中英文翻译中文译文
英汉英汉互译
以下是一些简单的英汉互译练习，希望对你有所帮助：英语翻译：1. 你好吗？- How are you?2. 谢谢！- Thank you!3. 再见！- Goodbye!4. 你叫什么名字？- What's your name?5. 我来自中国。
- I come from China.6. 他喜欢吃苹果。
- He likes eating apples.7. 今天天气真好！- The weather is nice today!8. 我想要一杯咖啡。
- I would like a cup of coffee.9. 你能告诉我如何去那里吗？- Can you tell me how to get there?10. 我喜欢看电影。
- I like watching movies.汉语翻译：1. 你好，很高兴认识你。
- Hello, nice to meet you.2. 谢谢你的帮助。
- Thank you for your help.3. 再见，下次再聊。
- Goodbye, talk to you later.4. 你几岁了？- How old are you?5. 我来自北京。
- I come from Beijing.6. 我喜欢吃米饭和蔬菜。
- I like eating rice and vegetables.7. 这本书真好看！- This book is really good!8. 我想去逛街。
- I want to go shopping.9. 我喜欢听音乐。
- I like listening to music.希望这些练习可以帮助你提高英汉翻译的能力。
不过请注意，翻译并不是一项简单的任务，有时候可能需要考虑到文化、语境等因素，因此请尽量在理解的基础上进行翻译。
英语翻译带中文译文翻译
英语翻译带中文译文翻译Title: The Importance of Learning a Second Language。
标题，学习第二语言的重要性。
Learning a second language is becoming increasingly important in today's globalized world. Being able to communicate in more than one language is not onlybeneficial for personal growth and cultural understanding, but it can also lead to better job opportunities and increased earning potential.在当今全球化的世界中，学习第二语言变得越来越重要。
掌握多种语言不仅有助于个人成长和文化理解，还可以带来更好的就业机会和增加的收入。
One of the most obvious benefits of learning a second language is the ability to communicate with people from different cultures. This opens up opportunities for travel, cultural exchange, and building relationships with peoplefrom all over the world. Knowing another language also allows individuals to better understand and appreciate different cultures, which can lead to greater empathy and tolerance.学习第二语言最明显的好处之一是能够与来自不同文化背景的人进行交流。
英语翻译中文
英语翻译中文i temp bopok中文例句英文例句 People who suffer from addiction are called addicts吸毒成瘾的人英文是addicts。
Ampersand：The symbol " " for the word "and".号：用以代替英文and字的符号。
The English language is allied to the German language.英文和德文属同一语系。
Translate a Book from English into Chinese将一本书由英文译成中文This is an argumentative advanced English essay topic.这是一个高等的英文辩论题目。
BC: Short for before Christ. Usually set in small caps and after the figures(e.g. 150 BC).公元前:英文是基督降生前和意思。
排字时(英文)，应用小型大写，放于年份之后。
GATF: Abbreviation for Graphic Arts TechnicalFoundation,Pittsburg, U.S.A.印刷技术基金会:英文是“印刷技术基金会”的缩写，它在美国的匹兹堡市。
Wanted:Stenographer with some knowledge of bookkeeping.Ability to speak and write English highly desirable.聘速记员一名，要略懂簿记。
能说英语及写作英文，优先录取。
The most popular method to do that now is PCM. PCM stands for pulse code modulation.现在最常用的方法是PCM，这是英文脉冲编码调制的缩写。
消费者行为心理学中英文外文文献翻译
消费者行为心理学中英文外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)英文原文Frontiers of Social PsychologyArie W. Kruglanski 、Joseph P. ForgasFrontiers of Social Psychology is a new series of domain-specific handbooks. The purpose of each volume is to provide readers with a cutting-edge overview of the most recent theoretical, methodological, and practical developments in a substantive area of social psychology, in greater depth than is possible in general social psychology handbooks. The editors and contributors are all internationally renowned scholars whose work is at the cutting-edge of research.Scholarly, yet accessible, the volumes in the Frontiers series are an essential resource for senior undergraduates, postgraduates, researchers, and practitioners, and are suitable as texts in advanced courses in specific subareas of social psychology.Some Social Asp ects of Living in a Consumer SocietyThe following sketches will illustrate that in a consumer society much of the behavior studied by social psychologists relates to consumer stimuli and consumer behavior. Thus, the consumer context provides a rich field for the study of social phenomena and behavior.Consumer Decisions Are UbiquitousWhether we are in the supermarket or not, we are constantly making consumer decisions. We enroll in gyms, use our frequent-flyer miles for a vacation resort, buy health care, choose a restaurant, skip dessert for a healthier lifestyle. In fact, most of our daily decisions do not involve existential decisions such as whom to marry or whether to have children or not, but whether to have tea or coffee, use our credit card or pay cash, or other seemingly trivial decisions. Moreover, many of our daily (consumer) behaviors do not even require intentional decisions. Rather, they may be habitual, such as switching to CNN to get the news or accessing Google when looking up some information. A typical day of a typical person is filled with countless minor consumer decisions or the consequences of previous decisions, starting with the brand of toothpaste in the morning to choosing a movie after work.Consumer Choices Fulfill a Social-Identity FunctionAlthough for most people being a consumer may not be central to their identity, many of their consumer decisions are nevertheless highly identity-relevant insofar as they correspond to a larger set of values and beliefs and express important aspects of the self. Eating a vegetarian diet because one does not want to endorse cruelty to animals and boycotting clothes potentially made by child laborers are some examples. Some people buy a Prius out of environmental concerns; others boycott Japanese cars —such as the Prius —in order to help the local carindustry. In this respect, even the choice between Coke and Pepsi is not necessarily trivial. People who cannot discriminate Coke from Pepsi in a blind test, or who prefer Pepsi, may nevertheless adhere to Coke as a cultural icon. Attempts to change the formula of Coke met with angry protests and opposition. Clearly, consumer products and brands do not only fulfill utilitarian needs (Olson & Mayo, 2000; Shavitt, 1990). In a world of oversupply and differentiating brands, many consumers choose brands in order to express their personality or to affiliate themselves with desired others. They do not simply use a Mac; they are Mac users, and switching to another brand of PC would be akin to treason. From soft drinks to computers, brands may become an ideology. People may also perceive of products as extended selves (Belk, 1988); for example, they may identify with their cars just as they do with pets. Likewise, brands may define social groups. The Harley-Davidson Club is a legendary example; an Internet search revealed clubs for almost every car brand and model. In my hometown, I found a V olkswagen New Beetle Club whose stated purpose is to cultivate contacts between New Beetle Drivers by organizing social events (among others, a visit to a car cemetery). On the road, drivers of the same car model often greet each other. Apparently, driving the same model is sufficient to establish social closeness. Brands, products, and consumption habits not only help to establish social connectivity but also serve as status symbols, defining vertical andhorizontal social boundaries. By using particular brands or consuming specific products, people can express a certain lifestyle or attempt to convey a particular social impression. Subscribing to the opera conveys one’s social position just as going to a monster truck race does. Whether your choice of drink is wine or beer, cappuccino or herbal tea, your order expresses more than merely your taste in beverages.Consumer Choices Affect Social PerceptionGiven that brands and products are part of social expression, it is not surprising that people are judged by the brands and products they use. In particular, products of a social-identity function are used as bases for inferences about a target’s personality traits (Shavitt & Nelson, 2000). Likewise, smoking, food choice and amount of food intake have all been shown to affect social impressions. Depending on the subculture of the perceiver (age, country), different personality traits are assumed in smokers compared with nonsmokers (e.g., Cooper & Kohn, 1989; Jones & Carroll, 1998). Various studies found that eaters of a healthier diet are perceived as more feminine and in general judged more favorably than eaters of unhealthy foods (for a review see V artanian, Herman, & Polivy, 2007). Arguing that a Pepsi drinker is to a Coke drinker what a Capulet was to a Montague is, of course, an exaggeration, but clearly brands may distinguish ingroup from out-group members. Possibly this is most extreme among teenagers, where the brand of jeans is perceived todetermine coolness and popularity. Nevertheless, the phenomenon is not limited to teen culture, as testified by the previous examples of social communities defined by shared brands. In sum, from wet versus dry shaving to driving a Porsche versus a Smart, consumer behavior is used as a cue in person perception. Most likely, such cues also manifest in behavior toward these consumers. Physical attacks on women who wear fur are a most extreme example.Affective Consequences of Consumer BehaviorObviously, consumption and the use of products and services may give pleasure and satisfaction or displeasure and dissatisfaction. People may experience joy from wearing a new sweater or suffer emotional consequences when products or services fail or cause inconvenience. Product use is only one source of affective consumer experiences. The mere act of choosing and acquisition is another. People enjoy or dislike the experience of shopping. They may take pleasure from the freedom of simply choosing between different options (e.g., Botti & Iyengar, 2004), feel overwhelmed and confused by an abundance of options (e.g., Huffman & Kahn, 1998), or feel frustrated by a limited assortment that does not meet their particular needs (e.g., Chernev, 2003). They may experience gratification and a boost in self-esteem from the fact that they can afford a particular consumer lifestyle or grudge the fact that they cannot. Many daily sources of affective experiences involve consumerbehavior in one way or another.The Consumer Context Provides Unique Social InteractionsGranted, we rarely form deep and meaningful relationships with our hairdressers and waiters. Still, the consumer context affords many social interactions over a day. Again, these interactions— even if brief— may constitute a source of affective experiences. The smile of the barista, the compliment from the shop-assistant, and the friendly help from the concierge are just a few examples of how such consumerrelated interactions may make us feel good, worthy, and valued, whereas snappy and rude responses have the opposite effect. Besides, the social roles defined by the consumer context may provide unique opportunities for particular behaviors, interactions, and experiences not inherent in other roles. Being a client or customer makes one expect respect, courtesy, and attendance to one’s needs. For some, this may be the only role in their life that gives them a limited sense of being in charge and having others meet their demands. To give another example, complaining is a form of social interaction that mostly takes place within the consumer context. A search for ―complaint behavior‖ in the PsycI NFO database found that 34 out of 50 entries were studies from the consumer context. (The rest mostly related to health care, which may to some extent also be viewed as consumer context.) Given the importance of the consumer context to social experiences and interactions, it provides a prime opportunity forstudying these social behaviors.•How consumers think, feel, reason, and the psychology of screening for different items (such as brands, products); • Consumer behavior when they shop or make other marketing decisions;•Limits in consumer knowledge or access to information affect decisions and marketing outcomes;•How can marketers adapt and improve their marketing competitiveness and marketing strategies to attract consumers more efficiently?Bergi gives an official definition of consumer behavior: the process and the activities people perform when they research, select, purchase, use, evaluate, and deal with products and services in order to meet their needs. The behavior occurs in a group or an organization where individuals or individuals appear in this context. Consumer behavior includes using and handling products and studying how products are bought. The use of products is generally of great interest to marketers because it may affect how a product is in the best position or how we can encourage increased consumption.The Nicosia model focuses on the relationship between the company and its potential customers. The company communicates with consumers through its marketing messages or advertisements and consumers' reactions to the information they want to buy. Seeing this pattern, we willfind that companies and consumers are interconnected. Companies want to influence consumers. Consumers influence company decisions through their decisions.Consumer sentiment refers to a unique set of emotional reactions to the use of or eliciting a consumer experience in the product, a unique class or relationship of the emotional experience described and expressed (such as joy, anger and fear), such as the structural dimensions of the emotional category or pleasant/unpleasant, Relax/action, or calm/excited. Goods and services are often accompanied by emotional reactions (such as the fear caused by watching a horror movie). Emotional values are often associated with aesthetic choices (such as religion, reason). However, more material and utilitarian products also seem to have emotional value. For example, some foods cause childhood experiences and feel comfortable with them. Izad (1977) developed a method of emotional experience and introduced basic emotions. He uses ten words to distinguish the basic types of emotions: interest, joy, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, and guilt. This method has been widely used by consumer research.In order to implement the interpersonal and personal construction in this framework, we use the concept of self-awareness to express the influence of consumer response on society. Self-awareness is defined as the individual's consistent trend to focus directly on inward or outward.This theory identifies two different types of people with self-consciousness. The open self-conscious person pays special attention to other people's views on their outside. The private self-conscious person pays more attention to their inner thoughts and feelings. In this case, we assume that the reputation of consumption may be different based on sensitivity to other people. This proposal is also consistent with previous research. It shows that people with different personal behaviors depend on their sensitivity to interpersonal influences. Dubois and Dikena emphasized that "we believe that the analysis of the direct relationship between consumers and brands is a key to improving understanding of such a market." This original assumption is that of private or The value of the open superior product comes from the inherent social status of these objects. Many existing studies emphasize the role of the role played in the exchange of information about their owners and social relationships.中文译文社会心理学前沿艾瑞·克鲁格兰斯基，约瑟夫·弗加斯社会心理学的前沿是一个新的领域专用手册系列。
室内装饰装修设计外文文献翻译中英文
外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Y Miyazaki. A Brief Description of Interior Decoration [J]. Building & Environment, 2005, 40(10):41-45.英文原文A Brief Description of Interior DecorationY Miyazaki一、An interior design element1 Spatial elementsThe rationalization of space and giving people a sense of beauty is the basic task of design. We must dare to explore the new image of the times and technologies that are endowed with space. We should not stick to the spatial image formed in the past.2 color requirementsIn addition to affecting the visual environment, indoor colors also directly affect people's emotions and psychology. Scientific use of color is good for work and helps health. The proper color processing can meet the functional requirements and achieve the beauty effect. In addition to observing the general laws of color, interior colors also vary with the aesthetics of the times.3 light requirementsHumans love the beauty of nature and often direct sunlight into theinterior to eliminate the sense of darkness and closure in the interior, especially the top light and the soft diffuse light, making the interior space more intimate and natural. The transformation of light and shadow makes the interior richer and more colorful, giving people a variety of feelings.4 decorative elementsThe indispensable building components such as columns, walls, and the like in the entire indoor space are combined with the function and need to be decorated to jointly create a perfect indoor environment. By making full use of the texture characteristics of different decorative materials, you can achieve a variety of interior art effects with different styles, while also reflecting the historical and cultural characteristics of the region.5 furnishingsIndoor furniture, carpets, curtains, etc., are all necessities of life. Their shapes are often furnished and most of them play a decorative role. Practicality and decoration should be coordinated with each other, and the functions and forms of seeking are unified and changed so that the interior space is comfortable and full of personality.6 green elementsGreening in interior design is an important means to improve the indoor environment. Indoor flowering trees are planted, and the use ofgreenery and small items to play a role in diffusing indoor and outdoor environments, expanding the sense of interior space, and beautifying spaces all play an active role.二、The basic principles of interior design1 interior decoration design to meet the functional requirementsThe interior design is based on the purpose of creating a good indoor space environment, so as to rationalize, comfort, and scientize the indoor environment. It is necessary to take into account the laws of people's activities to handle spatial relationships, spatial dimensions, and spatial proportions; to rationally configure furnishings and furniture, and to properly resolve indoor environments. V entilation, lighting and lighting, pay attention to the overall effect of indoor tone.2 interior design to meet the spiritual requirementsThe spirit of interior design is to influence people's emotions and even influence people's will and actions. Therefore, we must study the characteristics and laws of people's understanding; study the emotions and will of people; and study the interaction between people and the environment. Designers must use various theories and methods to impact people's emotions and sublimate them to achieve the desired design effect. If the indoor environment can highlight a certain concept and artistic conception, then it will have a strong artistic appeal and better play its role in spiritual function.3 Interior design to meet modern technical requirementsThe innovation of architectural space is closely related to the innovation of structural modeling. The two should be harmonized and unified, fully considering the image of the structural Sino-U.S. and integrating art and technology. This requires that interior designers must possess the necessary knowledge of the type of structure and be familiar with and master the performance and characteristics of the structural system. Modern interior design is in the category of modern science and technology. To make interior design better meet the requirements of spiritual function, we must maximize the use of the latest achievements in modern science and technology.4 Interior design must meet the regional characteristics and national style requirementsDue to differences in the regions where people live, geographical and climatic conditions, the living habits of different ethnic groups are not the same as cultural traditions, and there are indeed great differences in architectural styles. China is a multi-ethnic country. The differences in the regional characteristics, national character, customs, and cultural literacy of various ethnic groups make indoor decoration design different. Different styles and features are required in the design. We must embody national and regional characteristics to evoke people’s national self-respect and self-confidence.三、Points of interior designThe interior space is defined by the enclosure of the floor, wall, and top surface, thus determining the size and shape of the interior space. The purpose of interior decoration is to create a suitable and beautiful indoor environment. The floor and walls of the interior space are the backdrop for people and furnishings and furnishings, while the differences on the top surface make the interior space more varied.1 Base decoration ----- Floor decorationThe basic surface ----- is very important in people's sights. The ground floor is in contact with people, and the line of sight is near, and it is in a dynamic change. It is one of the important factors of interior decoration. Meet the following principles:2 The base should be coordinated with the overall environment to complement each other and set off the atmosphereFrom the point of view of the overall environmental effect of space, the base should be coordinated with the ceiling and wall decoration. At the same time, it should play a role in setting off the interior furniture and furnishings.3 Pay attention to the division, color and texture of the ground patternGround pattern design can be roughly divided into three situations: The first is to emphasize the independent integrity of the pattern itself,such as meeting rooms, using cohesive patterns to show the importance of the meeting. The color should be coordinated with the meeting space to achieve a quiet, focused effect; the second is to emphasize the pattern of continuity and rhythm, with a certain degree of guidance and regularity, and more for the hall, aisle and common space; third It emphasizes the abstractness of the pattern, freedom, and freedom, and is often used in irregular or layout-free spaces.4 Meeting the needs of the ground structure, construction and physical properties of the buildingWhen decorating the base, attention should be paid to the structure of the ground floor. In the premise of ensuring safety, it is convenient for construction and construction. It cannot be a one-sided pursuit of pattern effects, and physical properties such as moisture-proof, waterproof, thermal insulation, and thermal insulation should be considered. need. The bases are available in a wide variety of types, such as: wooden floors, block floors, terrazzo floors, plastic floors, concrete floors, etc., with a wide variety of patterns and rich colors. The design must be consistent with the entire space environment. Complementary to achieve good results.四、wall decorationIn the scope of indoor vision, the vertical line of sight between the wall and the person is in the most obvious position. At the same time, thewall is the part that people often contact. Therefore, the decoration of the wall is very important for the interior design. The following design principles must be met: 1 IntegrityWhen decorating a wall, it is necessary to fully consider the unity with other parts of the room, and to make the wall and the entire space a unified whole.2 PhysicalThe wall surface has a larger area in the interior space, and the status is more important and the requirements are higher. The requirements for sound insulation, warmth protection, fire prevention, etc. in the interior space vary depending on the nature of the space used, such as the guest room, high requirements. Some, while the average unit canteen, requiresa lower number.3 ArtistryIn the interior space, the decorative effect of the wall plays an important role in rendering and beautifying the indoor environment. The shape of the wall, the partition pattern, the texture and the interior atmosphere are closely related to each other. In order to create the artistic effect of the interior space, the wall The artistry of the surface itself cannot be ignored.The selection of wall decoration styles is determined according to the above principles. The forms are roughly the following: plasteringdecoration, veneering decoration, brushing decoration, coil decoration. Focusing on the coil decoration here, with the development of industry, there are more and more coils that can be used to decorate walls, such as: plastic wallpaper, wall cloth, fiberglass cloth, artificial leather, and leather. These materials are characterized by the use of It is widely used, flexible and free, with a wide variety of colors, good texture, convenient construction, moderate prices, and rich decorative effects. It is a material that is widely used in interior design.五、Ceiling decorationThe ceiling is an important part of the interior decoration, and it is also the most varied and attractive interface in the interior space decoration. It has a strong sense of perspective. Through different treatments, the styling of lamps and lanterns can enhance the space appeal and make the top surface rich in shape. Colorful, novel and beautiful.1 Design principlesPay attention to the overall environmental effects.The ceiling, wall surface and base surface together make up the interior space and jointly create the effects of the indoor environment. The design should pay attention to the harmonization of the three, and each has its own characteristics on a unified basis.The top decoration should meet the applicable aesthetic requirements.In general, the effect of indoor space should be lighter and lighter. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the simple decoration of the top decoration, highlight the key points, and at the same time, have a sense of lightness and art.The top decoration should ensure the rationality and safety of the top structure. Cannot simply pursue styling and ignore safety2 top design(1) Flat roofThe roof is simple in construction, simple in appearance, and convenient in decoration. It is suitable for classrooms, offices, exhibition halls, etc. Its artistic appeal comes from the top shape, texture, patterns, and the organic configuration of the lamps.(2) Convex ceilingThis kind of roof is beautiful and colorful, with a strong sense of three-dimensionality. It is suitable for ballrooms, restaurants, foyers, etc. It is necessary to pay attention to the relationship between the primary and secondary relationships and the height difference of various concavo-convex layers. It is not appropriate to change too much and emphasize the rhythm of rhythm and the artistry of the overall space. .(3) Suspended ceilingV arious flaps, flat plates or other types of ceilings are hung under the roof load-bearing structures. These ceilings are often used to meetacoustic or lighting requirements or to pursue certain decorative effects. They are often used in stadiums, cinemas, and so on. In recent years, this type of roof has also been commonly used in restaurants, cafes, shops, and other buildings to create special aesthetics and interests.(4) Well format ceilingIt is in the form of a combined structural beam, in which the main and secondary beams are staggered and the relationship between the wells and beams, together with a ceiling of lamps and gypsum floral designs, is simple and generous, with a strong sense of rhythm.(5) Glass ceilingThe halls and middle halls of modern large-scale public buildings are commonly used in this form, mainly addressing the needs of large-scale lighting and indoor greening, making the indoor environment richer in natural appeal, and adding vitality to large spaces. It is generally in the form of a dome, a cone, and a zigzag. In short, interior decoration design is a comprehensive discipline, involving many disciplines such as sociology, psychology, and environmental science, and there are many things that we need to explore and study. This article mainly elaborated the basic principles and design methods of interior decoration design. No matter what style belongs to the interior design door, this article gives everyone a more in-depth understanding and comprehension of interior design. If there are inadequacies, let the criticism correct me.中文译文室内装饰简述Y Miyazaki一室内装饰设计要素1 空间要素空间的合理化并给人们以美的感受是设计基本的任务。
液压系统外文文献翻译中英文
外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)英文原文Hydraulic systemW Arnold1 IntroductionThe hydraulic station is called a hydraulic pump station and is an independent hydraulic device. It is step by step to supply oil. And control the direction of hydraulic oil flow, pressure and flow, suitable for the host and hydraulic equipment can be separated on the various hydraulic machinery.After the purchase, the user only needs to connect the hydraulic station and the actuator (hydraulic or oil motor) on the mainframe with different tubings. The hydraulic machine can realize various specified actions and working cycles.The hydraulic station is a combination of manifolds, pump units or valve assemblies, electrical boxes, and tank electrical boxes. Each part function is:The pump unit is equipped with a motor and an oil pump, which is the power source of the hydraulic station and can convert mechanical energy into hydraulic oil pressure energy.V alve combination - its plate valve is mounted on the vertical plate, and the rear plate is connected with the same function as the manifold.Oil manifolds - assembled from hydraulic valves and channel bodies. It regulates hydraulic oil pressure, direction and flow.Box--a semi-closed container for plate welding. It is also equipped with an oil screen, an air filter, etc., which is used for cooling and filtering of oil and oil.Electrical box - divided into two types: one is to set the external lead terminal board; one is equipped with a full set of control appliances.The working principle of the hydraulic station: The motor drives the oil pump to rotate, then the pump sucks oil from the oil tank and supplies oil, converts the mechanical energy into hydraulic pressure energy, and the hydraulic oil passes through the manifold (or valve assembly) to adjust the direction, pressure and flow and then passes through the external tube. The way to the hydraulic cylinder or oil motor in the hydraulic machinery, so as to control the direction of the hydraulic motor, the strength of the speed and speed, to promote all kinds of hydraulic machinery to do work.(1) Development history of hydraulic pressureThe development history of hydraulics (including hydraulic power, the same below), pneumatics, and seals industry in China can be roughly divided into three stages, namely: the starting stage in the early 1950s to the early 60s; and the professional in the 60s and 70s. The growth stage of the production system; the 80-90's is a stage of rapid development. Among them, the hydraulic industry began in the early 1950s with thedevelopment of hydraulic machines such as Grinding Machines, broaching machines, and profiling lathes, which were produced by the machine tool industry. The hydraulic components were produced by the hydraulic workshop in the machine tool factory, and were produced for self use. After entering the 1960s, the application of hydraulic technology was gradually promoted from the machine tool to the agricultural machinery and engineering machinery. The original hydraulic workshop attached to the main engine plant was independent and became a professional manufacturer of hydraulic components. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, with the continuous development of mechanization of production, particularly in the provision of highly efficient and automated equipment for the second automobile manufacturing plant, the hydraulic component manufacturing industry witnessed rapid development. The batch of small and medium-sized enterprises also began to become specialized manufacturers of hydraulic parts. In 1968, the annual output of hydraulic components in China was close to 200,000 pieces. In 1973, in the fields of machine tools, agricultural machinery, construction machinery and other industries, the professional factory for the production of hydraulic parts has grown to over 100, and its annual output exceeds 1 million pieces. Such an independent hydraulic component manufacturing industry has taken shape. At this time, the hydraulic product has evolved from the original imitation Su product intoa combination of imported technology and self-designed products. The pressure has been developed towards medium and high pressures, and electro-hydraulic servo valves and systems have been developed. The application of hydraulics has been further expanded. The pneumatic industry started a few years later than hydraulics, and it was only in 1967 that it began to establish a professional pneumatic components factory. Pneumatic components began to be manufactured and sold as commodities. Its sealing industry including rubber seals, flexible graphite seals, and mechanical seals started from the production of common O-rings, oil seals, and other extruded rubber seals and asbestos seal products in the early 1950s. In the early 1960s, it began to develop and produce flexible products. Graphite seals and mechanical seals and other products. In the 1970s, a batch of batches of professional production plants began to be established one after another in the systems of the former Ministry of Combustion, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Agricultural Machinery, formally forming the industry, which laid the foundation for the development of the seal industry.In the 1980s, under the guidance of the national policy of reform and opening up, with the continuous development of the machinery industry, the contradiction between the basic components lags behind the host computer has become increasingly prominent and caused the attention of all relevant departments. To this end, the former Ministry of Machinesestablished the General Infrastructure Industry Bureau in 1982, and unified the original pneumatic, hydraulic, and seal specialties that were scattered in the industries of machine tools, agricultural machinery, and construction machinery, etc. The management of a piece of office, so that the industry in the planning, investment, the introduction of technology and scientific research and development and other aspects of the basic parts of the bureau's guidance and support. This has entered a period of rapid development, it has introduced more than 60 foreign advanced technology, of which more than 40 hydraulic, pneumatic 7, after digestion and absorption and technological transformation, are now mass production, and has become the industry's leading products . In recent years, the industry has intensified its technological transformation. From 1991 to 1998, the total investment of national, local, and corporate self-raised funds totaled about 2 billion yuan, of which more than 1.6 billion were hydraulic. After continuous technological transformation and technological breakthroughs, the technical level of a group of major enterprises has been further improved, and technological equipment has also been greatly improved, laying a good foundation for forming a high starting point, specialization, and mass production. In recent years, under the guidance of the principle of common development of multiple ownership systems in the country, various small and medium-sized enterprises with different ownership have rapidly emerged and haveshown great vitality. With the further opening up of the country, foreign-funded enterprises have developed rapidly, which plays an important role in raising industry standards and expanding exports. So far China has established joint ventures with famous manufacturers in the United States, Germany, Japan and other countries or directly established piston pumps/motors, planetary speed reducers, hydraulic control valves, steering gears, hydraulic systems, hydrostatic transmissions, and hydraulic components. The company has more than 50 manufacturing enterprises such as castings, pneumatic control valves, cylinders, gas processing triplets, rubber seals, and mechanical seals, and has attracted more than 200 million U.S. dollars in foreign capital.(2) Current statusBasic profileAfter more than 40 years of hard work, China's hydraulics, pneumatics and seals industry has formed a complete industrial system with a certain level of production capacity and technical level. According to the statistics of the third n ational industrial census in 1995, China’s state-owned, privately-owned, cooperative, village-run, individual, and “funded enterprises” have annual sales income of more than 1 million yuan in hydraulic, pneumatic, and seal industrial townships and above. There are a total of more than 1,300 companies, including about 700 hydraulics, and about 300 pneumatic and sealing parts. According to thestatistics of the international industry in 1996, the total output value of the hydraulic industry in China was about 2.448 billion yuan, accounting for the 6th in the world; the total output value of the pneumatic industry was about 419 million yuan, accounting for the world’s10 people.2. Current supply and demand profileWith the introduction of technology, independent development and technological transformation, the technical level of the first batch of high-pressure plunger pumps, vane pumps, gear pumps, general hydraulic valves, oil cylinders, oil-free pneumatic components and various types of seals has become remarkable. Improve, and can be stable mass production, provide guarantees for all types of host to improve product quality. In addition, certain achievements have also been made in the aspects of CAD, pollution control, and proportional servo technology for hydraulic pneumatic components and systems, and have been used for production. So far, the hydraulic, pneumatic and seal products have a total of about 3,000 varieties and more than 23,000 specifications. Among them, there are about 1,200 types of hydraulic pressure, more than 10,000 specifications (including 60 types of hydrodynamic products, 500 specifications); about 1350 types of pneumatic, more than 8,000 specifications; there are also 350 types of rubber seals, more than 5000 The specifications are now basically able to adapt to the general needs ofvarious types of mainframe products. The matching rate for major equipment sets can reach more than 60%, and a small amount of exports has started.In 1998, the domestic production of hydraulic components was 4.8 million pieces, with sales of about 2.8 billion yuan (of which mechanical systems accounted for 70%); output of pneumatic components was 3.6 million pieces, and sales were about 550 million yuan (including mechanical systems accounting for about 60%) The production of seals is about 800 million pieces, and the sales volume is about 1 billion yuan (including about 50% of mechanical systems). According to the statistics of the annual report of the China Hydraulic and Pneumatic Sealing Industry Association in 1998, the production and sales rate of hydraulic products was 97.5% (101% of hydraulic power), 95.9% of air pressure, and 98.7% of seal. This fully reflects the basic convergence of production and sales.Although China's hydraulic, pneumatic and sealing industries have made great progress, there are still many gaps compared with the development needs of the mainframe and the world's advanced level, which are mainly reflected in the variety, performance and reliability of products. . Take hydraulic products as an example, the product varieties are only 1/3 of the foreign country, and the life expectancy is 1/2 of that of foreign countries. In order to meet the needs of key hosts, imported hosts, and majortechnical equipment, China has a large number of imported hydraulic, pneumatic, and sealing products every year. According to customs statistics and relevant data analysis, in 1998, the import volume of hydraulic, pneumatic and seal products was about 200 million U.S. dollars, of which the hydraulic pressure was about 140 million U.S. dollars, the pneumatics were 30 million U.S. dollars, and the seal was about 0.3 billion U.S. dollars. The year is slightly lower. In terms of amount, the current domestic market share of imported products is about 30%. In 1998, the total demand for hydraulic parts in the domestic market was about 6 million pieces, and the total sales volume was 4 billion yuan; the total demand for pneumatic parts was about 5 million pieces, and the total sales volume was over 700 million yuan; the total demand for seals was about 1.1 billion yuan. Pieces, total sales of about 1.3 billion yuan. (3) Future developments1. The main factors affecting development(1) The company's product development capability is not strong, and the level and speed of technology development can not fully meet the current needs for advanced mainframe products, major technical equipment and imported equipment and maintenance;(2) Many companies have lagged behind in manufacturing process, equipment level and management level, and their sense of quality is not strong, resulting in low level of product performance, unstable quality,poor reliability, and insufficiency of service, and lack of user satisfaction. And trusted branded products;(3) The degree of professional specialization in the industry is low, the power is scattered, the duplication of the low level is serious, the product convergence between the region and the enterprise leads to blind competition, and the prices are reduced each other, thus the efficiency of the enterprise is reduced, the funds are lacking, and the turnover is difficult. Insufficient investment in development and technological transformation has severely restricted the overall level of the industry and its competitive strength.(4) When the degree of internationalization of the domestic market is increasing, foreign companies have gradually entered the Chinese market to participate in competition, coupled with the rise of domestic private, cooperative, foreign-funded, and individual enterprises, resulting in increasing impact on state-owned enterprises. .2. Development trendWith the continuous deepening of the socialist market economy, the relationship between supply and demand in the hydraulic, pneumatic and sealed products has undergone major changes. The seller market characterized by “shortage” has basically become a buyer’s market characterized by “structured surplus”. Replaced by. From the perspective of overall capacity, it is already in a trend of oversupply, and in particular,general low-grade hydraulic, pneumatic and seals are generally oversupply; and like high-tech products with high technological content and high value and high value-added products that are urgently needed by the host, Can not meet the needs of the market, can only rely on imports. After China's entry into the WTO, its impact may be greater. Therefore, during the “10th Five-Y ear Plan” period, the growth of the industry’s output value must not only rely on the growth of quantity. Instead, it should focus on the structural contradiction of the industry and intensify efforts to adjust the industrial structure and product structure. It should be based on the improvement of quality. Product technology upgrades in order to adapt to and stimulate market demand, and seek greater development.2. Hydraulic application on power slide(1) Introduction of Power Sliding TableUsing the binding force curve diagram and the state space analysis method to analyze and study the sliding effect and the smoothness of the sliding table of the combined machine tool, the dynamics of the hydraulic drive system of the sliding table—the self-regulating back pressure regulating system are established. mathematical model. Through the digital simulation system of the computer, the causes and main influencing factors of the slide impact and the motion instability are analyzed. What kind of conclusions can be drawn from those, if we canreasonably design the structural dimensions of hydraulic cylinders and self-regulating back pressure regulators ——The symbols used in the text are as follows:s 1 - flow source, that is, the flow rate of the governor valve outlet;S el —— sliding friction of the sliding table;R - the equivalent viscous friction coefficient of the slide;I 1 - quality of slides and cylinders;12 - self-adjusting back pressure valve core quality;C 1, c 2 - liquid volume without cylinder chamber and rod chamber;C 2 - Self-adjusting back pressure valve spring compliance;R 1, R2 - Self-adjusting back pressure valve damping orifice fluid resistance;R 9 - Self-adjusting back pressure valve valve fluid resistance;S e2——initial pre-tightening force of self-adjusting back pressure valve spring;I 4, I5 - Equivalent liquid sense of the pipeline;C 5, C 6 - equivalent liquid capacity of the pipeline;R 5, R7 - Equivalent liquid resistance of the pipeline;V 3, V4 - cylinder rodless cavity and rod cavity volume;P 3, P4—pressure of the rodless cavity and rod cavity of the cylinder;F - the slide bears the load;V - speed of slide motion;In this paper, the power bond diagram and the state space splitting method are used to establish the system's motion mathematical model, and the dynamic characteristics of the slide table can be significantly improved.In the normal operation of the combined machine tool, the magnitude of the speed of the slide, its direction and the load changes it undergoes will affect its performance in varying degrees. Especially in the process of work-in-process, the unsteady movement caused by the advancing of the load on the slide table and the cyclical change of the load will affect the surface quality of the workpiece to be machined. In severe cases, the tool will break. According to the requirements of the Dalian Machine Tool Plant, the author used the binding force curve diagram and the state space analysis method to establish a dynamic mathematical model of a self-adjusting back pressure and speed adjustment system for the new hydraulic drive system of the combined machine tool slide. In order to improve the dynamic characteristics of the sliding table, it is necessary to analyze the causes and main influencing factors of the impetus and movement of the sliding table. However, it must pass the computer's digital simulation and the final results obtained from the research.(2) Dynamic Mathematical ModelThe working principle diagram of the self-adjusting back pressure speedregulation system of the combined machine tool slide hydraulic drive system is shown in the figure. This system is used to complete the work-cycle-stop-rewind. When the sliding table is working, the three-position four-way reversing valve is in the illustrated position. The oil supply pressure of the oil pump will remain approximately constant under the effective action of the overflow valve, and the oil flow passes through the reversing valve and adjusts the speed. The valve enters the rodless chamber of the cylinder to push the slide forward. At the same time, the pressurized oil discharged from the rod chamber of the cylinder will flow back to the tank through the self-regulating back pressure valve and the reversing valve. During this process, there was no change in the operating status of both the one-way valve and the relief valve. The complex and nonlinear system of the hydraulic drive system of the self-adjusting back pressure governor system is a kind of self-adjusting back-pressure governor system. To facilitate the study of its dynamic characteristics, a simple and reasonable dynamic mathematical model that only considers the main influencing factors is established. Especially important [1][2]. From the theoretical analysis and the experimental study, we can see that the system process time is much longer than the process time of the speed control valve. When the effective pressure bearing area of the rodless cavity of the fuel tank is large, the flow rate at the outlet of the speed control valve is instantaneous. The overshoot is reflected in thesmall change in speed of the slide motion [2]. In order to further broaden and deeply study the dynamic characteristics of the system so that the research work can be effectively performed on a miniature computer, this article will further simplify the original model [2], assuming that the speed control valve is output during the entire system pass. When the flow is constant, this is considered to be the source of the flow. The schematic diagram of the dynamic model structure of this system is shown in Fig. 2. It consists of a cylinder, a sliding table, a self-adjusting back pressure valve, and a connecting pipe.The power bond graph is a power flow graph. It is based on the transmission mode of the system energy, based on the actual structure, and uses the centralized parameters to represent the role of the subsystems abstractly as a resistive element R, a perceptual element I, and a capacitive element. Three kinds of role of C. Using this method, the physical concept of modeling is clear, and combined with the state-space analysis method, the linear system can be described and analyzed more accurately. This method is an effective method to study the dynamic characteristics of complex nonlinear systems in the time domain. According to the main characteristics of each component of the self-adjusting back pressure control system and the modeling rules [1], the power bond diagram of the system is obtained. The upper half of each key in the figure represents the power flow. The two variables that makeup the power are the force variables (oil pressure P and force F) and the flow variables (flow q and velocity v). The O node indicates that the system is connected in parallel, and the force variables on each key are equal and the sum of the flow variables is zero; 1 The nodes represent the series connection in the system, the flow variables on each key are equal and the sum of the force variables is Zero. TF denotes a transformer between different energy forms. The TF subscripted letter represents the conversion ratio of the flow variable or the force variable. The short bar on the key indicates the causal relationship between the two variables on the key. The full arrow indicates the control relationship. There are integral or differential relationships between the force and flow variables of the capacitive and perceptual elements in the three types of action elements. Therefore, a complex nonlinear equation of state with nine state variables can be derived from Fig. 3 . In this paper, the research on the dynamic characteristics of the sliding table starts from the two aspects of the slide's hedging and the smoothness of the motion. The fourth-order fixed-length Runge-Kutta is used for digital simulation on the IBM-PC microcomputer.(3) Slide advanceThe swaying phenomenon of the slide table is caused by the sudden disappearance of the load acting on the slide table (such as drilling work conditions). In this process, the table load F, the moving speed V, and thepressure in the two chambers of the cylinder P3 and P4 can be seen from the simulation results in Fig. 4. When the sliding table moves at a uniform speed under the load, the oil pressure in the rodless cavity of the oil cylinder is high, and a large amount of energy is accumulated in the oil. When the load suddenly disappears, the oil pressure of the cavity is rapidly reduced, and the oil is rapidly reduced. When the high-pressure state is transferred to the low-pressure state, a lot of energy is released to the system, resulting in a high-speed forward impact of the slide. However, the front slide of the sliding table causes the pressure in the rod cavity of the oil cylinder to cause the back pressure to rise, thereby consuming part of the energy in the system, which has a certain effect on the kicking of the slide table. We should see that in the studied system, the inlet pressure of the self-adjusting back pressure valve is subject to the comprehensive effect of the two-chamber oil pressure of the oil cylinder. When the load suddenly disappears, the pressure of the self-adjusting back pressure valve rapidly rises and stably exceeds the initial back pressure value. It can be seen from the figure that self-adjusting back pressure in the speed control system when the load disappears, the back pressure of the cylinder rises more than the traditional speed control system, so the oil in the rod cavity of the cylinder absorbs more energy, resulting in the amount of forward momentum of the slide It will be about 20% smaller than traditionalspeed control systems. It can be seen from this that the use of self-adjusting back-gear speed control system as a drive system slider has good characteristics in suppressing the forward punch, in which the self-adjusting back pressure valve plays a very large role.(4) The smoothness of the slideWhen the load acting on the slide changes periodically (such as in the case of milling), the speed of the slide will have to fluctuate. In order to ensure the processing quality requirements, it must reduce its speed fluctuation range as much as possible. From the perspective of the convenience of the discussion of the problem, assume that the load changes according to a sine wave law, and the resulting digital simulation results are shown in Figure 5. From this we can see that this system has the same variation rules and very close numerical values as the conventional speed control system. The reason is that when the change of the load is not large, the pressure in the two chambers of the fuel tank will not have a large change, which will eventually lead to the self-regulating back pressure valve not showing its effect clearly.(5) Improvement measuresThe results of the research show that the dynamic performance of a sliding table with self-regulating back pressure control system as a drive system is better than that of a traditional speed control system. To reduce the amount of kick in the slide, it is necessary to rapidly increase the backpressure of the rod cavity when the load disappears. To increase the smoothness of the sliding table, it is necessary to increase the rigidity of the system. The main measure is to reduce the volume of oil. From the system structure, it is known that the cylinder has a large volume between the rod cavity and the oil discharge pipe, as shown in Fig. 6a. Its existence in terms of delay and attenuation of the self-regulating back pressure valve function, on the other hand, also reduces the rigidity of the system, it will limit the further improvement of the propulsion characteristics and the smoothness of the motion. Thus, improving the dynamic characteristics of the sliding table can be handled by two methods: changing the cylinder volume or changing the size of the self-regulating back pressure valve. Through the simulation calculation of the structural parameters of the system and the comparison of the results, it can be concluded that the ratio of the volume V4 between the rod cavity and the oil discharge pipe to the volume V3 between the rodless cavity and the oil inlet pipe is changed from 5.5 to 5.5. At 1 oclock, as shown in the figure, the diameter of the bottom end of the self-adjusting back pressure valve is increased from the original 10mm to 13mm, and the length of the damper triangle groove is reduced from the original lmm to 0.7mm, which will enable the front of the slide table. The impulse is reduced by 30%, the transition time is obviously shortened, and the smoothness of the slide motion will also be greatly improved.中文译文液压系统W Arnold1. 绪论液压站称液压泵站,是独立的液压装置。
火锅菜单中英译文
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商务英语口语900句中英文对照中文翻译全文翻译
商务英语口语900句中英文对照中文翻译全文翻译Unit 1希望与要求Part 11. We'd like to express our desire to establish business relationship with you on the basis of quality, mutual benefit and exchange of needed goods .我们希望在保证质量、互惠互利以及交易彼此需要的货物的基础上和你们建立业务关系。
2 .In order to extend our export business to your country we wish to enter direct business relations with you.为了扩大我们在贵国的出口业务，我们希望和你们建立直接贸易关系。
3. Our hope is to establish mutually beneficial trading relations between us .希望在我们之间能够建立互惠互利的贸易关系。
4. We looking forward to further extension of pleasant business relations.我们期待进一步保持愉快的业务关系。
5. It’s our hope to continue with considerable business dealing with you.我们的希望是和你们保持可观的生意往来。
6. We look forward to receiving your quotation very soon.我们期待尽快收到你们的报价单。
7.I hope you see from the reduction that we are really doing our utmost.我希望你能够看到我们事实上已经作出了最大程度的让价。
有趣的汉英翻译
神一样的英语翻译
精选ppt
1
我们来搞笑的！
Bigger than bigger
比更大还更大
岂止于大
精选e whatever U change. 电流不随电压改变而改变。
（提示一下：电流：安培“I”；电压：伏特 “U”)
精选ppt
精选ppt
31
4). There was so much dust that we couldn't see what was happening.
尘土很大，我们看不清发生了什么事。
尘土如此之大，以至于我们看不清发生了什 么事。
精选ppt
32
5). How can you expect your children to be truthful when you yourself tell lies?
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Windows电脑翻译软件怎么在线中英文翻译及敬业便签翻译器怎么翻译
Windows电脑翻译软件怎么在线中英文翻译及敬业签云便签翻译器怎么翻译Windows电脑翻译软件,翻译软件,在线翻译,中英文翻译,翻译器,敬业签云便签Windows电脑桌面上可以使用的翻译软件，可选择敬业签云便签翻译器。
在该云便签软件的敬业小工具面板中，支持在线中英文翻译、中日文互译、中韩语互译等11种语言的实时在线翻译功能，那么敬业签云便签这款Windows电脑翻译软件怎么实现实时在线进行中英文翻译等功能呢？一、打开Windows电脑桌面翻译软件敬业签云便签，登录账号后点击右下角的工具面板，在敬业小工具中找到“翻译”功能，左键双击或者右键单击选中启动（如需经常使用翻译软件，还可以将其添加到主面板的应用中，通过系统设置开启“窗口置顶”快速一键打开）；二、启动翻译小工具之后，会弹出翻译界面，在上方的文字输入框中输入要翻译的文本文字，输入完成后点击下方的“自动检测”，选择要翻译成的语言（支持中文与英语、日语、韩语、法语、俄语、西班牙语、葡萄牙语、越南语、德语、印度语及阿拉伯语的互译）；三、设置完成后点击“翻译”按钮，下方的译文框中即可显示翻译结果及字数。
点击翻译界面中间的清空按钮可以清除当前译文，点击粘贴按钮可以在上方文字输入框中直接粘贴要翻译的文本。
点击复制按钮则默认直接复制下方文字框中的译文；四、如需将译文快速保存，可以点击“保存敬业签”会默认将其保存至云便签中；点击保存敬业签按钮右侧的“ˇ”图标，还能设置要保存的便签分类以及“原文保存”、“译文保存”或者“混合保存”保存选项。
在敬业便签中保存的翻译文本内容，在未设置保存选项的情况下默认保存在当前便签所在的分类内容列表中；如果当前处于团签内容列表中，则默认保存至个人便签的第一个分类中，翻译文本具体所保存的分类，可以在时间轴中查看相应内容保存记录，并右键定位到该条便签所在的位置。
超市管理系统外文翻译中英文参考
外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)译文字数：4400多字文献出处：G kim. Design of Supermarket Management System [J]Advanced Materials Research, 2015, 9(5) 16-26.英文原文Design of Supermarket Management SystemG kimAbstractIn recent years, with computer information and the popularity of the Internet, the use of advanced systems and software to develop enterprise-level functional software has become an important form of employee work. However, the operation status of small and medium-sized supermarkets in the domestic market is its information speed and some of them are far less than large-scale supermarkets. The timeliness and practicality of the manual operation and summary information mode currently adopted by small- and medium-sized supermarkets need to be improved. Manual information error rates are also extremely high. Therefore, for the management of personnel and personnel of these companies, the storage and processing of relevant information is also very important. Today, with the rapid economic development, it is necessary to have efficient treatment methods andoptimized management methods in order to adapt to market competition. Therefore, it is urgent to speed up the information process of domestic small and medium-sized supermarkets. The use of computer software to centrally manage relevant information and eventually form centralized, accurate and authoritative commodity information is an inevitable trend.Supermarket management system is a typical computer management system. Similar to other management systems, its development process also mainly includes two aspects: the establishment of background data table structure and table relationships, and the development of front-end application programs. For the development of applications, the basic requirements for the development of full-featured, easy to use. For the establishment of the database, the main concern is the consistency, integrity, and data security of the data. When the system was under construction, it fully investigated and investigated the entire process of purchase, sales, and storage of several small and medium-sized supermarkets, making full use of the existing software and hardware environment, trying to control the software construction funds, and shortening the software development cycle so as to minimize the time Meet the maximum user's work needs in time.This article starts from the practical application of supermarket management work, analyzes and designs in the process of system requirements analysis, strictly according to the thought and method ofsoftware engineering; in the process of system development, the overall design from the two aspects of functional structure and technical structure, and finally A very practical management system has been formed. The overall structure of this dissertation is as follows: First, in the first chapter of the system, the research background and the significance of the topic selection of the supermarket management system are introduced; in the second chapter, the technical feasibility and economic feasibility of the system are analyzed, and The demand model of the supermarket management system was introduced in detail, and finally the system design and system testing. The system is mainly designed and developed from the following three aspects: the outline design of the supermarket management system, system database design and detailed system design. The system uses a typical MVC three-tier structure. The presentation layer adopts the traditional jsp technology. The middle layer adopts the popular Fitter+Hibernate. The Fitter technology runs through the entire middle layer and seamlessly combines the web layer, service layer, and DAO layer. Integration. The data service layer is used to service data. The interaction between the front desk and the back office adopts html as the data exchange medium, and the information is distributed in the form of internet. After strict tests, the system is feasible.Keywords: management system; Fitter; MVC; HibernateIntroductionThe formation of supermarkets in China in the early 1990s has now become an important form of China's retail industry, which has played an important role in the development of the national economy. With the rapid development of supermarkets, their operations and management have become more complex. The early forms of salesperson station counters can no longer meet the development of existing sales, and thus urgently require the introduction of new management technologies. The supermarket form has various advantages, but in the current situation, it still has a backward side shared by retail enterprises. For example, it cannot effectively manage each type of goods, the collection and payment settlement speed is slow, and it is prone to business errors. It is not appropriate to carry out commodity price adjustment. , inventory efficiency is low, and in the daily management of supermarkets, merchandise, sales, sales, deposits and other decisions based on experience, the lack of real-time analysis capabilities, management personnel on the timely transfer of data requirements have not been met. With the rapid development of supermarkets, the management of these supermarkets has become increasingly complex. The amount of data that needs to be processed daily has also gradually increased. The intermediate links of business operations are also increasing. The original manual management has been unable to cope with this complex market. To this end, I chose the supermarket management system design theme,relying on modern computer information processing technology to manage supermarkets, which saved a lot of manpower, material resources, improved the working conditions of employees, reduced labor intensity, and can quickly reflect the goods The analysis of the status of advancement, sales, deposits, and various feedback information enables managers to quickly make appropriate decisions on changes in the market and speed up the efficiency of supermarket operations and management.1 Research purpose and significanceComputer technology is a major trend in the development of society today. In recent years, the development of informatization has become even more rapid. It should be widely used and has become one of the essential tools for use in various industries. At present, the informationization of small and medium-sized supermarkets in the domestic market is far less than that of large-scale supermarkets. For these enterprises, it is necessary to have efficient treatment methods and management methods in order to adapt to market competition. Therefore, it is very urgent to speed up the informationization process of supermarkets. Supermarkets play a very important role in the daily lives of Chinese citizens. They also play an important role in satisfying people's daily diversified needs and serving as transit hubs for various industries. However, traditional supermarket management still faces many problems. From the sources of supermarkets, there are numerousgoods and various types of goods, which are frequently imported and shipped. From the perspective of supermarket staff, their employees are generally more and their positions are also numerous. Classification, management is also relatively complicated. Prior to the development of software systems, people used traditional manual methods to manage them. However, there are many shortcomings in this manual management method. For example, the management efficiency of the management is low, and the accuracy rate is difficult to guarantee. With the increase of time, manual work has produced a large number of documents and data, which is not only inconvenient to save, but also brings many difficulties for searching, updating, and maintenance. With the rapid economic development, people have not satisfied the current manual methods. In addition, the requirements of companies and customers on various links have also been increasing. As for supermarket management, procurement personnel are required for all aspects of supermarket management. Purchasers may need to press Assignment of work areas or job responsibilities, etc., as well as shipments, purchases, etc. The close link between each link is also an integral part of the relationship. Errors in one link lead to other issues such as data errors or time delays. If employees are classified strictly, they need various professional talents. Therefore, Need to have corresponding management. Therefore, the current small and medium-sized supermarkets urgently need a well-developedmanagement system. This will not only reduce the operational burden on managers, but also free management personnel from heavy physical labor and turn them into mental work.The main purpose of the design and development of this system is to realize the information, intelligence, and convenience of the management of small and medium-sized supermarkets, and to reduce some of the losses caused by over-complicated cargo management, human resources management, and inventory management. As a part of computer applications, the use of computers to manage supermarket-related goods information has advantages that cannot be matched by manual management. For example: rapid information retrieval, high data reliability, large amount of data storage, good operational confidentiality, and increased information lifespan Wait. These advantages can greatly improve the efficiency of supermarket management and at the same time bring certain economic benefits to the development of the company.2 Problems with the current systemAs a comprehensive goods transit hub, there are many problems in its system operation process. The main performance is as follows: Stand-alone single-user system: With the development of the network, the existing stand-alone single-user system is far from meeting the needs. At the same time, the original database does not support multi-user network operating environment.Poor system independent use: The original system is a program written using the development tools provided by the database. Therefore, the use of the system is greatly constrained by the database and the program performance is not good. It also cannot support new databases such as Access. The use of enthusiasm is not high: In addition, because information lacks a unified portal, the resulting information cannot be assigned to the responsible person, which ultimately results in poor applicability of information.Poor modularity: Since the original system is not a complete programming language, the system cannot achieve modularization of the code and inconveniences the expansion of the function.3 Research contentThe information provided by the supermarket management system is characterized by large amounts of information, high accuracy, and wide coverage. During the construction of the system, the system fully investigated and researched the business processes of existing neutral supermarkets in Changchun, and fully utilized the existing software and hardware environment. Try to control the software construction funds and shorten the software construction period so as to meet the needs of the largest users in the shortest possible time.The main work of the dissertation is to use the architecture of J2EE to implement the design of the platform system based on the requirementsanalysis. The following issues that the user concerned are concerned about are mainly considered in the system development process: The speed of the software: The speed of the system is the key factor that initially gives the user a good or bad impression. Regardless of how clear the requirements are, if the operation speed is too slow, it will affect the user's emotions. Therefore, the system design fully considers this problem. . In order to solve this problem, the project redesigned the software based on the hardware provided by the user, improved the business processing capability, and met the requirements of the traffic management department to improve the management speed of the complaints and reporting system business. At the same time, it also improved System functions;The efficiency and real-time nature of system data release: The traffic management department has a wide range of business interactions, and some of the focus of the reported cases have high requirements on the data's real-time performance. Therefore, in response to the demand for “data effectiveness”, this system should be Focus on considerations in order to achieve high efficiency and real-time performance of data release and transmission;System availability and system maintenance at a later stage: In addition to providing a friendly and convenient operation interface, a clear and clear system function and operating speed within the expectedrange, the system should have a certain degree of security. Therefore, in the design of the system, you should consider providing a regular backup and manual one-click backup function. Using this design will facilitate the user's operation of the system and help the use and maintenance of related personnel.In order to make the supermarket management system truly simple and practical, it fully considers its functional requirements in the design process. In addition, its operation process is simple, and it is compatible with the mainstream database and any operating system, and truly realizes the information. The integrated functions of collection, classification, statistics and management.The system provides flexible data collection, data import and export, personnel scheduling and other means. In addition, system administrators can implement strict system functions such as identity entry and permission granting to ensure information security. The entire system consists of four modules, which are inventory management, sales management, stock management, and personnel management. Several modules work in coordination with each other, and finally realize the integration of sales, sales, and storage.4 Technical feasibilityFrom the user's point of view, technical feasibility can refer to whether the products developed in the current technology can be usedquickly by users. In system development, the application pages are as user-friendly as possible, and the interface is relatively simple to operate. At the same time, the current popularity of computers and the improvement of the quality of employees in supermarkets, whether it is management or ordinary business personnel, have a corresponding computer operation basis. Therefore, when the new system is put into use, a small amount of training for employees can basically meet the requirements for the smooth operation of the system.In addition, another aspect of the technical feasibility analysis is to analyze whether the current technology level, software conditions and hardware can meet the required development work requirements. Through the analysis of the system, this system intends to adopt the development mode of B/S three-tier structure. The advantage of this mode is that it provides a cross-platform, simple application environment, thus avoiding the development of multiple different operating systems. The repeated operation of the application system truly realizes the separation of the development work from the environment. Therefore, the use of the B/S architecture facilitates the expansion of the user group and the management of the application system.For the choice of development languages, the system is planned to adopt java language. As a programming language, java language has the characteristics of simplicity, object orientation, portability, etc. In addition,java language can maximize the use of the network, and it can also not Limited by CPU and environment. The database of this system is planned and open to enable it to run on some mainstream platforms. The high-performance features of sqlserver2005 make oracle maintain a world record of TPC-D and TPC-C under the open platform because its use risk is relatively low. , and can also be fully backward compatible. The application of sqlserver2005 has been widely recognized by users. Using sqlserver2005 database, sqlserver2005 database has the characteristics of openness, high performance and low trial risk. The technical feasibility is also reflected in the hardware. From the current user-supplied hardware conditions, it can be seen that its capacity and reliability meet the basic requirements of the system. From the above information we can see that this system is technically feasible.5 Economic feasibilityThe economic feasibility of the analysis system is also an integral part of the system construction. From the standpoint of the advantages of computer software, first of all, the network transmission of information is not limited by distance, thus saving manpower and material resources incalculable; on the other hand, the convenience of the system Sex and convenience can improve the sales efficiency of supermarkets, and can also provide data support that helps managers make decisions. At the same time, they can greatly improve the economic efficiency ofsupermarkets. Therefore, the economic benefits are substantial, so it is economically feasible. For sex, the system is completely feasible.(1) Supermarkets have the ability to bear system development costsDealers who operate products have strong financial support. Therefore, during the development of the system, the enterprise is fully capable of assuming the required development costs. In addition, the product relies entirely on the existing hardware infrastructure of the supermarket at the time of design, and it also saves development costs to some extent.(2) The system will bring certain economic benefits for the enterpriseThe economic benefits obtained in the management will be a comprehensive comprehensive benefit, so it is difficult to quantitatively analyze it. However, the economic benefits brought by the new system are very obvious. Its main performance is that it liberates employees from some tedious affairs. Through the new system, it can solve a large number of manual work and analyze the decision-making work, etc. It not only saves a lot of time, but also provides valuable information for the company's various decisions and brings certain economic benefits to the company.中文译文超市管理系统的设计G Kim摘要近年来，随着计算机信息和互联网的普及，利用先进的系统和软件开发企业级功能软件已成为员工工作的重要形式。
流利说 L3 U2 P1 中英文翻译版
L3 U2 P1- 1 States of Matter原文：Matter is made of atoms and molecules.译文：物质是由原子和分子组成的。
原文：Water, for example, is the age to a molecule.译文：例如，水是分子的年龄。
原文：This means that a molecule of water has three atoms.译文：这意味着一个水分子有三个原子。
原文：A water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.译文：水分子有两个氢原子和一个氧原子。
原文：Substances like sugar has many atoms in their molecules.译文：像糖这样的物质分子中有许多原子。
原文：A molecule of sugar has many atoms, including carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.译文：糖分子有许多原子，包括碳、氢和氧。
原文：It's the water molecule, Matter is made of molecules such as H, two, O, which is the water molecule.译文：它是水分子，物质是由氢，氢，氧这样的分子组成的，它们是水分子。
原文：Matter can be in one of three states, solid, liquid or gas.译文：物质可以处于三种状态之一，即固态、液态和气态。
原文：Water and ice are the same substance, but they are in different states.译文：水和冰是同一种物质，但它们处于不同的状态。
原文：These states depend on the temperature of the molecules.译文：这些状态取决于分子的温度原文：When we hit a substance, the molecules move faster and try to take up more space.译文：当我们撞击一个物质时，分子运动得更快，并试图占据更多的空间。
5 中英文翻译
外文参考文献全文及译文英文原文4.1 DefinitionA durable lining is one that performs satisfactorily in the working environment during its anticipated service life. The material used should be such as to maintain its integrity and, if applicable, to protect other embedded materials.4.2 Design lifeSpecifying the required life of a lining (see Section 2.3.4) is signifi-cant in the design, not only in terms of the predicted loadings but also with respect to long-term durability. Currently there is no guide on how to design a material to meet a specified design life, although the new European Code for Concrete (British Standards Institution, 2003) addresses this problem. This code goes some way to recommending various mix proportions and reinforcement cover for design lives of 50 and 100 years. It can be argued that linings that receive annular grouting between the excavated bore and the extrados of the lining, or are protected by primary linings, for example sprayed concrete, may have increased resistance to any external aggressive agents. Normally, these elements of a lining system are considered to be redundant in terms of design life. This is because reliably assessing whether annulus grouting is complete or assessing the properties or the quality of fast set sprayed concrete with time is generally difficult.Other issues that need to be considered in relation to design life include the watertightness of a structure and fire-life safety. Both of these will influence the design of any permanent lining.4.3 Considerations of durability related to tunnel useLinings may be exposed to many and varied aggressive environments. Durability issues to be addressed will be very dependent not only on the site location and hence the geological environment but also on the use of the tunnel/shaft (see Fig. 4.1).The standards of material, design and detailing needed to satisfy durability requirements will differ and sometimes conflict. In these cases a compromise must be made to provide the best solution possible based on the available practical technology.4.4 Considerations of durability related to tunnel4.4.1 Steel/cast-iron liningsUnprotected steel will corrode at a rate that depends upon the temperature, presence of water with reactive ions (from salts and acids) and availability of oxygen. Typically corrosion rates can reach about 0.1 mm/year. If the availability of oxygen is limited, for example at the extrados of a segmental lining, pitting corrosion is likely to occur for which corrosion rates are more difficult to ascertain.Grey cast-iron segments have been employed as tunnel linings for over a hundred years, with little evidence as yet of serious corrosion. This is because this type of iron contains flakes of carbon that become bound together with the corrosion product to prevent water and, in ventilated tunnels, oxygen from reaching the mass of the metal. Corrosion is therefore stifled. This material is rarely if ever used in modern construction due to the higher strength capacities allowed with SGI linings.Spheroidal-Graphite cast iron (SGI) contains free carbon in nodules rather than flakes, and although some opinion has it that this will reduce the self-stifling action found in grey irons, one particular observation suggests that this is not necessarily so. A 250 m length of service tunnel was built in 1975 for the Channel Tunnel, and SGI segments were installed at the intersection with the tunnel constructed in 1880. The tunnel was mainly unventilated for the next ten years, by which time saline groundwater had caused corrosion and the intrados appeared dreadfully corroded. The application of some vigorous wire brushing revealed that the depth of corrosion was in reality minimal.4.4.2 Concrete liningsIn situ concrete was first used in the UK at the turn of the century. Precast concrete was introduced at a similar time but it was not used extensively until the 1930s. There is therefore only 70 to 100 years of knowledge of concrete behaviour on which to base the durability design of a concrete lining.The detailed design, concrete production and placing, applied curing and post curing exposure, and operating environment of the lining all impact upon its durability. Furthermore, concrete is an inherently variable material. In order to specify and design to satisfy durability requirements, assumptions have to be made about the severity of exposure in relation to deleterious agents, as well as the likely variability in performance of the lining material itself. The factors that generally influence the durability of the con-crete and those that should be considered in the design and detailing of a tunnel lining include:1.operational environment2.shape and bulk of the concrete3.cover to the embedded steel4.type of cement5.type of aggregate6.type and dosage of admixture7.cement content and free water/cement ratio8.workmanship, for example compaction’ finishing, curing9.permeability, porosity and dijfusivity of the final concrete.The geometric shape and bulk of the lining section is important because concrete linings generally have relatively thin walls and are possibly subject to a significant external hydraulic head. Both of these will increase the ingress of aggressive agents into the concrete.4.5 Design and specification for durabilityIt has to be accepted that all linings will be subject to some level of corrosion and attack by both the internal and external environment around a tunnel. They will also be affected by fire. Designing for durability is dependent not only on material specification but also on detailing and design of the lining.4.5.1 Metal liningsOccasionally segments are fabricated from steel, and these should be protected by the application of a protective system. Liner plates formed from pressing sheet steel usually act as a temporary support while an in situ concrete permanent lining is constructed. They are rarely protected from corrosion, but if they are to form a structural part of the lining system they should also be protected by the application of a protective system. Steel sections are often employed as frames for openings and to create small structures such as sumps. In these situations they should be encased in con-crete with suitable cover and anti-crack reinforcement. In addition, as the quality of the surrounding concrete might not be of a high order consideration should be given to the application of a protec-tive treatment to such steelwork.Spheroidal-Graphite cast iron segmental tunnel linings are usually coated internally and externally with a protective paint system. They require the radial joint mating surfaces, and the circumferential joint surfaces, to be machined to ensure good load transfer across thejoints and for the formation of caulking and sealing grooves. It is usual to apply a thin coat of protective paint to avoid corrosion between fabrication and erection, but long-term protective coatings are unnecessary as corrosion in such joints is likely to be stifled.It is suggested that for SGI segmental linings the minimum design thicknesses of the skin and outer flanges should be increased by one millimetre to allow for some corrosion (see Channel Tunnel case history in Chapter 10). If routine inspections give rise to a concern about corrosion it is possible to take action, by means of a cathodic protection system or otherwise, to restrain further deterioration. The chance of having to do this over the normal design lifetime is small.(1)Protective systemsCast iron segmental linings are easily protected with a coating of bitumen, but this material presents a fire hazard, which is now unacceptable on the interior of the tunnel. A thin layer, up to 200 um in thickness, of specially formulated paint is now employed; to get the paint to adhere it is necessary to specify the surface preparation. Grit blasting is now normally specified, however, care should be taken in the application of these coatings. The problem of coatings for cast iron is that grit blasting leavesbehind a surface layer of small carbon particles, which prevents the adhesion of materials, originally designed for steelwork, and which is difficult to remove. It is recommended that the designer take advice from specialist materials suppliers who have a proven track record.Whether steel or cast iron segments are being used, consideration of the ease with which pre-applied coatings can be damaged during handling, erection and subsequent construction activities in the tunnel is needed.(2) Fire resistanceExperiences of serious fires in modern tunnels suggest that temperatures at the lining normally average 600-700 °C, but can reach 1300 °C (see Section 4.5.3). It is arguable that fire protection is not needed except where there is a risk of a high-temperature (generally hydrocarbon) fire. It can be difficult to find an acceptable economic solution, but intumescent paint can be employed. This is not very effective in undersea applications. As an alternative an internal lining of polypropylene fibre reinforced concrete might be considered effective. 4.5.2 Concrete liningsAll aspects of a lining’s behaviour during its design life, both under load and within theenvironment, should be considered in order to achieve durability. The principle factors that should be considered in the design and detailing are:1.Material(s)2.production method3.application method (e.g. sprayed concrete)4.geological conditions5.design life6.required performance criteria.(1) CorrosionThe three main aspects of attack that affect the durability of concrete linings are:corrosion of metalschloride-induced corrosion of embedded metalscarbonation-induced corrosion of embedded metals.Corrosion of metalsUnprotected steel will corrode at a rate that depends upon temperature, presence of water and availability of oxygen. Exposed metal fittings, either cast in (i.e. a bolt- or grout-socket), or loose (e.g. a bolt), will corrode (see Section 4.5.4). It is impractical to provide a comprehensive protection system to these items and it is now standard practice to eliminate ferrous cast in fittings totally by the use of plastics. Loose fixings such as bolts should always be specified with a coating such as zinc.Chloride-induced corrosionCorrosion of reinforcement continues to represent the single largest cause of deterioration of reinforced concrete structures. Whenever there are chloride ions in concrete containing embedded metal there is a risk of corrosion. All constituents of concrete may contain some chlorides and the concrete may be contaminated by other external sources, for example de-icing salts and seawater.Damage to concrete due to reinforcement corrosion will only normally occur when chloride ions, water and oxygen are all present.Chlorides attack the reinforcement by breaking down the passive layer around the reinforcement. This layer is formed on the surface of the steel as a result of the highly alkaline environment formed by the hydrated cement. The result is the corrosion of the steel, whichcan take the form of pitting or general corrosion. Pitting corrosion reduces the size of the bar, while general corrosion will result in cracking and spalling of the concrete.Although chloride ions have no significant effect on the per-formance of the concrete material itself, certain types of concrete are more vulnerable to attack because the chloride ions then find it easier to penetrate the concrete. The removal of calcium alumi- nate in sulphate-resistant cement (the component that reacts with external sulphates), results in the final concrete being less resistant to the ingress of chlorides. To reduce the penetration of chloride ions, a dense impermeable concrete is required. The use of corrosion inhibitors does not slow down chloride migration but does enable the steel to tolerate high levels of chloride before corrosion starts.Current code and standard recommendations to reduce chloride attack are based on the combination of concrete grade (defined by cement content and type, water/cement ratio and strength, that is indirectly related to permeability) and cover to the reinforcement. The grade and cover selected is dependent on the exposure condition. There are also limits set on the total chlorides content of the concrete mix.Carbonation-induced corrosionIn practice, carbonation-induced corrosion is regarded as a minor problem compared with chloride- induced corrosion. Even if carbonation occurs it is chloride-induced corrosion that will generally determine the life of the lining. Carbonated concrete is of lower strength but as carbonation is lim-ited to the extreme outer layer the reduced strength of the concrete section is rarely significant.Damage to concrete will only normally occur when carbon dioxide, water, oxygen and hydroxides are all present. Carbonation is unlikely to occur on the external faces of tunnels that are constantly under water, whereas some carbonation will occur on the internal faces of tunnels that are generally dry. Carbonation-induced corrosion, how-ever, is unlikely in this situation due to lack of water. Linings that are cyclically wet and dry are the most vulnerable.When carbon dioxide from the atmosphere diffuses into the concrete, it combines with water forming carbonic acid. This then reacts with the alkali hydroxides forming carbonates. In the presence of free water, calcium carbonate is deposited in the pores. The pH of the pore fluid drops from a value of about 12.6 in the uncarbonated region to 8 in the carbonated region. If this reduction in alkalinity occurs close to the steel, it can cause depassivation. Inthe presence of water and oxygen corrosion of the reinforcement will then occur.To reduce the rate of carbonation a dense impermeable concrete is required.As with chloride-induced corrosion, current code and standard recommendations to reduce carbonation attack are based on the combination of concrete grade and reinforcement cover.Other chemical attackChemical attack is by direct attack either on the lining material or on any embedded materials, caused by aggressive agents being part of the contents within the tunnel or in the ground in the vicinity of the tunnel. Damage to the material will depend on a number of factors including the concentration and type of chemical in question, and the movement of the ground-water, that is the ease with which the chemicals can be replenished at the surface of the concrete. In this respect static water is generally defined as occurring in ground having a mass permeability of <10-6m/s and mobile water >10-6 m/s. The following types of exchange reactions may occur between aggressive fluids and components of the lining material:●sulphate attack●acid attack●alkali-silica reaction (ASR).Sulphates (conventional and thaumasite reaction)In soil and natural groundwater, sulphates of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium are common. Sulphates can also be formed by the oxi-dation of sulphides, such as pyrite，as a result of natural processes or with the aid of construction process activities. The geological strata most likely to have a substantial sulphate concentration are ancient sedimentary clays. In most other geological deposits only the weathered zone (generally 2m to 10m deep) is likely to have a significant quantity of sulphates present. By the same processes, sulphates can be present in contaminated ground. Internal corro-sion in concrete sewers will be, in large measure, due to the presence of sulphides and sulphates at certain horizons dependent on the level of sewer utilisation. Elevated temperatures will contribute to this corrosion.Ammonium sulphate is known to be one of the salts most aggressive to concrete. However, there is no evidence that harmful concentrations occur in natural soils.Sulphate ions primarily attack the concrete material and not the embedded metals. They are transported into the concrete in water or in unsaturated ground, by diffusion. The attackcan sometimes result in expansion and/or loss of strength. Two forms of sulphate attack are known; the conventional type leading to the formation of gypsum and ettringite, and a more recently identified type produ-cing thaumasite. Both may occur together.Constituents of concrete may contain some sulphates and the concrete may be contaminated by external sources present in the ground in the vicinity of the tunnel or within the tunnel.Damage to concrete from conventional sulphate reaction will only normally occur when water, sulphates or sulphides are all present. For a thaumasite-producing sulphate reaction, in addition to water and sulphate or sulphides, calcium silicate hydrate needs to be present in the cement matrix, together with calcium carbonate. In addition, the temperature has to be relatively low (generally less than 15 °C).Conventional sulphate attack occurs when sulphate ions react with calcium hydroxide to form gypsum (calcium sulphate), which in turn reacts with calcium aluminate to form ettringite. Sulphate resisting cements have a low level of calcium aluminate so reducing the extent of the reaction. The formation of gypsum and ettringite results in expansion and disruption of the concrete.Sulphate attack, which results in the mineral thaumasite, is a reaction between the calcium silicate hydrate, carbonate and sulphate ions. Calcium silicate hydrate forms the main binding agent in Portland cement, so this form of attack weakens the con-crete and, in advanced cases, the cement paste matrix is eventually reduced to a mushy, incohesive white mass. Sulphate resisting cements are still vulnerable to this type of attack.Current code and standard recommendations to reduce sulphate attack are based on the combination of concrete grade. Future code requirements will also consider aggregate type. There are also limits set on the total sulphate content of the concrete mix but, at present, not on aggregates, the recommendations of BRE Digest 363 1996 should be followed for any design.AcidsAcid attack can come from external sources, that are present in the ground in the vicinity of the tunnel, or from within the tunnel. Groundwater may be acidic due to the presence of humic acid (which results from the decay of organic matter), carbonic acid or sulphuric acid. The first two will not produce a pH below 3.5. Residual pockets of sulphuric (natural andpollution), hydrochloric or nitric acid may be found on some sites, particularly those used for industrial waste. All can produce pH values below 3.5. Carbonic acid will also be formed when carbon dioxide dissolves in water.Concrete subject to the action of highly mobile acidic water is vulnerable to rapid deterioration. Acidic ground waters that are not mobile appear to have little effect on buried concrete.Acid attack will affect both the lining material and other embedded metals. The action of acids on concrete is to dissolve the cement hydrates and, also in the case of aggregate with high calcium carbonate content, much of the aggregate. In the case of concrete with siliceous gravel, granite or basalt aggregate the sur-face attack will produce an exposed aggregate finish. Limestone aggregates give a smoother finish. The rate of attack depends more on the rate of movement of the water over the surface and the quality of the concrete, than on the type of cement or aggregate.Only a very high density, relatively impermeable concrete will be resistant for any period of time without surface protection. Damage to concrete will only normally occur when mobile water conditions are present.Current code and standard recommendations to reduce acid attack are based on the concrete grade (defined by cement content and type, water/cement ratio and strength). As cement type is not significant in resisting acid attack, future code requirements will put no restrictions on the type used.(2) Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR)Some aggregates contain particular forms of silica that may be susceptible to attack by alkalis originat-ing from the cement or other sources.There are limits to the reactive alkali content of the concrete mix, and also to using a combination of aggregates likely to be unreactive. Damage to concrete will only normally occur when there is a high moisture level within the concrete, there is a high reactivity alkali concrete content or another source of reactive alkali, and the aggregate contains an alkali-reactive constituent. Current code and standard recommendations to reduce ASR are based on limiting the reactive alkali content of the concrete mix, the recommendations of BRE 330 1999 should be followed for any design.(3) Physical processesVarious mechanical processes including freeze-thaw action, impact, abrasion and cracking can cause concrete damage.Freeze-thawConcretes that receive the most severe exposure to freezing and thawing are those which are saturated during freezing weather, such as tunnel portals and shafts.Deterioration may occur due to ice formation in saturated con-crete. In order for internal stresses to be induced by ice formation, about 90% or more by volume of pores must be filled with water. This is because the increase in volume when water turns to ice is about 8% by volume.Air entrainment in concrete can enable concrete to adequately resist certain types of freezing and thawing deterioration, provided that a high quality paste matrix and a frost-resistant aggregate are used.Current code and standard recommendations to reduce freeze- thaw attack are based on introducing an air entrainment agent when the concrete is below a certain grade. It should be noted that the inclusion of air will reduce the compressive strength of the concrete.ImpactAdequate behaviour under impact load can generally be achieved by specifying concrete cube compressive strengths together with section size, reinforcement and/or fibre content. Tensile capacity may also be important, particularly for concrete without reinforcement.AbrasionThe effects of abrasion depend on the exact cause of the wear. When specifying concrete for hydraulic abrasion in hydraulic applications, the cube compressive strength of the concrete is the principal controlling factor.CrackingThe control of cracks is a function of the strength of concrete, the cover, the spacing, size and position of reinforce-ment, and the type and frequency of the induced stress. When specifying concrete cover there is a trade-off between additional protection from external chloride attack to the reinforcement, and reduction in overall strength of the lining.4.5.3 Protective systemsAdequate behaviour within the environment is achieved by specify-ing concrete to thebest of current practice in workmanship and materials. Protection of concrete surfaces is recommended in codes and standards when the level of aggression from chemicals exceeds a maximum specified limit. Various types of surface protection include coatings, waterproof barriers and a sacrificial layer.(1) CoatingsCoatings have changed over the years, with tar and cut-back bitumens being less popular, and replaced by rubberised bitumen emulsions and epoxy resins. The fire hazard associated with bituminous coatings has limited their use to the extrados of the lining in recent times. The risk of damage to coat-ings during construction operations should be considered.(2) Waterproof barriersThe requirements for waterproof barriers are similar to those of coatings. Sheet materials are commonly used, including plastic and bituminous membranes. Again, the use of bituminous materials should be limited to the extrados.(3) Sacrificial layerThis involves increasing the thickness of the concrete to absorb all the aggressive chemicals in the sacrificial outer layer. However, use of this measure may not be appropriate in circumstances where the surface of the concrete must remain sound, for example joint surfaces in segmental linings.(4) Detailing of precast concrete segmentsThe detailing of the ring plays an important role in the success of the design and performance of the lining throughout its design life. The ring details should be designed with consideration given to casting methods and behaviour in place. Some of the more important considerations are as follows.4.5.5 Codes and standardsBuilding Research Establishment (BRE) Digest 330: 1999 (Building Research Establishment, 1999), Building Research Establishment (BRE) Digest 363: 1996 (Building Research Establishment, 1996)，BRE Special Digest 1 (Building Research Establishment, 2003) and British Standard BSEN 206-1: 2000 (British Standards Institution, 2003) are the definitive reference points for designing concrete mixes which are supplemented by BS8110 (British Standards Institution, 1997) and BS 8007 (British Standards Institution, 1987). BSEN 206-1 also references Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures (European Commission,1992).(1) European standardsEN206 Concrete - Performance, Production and Conformity, and DD ENV 1992-1-1 {Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures Part 1) (British Standards Institution, 2003 and European Commission，1992).Within the new European standard EN 206 Concrete - Perfor-mance, Production and Conformity，durability of concrete will rely on prescriptive specification of minimum grade, minimum binder content and maximum water/binder ratio for a series of defined environmental classes. This standard includes indicative values of specification parameters as it is necessary to cover the wide range of environments and cements used in the EU member states.Cover to reinforcement is specified in DD ENV 1992-1 -1 (Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures Part 1 - European Commission, 1992).(2) BRE 330:1999This UK Building Research Establishment code (Building Research Establishment, 1999) gives the back-ground to ASR as well as detailed guidance for minimising the risks of ASR and examples of the methods to be used in new construction.(3) Reinforcement BRE 363: 1996This UK Building Research Establishment code (Building Research Establishment, 1996) discusses the factors responsible for sulphate and acid attack on concrete below ground level and recommends the type of cement and quality of concrete to provide resistance to attack. (4) BRE Special Digest 1This special digest (Building Research Establishment, 2003) was published following the recent research into the effects of thaumasite on concrete. It replaces BRE Digest 363: 2001. Part 4 is of specific reference to precast concrete tunnel linings.(5) BS 8110/BS 8007Guidance is given on minimum grade, minimum cement and maximum w/c ratio for different conditions of exposure. Exposure classes are mild, moderate, severe, very severe, most severe and abrasive related to chloride attack, carbonation and freeze-thaw. The relationship between cover of the reinforcement and concrete quality is also given together with crack width (British Standards Institution, 1987a and 1997a).(6) OthersChemically aggressive environments are classified in specialist standards. For information on industrial acids and made up ground, reference may be made to a specialist producer of acid resistant finishes or BS 8204-2 (British Standards Institu-tion, 1999). For silage attack, reference should be made to the UK Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.中文翻译4.1 定义耐用的衬砌指的是在衬砌的预期服务寿命内提供令人满意的工作环境。
中英文文献翻译—燃油喷射系统及点火系统
英文文献与中文参考译文A1Fuel injection systemsA1.1 General informationFuel injection systems have been used on vehicles for many years. The earliest ones were purely mechanical. As technology advanced, electronic fuel injection systems became more popular. Early mechanical and electronic fuel injection systems did not use feedback controls. As emissions became more of a concern, feedback controls were adapted to both types of fuel injection systems. Both mechanical and electronic fuel injection systems can be found on gasoline engines.A1.2 Multi-port fuel injectionsThis is the most common type of fuel injection system found today. Regardless of the manufacturer, they all function in the same basic way. On these systems an equal amount of fuel is delivered to each cylinder.These systems all use sensors which transmit operating conditions to the computer. Information from these sensors is processed by the computer which then determines the proper air/fuel mixture. This signal is sent to the fuel injectors which open and inject fuel into their ports. The longer the injector is held open, the richer the fuel mixture will be. Most fuel injection systems need the following information to operate properly.Temperature sensors-this includes both air and coolant temperature. The computer determine how rich or lean the mixture should be. The colder the temperature, the richer the mixture.Throttle position sensors or switches-the computer uses this information to determine the position of the throttle valve(s). Some vehicles use sensors which relay the exact position of the throttle valve(s) at all times. Others use switches which only relay closed and wide-open throttle positions (some may also use a mid-throttle switch). These switches and sensors help determine engine load.Airflow sensors-these sensors also help the computer determine engine load by indicating the amount of air entering the engine. There are several different types of airflow sensors, but in the end, they all do the same job.Manifold pressure sensors-if a vehicle is not equipped with an airflow sensor, ituses a manifold pressure sensor to determine engine load (Note that some vehicles with an airflow sensor may also have a manifold pressure sensor. This is used as a fail-safe if the airflow sensor fails). As engine load increases, so does intake manifold air pressure.Engine speed and position sensors-engine speed/position sensors can be referenced form the crankshaft, camshaft or both. In addition to helping determine engine load, these sensors also tell the computer when the injectors should be fired.These systems operate at a relatively high pressure(usually at least 30 psi). To control the fuel pressure, a fuel pressure regulator is used. As engine load increases, more fuel pressure is needed. This is due to the richer mixture (more fuel needed) and to overcome the increased air pressure in the ports. Any unused fuel is diverted back to the fuel tank using a return line.A2. Ignition systemThere are many different types of ignition systems. Most of these systems can be placed into one of three distinct groups: the conventional breaker point type ignition systems (in use since the early 1900s); the electronic ignition systems (popular since the mid 70s); and the distributorless ignition system (introduced in the mid 80s).The automotive ignition system has two basic functions: it must control the spark and timing of the spark plug firing to match varying engine requirements, and it must increase battery voltage to a point where it will overcome the resistance offered by the spark plug gap and fire the plug.A2.1How does the ignition system workAn automotive ignition system is divided into two electrical circuits—the primary and secondary circuits. The primary circuit carries low voltage. This circuit operates only on battery current and is controlled by the breaker points and the ignition switch. The secondary circuit consists of the secondary windings in the coil, the high tension lead between the distributor and the coil (commonly called the coil wire) on external coil distributors, the distributor cap, the distributor rotor ,the spark plug leads and the spark plugs.The distributor is the controlling element of the system. It switches the primary current on and off and distributes the current to the proper spark plug each time a spark is needed. The distributor is a stationary housing surrounding a rotating shaft.The shaft is driven at one-half engine speed by the engine’s camshaft through the distributor drive gears. A cam near the top of the distributor shaft has one lobe for each cylinder of the engine. The cam operates the contact points, which are mounted on a plate within the distributor housing.A rotor is attached to the top of the distributor shaft. When the distributor cap is in place, a spring-loaded piece of metal in the center of the cap makes contact with a metal strip on top of the rotor. The outer end of the rotor passes very close to the contacts connected to the spark plug leads around the outside of the distributor cap.The coil is the heart of the ignition system. Essentially, it is nothing more than a transformer which takes the relatively low voltage (12 volts) available from the battery and increases it to a point where it will fire the spark plug as much as 40000 volts. The term “coil” is perhaps a misnomer since there are actually two coils of wire wound about an iron core. These coils are insulated from each other and the whole assembly is enclosed in an oil-filled case. The primary coil, which consists of relatively few turns of heavy wire, is connected to the two primary terminals located on top of the coil. The secondary coil consists of many turns of fine wire. It is connected to the high-tension connection on top of the coil (the tower into which the coil wire from the distributor is plugged).Under normal operating conditions, power from the battery is fed through a resistor or resistance wire to the primary circuit of the coil and is then grounded through the ignition points in the distributor (the points are closed). Energizing the coil primary circuit with battery voltage produces produces current flow through the primary windings, which induces a very large, intense magnetic field. This magnetic field remains as long as current flows and the points remain closed.As the distributor cam rotates, the points are pushed apart, breaking the primary circuit and stopping the flow of current. Interrupting the flow of primary current causes the magnetic field to collapse. Just as current flowing through a wire produces a magnetic field, moving a magnetic field across a wire will produce a current. As the magnetic field collapses its lines of force cross the secondary windings, inducing a current in them. Since there are many more turns of wire in the secondary windings, the voltage from the primary windings is magnified considerably up to 40000 volts[18,19].参考译文：A1.燃油喷射系统A1.1 燃油喷射系统概述燃料喷射系统已经在汽上车使用了许多年。
仓储物流外文文献翻译中英文原文及译文2023-2023
仓储物流外文文献翻译中英文原文及译文2023-2023原文1：The Current Trends in Warehouse Management and LogisticsWarehouse management is an essential component of any supply chain and plays a crucial role in the overall efficiency and effectiveness of logistics operations. With the rapid advancement of technology and changing customer demands, the field of warehouse management and logistics has seen several trends emerge in recent years.One significant trend is the increasing adoption of automation and robotics in warehouse operations. Automated systems such as conveyor belts, robotic pickers, and driverless vehicles have revolutionized the way warehouses function. These technologies not only improve accuracy and speed but also reduce labor costs and increase safety.Another trend is the implementation of real-time tracking and visibility systems. Through the use of RFID (radio-frequency identification) tags and GPS (global positioning system) technology, warehouse managers can monitor the movement of goods throughout the entire supply chain. This level of visibility enables better inventory management, reduces stockouts, and improves customer satisfaction.Additionally, there is a growing focus on sustainability in warehouse management and logistics. Many companies are implementing environmentally friendly practices such as energy-efficient lighting, recycling programs, and alternativetransportation methods. These initiatives not only contribute to reducing carbon emissions but also result in cost savings and improved brand image.Furthermore, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning have become integral parts of warehouse management. AI-powered systems can analyze large volumes of data to optimize inventory levels, forecast demand accurately, and improve operational efficiency. Machine learning algorithms can also identify patterns and anomalies, enabling proactive maintenance and minimizing downtime.In conclusion, warehouse management and logistics are continuously evolving fields, driven by technological advancements and changing market demands. The trends discussed in this article highlight the importance of adopting innovative solutions to enhance efficiency, visibility, sustainability, and overall performance in warehouse operations.译文1：仓储物流管理的当前趋势仓储物流管理是任何供应链的重要组成部分，并在物流运营的整体效率和效力中发挥着至关重要的作用。
国际会计准则中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文:译文（一）世界贸易的飞速发展和国际资本的快速流动将世界经济带入了全球化时代。
在这个时代, 任何一个国家要脱离世界贸易市场和资本市场谋求自身发展是非常困难的。
会计作为国际通用的商业语言, 在经济全球化过程中扮演着越来越重要的角色, 市场参与者也对其提出越来越高的要求。
随着市场经济体制的逐步建立和完善，有些国家加入世贸组织后国际化进程的加快，市场开放程度的进一步增强，市场经济发育过程中不可避免的各种财务问题的出现，迫切需要完善的会计准则加以规范。
然而，在会计准则制定过程中，有必要认真思考理清会计准则的概念，使制定的会计准则规范准确、方便操作、经济实用。
由于各国家的历史、环境、经济发展等方面的不同,导致目前世界所使用的会计准则在很多方面都存在着差异,这使得各国家之间的会计信息缺乏可比性,本国信息为外国家信息使用者所理解的成本较高,在很大程度上阻碍了世界国家间资本的自由流动。
近年来,许多国家的会计管理部门和国家性的会计、经济组织都致力于会计准则的思考和研究,力求制定出一套适于各个不同国家和经济环境下的规范一致的会计准则,以增强会计信息的可比性,减少国家各之间经济交往中信息转换的成本。
译文（二）会计准则就是会计管理活动所依据的原则, 会计准则总是以一定的社会经济背景为其存在基础, 也总是反映不同社会经济制度、法律制度以及人们习惯的某些特征, 因而不同国家的会计准则各有不同特点。
但是会计准则毕竟是经济发展对会计规范提出的客观要求。
它与社会经济发展水平和会计管理的基本要求是相适应的,因而,每个国家的会计准则必然具有某些共性:1. 规范性每个企业有着变化多端的经济业务,而不同行业的企业又有各自的特殊性。
而有了会计准则,会计人员在进行会计核算时就有了一个共同遵循的标准,各行各业的会计工作可在同一标准的基础上进行,从而使会计行为达到规范化,使得会计人员提供的会计信息具有广泛的一致性和可比性,大大提高了会计信息的质量。
冲压模具技术外文文献翻译中英文
外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)英文原文Stamping technologyIntroductionIn the current fierce market competition, the product to market sooner or later is often the key to the success or failure. Mould is a product of high quality, high efficiency production tool, mold development cycle of the main part of the product development cycle. So the customer requirements for mold development cycle shorter, many customers put the mould delivery date in the first place, and then the quality and price. Therefore, how to ensure the quality, control the cost under the premise of processing mould is a problem worthy of serious consideration. Mold processing technology is an advanced manufacturing technology, has become an important development direction, in the aerospace, automotive, machinery and other industries widely used. Mold processing technology, can improve the comprehensive benefit and competitiveness of manufacturing industry. Research and establish mold process database, provide production enterprises urgently need to high speed cutting processing data, to the promotion of high-speed machining technology has very important significance. This article's main goal is to build a stamping die processing, mold manufacturing enterprises in theactual production combined cutting tool, workpiece and machine tool with the actual situation of enterprise itself accumulate to high speed cutting processing instance, process parameters and experience of high speed cutting database selectively to store data, not only can save a lot of manpower and material resources, financial resources, but also can guide the high speed machining production practice, to improve processing efficiency, reduce the tooling cost and obtain higher economic benefits.1. The concept, characteristics and application of stampingStamping is a pressure processing method that uses a mold installed on a press machine (mainly a press) to apply pressure to a material to cause it to separate or plastically deform, thereby obtaining a desired part (commonly referred to as a stamped or stamped part). Stamping is usually cold deformation processing of the material at room temperature, and the main use of sheet metal to form the required parts, it is also called cold stamping or sheet metal stamping. Stamping is one of the main methods of material pressure processing or plastic processing, and is affiliated with material forming engineering.The stamping die is called stamping die, or die. Dies are special tools for the batch processing of materials (metal or non-metallic) into the required stampings. Stamping is critical in stamping. There is no die that meets the requirements. Batch stamping production is difficult. Without advanced stamping, advanced stamping processes cannot be achieved.Stamping processes and dies, stamping equipment, and stamping materials constitute the three elements of stamping. Only when they are combined can stampings be obtained.Compared with other methods of mechanical processing and plastic processing, stamping processing has many unique advantages in both technical and economic aspects, and its main performance is as follows;(1) The stamping process has high production efficiency, easy operation, and easy realization of mechanization and automation. This is because stamping is accomplished by means of die and punching equipment. The number of strokes for ordinary presses can reach several tens of times per minute, and the high-speed pressure can reach hundreds or even thousands of times per minute, and each press stroke is Y ou may get a punch.(2) Since the die ensures the dimensional and shape accuracy of the stamping part during stamping, and generally does not destroy the surface quality of the stamping part, the life of the die is generally longer, so the stamping quality is stable, the interc hangeability is good, and it has “the same” Characteristics.(3) Stamping can process parts with a wide range of sizes and shapes, such as stopwatches as small as clocks, as large as automobile longitudinal beams, coverings, etc., plus the cold deformation hardening effect of materials during stamping, the strength of stamping and Thestiffness is high.(4) Stamping generally does not generate scraps, material consumption is less, and no other heating equipment is required. Therefore, it is a material-saving and energy-saving processing method, and the cost of stamping parts is low.However, the molds used for stamping are generally specialized, and sometimes a complex part requires several sets of molds for forming, and the precision of the mold manufacturing is high and the technical requirements are high. It is a technology-intensive product. Therefore, the advantages of stamping can only be fully realized in the case of large production volume of stamping parts, so as to obtain better economic benefits.Stamping is widely used in modern industrial production, especially in mass production. A considerable number of industrial sectors are increasingly using punching to process product components such as automobiles, agricultural machinery, instruments, meters, electronics, aerospace, aerospace, home appliances, and light industry. In these industrial sectors, the proportion of stamped parts is quite large, at least 60% or more, and more than 90%. Many of the parts that were manufactured in the past using forging = casting and cutting processes are now mostly replaced by light-weight, rigid stampings. Therefore, it can be said that if the stamping process cannot be adopted in production, it isdifficult for many industrial departments to increase the production efficiency and product quality, reduce the production cost, and quickly replace the product.2. Basic process and mould for stampingDue to the wide variety of stamped parts and the different shapes, sizes, and precision requirements of various parts, the stamping process used in production is also varied. Summarized, can be divided into two major categories of separation processes and forming processes; Separation process is to make the blank along a certain contour line to obtain a certain shape, size and section quality stamping (commonly referred to as blanking parts) of the process; forming process refers to The process of producing a stamped part of a certain shape and size by plastic deformation of the blank without breaking.The above two types of processes can be divided into four basic processes: blanking, bending, deep drawing and forming according to different basic deformation modes. Each basic process also includes multiple single processes.In actual production, when the production volume of the stamped part is large, the size is small and the tolerance requirement is small, it is not economical or even difficult to achieve the requirement if the stamping is performed in a single process. At this time, a centralized scheme is mostly used in the process, that is, two or more singleprocesses are concentrated in a single mold. Different methods are called combinations, and they can be divided into compound-graded and compound- Progressive three combinations.Composite stamping - A combination of two or more different single steps at the same station on the die in one press stroke.Progressive stamping - a combination of two or more different single steps on a single work station in the same mold at a single working stroke on the press.Composite - Progressive - On a die combination process consisting of composite and progressive two ways.There are many types of die structure. According to the process nature, it can be divided into blanking die, bending die, drawing die and forming die, etc.; the combination of processes can be divided into single-step die, compound die and progressive die. However, regardless of the type of die, it can be regarded as consisting of two parts: the upper die and the lower die. The upper die is fixed on the press table or the backing plate and is a fixed part of the die. During work, the blanks are positioned on the lower die surface by positioning parts, and the press sliders push the upper die downwards. The blanks are separated or plastically deformed under the action of the die working parts (ie, punch and die) to obtain the required Shape and size of punching pieces. When the upper mold is lifted, the unloading and ejecting device of the moldremoves or pushes and ejects the punching or scrap from the male and female molds for the next punching cycle.3. Current status and development direction of stamping technologyWith the continuous advancement of science and technology and the rapid development of industrial production, many new technologies, new processes, new equipment, and new materials continue to emerge, thus contributing to the constant innovation and development of stamping technology. Its main performance and development direction are as follows:(1) The theory of stamping and the stamping process The study of stamping forming theory is the basis for improving stamping technology. At present, the research on the stamping forming theory at home and abroad attaches great importance, and significant progress has been made in the study of material stamping performance, stress and strain analysis in the stamping process, study of the sheet deformation law, and the interaction between the blank and the mold. . In particular, with the rapid development of computer technology and the further improvement of plastic deformation theory, computer simulation techniques for the plastic forming process have been applied at home and abroad in recent years, namely the use of finite element (FEM) and other valuable analytical methods to simulate the plastic forming process of metals. According to the analysis results, the designer can predict the feasibility and possiblequality problems of a certain process scheme. By selecting and modifying the relevant parameters on the computer, the process and mold design can be optimized. This saves the cost of expensive trials and shortens the cycle time.Research and promotion of various pressing technologies that can increase productivity and product quality, reduce costs, and expand the range of application of stamping processes are also one of the development directions of stamping technology. At present, new precision, high-efficiency, and economical stamping processes, such as precision stamping, soft mold forming, high energy high speed forming, and dieless multi-point forming, have emerged at home and abroad. Among them, precision blanking is an effective method for improving the quality of blanking parts. It expands the scope of stamping processing. The thickness of precision blanking parts can reach 25mm at present, and the precision can reach IT16~17; use liquid, rubber, polyurethane, etc. Flexible die or die soft die forming process can process materials that are difficult to process with ordinary processing methods and parts with complex shapes, have obvious economic effects under specific production conditions, and adopt energy-efficient forming methods such as explosion for processing. This kind of sheet metal parts with complex dimensions, complex shapes, small batches, high strength and high precision has important practical significance; Superplastic forming of metal materialscan be used to replace multiple common stampings with one forming. Forming process, which has outstanding advantages for machining complex shapes and large sheet metal parts; moldless multi-point forming process is an advanced technology for forming sheet metal surfaces by replacing the traditional mold with a group of height adjustable punches. Independently designed and manufactured an international leading-edge moldless multi-point forming equipment, which solves the multi-point press forming method and can therefore be Changing the state of stress and deformation path, improving the forming limit of the material, while repeatedly using the forming technology may eliminate the residual stress within the material, the rebound-free molding. The dieless multi-point forming system takes CAD/CAM/CAE technology as the main means to quickly and economically realize the automated forming of three-dimensional surfaces.(2) Dies are the basic conditions for achieving stamping production. In the design and manufacture of stampings, they are currently developing in the following two aspects: On the one hand, in order to meet the needs of high-volume, automatic, precision, safety and other large-volume modern production, stamping is To develop high-efficiency, high-precision, high-life, multi-station, and multi-function, compared with new mold materials and heat treatment technologies, various high-efficiency, precision, CNC automatic mold processing machine toolsand testing equipment and molds CAD/CAM technology is also rapidly developing; On the other hand, in order to meet the needs of product replacement and trial production or small-batch production, zinc-based alloy die, polyurethane rubber die, sheet die, steel die, combination die and other simple die And its manufacturing technology has also been rapidly developed.Precision, high-efficiency multi-station and multi-function progressive die and large-scale complex automotive panel die represent the technical level of modern die. At present, the precision of the progressive die above 50 stations can reach 2 microns. The multifunctional progressive die can not only complete the stamping process, but also complete welding, assembly and other processes. Our country has been able to design and manufacture its own precision up to the international level of 2 to 5 microns, precision 2 to 3 microns into the distance, the total life of 100 million. China's major automotive mold enterprises have been able to produce complete sets of car cover molds, and have basically reached the international level in terms of design and manufacturing methods and means. However, the manufacturing methods and methods have basically reached the international level. The mold structure and function are also close to international Level, but there is still a certain gap compared with foreign countries in terms of manufacturing quality, accuracy, manufacturing cycle and cost.4. Stamping standardization and professional productionThe standardization and professional production of molds has been widely recognized by the mold industry. Because the die is a single-piece, small-volume production, the die parts have both certain complexity and precision, as well as a certain structural typicality. Therefore, only the standardization of the die can be achieved, so that the production of the die and the die parts can be professionalized and commercialized, thereby reducing the cost of the die, improving the quality of the die and shortening the manufacturing cycle. At present, the standard production of molds in foreign advanced industrial countries has reached 70% to 80%. Mould factories only need to design and manufacture working parts, and most of the mold parts are purchased from standard parts factories, which greatly increases productivity. The more irregular the degree of specialization of the mold manufacturing plant, the more and more detailed division of labor, such as the current mold factory, mandrel factory, heat treatment plant, and even some mold factories only specialize in the manufacture of a certain type of product or die The bending die is more conducive to the improvement of the manufacturing level and the shortening of the manufacturing cycle. China's stamp standardization and specialized production have also witnessed considerable development in recent years. In addition to the increase in the number of standard parts specialized manufacturers, the number ofstandard parts has also expanded, and the accuracy has also improved. However, the overall situation can not meet the requirements of the development of the mold industry, mainly reflected in the standardization level is not high (usually below 40%), the standard parts of the species and specifications are less, most standard parts manufacturers did not form a large-scale production, standard parts There are still many problems with quality. In addition, the sales, supply, and service of standard parts production have yet to be further improved.中文译文冲压模具技术前言在目前激烈的市场竞争中, 产品投入市场的迟早往往是成败的关键。
中英习语翻译
谚语翻译 补充练习
8 A friend to everybody is a friend to nobody.
【译】广交友，无深交。
9A great poem is a fountain forever overflowing with the waters of wisdom and delight.
中英习语习语翻译习语的翻译习语的归化翻译中英文在线翻译中国习语翻译英语习语的翻译中英翻译中英文翻译中英在线翻译
翻译下列习语（参考译文）
1. They that know nothing fear nothing.
【译文】无知则无畏。/初生牛犊不怕虎
2. Too wise to live long.
【译文】人太聪明寿不长。
【译】头要暖，脚要干，上床睡觉保平安。
13He that sups with the devil must have a long spoon.
【译】和坏人打交道，必须提高警惕。
14He knows most that speaks least. /Who knows most says least.
6．O文】姜是老的辣，酒是陈的香。/ 陈 酒味醇，老友情深。
课堂互动1： 翻译下列习语（参考译文）
7．We still love each other very much, but we fight like cat and dog.
【译】博学者寡言。
5 A book is the same today as it always was and it will never change.
【译】好书千载常如新。
【译】一首伟大的诗篇犹如一泓清泉，不断喷吐出智慧 和快乐的水花。
中英汉互译
中英汉互译
1. 英文翻译成中文：
- 书籍是人类进步的阶梯。
Books are the ladder of human progress.
- 生活就像一面镜子，你若对她笑，她就对你笑。
Life is like a mirror. If you smile at her, she will smile at you.
2. 中文翻译成英文：
- 知识就是力量。
Knowledge is power.
- 塞翁失马，焉知非福。
A blessing in disguise.
3. 中文翻译成中文：
- 天下兴亡，匹夫有责。
Everyone is responsible for the rise and fall of the country.
- 海纳百川，有容乃大。
The ocean is vast because it admits all rivers.
这些只是一些示例，实际上还有很多其他的中英汉互译内容。
如果你有具体的文本需要翻译，我可以帮你进行翻译。
请注意，翻译的准确性和流畅性可能会受到语言的复杂性、文化背景和上下文等因素的影响。
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BPMN2.0标准业务流程建模简介Thomas Allweyer著2.1最初的BPMN模型一个简单的BPMN流程模型被认为是一个起点。
在图1中所示的模型工作可以被大多数先前已经涉及任何种类的过程建模的人所直接理解。
建模的方式类似于公知的流程图和活动图。
图1 一个简单的BPMN模型营业部和人力资源部门参与的过程为“发布职位”。
当需要雇员的过程开始。
该营业部报告该职位空缺。
然后，人力资源部写一份招聘启事。
该营业部的评论此招聘启事。
在这一点上，有两种可能性：要么招聘启事是好的，否则是不行的。
如果不行的，它是由人力资源部返工。
这是一次，其次是营业部审查招聘启事。
同样，其结果可能是好还是不好吧。
因此，它可能在招聘启事发生时需要检讨多次。
如果它是好的，它是由人力资源管理部门公布的，在这个过程结束时。
在现实中，用于创建和发布招聘启事可以更加复杂和广泛。
所提出的例子是（像在这本书中所有例子）为了具有小的和容易理解的模型的简化，可用于说明不同的BPMN元素。
2.2 BPMN构建的使用下面，将模型图1中的每个元件更加紧密地说明。
整个过程被包含在一个池。
这是一个完整的过程的一般种类的容器。
在上面的例子中，池标有包含进程的名称。
每一道工序都坐落在池内。
如果该集合对于过程来说是不重要的，它不要求将其拉在图中。
在不显示一个池的过程中，整个过程都包含在一个无形的，隐含的池。
池是特别有趣的当数个池用来模拟一个协作使用，即几个合作伙伴的过程的相互作用。
每个合作伙伴的过程在一个单独的游泳池显示。
这将在第5章描述。
从图1中的池分隔成两个道。
道可用于各种用途，例如用于分配组织单位，如在这个例子中，或用于技术系统内代表不同的组件。
在这个例子中，道显示的过程的活动由营业部和人力资源部门进行。
被池和道也被称为“泳道”。
他们像游泳池划分成的道。
比赛的每一个参与者只游在自己道。
过程本身开始的第一个活动为“要求员工”。
流程通常有这样一个启动事件。
其标志是一个简单的圆形。
在大多数情况下是有意义的只使用一个起始事件，而不是几个的。
一个圆角矩形代表活动。
在一个活动得到的东西做的。
这是由活动的名称表示，比如“报告工作机会”或“审查职位发布”。
连接箭头用于模拟的顺序流。
它们表示，其中不同的事件，活动，和其它元件的遍历顺序。
通常，这被称为控制流，但在BPMN有第二类型的流，该消息流，从而影响一个过程的控制，以及，因此，某种控制流，太。
出于这个原因，术语“序列流”被使用。
用于从其它种类的流区分开来，这是很重要的绘制顺序用实线和填充箭头流动。
这个过程“发布职位”包含了拆分：活动“审查招聘启事”后面的网关。
一个空白的菱形代表了一个独特的网关。
这意味着，从几个外向顺序流向，只有一个必须选择。
在招聘启事进程正确网关到达每一次，一个决定必须。
无论顺序流向右后跟，导致活动“发布作业发布”，或一到左侧被选择，触发活动“返修作业发布”。
因此不可能同时遵循两条路径。
这样的决定的逻辑也被称为“异或”，缩写为“异或”。
在输出路径的条件决定选择哪条路径。
如果建模工具的使用量和处理已被执行或由软件程序进行模拟，则通常可以正式定义确切条件。
这种正式的描述，其可以表示在一种编程语言，可以存储在该序列流动的特殊属性。
如果，在另一方面，模型的目的是要说明一个过程到其它人，那么最好是写非正式的，但可以理解的，语句直接进入图，旁边的顺序流。
的意思是“好”与“不行”后，被称为“审查职位发布”活动是明确到人- 一个程序无法使用它。
网关还用于合并替代路径。
在示例过程中，对活动“评论作业发布”左侧网关合并两个输入序列流动。
再次，这是一个唯一网关。
该公司预计，无论是活动“写入招聘发布”或“返修职位发布”进行网关到达之前- 在同一时间，但不能同时使用。
它应为使用网关或者用于分离或用于接合被照顾，但不能用于二者的组合。
在示例过程中的最后一个元素是结束事件。
像开始时它有一个圆形的符号- 但有一个厚厚的边框。
2.3顺序流逻辑上述招聘启事处理流程逻辑是相当容易理解。
在更复杂的模型，有时并不清楚如何建模的结构正好被解释。
因此，这是有益的，如果所述序列流的元素的含义以明确的方式被定义。
流程图中的顺序流的逻辑可以通过“令牌”来解释。
正如在棋盘游戏令牌是根据游戏的规则移到板，可以想见，通过根据BPMN的规则流程模型移动令牌。
该过程开始时每一次，启动事件会创建一个令牌（参见图2）。
由于招聘启事过程进行了不止一次，许多令牌可以在时间过程中被创建。
因此它可能发生的过程对于一个招聘启事还没有结束，当进程发布另一份工作开始。
移动通过的过程中，每个标记是独立于其他标记'运动。
图2 开始事件创建一个token通过开始事件使顺序流向第一活动移动建立一个token。
本次活动收到token，执行任务（在这种情况下，报告一个职位空缺），然后将其释放到外出顺序流（参见图3）。
图3 活动收到token和完成后，将其转发下面的活动转发token。
然后，它在到达汇合唯一网关。
该网关的任务很简单：它只是需要通过任何进入顺序流到达，并将其移动到外出顺序流的令牌。
这显示在图4中情况A中，从左边的标记到达时，在情况B中从下方。
在两种情况下，token被路径为往外向顺序流向右。
图4 token通过合并唯一网关的过程分割唯一网关的任务是更有趣的。
它需要一个到达的token，并决定根据的条件，向其中顺序流应该被移动的方向运行。
在图5的A 情况下，条件“还行”是真实的，也就是前面的审查活动已经产生了积极的结果。
在这种情况下，令牌移动到右侧。
否则，如果条件“不好”为真，则令牌移动到向下顺序流（情况B）。
建模者必须定义这样的一种方式，总是能够找到精确的条件之一为真条件。
BPMN规范并没有说明如何定义的条件以及如何检查哪些条件为真。
由于所考虑的过程不是由软件执行时，这里使用的相当简单的语句是足够的。
根据该软件工具的要求和规则来定义的条件。
这将是必要的。
否则，token将会通过循环进行几次返工的招聘启事。
最后直到它到达结束事件。
这只是删除任何到达token，从而完成整个过程（图6）。
图5 token通过分裂网关的过程每一个过程图的顺序流可以模拟在这种方式与token的帮助。
这允许用于分析是否一个处理的流程逻辑已经被正确地模拟。
应当指出的是，一个token并不代表这样的事，而是作为一个数据对象或文件。
在招聘启事过程的情况下，它可以想像有一个文件“招聘启事”流经过程。
该文件可包含所有需要的数据，例如活动“评论作业发布”的结果。
在分裂网关，判定然后可以基于该属性值。
但是，BPMN顺序流被限制执行的纯秩序。
token因此不携带任何信息，而是用于区分彼此的token的唯一标识符。
对于数据对象也有，这将在第10章提交单独的BPMN结构。
2.4演示选项通常池水平为绘制。
顺序流的首选方向是再从左向右。
另一方面，也可以使用垂直池和从顶部绘制顺序流至底部，如在实施例在图7。
这是有道理的决定这些可能性只有一个- 水平或垂直。
不过也有造型只支持水平建模工具。
图6 结束事件移走token图7垂直泳道与镶嵌的道图7还表示出了嵌套道的一个例子。
标有车道“销售”被分成了两个道“销售力”和“订单处理”。
在原则上，可以再次划分这些道等，虽然这不仅使检测到的深度一定的水平。
它没有规定在哪里放置池和通道的名称。
典型是选择用于图1和图7。
这里的变体的名称放置在游泳池或道的左侧，或在分别用于垂直样式的顶部。
池的名称由一条线分开。
道的名称，但是，被直接放置在通道内的分离线路仅用于被划分成进一步的子道的道。
道，也可以布置为矩阵。
图8中的采购过程贯穿业务部门，采购部门，这两个跨越分支机构和总部。
当需求发生了分公司的业务部门，这个部门报告的需求。
在下一步骤中，采购是经同一部门中的总部。
采购部门的中心部分，然后关闭与供应商签订合同，然后由分公司的采购部门进行采购本地。
虽然BPMN规范明确地描述了这样的基质上介绍的可能性，但是到目前为止这是几乎没有施加的。
12.2 信息相关该消息的内容中的一个对话总是相互关联的流动。
例如，在谈话“处理订单的广告”一个实例交换的所有消息都与同一广告订单相关。
因此，可以使用顺序的ID为相关性，即消息的一个过程实例的分配。
如果客户收到的广告审批，他能确定相应的命令- 因此流程实例- 基于订单ID。
对话的所有消息都有一个共同的相关性。
一个简单的对话中未分解成其他人的对话被称为通信。
因此，该行被称为通信链路（在一些地方规范草案还称他们为谈话链接）。
一个对话始终通信链路到两个或更多的参与者。
如果通信链路的端部被分支，同一类型的多个伙伴可以是所述通信的一部分，否则只有一个。
“处理订单的广告”有且只有一个客户，一个广告代理公司作为参与者，但多个设计师。
因此，设计师的池包含的倍数标记。
然而，具有在池中只多重标记物是不充分的。
谈话“的插图手柄令”，例如，只有一个设计师的参与者。
因此，通信链路的各自的端部不分叉。
12.3对话的层次结构除了通信，但也可以使用子对话。
类似于子流程它们均标有“+”- 符号。
一个子会话的细节可以在另一个会话图进行说明。
一个子会话的图只能包含谁被链接到父图内的子会话的那些参与者。
图171展示出了用于子会话“处理订单为广告”如何从该图中可以看出的详细谈话图，它也可以绘制消息直接流入谈话图。
除了协作图，图的谈话不准展现在池之间的池或编排过程。
该图包含了有关同一顺序的那些消息流。
为了更准确地表述，它们涉及相同的查询。
在开始的时候，一个订单还没有达到呢，而不是每一次询价变成订单。
因此，该共同参考点是询问。
图171 子对话“处理订单的广告”对话图除了客户和广告代理公司之间的明确显示的消息流，该图还包含了通讯“图形设计的分配”。
被该通信的所有消息流还有关同一询价，但这个信息不充分的广告代理，以便正确地分配所有传入消息。
这是由于这样的事实，即可用性请求被发送到几个设计。
广告代理公司都有每个进来的可用性通知，正确地分配到正确的可用性要求。
因此，需要用于关联这些消息，如附加的信息可用性要求的ID。
因此，可以定义为消息广告代理和设计者之间流动的单独的通信。
这种沟通的信息交流也可以仿照在协作图（图172），或在编排图（图173）。
当然，也可以显示在一个单一的整个子会话的消息流图（图161和在前面的章节162）。
图172 协作图的通信“图形设计的分配”像的子过程，子会话还可以扩展，即六边形被放大，并且详细的谈话中示出它的内部。
然而，这是图形不易包括，例如，图171中的内容转换为展开的子会话图170不幸的是，BPMN规范草案不包含任何用于扩展的子会话的任何实施例。