英语习语与英美文化-2.地理环境
习语与地理环境(原创)
have other fish to fry My friends asked if I was going to play tennis, but I told them I had other fish to fry — I was going to take my girlfriend out for a walk. make fish of one and flesh of another Your children quickly realize that you make fish of one and flesh of another.
be taken aback
大吃一惊
They were greatly taken abacind we decided to have a day out and father said he’d raise the wind. three sheets in the wind 醉酒后东倒西歪的样子
much cry and little wool His diary was much more cry than wool. go for wool and come home shorn
偷鸡不成，反蚀一把米。
black sheep =useless; bad guy He was the black sheep of the family. the end of one’s tether [rope] They are at the end of their tether. Another strain upon their business means bankruptcy for them.
He who would catch fish must not mind getting wet. If you swear you will catch no fish. It is a silly fish that is caught twice with the same bait. Never offer to teach fish to swim. There’s as good fish in the sea as ever came out of it.
从英语习语看英美文化
从英语习语看英美文化提要：英语习语是英语语言文化中不容忽视的重要组成部分。
英语习语折射着英语语言民族在地理、历史、宗教信仰、生活习俗等方面丰富的文化信息和独特的文化特色。
准确掌握英语中的习语, 能帮助我们深刻理解英语词汇中的文化内涵及文化差异, 从而更加准确、传神地使用英语。
关键词：英语习语；英美文化。
一、引言语言是人在劳动中创造的，习语是语言特征的集中反映，它来自于普通百姓的生产劳动和生活经历，是语言的精华、语言的缩影；语言是一个任意的符号系统，习语是人在长期的语言实践中约定俗成的；语言是以交际为目的的，习语的起源就是在口头交际中使用最频繁的俚语和俗语；语言是人类智慧的表现，习语比较集中地反映出语言的修辞手段和表现手法（其中相当一部分是文学巨匠的精彩词句）；语言是为人类各种活动服务的，而习语恰好生动地反映出人类生活的方方面面。
广义的习语包含比喻性词组、俚语、格言、俗语、谚语、典故等，是语言发展的结晶。
英语语言历史悠久，包含着大量的习语，它们或含蓄、幽默、或严肃、典雅，不仅言简意赅，而且形象生动，妙趣横生，给语言增色不少。
由于地理、历史、宗教信仰和生活习俗等多方面的因素决定，习语承载着英语语言民族的文化信息和文化特色，并与它们的文化传统紧密相连，不可分割。
而对英语习语的学习有助于我们掌握英语本族语者的真实语言，了解语言背后所隐藏着的丰富而有趣的文化信息。
二、英语习语中隐含的历史背景1、罗马人的痕迹公元前49年，罗马执政庞贝和元老院共谋进攻恺撒。
当时恺撒的领地和意大利本部交界处有条小河Rubicon。
恺撒不顾一切，悍然率领军队渡过此河与庞贝决战。
在渡河时他说”The die is cast.”骰子已经掷下, 表明义无反顾。
过了河,他还烧毁了渡船,( burn the boats) 逼得士兵毫无退路，只好勇往直前, 打败了敌人。
就是这样一段历史故事, 在英语中留下了几个常见的习语: cross the Rubicon( 渡过鲁比肯河) 喻意决定冒重大危险, 采取断然行动; burn one’s boats( 烧掉自己的船) 表示破釜沉舟的决心; The die is cast. ( 骰子已经掷下) 预示着事情已经决定, 再也不能改变。
论英语习语对英美文化的反映
论英语习语对英美文化的反映作者：成登忠来源：《管理观察》2009年第19期摘要:英语习语是英语词汇的重要组成部分,蕴涵了丰富的文化知识。
习语的来源、出处来自英、美国家特有的民族文化背景和独特的文化特色。
准确地掌握习语能够使我们揭示其丰富、幽默的内涵所体现出英、美国家的各民族的丰富多彩的文化现象。
关键词:英语习语英美文化英语习语对英、美国家文化的反映,从习语的来源出处来看英语习语来自于英、美国家特有的民族文化背景、自然环境、地理文化、民族心理文化、思维方式、历史风貌、民俗风情等等),它既产生于这样的特定的民族文化背景之中,受其影响又集中反映并记载传承这一特定的文化内容,反映出英、美民族丰富多彩的民族文化与内容。
虽然有些习语已经失去了它们存在的特有的历史文化背景,但是透过习语我们依然能清晰的看到距今遥远的或者是已经销声匿迹的民族文化内容,这就是习语—文字记载传承历史的一个重要作用。
一、社会生活背景大不列颠是一个由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士及爱尔兰组成的多民族的岛屿国家,生存,人们不得不为了生存, 人们不得不时常与恶劣的海洋气候相抗争。
在征服自然的过程中, 英语中形成了许多与海洋有关的习语。
如: 。
all at sea (茫然), between devil and blue sea (进退维谷), hoist one’s colors (升起旗帜,宣布观点), sail under false colors (用假冒的旗帜航行引申为冒充欺世盗名), in low water (搁浅引申为缺钱), on the rocks (在岩石中触礁,引申为遭遇失败), to keep one’s head over water (把头保持在水面上不下沉,引申为不负债,好坏凭自己) a drop in the ocean 沧海一粟, plain sailing 一帆风顺, While it is fine weather mend your sail 未雨绸缪。
英语习语与英美文化北师大燕化附中高中英语校本课程教材
课程内容及课时安排: 18课时
单元 第一单元
教学内容 英语习语、谚语
第二单元 第三单元 第四单元 Nhomakorabea英国地理简介 英国历史简介 英国社会习俗
课时 3课时 3课时 1课时 2课时
第五单元 第六单元 第七单元 第八单元
英国饮食文化
英国体育、娱乐 英国主要节日 英国教育和文化
汇报展示学习成果
2课时 2课时 2课时 2课时 1课时
授课及评价方法：
授课方式：教师讲授引导，学生讨论、交流、小组合作、 展示汇报成果。
过程与方法：
教学内容与设计要从学生的学习兴趣和生活经验出发，从 不同层面渗透英美文化。通过体验、实践、参与、合作与 交流的学习方式培养学生的听、说、读、写的综合语言技 能。注重培养学生英语获取信息、处理信息和传达信息的 能力、分析问题和解决问题的能力以及用英语思维和表达 的能力。
情感态度和价值观要求：
北师大燕化附中高中英语校本课程教材道客巴巴
北师大燕化附中高中英语校本课程教材
英语习语与英美文化
ENGLISH IDIOMS AND CULTURE OF BRITAIN AND AMERICA
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英 语 习 语 与 英 美 文 化
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Choose our course!!!
课程目标:
知识和能力目标：
通过学习英美文化知识，探索语言与文化、习语与语言的 关系，进一步了解英语习语与英语民族的历史开展、地理 环境、风俗习惯、寓言神话、文学艺术等几个主要文化侧 面的内容。使文化学习渗透到学生的语言学习中，丰富英 语学习的内容，为学生翻开一扇了解英语国家文化的窗口, 从而进一步提高跨文化的语言交际的能力。
浅析英语习语与英美文化
浅析英语习语与英美文化作者：吴春艳来源：《校园英语·月末》2018年第12期【摘要】文化渗透人类生产生活的诸多方面，文化的显现与表达，离不开言语活动，英语习语就能很好体现不同的英美文化特征。
根据习语的文化特点以及不可分离性，对其的学习与研究就有迹可循。
本文从文化的角度浅析英语习语的不同方面以及学习方法，为了解英美文化，学习英语习语提供思路。
【关键词】英语习语；英美文化【作者简介】吴春艳（1994.04.21-），女，汉族，大连海事大学外国语学院，研究方向：外国语言学及应用语言学，商务英语。
一、文化与习语文化与生活息息相关，在一定程度上文化塑成各式生活，生活的方方面面都有文化的渗透与影响，这就有了独一无二的美国黑人音乐，望而观止的埃及金字塔，中国的道教文化等。
英国翻译研究界的元老Peter Newmark 将文化界定为：使用某一语言作为其表达手段的一个社会所特有的生活方式及表现形式。
由此可见，文化是可以通过语言体现出来的。
“事实上，语言不仅是一种文化现象，而且是历史文化的活化石，是一种特殊的、综合性的文化凝聚体。
语言在文化的建构、传承以及不同文化间的交流等方面，发挥着不可替代的作用；另一方面，不同的文化特点往往也会导致不同的语言特点”。
在使用语言进行沟通时，应了解对方语言中所渗透的文化，这就要求交流的双方具有文化意识。
那么，文化意识在语言中如何体现呢？对习语的使用就是文化意识的一种体现，各式各样的习语体现着生活的方方面面，比如在饮食文化中，习语“As American as apple pie”（美国特色），如果学习者了解到是欧洲殖民者将苹果派带到美国来，当时的本土印第安人并没有这一食物，而美国人喜爱吃苹果派也是他们刚从欧洲移居到美洲来以后就开始了，这就不难理解该习语的含义了。
习语是将文化中的语言现象进行分类、整理及高度浓缩，是精炼化的语言，短短数词就能将一个国家、地区的某一文化特色展现出来。
美国英语习语与文化
目录目录--------------------------------------------------------------------1论文摘要----------------------------------------------------------------2关键字------------------------------------------------------------------2一、文化与习语的定义与关系---------------------------------------------3（一）习语的定义---------------------------------------------------3（二）文化的定义---------------------------------------------------3（三）文化与习语关系-----------------------------------------------3二、英国的文化及对英语习语的影响---------------------------------------3（一）英国的生活习惯------------------------------------------------3（二）英国的地理位置、气候特点--------------------------------------4 三、从不同侧面举例说明美国英语习语的各种形式---------------------------4（一）相当于各种语法词性的短语---------------------------------------4（二）有关历史典故的习语---------------------------------------------4（三）源于圣经故事、希腊神话或一些文学作品---------------------------5 （四）谚语的应用-----------------------------------------------------5（五）具有特殊意义的短语---------------------------------------------5（六）美国英语习语中的日常用语---------------------------------------6（七）有关宗教信仰的习语---------------------------------------------6四、受美国文化影响下的英语习语的变化-----------------------------------6（一）语音、语调的变化---------------------------------------------6（二）习惯用语的变化-----------------------------------------------7参考文献--------------------------------------------------------------7论文摘要随着经济全球化的发展，英语成为世界各国人民交流的工具。
浅谈英语谚语特点和翻译
浅谈英语谚语特点和翻译摘要：谚语是一个民族在历史长河中智慧的结晶。
一个优秀的谚语，不仅可以教导，启发和说服人，而且还可以丰富我们的语言和文化，本文根据谚语的特点并结合影响谚语翻译的因素，探讨了谚语翻译的方法和他们自身的优势。
谚语反映着文化。
由于其简单和流行的特点，他们通过一代又一代，并逐渐成为语言的一部分。
谚语是人的智慧的本质。
一个优秀的谚语，不仅可以教导，启发和说服人，而且还可以丰富我们的语言和文化，所以当我们研究一门语言和文化时，有必要研究一个民族的谚语。
英语谚语有许多功能，如简洁的形式、深刻的道德、宗教信仰和民族特色。
这些特点使我们很难翻译英语谚语，来表达其原始的含义、形式和口味。
在本文中，笔者将介绍英语谚语的特点、影响英语谚语翻译的因素、并讨论四种翻译方法和他们自身的优势。
一、英语谚语的特点什么是谚语？谚语是固定词组，在老百姓中普及，并通过简单的话语表达含义。
大多数的谚语是长时间生活经验的科学总结。
一些来自警句和俏皮话。
许多谚语都来自圣经，以座右铭和格言的形式，总结生活经验，制定行为准则。
1.用词精练，句式整齐谚语经过长期的锤炼，其用词十分讲究，结构也很整齐。
例如：1.1滴水穿石。
Constant dropping wears the stone.1.1有其父，必有其子。
Like father，like son.2.音韵和谐，易于上口谚语经过长期流传，具有很强的口语化特点，单句讲究韵律，双句讲究对仗。
例如：2.1嘴上无毛，说话不牢。
Downy lips make thoughtless slips.2.2失之东隅，收之桑隅。
What one loses on the swings one gets back on the round abouts.3.比喻生动，寓意深刻谚语源于生活，生动形象，蕴含着深刻的人生哲理。
例如：3.1留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。
As long as green hills remains，there’ll never bea shortage of firewood.3.2宁为鸡头，毋为牛后。
初中英语英美文化英美历史、地理及政治素材
英美历史、地理及政治1.英国，全称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国（The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2.英国本土位于欧洲大陆西北面的不列颠群岛，被北海、英吉利海峡、凯尔特海、爱尔兰海和大西洋包围。
3英国由大不列颠岛上的英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士，爱尔兰岛东北部的北爱尔兰以及一系列附属岛屿共同组成的一个西欧岛国。
除本土之外，其还拥有十四个海外领地，总人口超过6400万，4英国以英格兰人为主体民族。
英国是一个高度发达的资本主义国家。
其国民拥有较高的生活水平和良好的社会保障制度。
5英国作为英联邦元首国、欧洲联盟成员国、北大西洋公约组织创始会员国、G8成员国，英国同时也是联合国安全理事会五大常任理事国之一。
6英国是一个单一制、君主立宪的民主国家，它的政府体系（即所谓西敏制）直接影响了许多其他国家的政治体制。
7英国的国家元首和理论上最高权力的拥有者是英国君主。
英国是世界上最早出现资产阶级政党，并最先确立和实行两党制的国家。
目前英国属于议会内阁制下的两党制。
8英国在1688年的光荣革命确立英国君主立宪政体，英国是世界上第一个工业化国家，首先完成工业革命，国力壮大。
9 英国在18世纪至20世纪初期英国统治的领土跨越全球，是当时世界上最强大的国家。
在两次世界大战中都取得了胜利，但国力严重受损。
10英国到20世纪下半叶英帝国解体，超级大国领导地位被美国和苏联取代。
不过，目前英国仍是一个在世界范围内有相当影响力的大国。
11英国工业革命始于18世纪60年代，以棉纺织业的技术革新为始，以瓦特蒸汽机的发明和广泛使用为枢纽，以19世纪30、40年代机器制造业机械化的实现为基本完成的标志。
12英国女王玛丽。
英王亨利八世之女。
1553年即,位后，恢复天主教，因残酷迫害宗教改革家，烧死新教徒达300多人，而获此称谓“血腥玛丽”。
13英国人信仰的宗教主要是基督教。
从英语习语看英美文化
摘要：英语习语是英语语言文化中不容忽视的重要组成部分。
英语习语折射着英语语言民族在地理、历史、宗教信仰、生活习俗等方面丰富的文化信息和独特的文化特色。
准确掌握英语中的习语, 能帮助我们深刻理解英语词汇中的文化内涵及文化差异, 从而更加准确、传神地使用英语。
关键词：英语习语；英美文化。
一、引言语言是人在劳动中创造的，习语是语言特征的集中反映，它来自于普通百姓的生产劳动和生活经历，是语言的精华、语言的缩影；语言是一个任意的符号系统，习语是人在长期的语言实践中约定俗成的；语言是以交际为目的的，习语的起源就是在口头交际中使用最频繁的俚语和俗语；语言是人类智慧的表现，习语比较集中地反映出语言的修辞手段和表现手法（其中相当一部分是文学巨匠的精彩词句）；语言是为人类各种活动服务的，而习语恰好生动地反映出人类生活的方方面面。
广义的习语包含比喻性词组、俚语、格言、俗语、谚语、典故等，是语言发展的结晶。
英语语言历史悠久，包含着大量的习语，它们或含蓄、幽默、或严肃、典雅，不仅言简意赅，而且形象生动，妙趣横生，给语言增色不少。
由于地理、历史、宗教信仰和生活习俗等多方面的因素决定，习语承载着英语语言民族的文化信息和文化特色，并与它们的文化传统紧密相连，不可分割。
而对英语习语的学习有助于我们掌握英语本族语者的真实语言，了解语言背后所隐藏着的丰富而有趣的文化信息。
二、英语习语中隐含的历史背景1、罗马人的痕迹公元前49年，罗马执政庞贝和元老院共谋进攻恺撒。
当时恺撒的领地和意大利本部交界处有条小河Rubicon。
恺撒不顾一切，悍然率领军队渡过此河与庞贝决战。
在渡河时他说"The die is cast."骰子已经掷下, 表明义无反顾。
过了河,他还烧毁了渡船,( burn the boats) 逼得士兵毫无退路，只好勇往直前, 打败了敌人。
就是这样一段历史故事, 在英语中留下了几个常见的习语: cross the Rubicon( 渡过鲁比肯河) 喻意决定冒重大危险, 采取断然行动; burn one's boats( 烧掉自己的船) 表示破釜沉舟的决心; The die is cast. ( 骰子已经掷下) 预示着事情已经决定, 再也不能改变。
从英语习语看英美文化
从英语习语看英美文化作者：邵颖来源：《文学教育下半月》2011年第09期内容摘要：英语习惯用语是英美文化中的重要组成部分，习语反映出了英美国家在地理、宗教信仰、生活习俗和民族心理等方面的特色。
掌握并准确用好习语，可以更好地理解英语词汇中的文化差异及内涵，更准确地使用英语。
关键词：英语习语英美文化语言一.引言英语习惯用语是人们经过长时期提炼出来的形式固定的短语或短句，其特性是说法固定、统一，并且含义丰富。
说法固定是指习惯用语的组成部分不容替换和更改，词与词之间紧密相连、不可分割，并且词序也不可颠倒；含义丰富指英语习惯用语包含有丰富的文化内涵，来源广泛与英美文化传统紧密相连、不可分割，体现出英美国家等各民族丰富多彩的文化现象。
文化是一种历史现象，不同地理环境、经济体制、历史背景、宗教信仰及价值观念使得不同民族形成了显著的文化差异。
语言作为文化的载体，本身就是文化的一种反映，而其中最能体现文化底蕴的非习语莫属。
二.英语习语所体现的自然地理环境特征英国是一个岛国，为了生存，人们不得不时常与恶劣的海洋气候相抗争。
在征服自然的过程中，英语中出现了很多与海洋有关的习语。
习语“all at sea”（不知所措），“all hands to the pump”（比喻情况紧急，性命攸关，要竭尽全力）的意思。
航海时代除了除了要和海水打交道，风也是一个少不了的重要因素，它决定着是否能够航行，于是习语“raise the wind”字面意思就是“找风，筹集风”，而现在用这一短语表示“筹钱”。
还有一些习语，和鱼和水有关，依然体现了英国三面环海的地理特点。
比如英语中有很多的习语都和fish有关：“big fish”（大亨），“fresh fish”（新来的囚犯），“dull fish”（枯燥无味的人），“loose fish” （放荡的人），“shy fish”（羞怯的人）。
还有我们汉语里讲的“挥金如土”，放在英语中却是“spent money like water”。
英语习语与英美文化
习语概述 (General Introduction to English Idioms)
习语包括比喻性词组(metaphorical phrases)、俚语(slang)、 俗语(colloquialism)、谚语(proverb)等,是语言词汇的重要组成 部分，是语言的民族形式和各种修辞手段的集中表现，是语言 中的某些部分经过长期反复使用后自然沉积形成的形式固定、 简洁明快、寓意深刻的短语或短句。 习语作为一种特殊的语言形式，也是人民大众口头上习用的 定型词组或短语。但它的结构不一定和现代语言一致，用词也 不一定和现代语言相同，它们是相沿以久、约定俗成、具有完 整而独特意义的词语，因此也就有与一般语言形式不同的特点。
习语与语言（Idioms & Language）
1、习语的民族性 2、习语的民间性 3、习语的比喻性 4、习语的整体性 5、习语的和谐性
1、习语的民族性
习语是人民大众在劳动中创造出来的，与人和人 生活的环境密切相关。因此，习语与一个民族的地 理环境、历史背景、经济生活、风俗习惯、宗教信 仰、心理状态、价值观念等方面有着不可分割的联 系。习语好比一面镜子，能清楚地反映出一个民族 文化的特色。习语一般都运用恰当的比喻，并能引 起联想，但这种联想是由民族的现实环境和生活经 验决定的。
2、习语的比喻性
暗喻（metaphor）：是一种含蓄的比喻，本体和喻体同时出现，两者之间 是相合的关系，没有比喻词。在文字上，暗喻比明喻更简洁，更幽默。 例如：have a screw loose(又一颗螺丝松了)，这里把人的神经 系统直接比喻成了一架机器，没有比喻词like或as。 e.g. I should not call him an idiot, but clearly he has got a screw loose somewhere or other. 又如: iron in the fire(火中的铁)，源于铁匠打铁时，火炉上有好几块铁烧红 了，等着要打，比喻“手头要做的事很多”或“解决问题的办法有很 多。” e.g. I’ve asked my uncle if he can help me to get a job, but I’ve got several other irons in the fire as well, so it won’t really matter if my uncle refuses.
2020秋七年级英语上册 英美文化 英美历史、地理及政治素材 (新版)人教新目标版
英美历史、地理及政治1.英国，全称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国（The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2.英国本土位于欧洲大陆西北面的不列颠群岛，被北海、英吉利海峡、凯尔特海、爱尔兰海和大西洋包围。
3英国由大不列颠岛上的英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士，爱尔兰岛东北部的北爱尔兰以及一系列附属岛屿共同组成的一个西欧岛国。
除本土之外，其还拥有十四个海外领地，总人口超过6400万，4英国以英格兰人为主体民族。
英国是一个高度发达的资本主义国家。
其国民拥有较高的生活水平和良好的社会保障制度。
5英国作为英联邦元首国、欧洲联盟成员国、北大西洋公约组织创始会员国、G8成员国，英国同时也是联合国安全理事会五大常任理事国之一。
6英国是一个单一制、君主立宪的民主国家，它的政府体系（即所谓西敏制）直接影响了许多其他国家的政治体制。
7英国的国家元首和理论上最高权力的拥有者是英国君主。
英国是世界上最早出现资产阶级政党，并最先确立和实行两党制的国家。
目前英国属于议会内阁制下的两党制。
8英国在1688年的光荣革命确立英国君主立宪政体，英国是世界上第一个工业化国家，首先完成工业革命，国力壮大。
9 英国在18世纪至20世纪初期英国统治的领土跨越全球，是当时世界上最强大的国家。
在两次世界大战中都取得了胜利，但国力严重受损。
10英国到20世纪下半叶英帝国解体，超级大国领导地位被美国和苏联取代。
不过，目前英国仍是一个在世界范围内有相当影响力的大国。
11英国工业革命始于18世纪60年代，以棉纺织业的技术革新为始，以瓦特蒸汽机的发明和广泛使用为枢纽，以19世纪30、40年代机器制造业机械化的实现为基本完成的标志。
12英国女王玛丽。
英王亨利八世之女。
1553年即,位后，恢复天主教，因残酷迫害宗教改革家，烧死新教徒达300多人，而获此称谓“血腥玛丽”。
13英国人信仰的宗教主要是基督教。
英美文化的英美地理
General Introduction to BritainBritain lies off the north-west coast of mainlandEurope. It comprises （包括，有什么组成） four differentnations, England, Scotland, Wales, and NorthernIreland, United into one state. The central Government isin London, but Scotland, Wales, and Northern Irelandeach have their own separate assemblies （集合，聚集） for internal affairs. ET1:Name of countryMost of Britain is low-lying, fertile （肥沃的，可繁殖的）land, with hills and mountains in the West and North. Although it has a relatively small land area, it has a population of nearly 60 million people, making it one of the mostdensely populated countries in the world. It has a temperate climate, rarely exceeding 30 o C or falling below 5 o C, and rainfall is fairly well distributedthroughout the year. ET2:Population & geographyAlthough the four constituent nations form one United Kingdom, it is normal to consider their histories separately. The largest and most influential country is England, and much of the history of Britain is often subsumed, perhaps unfairly, under the history of England. Peoples in the four lands derive from a number of ancestral sources, notably: ∙the prehistoric cultures which produced such impressive monuments as the stone circles of Avebury and Stonehenge; click for picture ∙the ancient Celtic peoples who inhabited western and central Europe; click for map ∙ the Romans who occupied Britain for over 300 years from theinvasion in AD 43;click for map of Roman Empire ∙ The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes - Germanic peoples who beganraiding and settling in the 3rd century; click for map ofAnglo-Saxon-Jute invasions ∙ Scots from Ireland, who began to settle in what became known asScotland, merging with the indigenous Picts to form one kingdom;click for map of Scots invasion from Ireland ∙ Vikings from Scandinavia, who pillaged and settled areas of Britainand Ireland from the end of the 8th century; click for picture of Vikinglongboats ∙ and the Normans from France, who invaded England in 1066.click forpicture of the Bayeux tapestryAll these invasions deeply affected the evolution of the countries that were tobecome Britain. Roman rule left a legacy of large town and city sites like London and Chester and a series of ruler-straight roads and defensive walls like Hadrian's Wall on the northern borders.Christianity first came with the Romans, but was re-introduced later in the 6th and 7th centuries to the small kingdoms that had emerged with the settling of the Angles, Saxons and Jutes as theRomans(ET3) retreated. During the Viking invasions, these small kingdoms were all overrun, except for the kingdom of Wessex, where Alfred the Great reigned from 871 to 899 and successfully held them at bay. The Wessex dynasty came to rule the whole country, and the present Royal Family trace part of their descent from this line.The Norman Conquest(ET4) brought a new ruling class to Anglo-Saxon England and a new language to the culture for the next 300 years - Norman French. It is no accident that Modern English shares much of its lexicon with French, though its base grammar is Germanic. The power struggles of the Norman barons with their King also gave rise to the Magna Carta, which secured feudal rights and led the way to the development of the Parliament, which by the end of the 13th century had adopted its basic form of Lords and Commons.Between 1534 and 1540 King Henry VIII of the Tudor dynasty severed the ties with the Roman Catholic Church and brought about the English Reformation and the establishment of the Church of England. It was during this period, too, that Acts of Union were passed that integrated England and Wales(ET5), and gave Wales representation in Parliament.The 17th century saw hostility between the Parliament and the Crown that eventually led to the execution of King Charles, the temporary abolition of the monarchy, and the rule of Oliver Cromwell as the Lord Protector. England's Republic was short-lived, however, and Charles II was restored to the throne. When he died, his brother James succeeded him, but he was unpopular because he was a Catholic and there followed another bloodless 'revolution' in which the crown was offered to his Dutch son-in-law William and his daughter Mary. The following year the Bill of Rights was passed, establishing the supremacy of Parliament.Ancient opponents Scotland(ET6) and England agreed in 1707 to a single Parliament to govern Britain, and the country saw considerable overseas expansion in the "New World" of the Americas as well as India and Africa, usually in competition with France and other European competitors such as the Dutch, the Spanish, the Portuguese, and the Russians. Despite losing the richest of its colonies, the United States of America. Britain became thegreatest Imperial power in the world by the end of the 19th century.This huge expansion of its influence was brought about partly by the needs of the Industrial Revolution, which happened first in Britain between about 1760 and 1830. The industrialisation of production demanded an increasingly urban workforce and an expanding overseas market for the goods produced. These demands led to a change in the society of Great Britain, as well as to a change in the way in which Britain related to the rest of the world. During this period, too, the old protectorate of Ireland(ET7) was formally United to Great Britain, so that Britain was now a United Kingdom of four nations. Not all Irishmen were happy with this, however, and a problem festered that has remained with the nation to this day.The twentieth century brought with it two disastrous World Wars, whose effects were to change the face of Europe and alter the balance of power inside Britain itself. Democratic reform had started in the 19th century, but at the end of the First World War the partial franchise of the male population could no longer remain partial - men who had been asked to fight for their country could not be refused a vote in its government. Nor in the end could women. At the end of the Second World War, Britain could no longer maintain an Empire (either morally or economically) and nor could it ignore the rights of ordinary people to the benefits of decent medical care, education, and proper pension rights. One by one the ex-colonies were granted Independence, and at the same time the Labour Party was fighting for a Social Welfare State System to even out the inequalities between the classes.Three further movements began as a result of the need for Europe and its ally, the USA, to rebuild its economic and political systems. One was the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), which oversees the defence of Western Europe. Another was the United Nations (UN), which seeks to Unite all countries in the world in peaceful endeavour, and the other was the European Union (EU) which started in the 50s with 6 member states, and now numbers 15, including Britain who joined in 1973. These movements will be dealt with further in later Tutorials.Now do some exercises connected with that basic text:N ames of country & peopleThere is often some confusion, both inside and outside Britain, concerning its name and the names of its variouspeoples.If we are being purely geographical, then thetwo large islands with all the outlying little islands arecalled the British Isles . The largest of the islands is calledGreat Britain , made up of Scotland , England , and Wales , and the second largest is Ireland , which contains two countries: the Republic of Ireland , an independent sovereign state, and Northern Ireland , which is part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . This is the correct full name of the country, which is often shortened to the UK , or simply Britain. The short form UK is logical, because it is a United Kingdom. But the designation GB is not really correct, since this cannot include Northern Ireland. Although asimilar criticism might be made of the word Britain , it has neverthelessbecome an accepted form. What is not acceptable is to use England as the name for the whole country. The Queen is often called, wrongly, the Queen of England, when she should be called the Queen of Britain.One reason for the acceptance of Britain as the short name of the UnitedKingdom is perhaps its closeness to the normal adjective British which is used to describe the inhabitants or anything appertaining to Britain. An individual can be described as a Briton , though this is an archaism rarely used seriously. American used to refer to the British as Britishers but this was not well liked and is rarely used today. As a colloquial short form, however, a Brit, or Brits is acceptable but not in formal prose. One word that should never be used to mean all inhabitants of the UK is the word English. The Scots , the Irish , and the Welsh will usually bristle visibly whenever they are so described. Only those born and bred in England (the vast majority of the inhabitants, it is true) should be called English . A Scot (or a Scotsman ), a (Northern) Irishman , or a Welshman will refer to themselves as Scottish or (Northern) Irish or Welsh and will accept being called British , and holding a British passport. An Englishman probably doesn't really care. The word is still Kingdom even when there is a queen as monarch. And Scotch does not describe a Scotsman, it describes a drink for which Scotland is rightly famous and the rest of us properly grateful.P opulation & GeographySome facts and figures, country by countryPopulation The population of the United Kingdom on Census Day 2001 was 58,789,194 it has been revealed by the Registrars General for England and Wales, for Scotland and for Northern Ireland.The populations ofindividualcountries were:England 49,138,831 (83.6 per cent of the total population);Scotland 5,062,011 (8.6 per cent); Wales 2,903,085 (4.9 percent); Northern Ireland 1,685,267 (2.9 per cent).GeographyBritain lies off the north-west coast of mainland Europe, and has an area of 244,000square kilometres, small compared to China's 9,600,000. It is just under 1,000 kilometres from the south coast of England to the extreme north of Scotland, and just under 500 kilometres across the widest part. At no point are you ever more than 100 kilometres from the sea.England is largely a lowland country with no high mountains, though there are upland regions such as the Pennine Chain and the Cumbrian mountains in the north, and high moors with beautiful lakes in Yorkshire. There are moors in the West Country, also, and some of the original forest cover remains in the New Forest. In the south there are low chalk hills called the North and South Downs, and the country is well-watered and fertile.Wales is a country of hills and mountains, the highest being Snowdon at 1,085 metres. The high plateau and mountain ranges are deeply cut bysteep-sided river valleys, and the lower-lying ground is largely confined to the coastal region and the floors or lower slopes of the river valleys.Physically, Scotland is the most rugged and sparsely populated part of the UK, with mountains and lakes in the North (The Highlands) and in the South (the Southern Uplands). The highest mountain in Britain isBen Nevis, at 1,343 m, in the central Highlands. The landscape is wild and beautiful, with many wide, empty moors and small woods, and the dramatic lakes include the mysterious Loch Ness, supposedly the home of monsters.Northern Ireland is the smallest of the four nations that make up the United Kingdom. It is mostly rural, with low hills and a beautiful lake district which has Britain's largest freshwater lake, Lough Neagh , with an area of 396 sq km. The land is well-watered and fertile, with an ancient small-field pattern of agriculture. Its rugged coastline includes its most famous landmark, theGiant's Causeway, a rocky promontory made up of black hexagonal columns formed by cooling lava millions of years ago. Legend has it that the giant Finn MaCool built it to cross the sea to Scotland.A ngles Saxons and JutesCeltic villageRoman Soldier Anglo & Saxon invadersBritish history has been a history of invasions. Before the first century AD Britain was made up of many tribal Kingdoms of Celtic people: a powerful culture originating in central Europe. Then in 43 AD Britain was invaded by the Roman empire, and England and Wales (though not Scotland or Ireland) became a part of the Roman empire for nearly 400 years. As the Roman empire came under threat from the east, the Roman armies and Roman protection were withdrawn from Britain, and Britain was again divided into small kingdoms, and again it came under threat from outside, this time from Germanic peoples: the Angles and the Saxons.One of the best-known legends derives from this time. In the fifth century AD it is said that a great leader appeared, United the British, and, with his magical sword Excalibur , drove the Saxons back. This is the story of King Arthur, and has been embellished by singers, poets, novelists, and evenfilmmakers ever since.Although King Arthur's real existence is in doubt, you van visit placesassociated with his legend, such as the cliff-edge castle at Tintagel inCornwall. According to legend, Arthur gathered a company of knights to him, who sat at Arthur's castle at Camelot (possibly the real hilltop fort at Cadbury Hill in Somerset). Conflict between his knights led to Arthur creating the famous "round table" at which all would have equal precedence. Perhaps this could be seen as an indicator of the way in which the English have wished to see their monarch as something other than a remote dictator, and have in fact managed to gradually bind the monarchy into a more democratic system rather than completely rejecting it.Whatever Arthur's success, legend or not, it did not last, for theAnglo-Saxons did succeed in invading Britain, and either absorbed the Celtic people, or pushed them to the western and northern edges of Britain. Despite the fact that contemporary English people think of King Arthur as their hero, really he was fighting against them, for these Anglo-Saxons were the forefathers of the English, the founders of Angle-land or England as it has become known.T he Norman ConquestThe next invaders were the Normans, from northernFrance, who were the descendants of Vikings but whohad forsaken their Scandinavian language for French.Under William of Normandy (known as William theConqueror) they crossed the English Channel in 1066and in the Battle of Hastings defeated an English armyunder King Harold. This marks the last time that an army from outside the British Isles succeeded ininvading. William took the English throne, and becameWilliam the First of England.The Tower of London, a castle in the centreof London which he built, still stands today. The Normans did not settle England to any great extent: rather theyimported a ruling class. The next three hundred years may be thought of as a Norman (and French-speaking) aristocracy ruling a largely Anglo-Saxon and English-speaking population. This is often used to explain such doublevocabularies as pork-pig, mutton-sheep, veal-calf, beef-cow: the word for the meat when cooked is French, while in the fields it is English, revealing who ate the meat and who looked after it. This is the situation which produced another of England's heroic legends. This is the legend of Robin Hood , the Saxon nobleman oppressed by the Normans, who became an outlaw and with his band of "merry men" hid in the forest of Sherwood in the north midlands of England. From this secret place, armed with their longbows, they then went out to rob from the rich to give to the poor. This early English socialist (!) has featured in many television series, both British and American. Some writers have seen in the popularity of this legend of a rebellion hidden in a greenwood a clue to the English character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity. But like all stereotypes, this one has its weaknesses, as many English people, especially young people, like to display their unconventionality externally - for example English punk rockers with their vividly dyed spiky hair. But it is certainly true that the lifeless fronts of many English houses conceal beautiful back gardens. Gardening is one of the most popular pastimes in England, and the back garden provides a place where people's outdoor life at home can go on out of the public gaze. This may contrast with people from other countries whose outdoor life might be more social - sitting on the front porch watching passers-by.WalesThe capital of Wales is Cardiff, a small city of about 300,000 people on the south coast. This southern area was an important element in Britain'sindustrial revolution, as it had rich coal deposits. Coal mining became a keyindustry for the Welsh , employing tens of thousands at its height. So its recent disappearance has been a major economic and cultural blow. But South Wales has been very successful in attracting investment from abroad - particularly Japan and the United States, which has helped to create new industries to replace coal and steel.Wales is the smallest among the three nationson the British mainland, though larger than NorthernIreland. It is very close to the most densely populatedparts of central England. Though it is hillier and morerugged than adjacent parts of England, there is nonatural boundary. So Wales has been dominated byEngland for longer than the other nations of theunion. Nevertheless, what is remarkable is thatdespite this nearness and long-standing political integration, Wales retains a powerful sense of its difference from England. It also retains its own language, Welsh. This is a Celtic tongue, completely different from English, spoken by about 20% of the population, a much higher proportion than speak Gaelic in Scotland or Irish Gaelic in Northern Ireland. As with Gaelic-speakers, all Welsh-speakers also speak fluent English but with a charming lilting accent. Music is in the Celtic soul, and the Welsh are famous for their singing and their poetry.Like the rest of Britain before the arrival of the Roman Empire, Wales was a land of Celtic peoples, living in a number of small tribal kingdoms. Wales was conquered by the Romans eventually, though with difficulty. The Welshchieftain Caradoc fought a long guerrilla campaign from the Welsh hills against the invader. When the Romans left Britain, Wales was once again a Celtic land, though again divided into separate kingdoms, but unlike England, it did not fall to the Anglo-Saxon invaders of the fifth century.But Wales was always under pressure from its English neighbours, particularly after the Norman Conquest, when the Norman barons set upcastles and estates in Wales under the authority of the English crown. Thus there was a need to unify Wales in order to successfully resist the English. This did not happen until Llewelyn ap Gruffud brought a large portion of Wales under his rule, and by a military campaign forced the English to acknowledge him as Prince of Wales in 1267. But when he died, the English king, Edward the First, set about conquering Wales, building a series of great stone castles there from which to control the population. These castles stand today as one of Wales' greatest tourist attractions along with its beaches, cliffs, and mountains, and tourism is now an important industry.Edward the First named his son the Prince of Wales,and the first son of the monarch has held that title eversince (including the present day Prince Charles) to try tobring the Wales into the British nation. The last realattempt to resist that process was in the early 15thcentury when Owain Glyndwr led an unsuccessful risingagainst the English. Today, Glyndwr and Llewelyn are more than simple historical figures for the Welsh, they are the almost legendary heroes of Welsh nationalism. Their brief campaigns are the only times in history when Wales has existed as a unified independent nation.A hundred years after Glyndwr, in 1536, Wales was brought legally, administratively, and politically into the UK by an act of the British parliament. This close, long-standing relationship means that modern Wales lacks some of the outwards signs of difference which Scotland possesses - its legal system and its education system are exactly the same as in England. Often official statistics are given for "England and Wales". However, Wales is different, and one of the key markers of that difference is the Welsh language -the old British Celtic tongue which is still in daily use.But as a source of Welsh identity this is sometimes divisive, because 80% of the Welsh don't speak the language, and yet feel Welsh. Since most of the Welsh speakers are in the north, this deepens a cultural division between the more populated, industrial south, and the rural north of Wales.The sense of national identity has been consolidated in recent years by deliberate acts of Government. Under the Labour Government of Tony Blair, Wales, like Scotland and Northern Ireland gained its own National Assemblyin 1999, headed by a first Minister and eight cabinet ministers with powers to make secondary legislation specifically for the needs of the Welsh people. Primary legislation for national and international policies are still made in Parliament in Westminster to which Wales continues to elect its own representatives. Wales, like Scotland, is being allowed to be proud of itself once again, while still remaining a part of the United Kingdom.S cotlandScotland is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area. It is also the most confidentof its own identity because alone amongst thenon-English components of the UK it haspreviously spent a substantial period of historyas a unified state independent of the UK. Thus it is not a big leap for the Scottish to imagine themselves independent again.Physically, Scotland is the most rugged part of the UK, with areas ofsparsely populated mountains and lakes in the north (The Highlands) and in the south (the Southern Uplands). Three-quarters of the population lives in the lowland zone which spans the country between these two highland areas. The largest city is Glasgow , in the west of this zone. Scotland's capital city is Edinburgh, on the east coast 40 miles away from Glasgow. It is renowned for its beauty and its cultural life, particularly during the world-famous Edinburgh Festival , and its centre is dominated by the great castle built upon a huge rock, looming down over the stone-built city. Both Glasgow and Edinburgh have ancient and internationally-respected universities dating from the 15th century.Scotland was not conquered by the Romans, though they did try to, and for awhile occupied as far as the edge of the northern highland zone. But thedifficulty of maintaining their rule there caused them to retreat to a line roughly equivalent to the contemporary boundary between England and Scotland. Along this line, from sea to sea, they, like the Chinese, built a wall to mark the northern end of their domain and to help defend it. It is called Hadrian's Wall after the Emperor of Rome at the time of its building, and although ruined, lengths of it can still be seen and walked along.Nor was most of Scotland conquered by the Anglo-Saxons, although an Angle Kingdom was established in the south-east - hence Edinburgh's Germanic name. British Celts, displaced from the south by Saxon invasion occupied the area around what is now Glasgow, and in this same period (around the 6th century AD) Celtic people from northern Ireland invaded the south-west. They were called the Scots, and it is they who gave the modern country of Scotland its name. The original Scottish Celts, called the Picts, were left with the extensive but unproductive highland zone. The division between highland and lowland Scotland remains a cultural divide today, in much the same way as north and south England see themselves as different from each other. There are even areas in the highlands where, in addition to English, people speak the old Celtic language Gaelic.Like England, Scotland began to experience Viking raids in the ninthcentury, and it was the pressure from this outside threat that led Scottish kings to unify, forming an independent, singular Scottish state at just about the same time that Anglo-Saxon England was also unifying. The presence of this larger powerful kingdom on its southern doorstep was the key factor in Scottish politics from that time on, with frequent wars between the two. WilliamShakespeare's play Macbeth is set in the Scotland of this period. The town of Berwick-upon-Tweed near the border in present-day England is said to have changed hands thirteen times as a result of Anglo-Scottish conflict. Despite the conflict, there were close ties between the two countries, with intermarriage between the two aristocracies, and even between the royal families. A recent movie Braveheart tells the story of William Wallace's uprising in 1298, which was quelled by the English. But only a few years later, the Scots, under the leadership of Robert the Bruce, were victorious at the Battle of Bannockburn, leading to 300 years of full independence.In 1603, however, Queen Elizabeth the First of England died childless, and the next in line to the throne was James the Sixth of Scotland, so he also became James the First of England, Uniting the two thrones. But for another hundred years Scotland maintained its separate political identity. However, in 1707 by agreement of the Scottish and English parliaments, Scotland joined the Union. There followed two rebellions in 1715 and 1745 in which the heir to the Stuart claim to the British throne attempted to reassert his right to rule Britain, gathering support in Scotland then marching with an army into England. In 1745 this led to a brutal military response from the British army. The rebel army was destroyed at the Battle of Culloden (the last battle on British soil) in northern Scotland. Scottish highland clan culture (extended family group) was effectively destroyed at this time, and today exists largely as a way of parting tourists from their money by selling them tartan souvenirs or histories of 'their' clan. For, following Culloden, and even more importantly, the agricultural changes of the 18th century which led to depopulation of the highlands, many Scots sought their fortune outside Scotland - in England, America, Canada, or Australia. So that there are many more people of Scottish descent outside Scotland than in it, and many of those come back to find their 'roots', forming a good target for the sellers of such souvenirs.The dream of a return to a fully-independent Scotland has not vanished, but it does not seem to be one that is actually supported by most Scots. What is certain, however, is that the devolution promised by the 1997 LabourGovernment, and delivered in the form of a Scottish Parliament for internal affairs in 1999 has been a huge success, and the new sense of proud Scottishness that it has allowed may well silence any voices claiming even greater independence.N orthern IrelandIrelandIreland was never invaded by theRomans, nor settled by the Anglo-Saxons,though it was dominated by the Vikingsduring the 10th century. Its population wastherefore more purely Celtic than the rest ofBritain by the time Henry II of Englandlaunched an invasion in the 12th century. A large part of the country came under Norman control, but little settlement occurred and little direct authority was exercised from England during the Middle Ages.During the reign of Elizabeth I , however, a series of campaigns was waged against Irish insurgents, the Province of Ulster in the North being the main focus of resistance until the flight of its leaders in 1607. Ulster was then deliberately settled by large numbers of English and Scottish Protestants in the 17th century, their religion setting them apart from the indigenous Roman Catholic inhabitants of Ireland.Anglo-Irish ascendancy was confirmed by the victory of the Protestant William of Orange (William III) over the Roman Catholic James II at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690. It is this victory which is still celebrated today by the Ulster Loyalists when they march provocatively through Roman Catholic areas of Belfast. Ireland was finally merged with the rest of Britain by the Act of Union of 1801, and for the next 120 years Britain was the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.Many of the Irish Catholics were unhappy with this Union, however, and the Irish Question and Home Rule for Ireland became vexed questions for the whole of the 19th century. The second World War halted negotiations, and the Easter Rising of 1916 was brutally put down by the British and the ringleaders hanged, thus becoming martyrs to the Irish cause. The IrishRepublican Army (the IRA) began its campaigns, and the Irish Catholic Sinn Fein party won most Irish seats in the British Parliament. Independence became inevitable and finally occurred in 1921, but it was only a partialindependence. The majority Protestant population of Ulster wanted to remain part of Britain, and so Ireland became two countries - the Irish Free State (now the Republic of Ireland) and Northern Ireland continuing as part of the United Kingdom, but with its own Parliament for internal affairs.But this still left the problem of the 40% Catholic minority in Northern Ireland.。
不同的地理特征对汉英习语影响
不同的地理特征对汉英习语影响(1)Abstract】 The geography environment is connected to the human's lives closely. From the ancient times, the human tried their best to conquer the nature, to rebuild it. At that time, the most important function was to improve the production. So in this period, the human's civilizations were influenced by the geography. China is located in the east of the Eurasia and on the west bank of the Pacific Ocean--which could not be crossed at that time. In the southwest of China, there is the Himalayas, and the southwest is a large desert, because of these, we can say that China was relatively isolated from the outside world. Meanwhile, China has a large of field for tillage and the climate suits to it. So the Chinese civilization is the geography civilization. But in England and the western countries, they lack of the inland but near the Mediterranean and the Atlantic Ocean, these were suited to develop the sea civilization.The idioms are the flowers of the Chinese and English culture. So this paper will list the idioms about the geography in Chinese and English languages. Let everyone know more the geography Chinese and English idioms【Key Words】geography; idioms; Chinese; English【摘要】地理环境与人类的生存密切相关，远古的人类就是在不断地征服自然，改造自然中，发展、壮大起来。
英国的地理环境对英语习语的影响及其翻译探究
英国的地理环境对英语习语的影响及其翻译探究作者：杨艳群来源：《科学导报·学术》2020年第33期摘要：语言和文化关联密切，语言是一种社会现象和文化载体，同时又是文化的一个重要组成部分。
不同的文化会赋予语言独特的语法和词汇结构并极大地影响说话者的表达习惯和思维逻辑。
文化离不开一定的自然地理环境，地理环境与民族文化紧密相关。
习语作为社会文化生活的一面镜子就必然会反映出这方面的内容。
本文主要探讨了英国的地理环境对英语习语的影响。
翻译过程中，译者不能望文生义，而应该深入了解其文化内涵，这样才能准确地传达源语意思。
关键词：地理环境;英语习语;影响;翻译1.引言语言是文化的一部分，是文化的主要表現形式。
不同的民族有着不同的文化、历史、风俗习惯和风土人情等，各民族的文化和社会风俗又都在该民族的语言中表现出来。
语言与文化相互依赖、相互影响。
文化离不开一定的自然地理环境，文化不是抽象的，而是具体的。
生活在不同的自然环境中的人会形成不同的文化，任何文化的特点都离不开它所处的具体的地理环境。
每种文化都因其地域、气候、环境的特点而具有不同的特征。
英国是一个岛国，英国被北海、英吉利海峡、凯尔特海、爱尔兰海和大西洋包围。
东临北海，面对比利时、荷兰、德国、丹麦和挪威等国;西邻爱尔兰，横隔大西洋与美国、加拿大遥遥相对;北过大西洋可达冰岛;南穿英吉利海峡行33公里即为法国。
英国所处的这样一个岛国的位置，对其自身的发展具有重要的意义，也对英语习语的形成有很大的影响。
2.气候对英语习语的影响英国属温带海洋性气候。
英国受盛行西风控制，全年温和湿润，岛上的气候特点是雨量充沛，风大雾多，冬季温暖，日照时间短。
英国终年受西风和海洋的影响，全年气候温和湿润。
英国虽然气候温和，但天气多变。
一日之内，时晴时雨。
大不列颠岛的西部降雨量特别大，如在西苏格兰北部一带，一周7天平均有5天下雨。
东南部地区的降雨量小、但伦敦地区一年中的平均雨日仍有160天。
西安市中心小学小学英语 英美文化小贴士3地势和地形素材
地势和地形英国地势西北高、东南低。
其西北地区主要地形是高原；而东部和东南部则主要是低地，他们是整个欧洲平原（the Great European Plain）的组成部分。
英格兰占据了大不列颠南面的最大部分土地，那里地势平缓，多为平原、丘陵和沼泽地。
特别是英格兰东部沿海地区，土地肥沃，适于耕种。
苏格兰多为山地、湖泊和岛屿，它拥有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地以及南部山陵。
不列颠最高峰尼维斯峰（Ben Nevis）便座落于此，高1,343米。
威尔士亦是多山地区，6%的土地被森林覆盖，大部分村庄以放牧为主。
北爱尔兰北部为多岩石、荒蛮的海岸，曲折蜿蜒。
其东北部多为高地，东南部为山区，而中部则是低浅的盆地。
the Golden Fleeceking athamus of northern GREece had twochildren，phrixus and hell e．after he left his first wifeand mar ried ino，a wicked woman，the two childrenreceived all the cruel treatment that a stepmothercoul d devise ，at one timethe kingdom was ruined bya famine．ino persuaded her credu lous husband intobelieving that his son，phrixus，was the actual cause ofthe disaster，and should be sacrificed to zeus toendit．the poor boy was then plac ed on the altar andwas about tobe knifed when a ram with golden fl eece was sent down by thegods and carried off thetwo children on it s back．as they flew over the strait that divides asia from europe，helle，faint atthe vast expanse of water below ，fell into the sea and was drowned．thus the sea ofhelle，hellespont，became the ancient name of the strip of water．her brother kept on and arrivedin colchis on the eastern shore of the black sea．there h e sacrificed the ram to zeus and gave itsgolden fleece to king aeet es，who nailed it on a sacred tree and put a sleepless dragon in charg e ．金色的羊毛希腊北部国王阿塔玛斯有两个孩子，法瑞克斯和赫勒。
德昌县某小学小学英语 英美文化小贴士2地势和地形素材
地势和地形联合王国的首都是伦敦（London）；而爱尔兰共和国的首都是都柏林（Dublin）。
大不列颠岛在政治上被划分成英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士三个区域，其中英格兰面积最大、人口最多，总的来说也最为富裕。
因此很多人通常会用“英格兰人”（English）指代“不列颠人”（British），这点当然会引起苏格兰人和威尔士人（Scots and Welsh）的不满。
不列颠在大约一百年前曾统治着世界上四分之一的人口和土地，其殖民地遍布全球各大洲。
二战之后，随着不列颠国力衰退，各殖民地纷纷独立，不列颠帝国（the British Empire）在1931年起被英联邦所取代。
英联邦（the Commonwealth of Nations）是由英国和已经独立的前英国殖民地或附属国组成的联合体。
英国作为英联邦元首并无政治实权；各国在一定协议上相互进行政治、主要是经济方面的磋商和合作；各成员国也有权利选择退出英联邦。
提问时间：你知道目前世界上有多少个国家是英联邦国家吗？说出几个你所知道的英联邦国家。
答案：目前世界上有约50个英联邦国家。
安堤瓜及巴比达 (Antigua & Barbuda)澳洲 (Australia)巴哈马 (Bahamas)孟加拉 (Bangladesh)巴巴多斯 (Barbados)伯利兹 (Belize)博茨瓦纳 (Botswana)文莱 (Brunei)喀麦隆 (Cameroon)加拿大 (Canada)塞蒲路新 (Cyprus)多米尼加联邦 (Dominica)冈比亚 (Gambia)加纳 (Ghana)格林纳达 (Grenada)圭亚那共和国 (Guyana)(Republic of)印度 (India)牙买加 (Jamaica)肯亚 (Kenya)基里巴地 (Kiribati)莱索托 (Lesotho)马拉维 (Malawi)马来西亚 (Malaysia)马尔代夫 (Maldives)马尔他 (Malta)毛里裘斯 (Mauritius)纳米比亚共和国 (Namibia)(Republic of)脑鲁共和国 (Nauru)(Republic of)纽西兰 (New Zealand)尼日利亚 (Nigeria)巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国 (Pakistan)(Islamic Republic) 巴布亚新畿内亚(Papua New Guinea)西萨摩亚(Western Samoa)塞舌尔共和国 (Seychelles)(Republic of)塞拉利昂 (Sierra Leone)星加坡 (Singapore)所罗门竤岛 (Solomon Islands)南非 (South Africa)斯里兰卡 (Sri Lanka)圣卢西亚 (St. Lucia)圣基茨 - 尼维斯(St. Kitts-Nevis)圣文森特和格林纳丁斯 (St. Vincent and Grenadines)斯威士兰 (Swaziland)坦桑尼亚联合共和国 (Tanzania)(United Republic)东加 (Tonga)特立尼达和多巴哥 (Trinidad & Tobago)图瓦卢 (Tuvalu)乌干达共和国 (Uganda)(Republic of)英国 (United Kingdom of Great Britain)瓦努阿图 (Vanuatu)赞比亚 (Zambia)津巴布韦 (Zimbabwe)阅读短文，判断句子的正(T)误(F)。
xsb第四章 习语与地理环境
Lesson four Idioms & Natural Conditions Geographical Position.The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland comprises the Island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the Island of Ireland (on the other, greater part of this island is situated the Free State of Ireland) and a number of adjacent islands. This chain of islands and islets lies on the continental shelf of the European peninsula surrounded by the shallow waters of the sea.They were separated from the continent asthe result of a gradual sinking of the land.The coastline of Great Britain is deeplyindented and contains numerous gulfs andbays which serve as convenient ports. Theinsular position of Great Britain, close tothe economically developed countries ofEurope and in the very centre of traderoutes, is favourable for shipping andocean commerce. This position, moreover,safeguards "it from invasion. In the courseof the last nine centuries not a hostile foothas stepped on British soil.Natural Features. In the south-east lies alowland crossed in places by low chains ofchalk hills (called the Downs) and by thefull-bodied Thames, the most importantinland water-way of the country. In thesouth-west, the two mountainous peninsulas, Cornwall and Wales, extend into the sea. The ancient and much-denuded Pennines stretch across the centre of Great Britain in a southern to northern direction. The still more ancient Highlands of Northern Scotland, or Northern Highlands, rise in the north, the highest peak being 1,343 metres. Fields of good coking coal are found at the foot of the mountains, and close by, deposits of low-grade iron ore. High-grade iron is imported.Great Britain has a maritime climate with heavy rain, most pronounced along the western coast facing the Atlantic Ocean, where the warm North Atlantic Drift Current flows.'British winters are mild: in the north-west the average January temperature is about 5°C above zero, in the south-east 4°C. Rivers do not freeze in winter. Summers, however, are cool and rainy: in the north-west the July temperature is 14°C above zero, in the south-east 17°C.Strong westerly ocean winds driving overhanging clouds swiftly before them across the sky, cold drizzles that never stop—such is the normal weather in Western England. In the east, farther from the ocean, the weather is not so wet, and sunny days are more frequent. Winters are a little colder here, but summers are wanner. Fogs occur often, especially in autumn and winter, and are so dense at times that street traffic and navigation are stopped.In this climate grass grows well. Great Britain is famed for its juicy meadows that remaingreen almost all through the year. The upland areas are occupied by moors covered with heather where sheep are grazed. The forests have been almost completely felled and substituted by artificial parks surrounding the old mansions of the English lords.The seas around Great Britain are rich in fish (especially the North Sea). Fishing, therefore, is the main occupation of the coastal inhabitants.Geographical environment plays an important role in shaping one country‘s culture and human beings have no choices and capacities to change the geography. As a result, idioms based on geographical features appear different.Britain is an island country, which does not share land border with any other countries except the Republic of Ireland. In history, its navigation industry has ever been the first one for a long time. So, British people have a special passion for water----to show somebody being extravagant in English the idiom is ‗spend money like water‘ Take the other instance, in southern China with mild and moisture weather, bamboo is a familiar plant for people there, so they use the idiom ‗雨后春笋‘ to describe the new th ings cropping up in great numbers. Correspondingly, English have the idiom ‗spring up like mushrooms‘ to tell the same meaning, since in England mushroom in spring can be seen everywhere. Besides the different idioms expressing the same notion in the two languages, there are a lot of idioms related to water in English and earth in Chinese which have no corresponding counterpart in the other language, like the English idioms ‗to rest on one‘s oars‘, ‗to keep one‘s head above water‘, ‗all at sea‘ and etc.1、航海业的发展对英语习语的影响英国的河流具有河网稠密，河流短小，水量平稳，冬不结冰，落差较小等特点。
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如果有人“碰到下雨都不知道进屋躲避(not have enough sense to come in from the rain) ，那可是”愚蠢透顶“十足的"糊涂虫"了。 例如: If you want the work done properly , never allow him to do it
smog (smoke+ fog) 过去伦敦素有“雾都”之称。一年平均 有50 天下雾，通常从10 月到1 月底这一时期。大雾常常 持续六七十个小时。伦敦附近的海面虽然设置了很多灯 塔和信号，撞船事件仍时有发生。现在，英国政府执行 了保持空气洁净的立法措施，加上改变了取暖系统，近 年来浓雾已较少出现。 多雾的天气带来诸多不便，许多事“因雾受 阻”(fogbound ) ，如a fogbound ship (因雾停航的船), fogbound passengers (因雾滞留的旅客) , The plan is fogbound at the airport. (飞机因雾停留在机场。)
by himself --- he hasn't got enough sense to come in from the rain. 如果你想做好这件事，千万不要让他单独去干，因为他是个连 碰到下雨都不知道躲避的笨蛋。 事物总是一分为二的。下雨虽然不便，但也有好处。因此英 语中有一谚语是Small rain lays great dust. (小雨压大尘。)比 喻 “小的东西也可派上大用场”。 另外，雨过天晴，天空会格外美丽After rain comes fair weather. 这条谚语告诉人们困难过后，胜利就会到来。
2.习语与地理环境——2.5多雨多雾的气候对习语的影响
as right as rain (像下雨那样正确) 。在这里，下雨是正常 的，不下雨反而反常。例如: I am as right as rain though I am sixty-four of age. 我虽已64 岁，身体还非常健康。
There's nothing wrong with the goods; they are as right
尽管人们希望“风雨不改” 但是在英国还是有很多事因下雨而 延期或取消，英语中称为be rained off。 例如: The match was rained off on Saturday and arranged for tonight. 星期六的比赛因雨延期，改在今晚举行。
英国不仅经常下雨，而且雨下得很大，因此产生一条谚语: It never rains but it pours. (不雨则已，一雨倾盆。)这条 谚语的比喻意义是“倒霉的事情总是一起发生的相当于汉 语成语中"祸不单行"的意思。 生活在经常下雨的地方，就要做到中国古人说的“未雨绸 缪英语叫做for a rainy day (为雨天而准备) ，比喻”为可能 碰到的困难日子作准备"。 例如: Each week Mrs. Carlson saved a little money for a rainy day. 卡尔森太太每星期都省下一点钱，以备不时之需。
另外还有条与雾有关的习语是have not the foggiest (idea) , 意思是"如坠五里雾中;完全不知道是怎么回事儿"。 例如: I haven't the foggiest (idea) why he left so suddenly. 我压根儿不知道他为什么突然走了。
as rain.
由于下雨是家常便饭，英国人在相互约定时间做某事的
时候，都来)。不过这条习语现在多用于转义不论情况如何。
例如:
Sam is a friend you can always depend on, rain or shine. 萨姆是一个在任何情况下都靠得住的朋友。
in a fog (在雾里) ，就是比喻这种“在雾里行走的困惑”感觉。 例如: He is such a bad teacher that the children are completely in a fog about their school work. 他是个十分糟糕的老师，他教的孩子对学校的功课一无所知。