profile, which is a profile that causes no secondary moments; es and ep thus coincide. Any line of thrust is itself a concordant profile.The designer is then faced with a slightly simpler problem; a cable profile has to be chosen which not only satisfies the eccentricity limits (3) but is also concordant. That in itself is not a trivial operation, but is helped by the fact that the bending moment diagram that results from any load applied to a beam will itself be a concordant profile for a cable of constant force. Such loads are termed notional loads to distinguish them from the real loads on the structure. Superposition can be used to progressively build up a set of notional loads whose bending moment diagram gives the desired concordant profile.3.2 Temperature effectsTemperature variations apply to all structures but the effect on prestressed concrete beams can be more pronounced than in other structures. The temperature profile through the depth of a beam (Emerson 1973) can be split into three components for the purposes of calculation (Hambly 1991). The first causes a longitudinal expansion, which is normally released by the articulation of the structure; the second causes curvature which leads to deflection in all beams and reactant moments in continuous beams, while the third causes a set of self-equilibrating set of stresses across the cross-section.The reactant moments can be calculated and allowed-for, but it is the self- equilibrating stresses that cause the main problems for prestressed concrete beams. These beams normally have high thermal mass which means that daily temperature variations do not penetrate to the core of the structure. The result is a very non-uniform temperature distribution across the depth which in turn leads to significant self-equilibrating stresses. If the core of the structure is warm, while the surface is cool, such as at night, then quite large tensile stresses can be developed on the top and bottom surfaces. However, they only penetrate a very short distance into the concrete and the potential crack width is very small. It can be very expensive to overcome the tensile stress by changing the section or the prestress。
英译汉相关翻译
1.英汉差异2.英译汉-加注和释义加注法可分音译加注和直译加注You look like AL_Capone in that suit.你穿上那套衣服，看上去就像个流氓阿尔.卡彭*了。
（阿尔.卡彭是美国历史上臭名昭著的歹徒，芝加哥犯罪集团的一首领。
）It was Friday and soon they'd go out and get drunk.星期五发薪日到了，他们马上就要出去喝酒，一醉方休。
Black people have all too often found the American Dream a nightmare.黑人们经常发现所谓的美国梦*不过是一场噩梦。
（美国梦是指美国式的民主、自由等）释义释义是舍弃原文中的具体形象，直接译出原文的意思。
Ifs not easy to become a member of that club-they want people who have plenty of money to spend,not just every Tom,Dick, and Harry.要参加那个俱乐部并非易事一他们只吸收手头阔绰的人，而不是普通百姓。
Our son must go to school.He must break out of the pot thatholds us in.我们的儿子一定得上学，一定要出人头地。
•增词I was extremely worried about her,but this was neither the place nor the time for a lecture or an argument.我非常担心她，但不论是地点还是时间都不适合和她讲解或争论。
Britain's railway system is being improved.英国的铁路系统正在改善。
English prose is elaborate rather than simple.It was not always so.现今英语散文是精心制作的而不是简单的就能做到。
仓储物流外文文献翻译中英文原文及译文2023-2023
仓储物流外文文献翻译中英文原文及译文2023-2023原文1：The Current Trends in Warehouse Management and LogisticsWarehouse management is an essential component of any supply chain and plays a crucial role in the overall efficiency and effectiveness of logistics operations. With the rapid advancement of technology and changing customer demands, the field of warehouse management and logistics has seen several trends emerge in recent years.One significant trend is the increasing adoption of automation and robotics in warehouse operations. Automated systems such as conveyor belts, robotic pickers, and driverless vehicles have revolutionized the way warehouses function. These technologies not only improve accuracy and speed but also reduce labor costs and increase safety.Another trend is the implementation of real-time tracking and visibility systems. Through the use of RFID (radio-frequency identification) tags and GPS (global positioning system) technology, warehouse managers can monitor the movement of goods throughout the entire supply chain. This level of visibility enables better inventory management, reduces stockouts, and improves customer satisfaction.Additionally, there is a growing focus on sustainability in warehouse management and logistics. Many companies are implementing environmentally friendly practices such as energy-efficient lighting, recycling programs, and alternativetransportation methods. These initiatives not only contribute to reducing carbon emissions but also result in cost savings and improved brand image.Furthermore, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning have become integral parts of warehouse management. AI-powered systems can analyze large volumes of data to optimize inventory levels, forecast demand accurately, and improve operational efficiency. Machine learning algorithms can also identify patterns and anomalies, enabling proactive maintenance and minimizing downtime.In conclusion, warehouse management and logistics are continuously evolving fields, driven by technological advancements and changing market demands. The trends discussed in this article highlight the importance of adopting innovative solutions to enhance efficiency, visibility, sustainability, and overall performance in warehouse operations.译文1：仓储物流管理的当前趋势仓储物流管理是任何供应链的重要组成部分，并在物流运营的整体效率和效力中发挥着至关重要的作用。
带翻译的英文谚语大全及翻译
带翻译的英文谚语大全及翻译English Proverbs with Translations: A Comprehensive List。
Proverbs are short, pithy sayings that express a truth or piece of wisdom. They are a part of every culture and language, and often provide insight into the values and beliefs of a society. In this article, we will provide a comprehensive list of English proverbs with translations in order to help you better understand the meaning and context behind these popular sayings.1. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.直译，手中的一只鸟胜过灌木中的两只鸟。
意译，眼前的利益比不确定的未来更重要。
2. A penny saved is a penny earned.直译，省下的一分钱就是挣到的一分钱。
意译，节约就是赚钱。
3. Actions speak louder than words.直译，行动比言语更有力。
意译，实际行动比空口说白话更有说服力。
4. All good things must come to an end.直译，所有美好的事情都必须结束。
意译，好景不常。
5. An apple a day keeps the doctor away.直译，每天一苹果，医生远离我。
意译，预防胜于治疗。
6. Better late than never.直译，迟到总比不到好。
中英汉互译
中英汉互译
1. 英文翻译成中文：
- 书籍是人类进步的阶梯。
Books are the ladder of human progress.
- 生活就像一面镜子，你若对她笑，她就对你笑。
Life is like a mirror. If you smile at her, she will smile at you.
2. 中文翻译成英文：
- 知识就是力量。
Knowledge is power.
- 塞翁失马，焉知非福。
A blessing in disguise.
3. 中文翻译成中文：
- 天下兴亡，匹夫有责。
Everyone is responsible for the rise and fall of the country.
- 海纳百川，有容乃大。
The ocean is vast because it admits all rivers.
这些只是一些示例，实际上还有很多其他的中英汉互译内容。
如果你有具体的文本需要翻译，我可以帮你进行翻译。
请注意，翻译的准确性和流畅性可能会受到语言的复杂性、文化背景和上下文等因素的影响。
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232公制，标准尺寸图1梯形齿廓标准同步皮带由聚氨酯与钢或芳纶抗拉元件制成。
符号T代表梯形齿廓标准带。
WHM公司与国内GmbH公司和德国的Han over公司合作，在1995年前后联合开发了这种同步带。
MULCO团体在德国以Synchroflex为品牌名发行这种同步带，之后又在欧洲发行。
在1997年这种带被标准化了，其标准为DIN772。
这些带遍布世界各地，并可作为成型的环形带，无尽的连接带和开口带使用。
」MI 1 P C(YGn.itip JEfiMtinn I Vew prulilc intnxJuwd具有梯形齿廓和公制标准尺寸，AT同步带是T型同步带的一个发展。
它们由由聚氨酯与钢或芳纶抗拉元件制成。
与T型同步带先比，AT型同步带有更宽的齿形截面和更强的抗拉构件。
AT型同步带一个特殊的特点是带齿齿隙紧靠带轮槽底座。
德国的MULCO和Ha nover公司开发了这种类型的同步带，并在1980年左右以Synchroflex为品牌发行了这种带。
这些带遍布世界各地，并可作为成型的环形带，无尽的连接带和开口带使用。
这些带ISO 13050标准用符号H表示，也被称为HTD同步带。
HTD代表大扭矩驱动。
这种同步带是由氯丁橡胶与玻璃纤维抗拉元件和聚酰胺纤维织物制成，并由在1973年引领美国市场的Gates公司开发。
曲齿的几何形状是圆形，较大的齿高显然增加了齿承载能力和抗牙跳能力。
这种带在世界各地都可以看到, 许多制造商都参与它的生产。
它们也用聚氨酯，任选与钢丝帘线或芳纶抗拉元件制造。
用户可以从无尽的成型带，开口带和连续挤压环形带中选择使用。
这些带ISO 13050标准用符号R表示，也被称为RPP同步带。
RPP代表橡胶抛物线。
1985年意大利的公司开发了这种双抛物线齿廓的同步带，他们是由氯丁橡胶与玻璃纤维抗拉元件和聚酰胺纤维织物制成。
这种类型的同步带主要发行在欧洲南部，许多制造商都参与它们的生产。
它们也用聚氨酯，任选钢丝帘线或芳纶抗拉元件制造。
用户可以从无尽的成型带，开口带和连续挤压环形带中选择使用。
这些带ISO 13050 标准用符号S 表示，也被称为STD 同步带。
STD 带表 示极大转矩传动。
美国，内布拉斯加州，林肯的 Goodyear 公司在1976年发展 了这一标准。
这种改进的渐开线齿廓同步带由氯丁橡胶的玻璃纤维抗拉元件 和 聚酰胺纤维织物制成。
这种型号的同步带在世界各地都可以看到，许多制造 商 都参与它们的生产。
它们也可以用聚氨酯，任选钢丝帘线或芳纶抗拉元件制 成。
用户可以从无尽的成型带，开口带和连续挤压环形带中选择使用。
I fy _1■尿 1佈— L九237高功率齿形带图这种类型的同步带与STD型同步带有相似的几何特征。
它们之间是可以互换的，并且在相同的皮带轮上工作。
在1990年它们是由德国的OPTIBELT公司引入，并注册商标为欧米茄。
制造商用氯丁橡胶与玻璃纤维抗拉元件和聚酰胺纤维织物将它们制造成为环形带。
根据制造商所说，这种带也可以在RPP同步带轮上工作。
238大功率GT3型同步带图1 曲—弧形齿形带注册为鲍尔格里普商标。
在1991年，美国，科罗拉多州，丹佛，盖茨公司的制造商将这种带引入市场。
它们是由氯丁橡胶，玻璃纤维抗拉元件和聚酰胺纤维织物制造而成。
2毫米，3毫米和5毫米的这种带只能运行在这家制造商的“ gt3”皮带轮上，而8毫米和14毫米的将运行在HTD皮带轮。
这些带由玻璃纤维或钢制成，可作为成型带和环形带使用。
皮带的注册商标为Polychain GT2。
美国，科罗拉达州，丹佛，大门公司用聚氨酯与芳纶抗拉元件和牙面聚酰胺制造这种皮带。
织物的牙面是由一个特殊的聚四氟乙烯浸渍涂层获得极低的摩擦系数的优化。
这种带功率密度高、内部损伤低且齿型噪音特别小。
根据制造商的指导方针这种带不适合在带背部安装张紧轮的传动。
Polychain同步带可以用作环形带或开口带。
自2007年以来，这些带也可与碳纤维作为一种替代的张力构件。
在这种情况下，在背部安装张紧轮是可以的，它们已经标准化为PCC GT2.这种皮带也可由Gates Mectrol公司用钢拉杆的聚氨酯制造为开口带。
德国，汉诺威，大陆公司提供8毫米和14毫米的synchrochain皮带，这种带由一种新的聚氨酯化合物和低摩擦布PE膜牙面制造而成。
张紧轮总是被允许使用的。
2310大功率ATP型皮带图ATP的同步带的特点是有一个双齿节距，齿上的负载平均分布在齿的两个侧面。
ATP同步带与其他同步带相比减小了多边形效应和降低了噪音。
1992年左右，德国的Wilhelm Herm. Muller, Han over公司第一次开发了这种带，MULCO集团独家发行了这种同步带。
这些带可用作封闭长度的钢拉杆的聚氨酯模塑。
自跟踪带沿纵向长度纳入了中央或偏置指南，通常位于齿边，提供侧向制导。
相应的V形槽已被纳入相关的皮带轮，托辊和引导。
自跟踪带非常适用于悬挂或运输物体的场合。
在1980年前后，德国的BRECO Antriebstechnik GmbH公司开发了这种自跟踪带且由MULCO集团独家发行这种带。
由于可以满足广大的使用者，所有主要的T型和AT型带都可以作为自跟踪同步带使用。
他们有钢拉杆聚氨酯制成的连续挤压闭合型和焊接成品型两种类型。
VEE的指南通常使每节齿根得到缓解来保持皮带的灵活性。
2312 特殊型SFAT带SFAT带的特点是具有两排牙齿的半齿偏移。
它们是天生的自跟踪带。
这种设计是为了拥护AT型自跟踪带（参照233章）。
在1985年左右，德国的BRECO Antriebstechnik GmbH公司开发了这种带，MULCO集团独家发行了这种带。
它们有10毫米和20毫米的间距，用钢拉杆的聚氨酯制成，有连续挤压闭合型和焊接成品型两种。
2313 特殊型BAT带Preferred DirectionBAT带是圆弧牙型的带，它运行在与之相应的皮带轮上并且没有多边形效应。
和其他皮带相比它们的特征是显着降低运行噪音和在最佳运行方向显示自跟踪性能。
在1990年德国的BRECO Antriebstechnik GmbH公司开发了这种带，并由MULCO集团独家发行这种带。
他们有BAT10和BAT15两种，用钢拉杆的聚氨酯制成连续挤压闭合型和焊接成品型两类。
这种设计使得B牙型截面带获得了AT型带的高功率。
BATK是另一个不同的带型，它采用了自跟踪导向，允许交替运行方向。
2314 异型鹰带双螺旋鹰带在匹配的皮带轮上运行，几乎没有任何多边形效应。
与其他带系相比，他们显着降低了噪声水平且在运行方向有自跟踪行为。
在1994年，美国，内布拉斯加州，林肯，Goodyear Tyre and Rubber公司获得了这种带的专利，并在1997年发行了8mm和14mm两种。
它们由芳纶抗拉元件和齿聚酰胺织物合成橡胶制成。
它们的牙齿的几何形状对应于S型和STD型带（参照236章）。
每排螺旋带齿相互有半个尺寸偏移。
这种带的专利拥有者是意大利的Elatech和Megadyne,受专利保护。
它们由钢或芳纶聚氨酯制造成为开口带或是焊接成品带。
2315 特殊型带N10这钉皮带结合其特殊齿形和匹配滑轮给出了自跟踪的解决方案。
在1998年德国的内陆的Antriebstechnik GmbH公司开发了这种带。
它采用钢拉杆的聚氨酯制造为开口型和焊接成品型两类且受专利保护。
这种类型的带适用于悬挂或运输物品的装置。
2316 带插入附件的异型ATN带ATN同步带是带有可以插入附件的孔的一类同步带。
德国的BRECO Antriebstechnik GmbH公司开发了这类同步带，且由MULCO集团独家发行。
这种带的名字表明它有AT带的牙型，而N代表可以有附件插入这种带中。
螺纹插在皮带的齿侧面，附件安装在带的后面，这样方便拆卸和重新安装。
生产出的带的孔是内部的盲孔，然后根据用户的要求再穿孔。
这种带由钢拉杆的聚氨酯制为开口的和焊接成品两种类型。
另一种ATN带可以作为自跟踪带使用，受专利保护。
市场为同步带设计师提供不同的材料和制造工艺过程。
它们的共同之处是 一个主要由嵌入式弹性体材料和高刚度拉伸线组成的一个复合结构，这个复 合 结 构称为受拉构件。
每一种材料都有它特殊的性质，这决定了它要完成什么 样 的任 务。
弹性体材料的弹性模量和抗拉强度有四个数量级的分离。
因此，受 拉 构件 （2.5 章）是通过涂有适当的黏结 剂来允许高弹性体粘连。
材料和制造步骤， 在 制造过程中必须协调，使各个组件相互兼容和互补且永久保留材料的所需 特 点。
弹性材料的选择实质上决定了设计的可能性和方法步骤。
下面，简单描 述 了各生 产工序后，可以看出，最终产品取决于个别制造过程中所导致的选择 和 质量特征。
弹性体及其处理的选择也会影响其设计的适用性和应用领域。
这 些 领域已被粗略 的划分为两个领域。
一个是制造作直线运动和输送的开口同步 带， 一个是用于电 力传输系统的环形同步带。
将近 90%的同步带生产用作于后者。
张紧元件卷绕成 螺旋状或螺旋状“嵌入”在带体，制造商把这种半成品描述 为 “同步带套”或 “无尽套 ”。
2.4.1 铸铁制成的热固性聚氨酯同步带聚氨酯以他们所承受大变形的能力以及能完全恢复到弹性体的初始卸载状 态而著称。
这一分支的聚氨酯同步带的制造取决于浇注两种成分的聚氨酯， 加工条件下直接混合，具有低的粘度。
合适的模具设计采用由内芯和外形组 的闭合形式。
一般来说，内芯具有所需的齿形几何外形，外面形状的内部直 形成了背面轮廓。
在一个双面带的情况下，一个齿廓等效的外在形式，可用 支持或反对的牙齿。
受拉构件绕在内核并支持所谓的两翼。
对于高性能带，对线可以降低由于 螺旋拉伸而引起的带的流动，从而促进皮带驱动的平稳运行。
在成径。