现代语言学复习要点

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语言学概论复习超级重点

语言学概论复习超级重点语言学概论复习第一章语言是什么第一节语言是一种声音一、语言是一种声音二、这种声音是人有意识地从发音器官发出的三、这种声音能代表一定的客观现象四、这种声音能分解和组合，这些分解和组合是有规律可寻的第二节语言与说话一、语言不等于说话二、语言是说话所用的材料和规则，语言是抽象的，是全社会一致的三、说话也叫“言语”。

言语是对材料和规则的具体运用，是可感知的，是因人而异的四、语言是通过一定的可感知形式来传递一定信息的符号系统┌听觉语符——音符（语音）┌可感知形式——语符┤│└视觉语符——文字（？）语言┤│┌语汇（词汇）└信息（内容）——语义┤└语法传统上语音、词汇、语法合称语言三要素。

第三节语言的功能一、语言是人类最重要的交际工具（一）人类有多种交际工具：（二）这些都比不上语言重要。

二、语言是人类最重要的思维工具（一）人类左半脑掌管与语言有关的抽象思维；右半脑掌管与语言无关的形象思维（二）抽象思维是否一定要语言参与（三）语言只是一种符号，是一种替代品，人们能利用语言进行思维，也应该可以利用其它的替代品进行思维。

（四）人类有了语言之后主要依靠语言进行思维第四节语言是符号系统一、什么是符号（一）符号就是用一种东西（甲）来代替另外一种东西（乙），通常是用具体的、浅显的、通俗的来代替抽象的、深奥的、孤僻的。

（二）语言也是一种符号，是听觉符号（三）语言符号的特点１．约定俗成（任意性）２．线性（四）符号与客观二、语言的层级体系（一）层级体系的构成（二）语言层级体系的特点：三、组合关系和聚合关系（一）组合关系（二）聚合关系第五节语言系统是人类特有的一、语言能力需要具备的条件（一）生理条件：一定的大脑容量，使之具备抽象、概括能力（二）心理条件：听觉系统和发音器官（三）社会条件：即到了有什么非说不可的地步二、其它动物不具备语言条件第二章语言学第一节什么是语言学语言学是以语言为研究对象的一门科学。

第二节语言学的简要历史一、人类早期关于语言的神话传说二、语言学问题的哲学探讨三、语言研究的语文学阶段（一）中国的语文学研究（二）印度的语文学研究（三）古希腊罗马的语文学研究四、传统语言学五、现代语言学（一）历史比较语言学（二）结构主义语言学（三）转换－生成语言学第三节语言学的分类一、微观语言学和宏观语言学（一）微观语言学研究语言本身。

语言学概论期末复习重点

语言学概论期末复习重点一、语音学语音学是研究语音的学科，重点研究语音的产生、结构、运动和感知等方面。

在复习时，需要关注以下内容：1.国际音标的掌握，包括元音、辅音和音节等。

2.发音器官的构造和功能，比如舌头、喉头、声带等的作用。

3.音位与音素的区别，音位是语言中的最小语音单位，音素是语音的实际表现。

4.音变规律，比如浊音化、清音化、辅音的鼻化等。

二、语法学语法学是研究语言结构和规则的学科，包括句法学、词法学等分支。

在复习时，需要关注以下内容：1.语法的基本概念，包括句子、短语、词类等。

2.句法分析的方法，包括基于短语结构的上下位关系分析和基于依存关系的句法分析。

3.句子成分的分类与功能，包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语等。

4.语法关系的表示，包括句法树和依存关系图等。

三、语义学语义学是研究词义和意义的学科，包括词义学、语用学等分支。

在复习时，需要关注以下内容：1.语义的基本概念，包括词义、句义、语篇意义等。

2.词义的分类，包括编码词义和概念词义等。

3.语义关系的表示，包括隐性关系和显性关系等。

4.语义义原的掌握，比如用来描述词义的最小单位，可以用来解释多义、歧义、同义等现象。

四、语用学语用学是研究语言在特定情境中的使用和理解的学科，包括语用规则、言语行为等方面。

1.言语行为的分类，包括表示、指示、陈述、询问等。

2.言语行为的成分，包括言辞、语境、意图等。

3.语用规则的掌握，比如礼貌原则、言外之意等。

4.言语行为的实现方式，包括直接言语行为和间接言语行为等。

以上仅为语言学概论期末复习的一些重点内容，学生可以结合教材和课堂笔记进行更深入的学习和理解。

此外，复习时可以参考相关的案例和实例，加深对语言学原理的理解和应用。

现代语言学考试要点

现代语言学考试复习要点1. Definition of languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary(随意的) vocal symbols used for human communication..2. microlinguistics and macrolinguisticsmicrolinguistics: is concerned with the study of language or languages per se, not concern other field of study such as sociology, psychology, literature, computer science, etc.Macrolinguistics:is concerned with the study of language which involves other discipline (interdisciplinary) sociolinguistics: Psycholinguistics: Applied linguistics:3 langue and parole(语言和言语) 由Swiss linguist F. de Saussure 提出的Langue r efers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.(conventions and rules; abstract; relatively stable;)Parole refers to the realization of a langue in actual use.(the concrete use of the conventions and rules; concrete, refers to the naturally occurring language events; varies from person to person, situation to situation)区别的目的：parole is simple a mass of linguistic facts, too variedand confusing for systematic investigation and what linguistsshould do is to abstract langue from parole(发现规律)。

现代语言学复习要点

现代语言学复习要点现代语言学是研究语言的本质、结构、演化和使用的学科，涉及到语音学、语法学、语义学、语用学等多个方面。

下面是现代语言学中的重要知识点，帮助您进行复习。

语音学音位与音素音位是语音学中的基本单位，是被感知为一种有区别的声音的语音单位。

音素是语音学中的一个概念，是语音中能够起差别作用的最小单位。

一种语音中可能存在多个音位，但其对应的音素数量通常比较少。

### 调值语音学中通常使用调值来表示声音的高低的。

不同的语言中可能有不同数量的调，比如汉语中有四个音调，英语中没有固定的调值。

### 音系音系是指一种语言中所有音位（包括所有音素）的总体，包括其音位的数量、种类和分布等方面。

语法学句子成分句子成分是指构成句子的基本单词、短语或从句。

一般来说，句子成分包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语等。

### 句子结构句子结构是指句子内不同成分的组成方式。

对于不同语言，其句子结构可能存在明显差异，如英语中主语一般出现在谓语前，而在汉语中通常是在谓语后。

### 语法关系语法关系是指句子中不同成分之间的关系，如主语与谓语之间的关系、宾语与谓语之间的关系等。

语义学词义词义是单词所表达的概念或意义。

不同的单词可能存在相同或相似的词义，因此在语义学中通常需要进行词义分类和比较。

### 语义关系语义关系是指单词、短语、句子等之间的意义相互联系。

常见的语义关系包括同义关系、反义关系、上下位关系等。

### 语篇意义语篇意义是指句子及其上下文所构成的整体意义。

在语篇分析中，不仅要关注句子内部的语义关系，还需考虑句子与上下文之间的语义关系。

语用学言语行为言语行为是指言语交流过程中所体现的具体行为，如陈述、命令、请求、批评等。

不同类型的言语行为具有不同的功能和表达方式。

### 语用礼貌语用礼貌是指在言语交际过程中对他人尊重、友好的表达方式。

常见的语用礼貌策略包括委婉语、礼貌用语、双重否定等。

### 上下文依存言语交际过程中，具体表达的含义通常需要依赖于上下文信息。

自考《现代语言学》复习讲义

自考《现代语言学》复习讲义自考《现代语言学》复习讲义一、常考题型1.填空2.单项选择3.判断正误4.解释词语并举例说明对名词解释并举一两个例子进行说明5.回答问题做题要求：用英文进行答题。

二、各章节学习要点Chapter 1 Introduction （绪论）is linguisticsDefinition （语言学的定义）Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.Linguistics studies not any particular language, ., English, Chinese, Arabic, and Latin, but in language in general.The Scope of linguistics （语言学的研究范畴）—4The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics(普通语言学).This deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study, in contrast to those branches of study which relate linguistics tothe research of other areas.Main branches of linguistics 语言学的主要分支：1）phonetics（语音学）2)phonology （音系学）3)morphology （形态学） 4)syntax （句法学） 5)semantics （语义学） 6)pragmatics （语用学）The study of all these aspects of language forms the core of linguistics.Findings in linguistic studies can often be applie3d to the solution of such practical problems as the recovery of speech ability. The study of such applications is generally known as applied linguistics.Macrolinguistics 宏观语言学：1) Psycholingusitcs (心理语言学)；2) Sociolinguistics (社会语言学)；3) Anthropological linguistics (人类语言学)；4) Computational linguistics (计算语言学) Some important distinctions in linguistics —71.3.1 Prescriptive vs. descriptive （规定性和描述性）Modern linguistics, ., linguistic study carried out in this century is mostly descriptive.1.3.2 Synchronic vs. diachronic （共时性和历时性）In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study.1.3.3 Speech and writing （口头语和书面语）Speech and writing are the two major media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.1.3.4 Langue and parole （语言和言语）The distinction between langue and parole was made by the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure in the early 20th century.1.3.5 Competence and performance （语言能力和语言运用）Similar to Saussure’s dis tinction between langue and parole is the distinction between competence and performance, which was proposed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s.While Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are verysimilar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.2. What is languageDefinitions of languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.(语言是人类在交际中使用的一套任意的声音符号系统。

自考-现代语言学-每章要点总结(希望对大家有帮助,我也是学生,这是由老师总的,我将PPT转为WORD)

第一章绪论1/ What is linguistics?什么是语言学？Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general.2/ The scope of linguistics语言学的研究范畴The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. (普通语言学)The study of sounds, which are used in linguistic communication, is called phonetics. （语音学） The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. （音系学） The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology. （形态学） The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. （句法学）The study of meaning in language is called semantics. （语义学）The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. （语用学） The study of language with reference to society is called socio-linguistics. （社会语言学）The study of language with reference to the working of mind is called psycho-linguistics. （心理语言学）The study of applications (as the recovery of speech ability) is generally known as applied linguistics. （应用语言学）But in a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second language. Other related branchesinclude anthropologicallinguistics, （人类语言学） neurological linguistics,（神经语言学） mathematicallinguistics, （数字语言学）and computational linguistics.（计算机语言学）3/ Some important distinctionsin linguistics语言学研究中的几对基本概念Prescriptive and descriptive描写与规定If a linguistic studydescribes and analyzes thelanguage people actually use,it is said to be descriptive, if itaims to lay down rules to tellpeople what they should sayand what they should not say,it is said to be prescriptive.Modern linguistics differsfrom traditional grammar.Traditional grammar isprescriptive while modernlinguistics is descriptive.The task of linguists issupposed to describe thelanguage people actually use,whether it i s “correct” or not.Synchronic and diachronic共时和历时The description of alanguage at some point intime is a synchronic study; thedescription of a language as itchanges through time isa diachronic study. In modernlinguistics, synchronic study ismore important.Speech and writing口头语与书面语Speech and writing are thetwo major media ofcommunication.Modern linguistics regardsthe spoken form of languageas primary, but not the writtenform.Reasons:●1. Speech precedes writing;●2. There are still manylanguages that have only thespoken form;●3. In terms of function, thespoken language is used for awider range of purposes thanthe written, and carries alarger load of communicationthan the written.Langue and parole [pə'rəul]语言和言语The Swiss linguist F. deSaussure made the distinctionbetween langue and paroleearly 20th century.Langue refers to theabstract linguistic systemshared by all the members ofa speech community,and parole refers to therealization of langue in actualuse.Saussure made thedistinction in order to singleout one aspect of language forserious study. He believeswhat linguists should do is toabstract langue from parole, todiscover the regularitiesgoverning the actual use oflanguage and make them thesubjects of study of linguistics.语言能力和语言运用Competence andperformanceProposed by Americanlinguist N. Chomsky in the late1950’s.He defines competence asthe ideal user’s knowledge ofthe rules of his language,and performance the actualrealization of this knowledgein linguistic communication.He believes the task of thelinguists is to discover andspecify the language rules.4/ What is language?语言的定义Language is a system ofarbitrary vocal symbols usedfor human communication.Sapir,Edward uses “ideas”“emotions” and “desires” in hisdefinition.Hall, like Sapir, treatslanguage as a purely humaninstitution.Chomsky’s definition isquite different, it focus on thepurely structural properties oflanguages and to suggest thatthese properties can beinvestigated from amathematically precise pointof view.5/ Design features语言的甄别性特征Design features refer to thedefining properties of humanlanguage that distinguish itfrom any animal system ofcommunication.American linguist CharlesHockett specified twelvedesign features.1) Arbitrariness任意性（和约定俗成性）It means that there is nological connection betweenmeanings and sounds.For instance, there is nonecessary relationshipbetween the word dog and theanimal it refers to. The factthat different sounds are usedto refer to the same object indifferent languages and thatthe same sound may be usedto refer to different objects isanother good example.Although language isarbitrary by nature, it is notentirely arbitrary. Some words,such as the words created inthe imitation of sounds bysounds are motivated in acertain degree. The arbitrarynature of language makes itpossible for language to havean unlimited source ofexpressions.2) Productivity能产性Language is productive orcreative in that it makespossible the construction andinterpretation of an infinitelylarge number of sentences,including those that they havenever said or heard before.3) Duality结构二重性It means that language is asystem, which consists of twosets of structure, or two levels,one of sounds at the lowerlevel and the other ofmeanings at the higher level.At the lower or the basic level,there is the structure ofindividual and meaninglesssounds, which can be groupedinto meaningful units at thehigher level. This duality ofstructure or double articulationof language enables its usersto talk about anything withintheir knowledge.4) Displacement语言的移位性（突破时空性）It means that language canbe used to talk about whathappened in the past, what ishappening now, or what willhappen in the future.Language can also be used totalk about our real wordexperiences or theexperiences in our imaginaryworld. In other words,language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.5) Cultural transmission文化传播性While we are born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned anew.********************************** Chapter 2 Phonology 音系学1.The phonic medium of language语言的声音媒介Speech and writing are the two media used by natural languages as vehicles for communication.Of the two media of language, speech is more basic than writing. Speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any language is always “invented” by its users to record speech when the need arises.For linguists, the study of sounds is of greater importance than that of writing.The limited ranges of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language (语言的声音媒介) .The individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds （语音）.2．What is phonetics?什么是语音学？Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language；It is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.语音学研究的对象是语言的声音媒介，即人类语言中使用的全部语音。

现代语言学复习笔记2

语用学研究的是说某种语言的人怎样用句子去实现成功的交际。
由于交际的过程从本质来说是在一定的语境中表达意义的过程，因而语用学的本质是一种意义研究。它是一种将语言置于使用的语境中去的意义研究。
2. Pragmatics and semantics 语用学和语义学
Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of meaning, but they are different. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning, the context of use is considered. If it is not considered, the study is restricted to the area of traditional semantics; if it is considered, the study is being carried out in the area of pragmatics.
Chapter 7 Historical Linguistics 历史语言学
1. The purpose and significance of the historical study of language
研究语言变化的目的和意义
The historical study of language is of great importance to our understanding of human languages and human linguistic competence.

现代语言学复习要点

Chapter 1 Introduction 绪论1 什么是语言学 what is linguistics?1.1 定义 definitionLinguistics is generally defined as scientific study of language.1.2 语言学的研究范畴 the scope of linguisticsa. The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. 把语言作为一个整体而进行的全面的语言学研究一般称为普通语言学。

b. The study of sounds used in linguistic communication led to the establishment of a branch of lingu istics called phonetics. 语音学phoneticsHow speech sounds are produced and classified.c. how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication.how sounds form systems and function to convey meaning. phonology 音位学/ 音系学phonology交际中语音的组合规律及传达意义的方式d. The study of the way in which these symbols are arranged to form words has constituted the bran ch of study calledmorphology. 形态学morphologyhow morphemes are combined to form words.这些符号通过排列组合而成构成语词，对于这种排列组合方式的研究构成了语言学研究的另一个分支，如对形态学的研究。

语言学知识复习总结

语言学知识复习总结-------重要概念梳理第一节语言的本质一、语言的普遍特征（Design Features)1. 任意性Arbitrariness: shu 和tree 都能表示“树”这一概念；同样的声音，各国不同的表达方式2.双层结构Duality：语言是由声音结构和意义结构组成（the structure of sounds and meaning)3.多产性Productive:语言可以理解并创造无限数量的新句子，是由双层结构造成的结果（Understand and create unlimited number with sentences)4.移位性Displacement: 可以表达许多不在场的东西，如过去的经历、将来可能发生的事情，或者表达根本不存在的东西等5.文化传播性Cultural Transmission: 语言需要后天在特定的文化环境中掌握二、语言的功能（Functions of Language)1.传达信息功能Informative: 最主要功能The main function2.人际功能Interpersonal: 人类在社会中建立并维持各自地位的功能establish and maintain their identity3.行事功能Per formative: 现实应用--判刑、咒语、为船命名等Judge, naming, and curses4.表情功能Emotive: 表达强烈情感的语言，如感叹词（句）exclamatory expressions5.寒暄功能Phatic: 应酬话phatic language,比如“吃了没？”“天气真好啊！”等等6.元语言功能Metalingual: 用语言来谈论、改变语言本身，如book可以指现实中的书，也可以用“book”这个词来表达作为语言单位的“书”三、语言学的分支1.核心语言学Core linguistic●语音学Phonetics: 关注语音的产生、传播和接收过程，着重考察人类语言中的单音。

自考-现代语言学-每章要点总结

第一章绪论1/ What is linguistics?什么是语言学？Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general.2/ The scope of linguistics语言学的研究范畴The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. (普通语言学)The study of sounds, which are used in linguistic communication, is called phonetics. （语音学） The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. （音系学）The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology. （形态学） The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. （句法学）The study of meaning in language is called semantics. （语义学）The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. （语用学） The study of language with reference to society is called socio-linguistics. （社会语言学）The study of language with reference to the working of mind is called psycho-linguistics. （心理语言学）The study of applications (as the recovery of speech ability) is generally known as applied linguistics. （应用语言学）But in a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second language.Other related branches include anthropological linguistics, （人类语言学） neurological linguistics,（神经语言学） mathematicallinguistics, （数字语言学）and computational linguistics.（计算机语言学）3/ Some important distinctionsin linguistics语言学研究中的几对基本概念Prescriptive and descriptive描写与规定If a linguistic studydescribes and analyzes thelanguage people actually use,it is said to be descriptive, if itaims to lay down rules to tellpeople what they should sayand what they should not say,it is said to be prescriptive.Modern linguistics differsfrom traditional grammar.Traditional grammar isprescriptive while modernlinguistics is descriptive.The task of linguists issupposed to describe thelanguage people actually use,whether it i s “correct” or not.Synchronic and diachronic共时和历时The description of alanguage at some point intime is a synchronic study; thedescription of a language as itchanges through time isa diachronic study. In modernlinguistics, synchronic study ismore important.Speech and writing口头语与书面语Speech and writing are thetwo major media ofcommunication.Modern linguistics regardsthe spoken form of languageas primary, but not the writtenform.Reasons:●1. Speech precedes writing;●2. There are still manylanguages that have only thespoken form;●3. In terms of function, thespoken language is used for awider range of purposes thanthe written, and carries alarger load of communicationthan the written.Langue and parole [pə'rəul]语言和言语The Swiss linguist F. deSaussure made the distinctionbetween langue and paroleearly 20th century.Langue refers to theabstract linguistic systemshared by all the members ofa speech community,and parole refers to therealization of langue in actualuse.Saussure made thedistinction in order to singleout one aspect of language forserious study. He believeswhat linguists should do is toabstract langue from parole, todiscover the regularitiesgoverning the actual use oflanguage and make them thesubjects of study of linguistics.语言能力和语言运用Competence andperformanceProposed by Americanlinguist N. Chomsky in the late1950’s.He defines competence asthe ideal user’s knowledge ofthe rules of his language,and performance the actualrealization of this knowledgein linguistic communication.He believes the task of thelinguists is to discover andspecify the language rules.4/ What is language?语言的定义Language is a system ofarbitrary vocal symbols usedfor human communication.Sapir,Edward uses “ideas”“emotions” and “desires” in hisdefinition.Hall, like Sapir, treatslanguage as a purely humaninstitution.Chomsky’s definition isquite different, it focus on thepurely structural properties oflanguages and to suggest thatthese properties can beinvestigated from amathematically precise pointof view.5/ Design features语言的甄别性特征Design features refer to thedefining properties of humanlanguage that distinguish itfrom any animal system ofcommunication.American linguist CharlesHockett specified twelvedesign features.1) Arbitrariness任意性（和约定俗成性）It means that there is nological connection betweenmeanings and sounds.For instance, there is nonecessary relationshipbetween the word dog and theanimal it refers to. The factthat different sounds are usedto refer to the same object indifferent languages and thatthe same sound may be usedto refer to different objects isanother good example.Although language isarbitrary by nature, it is notentirely arbitrary. Some words,such as the words created inthe imitation of sounds bysounds are motivated in acertain degree. The arbitrarynature of language makes itpossible for language to havean unlimited source ofexpressions.2) Productivity能产性Language is productive orcreative in that it makespossible the construction andinterpretation of an infinitelylarge number of sentences,including those that they havenever said or heard before.3) Duality结构二重性It means that language is asystem, which consists of twosets of structure, or two levels,one of sounds at the lowerlevel and the other ofmeanings at the higher level.At the lower or the basic level,there is the structure ofindividual and meaninglesssounds, which can be groupedinto meaningful units at thehigher level. This duality ofstructure or double articulationof language enables its usersto talk about anything withintheir knowledge.4) Displacement语言的移位性（突破时空性）It means that language canbe used to talk about whathappened in the past, what ishappening now, or what willhappen in the future.Language can also be used totalk about our real wordexperiences or theexperiences in our imaginaryworld. In other words,language can be used to referto contexts removed from theimmediate situations of thespeaker.5) Cultural transmission文化传播性While we are born with theability to acquire language, thedetails of any language arenot genetically transmitted,but instead have to be taughtand learned anew.**********************************Chapter 2Phonology 音系学1.The phonic medium oflanguage语言的声音媒介Speech and writing are the two media used by natural languages as vehicles for communication.Of the two media of language, speech is more basic than writing. Speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any language is always “invented” by its users to record speech when the need arises.For linguists, the study of sounds is of greater importance than that of writing.The limited ranges of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language (语言的声音媒介) .The individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds （语音）.2．What is phonetics?什么是语音学？Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language；It is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.语音学研究的对象是语言的声音媒介，即人类语言中使用的全部语音。

语言学教程[第十二章现代语言学理论与流派]山东大学期末考试知识点复习

第十二章现代语言学理论与流派复习笔记I.索绪尔和现代语言学现代语言学始于瑞士语言学家索绪尔，他被称为“现代语言学之父”和一位“使语言学走向现代的大师”。

索绪尔认为，语言是用声音表达交流思想的符号系统。

符号是形式和意义的联合，是表示者和被表示者的结合。

符号是语言事实的核心，研究语言必须从符号本身的特性人手。

索绪尔区分了几组重要的概念：能指和所指，语言和言语，共时研究和历时研究等。

II．布拉格学派布拉格学派的形成可以追溯到马泰休斯领导召开的该学派的第一次会议。

1．主要观点及贡献布拉格学派的研究有三大重点：(1)强调共时研究的合理性，因为它可以提供完整且易掌控的研究材料。

(2)强调语言的系统性，指出任何语言单位都不能在孤立的的情况下得到令人满意的分析及评估。

换句话说，语言单位处于功能对比、对立之中。

(3)它将语言看作是在所属语言群体中发挥一系列功能的工具。

2．功能句子观功能句子观是一套语言学分析理论，它是指用信息论的原理来分析话语或文本。

其基本原则就是一句话中各部分起的作用取决于它对全句意义的贡献。

一些捷克语言学家尝试从功能的角度来分析句子。

他们相信一个句子包含话语的出发点和话语的目的。

话语的出发点叫做主位，它是说话人和听话人都知道的信息；话语的目的是说话人要向听话人传递的信息，叫做述位。

从主位到述位的运动揭示了大脑本身的运动。

功能句子观旨在研究话语中新(未知)、旧 (已知)信息的分布问题。

已知信息指那些对于听话人不再是新信息的部分；新信息是即将向听话人传达的信息。

句子中主语一谓语的分布不总是与主位一述位的分布一致。

3．交际能力另一种版本的分析法叫做交际能力，由费尔巴斯提出。

他用交际动力表示句子成分对交际发展所起的作用。

费尔巴斯把功能句子观解释为不同程度的交际力的分布。

他认为，句子前面部分承载的交际力最低，然后逐步增加，直到交际力最大的成分。

Ⅲ．伦敦学派1．介绍伦敦学派专门用来称呼独具英国特色的语言学研究。

现代语言学的入门知识语言结构与语言变化

现代语言学的入门知识语言结构与语言变化现代语言学的入门知识：语言结构与语言变化在现代社会中，语言无处不在，是人类交流和思维的重要工具。

语言学作为一门学科，研究的正是语言的结构和变化规律。

本文将介绍现代语言学的入门知识，主要涉及语言的基本结构和语言变化的原因。

一、语言的基本结构语言的基本结构由词汇、语法和语音组成。

词汇是语言的基本单位，它包括单词和短语。

词汇构成了句子的主体，并通过语序和语法规则来表达不同的意思。

语法是句法规则的总称，用于确定词与词之间的关系和句子的结构。

语法规则包括句子的成分、词类、语态和时态等方面。

语音是研究音素和音位的科学，它涉及到声音的产生、传播和感知。

语言的基本结构可以在不同层次上进行分析。

在语言学中，常常采用形态学、句法学和音韵学这三个分支学科来研究语言的结构。

形态学研究词的内部结构和词形变化规律，句法学研究句子的结构和句法关系，而音韵学研究语音系统和语音变化。

二、语言变化的原因语言是一种活动的、变化的系统，它随着时间的推移和社会的发展而不断演变。

语言变化是由于人们的使用习惯、交流环境以及社会文化等因素的影响。

语言变化主要包括音变、词汇变化和语法变化。

音变是指同一个语音在不同音环境下发音的差异。

音变可以是由于发音器官的特点导致的，也可以是语言习惯的结果。

比如，在英语中，/r/音在单词末尾常常发音不清或省略。

而词汇变化是指词汇在形态、语义和用法上的变化。

比如，英语中的动词过去时可以通过词缀“-ed”来表示，但也有很多不规则动词的过去时形式是特殊的。

此外，语法变化指的是语法规则和结构在演变中的改变。

比如，英语中的主谓一致规则在句法结构中变化很少，而在某些方言中可能存在变异。

语言变化的原因有多个。

首先，语言变化是一种内在的演化过程，是语言系统自身发展的结果。

其次，语言变化是由于各种外界因素的影响，如社会文化、人群迁移和语言接触等。

同时，语言变化也是人们个体的主观行为和认知的反映。

00830现代语言学复习资料

现代语言学复习资料教材购买：第一章绪论?. , .. (普通语言学), , . （语音学）. （音系学）. （形态学）. （句法学）. （语义学）. （语用学）. （社会语言学）. （心理语言学）( ) . （应用语言学）, , ., （人类语言学） , （神经语言学） , （数字语言学） . （计算机语言学）, , , ..., “” .; . , ., .:. ;. ;. , , .[ə'ə]. ., .. , .语言能力和语言运用. ’.’ , . .?.“”“”“” ., , ., .甄别性特征..)., . ., . , . .), .), , , . , , . . ), , . . , .), , .**********************************音系学., . . “” ., .(语言的声音媒介) .（语音）.． ?；’ .（发音语音学）, ’ . .（听觉语音学），’ . .（声学语音学）， . ..咽腔口腔鼻腔语音解剖图发音器官图–. (字母符号) , (宽式音标). (变音符号), (窄式音标). 音的比较[][]音的比较在元音前，叫清晰音，在宽式音标中不作标示，写作：[][][][]，在窄式音标中加变音符号[])发音方式分塞音或爆破音: [] [] [] [] [] []擦音：[] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []塞擦音：[][][] [][] [] [][] [])[] [] [] [][] [][] [][] [] [] [] [] [] [][][][][][] [] [][])前元音：[:] [] [] [] []中元音：[[:] [[] []后元音：[:] [] [:] [] [:])闭元音：[:] [] [:] []半闭元音：[] [[:]开元音：[] []半开元音：[[] [:] [] [] [:])不圆唇元音：[:] [] [] [] [] [[:] [[] [] [:] 圆唇元音：[:] [] [:] [])长元音[:] [[:][:] [:] [:]短元音[] [] [] [] [[] [] [] []音系学., ;, . ., ,. . .定能区分意义。

自考《现代语言学》复习讲义

自考《现代语言学》复习讲义一、常考题型1.填空2.单项选择3.判断正误4.解释词语并举例说明对名词解释并举一两个例子进行说明5.回答问题做题要求：用英文进行答题。

二、各章节学习要点Chapter 1 Introduction （绪论）is linguisticsDefinition （语言学的定义）Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.Linguistics studies not any particular language, ., English, Chinese, Arabic, and Latin, but in language in general.The Scope of linguistics （语言学的研究范畴）—4The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics(普通语言学).This deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study, in contrast to those branches of study which relate linguistics tothe research of other areas.Main branches of linguistics 语言学的主要分支：1）phonetics（语音学） 2)phonology （音系学） 3)morphology （形态学） 4)syntax （句法学） 5)semantics （语义学） 6)pragmatics （语用学）The study of all these aspects of language forms the core of linguistics.Findings in linguistic studies can often be applie3d to the solution of such practical problems as the recovery of speech ability. The study of such applications is generally known as applied linguistics.Macrolinguistics 宏观语言学：1) Psycholingusitcs (心理语言学)；2) Sociolinguistics (社会语言学)；3) Anthropological linguistics (人类语言学)；4) Computational linguistics (计算语言学)Some important distinctions in linguistics —71.3.1 Prescriptive vs. descriptive （规定性和描述性）Modern linguistics, ., linguistic study carried out in this century is mostly descriptive.1.3.2 Synchronic vs. diachronic （共时性和历时性）In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study.1.3.3 Speech and writing （口头语和书面语）Speech and writing are the two major media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.1.3.4 Langue and parole （语言和言语）The distinction between langue and parole was made by the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure in the early 20th century.1.3.5 Competence and performance （语言能力和语言运用）Similar to Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole is the distinction between competence and performance, which was proposed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s.While Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.2. What is languageDefinitions of languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.(语言是人类在交际中使用的一套任意的声音符号系统。

语言学概要必背知识点(自整——打印自检版)

u 语言系统的二层性：
语言系统分为音系和语法两个层面，在这两个层面上都有最小单位和小单位组成大单位的多级组织结构。音系层的最小单位大大少于语法层，低层级单位少于高层级单位。
u 客观现实、心理现实
现实现象分为客观现实和心理现实，客观现实是外在于人的客观存在，通过人的感官感知并在人脑中综合处理转化为心理现实。
5、说明语言系统的层级性（二层性）
层级性：语素-词-短语-句子：低层级单位比高层级单位少，高层级单位由低层级单位按规则组合而成二层性：音系层+语法层二层性的符号用较少数目的成分单位可构成很多符号形式音系层的最小单位数远远低于符号层的最小单位数
6、人类语言符号和其他动物“语言”的区别
任意性、传授性（后天习得）、单位的明晰性、能产性（组合和替换）、结构的二层性（音系+语法）、不受时地环境的限制
音质音位是时间维向上线性切分的最小音系单位，如果不限于线性切分，音位还可以进一步分析为一个或几个发音特征的区分，例如辅音音位...
u 音峰、音谷 u 复元音
是在一个音节里的音值前后不一致的元音，发音时嘴唇和舌头从一个元音的位置过渡到另一个元音的位置，如普通话语音中的ɑi，ei，ɑo，ou，uɑi，uei 等
组合规则：语法单位连接起来构成更大语言片段的规则
语言学概要必背知识点
第一章导言+语言的功能 u 语言学
以回答“语言是什么”为研究内容，透过无处不在的语言现象来探索语言本质
u 语言
人类最重要的交际工具，是人们进行沟通的主要表达方式。思维工具、交际工具、社会属性作用、分类、用文字记录
u 语言交际 u 思维（特点）
认识现实世界时动脑筋的过程，也指动脑筋时进行比较、分析、综合以认识现实的能力，概念属于哲学、逻辑学、心理学等范畴，其形式、过程、生理机制都与语言密切相关，以语言为载体和动因，具有一定的生理基础。普遍性、特殊性、和语言相关性、有生理基础

现代语言学知识点

现代语言学知识点第一章、绪论Introduction1、语言学的主要分支是什么。

每个分支的研究对象是什么？Linguistics mainly involves the following branches:General linguistics, which is the study of language as a whole and which deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study Phonetics, which studies the sounds that are used in linguistic communicationPhonology, which studies how sounds are put together and used in communicationMorphology, which studies the way in which morphemes are arranged to form wordsSyntax, which studies how morphemes and words are combined to form sentencesSemantics, which is the study of meaning in language.Pragmatics, which is the study of meaning not in isolation, but in context of useSociolinguistics, which is the study of language with reference to societyPsycholinguistics, which is the study of language with reference to the workings of mind.Applied linguistics, which is concerned about the application of linguistic findings in linguistic studies; In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.Other related branches are anthropological linguistics, neurological linguistics, mathematical linguistics, andcomputational linguistics.2、现代语言学与传统语法有什么区别？Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on "high "(religious, literary) written language . It sets models for language users to follow. But Modern linguistics is descriptive; its investigations are based on authentic, and mainly spoken language data. It is supposed to be scientific and objective and the task of linguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use, whether it is "correct" or not.3、什么叫共时研究？什么叫历时研究？The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of language describes a language as it is at some particular point in rime, while a diachronic study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.4、人类语言的甄别性特征是什么？1) Arbitrariness 。

现代语言学教程整理笔记.

现代语言学教程整理笔记第一章绪论1/ What is linguistics?什么是语言学？Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general.2/ The scope of linguistics语言学的研究范畴The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. (普通语言学)The study of sounds, which are used in linguistic communication, is called phonetics. （语音学）The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. （音系学）The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology. （形态学）The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. （句法学）The study of meaning in language is called semantics. （语义学）The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. （语用学）The study of language with reference to society is called socio-linguistics. （社会语言学）The study of language with reference to the working of mind is called psycho-linguistics. （心理语言学）The study of applications (as the recovery of speech ability) is generally known as applied linguistics. （应用语言学）But in a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second language.Other related branches include anthropological linguistics, （人类语言学）neurological linguistics, （神经语言学）mathematical linguistics, （数字语言学）and computational linguistics. （计算机语言学）3/ Some important distinctions in linguistics语言学研究中的几对基本概念Prescriptive and descriptive 规定与描写If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive, if it aims to lay down rules to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar. Traditional grammar is prescriptive while modern linguistics is descriptive. The task of linguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use, whether it is “correct” or not.Synchronic and diachronic 共时和历时The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. In modern linguistics, synchronic study is more important.Speech and writing 口头语与书面语Speech and writing are the two major media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary, but not the written form. Reasons are: 1. Speech precedes writing; 2. There are still many languages that have only the spoken form; 3. In terms of function, the spoken language is used for a wider range of purposes than the written, and carries a larger load of communication than the written.Langue and parole 语言和言语The Swiss linguist F. de Saussure made the distinction between langue and parole early 20th century.Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Saussure made the distinction in order to single out one aspect of language for serious study. He believes what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole, to discover the regularities governing the actual use of language and make them the subjects of study of linguistics.Competence and performance 语言能力和语言运用Proposed by American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s.He defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. He believes the task of the linguists is to discover and specify the language rules.4/ What is language?语言的定义Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Sapir uses “ideas”“emotions” and “desires” in his definition. Hall, like Sapir, treats language as a purely human institution. Chomsky’s definition is quite different, it focus on the purely structural properties of languages and to suggest that these properties can be investigated from a mathematically precise point of view.5/ Design features语言的甄别性特征Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. American linguist Charles Hockett specified twelve design features, five of which will be discussed here.Arbitrariness 语言的随意性Arbitrariness means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. It is not entirely arbitrary.Example: different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages. Productivity 语言的创造性Language is productive in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before.Duality 语言的二重性The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meaning.Displacement 语言的移位性Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places.Cultural transmission 语言的文化传递性While human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e., we were born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned anew. This indicates that language is culturally transmitted. It is passed down from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by instinct.Chapter 2 Phonology 音系学1.The phonic medium of language语言的声音媒介Speech and writing are the two media used by natural languages as vehicles for communication. Of the two media of language, speech is more basic than writing. Speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any language is always “invented” by its users to record speech when the need arises.For linguists, the study of sounds is of greater importance than that of writing.The limited ranges of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language (语言的声音媒介) . The individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds （语音）. 2．What is phonetics?什么是语音学？Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language；It is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.语音学研究的对象是语言的声音媒介，即人类语言中使用的全部语音。

大二语言学概论必背知识点

大二语言学概论必背知识点语言学是研究语言的科学，它探讨的范围涉及语言的结构、历史、发展、语音、语法、语义等方面。

作为大二语言学概论的学习者，我们需要掌握一些基本的知识点，以便更好地理解和应用语言学的原理和方法。

下面是大二语言学概论必背的知识点：1. 语言的定义：- 语言是人类特有的交流工具，它通过声音、符号等方式来传递信息和意义。

2. 语言的要素：- 语音：语言中声音的组合和运用，如音位、音节、音调等。

- 语法：语言的结构和规则，包括词汇、句法、语义等。

- 语义：语言的意义和表达方式，包括词义、句义、上下文等。

3. 语言的层次：- 声音层面：语言的音系和音变规律。

- 词汇层面：语言的词汇系统和词义分析。

- 句法层面：语言的句法结构和语序规律。

- 语义层面：语言的意义和语用规则。

4. 语音学：- 研究语音及其运用的学科，包括音素、音位、音节、音变等内容。

5. 语法学：- 研究语言的结构和规则的学科，包括词法、句法、语义等内容。

6. 语义学：- 研究语言的意义和表达方式的学科，包括词义、句义、语境等内容。

7. 语用学：- 研究语言在交际中使用和理解的学科，包括言语行为、话语分析等内容。

8. 语言的分类：- 语言根据地理、历史、语系等因素可分为不同类型的语言，如汉语、英语、法语等。

9. 语言间关系：- 不同语言之间存在影响和联系，如同源词、语言接触等现象。

10. 语言的演变与变异：- 语言是动态的，会随时间和社会环境发生变化，如语音变化、词汇演变等。

11. 语言习得与使用：- 语言习得是指儿童在特定环境中学会和运用语言的过程，语言使用是指社会成员在交际中使用语言的能力。

12. 语言普遍性与个体差异：- 语言普遍性指语言现象在不同语言中普遍存在，而个体差异指不同个体在语言能力和使用上的差异。

综上所述，以上列举的知识点是大二语言学概论必背的核心内容。

通过学习和掌握这些知识点，我们可以加深对语言学科的理解，提升对语言的观察和分析能力，为以后的相关学习和研究打下坚实的基础。

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e. The combination of these words to form permissible sentences in languages is governed by rules. The study of these rulesconstitutes a major branch of linguistic studies, syntax. 句法学syntaxhow morphemes and words are combined to form sentences.f. The study of meaning. semantics 语义学 (in abstraction) semanticsg. the study of meaning is conducted in context of use. pragmatics语用学pragmaticsh. the study of language with reference to society. sociolinguistics. 社会语言学sociolinguisticsi. the study of language with reference to the workings of the mind. psycholinguistics 心理语言学psycholinguisticsj. the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning. applied lingui stics 应用语言学applied linguistics1.3 语言学研究中的一些基本概念 some important distinctions in linguistics.1.3.1 规定性和描述性 prescriptive vs. descriptiveif a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use;如果一种语言学的研究是对人们实际使用中的语言进行的描述和分析——描述性的descriptiveif it aims at to lay down rules for “correct” behaviour to tell people what they should say and what they should not say 如果某种研究的目的是在对所谓“正确的”行为制定一些规则——规定性的prescriptive现代语言学通常是描述性的，与“语法”的语言研究是大相径庭的1.3.2 共时性和历时性 synchronic vs. diachronicthe description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study;the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.现代语言学中，共时性研究比历时性研究更受人青睐。

1.3.3 口头语和书面语 speech and writingSpeech and writing are two major media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken la nguage as primary, not the written.In the past, traditional grammarians tended to overemphasize the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence.1.3.4 语言和言语 langue and parole (both from French words)瑞士语言学家F. de索绪尔langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the member of a speech community. 语言，某一特定的语言社区中的所有成员所共有的那种抽象的语言系统；parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. 言语，在语言实际应用中的具体体现。

语言——习惯和规则；言语——对这些习惯和规则的遵守和实际应用言语不过是一些乱七八糟的语言材料，很难对此作系统的研究；语言学家们的任务是从言语中把语言提取出来，发现指导语言实际应用的规则，并使之成为语言学研究的主题。

1.3.5 语言能力和语言运用 competence and performance 美国语言学家-乔姆斯基（和语言，言语类似的概念）competence, the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language 能力是一个理想的语言使用者所具有的有关其所使用语言规则的知识；performance, the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 运用则指这种知识在语言交际过程中的实际运用。

Langue and parole索绪尔对语言的研究采取的是社会学的观点，语言是社会习惯的产物；Competence and performance 乔姆斯基则从心理学的角度来审视语言现象，能力是每个说话者个体的心里特征。

2 什么是语言？ what is language?2.1 语言的定义 definitions of languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是用于人类交际目的一套任意的有声符号系统。

有以下四个特征：(1) language is a system (2) language is arbitrary (3) language is vocal (4) language is human specific2.2 语言的甄别性特征 design features甄别性特征（识别性特征）—人类语言和其他动物的交际系统区别开来的那些特征，其中五种：a. 语言的任意性（武断性）arbitrarinessb. 语言的创造性 productivityc. 语言的双重性 dualityd. 语言的位移性 displacemente. 语言的文化传递性 cultural transmissionChapter 2 Phonology音系学1 语言的声音媒介 the phonic medium of language口语和书面语是语言作为交际工具所使用的两大主要媒介和物质手段；口语比书面语更为基本；对于语言学家而言，对声音的研究远远比对书面语的研究重要得多，只关注人类器官发出的声音。

2 语音学 phonetics2.1 什么是语音学 what is phoneticsphonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; 对语言声音媒介的研究；主要研究对象是世界上所有的语言中出现过的一切声音从三个角度来审视语音现象：(1) 发音语音学 articulatory phonetics（from the speaker’s point of view）how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds(2) 听觉语音学 auditory phonetics（from the hearer’s point of view）how the sounds are perceived by the hearer(3) 声学语音学 acoustic phoneticsIt studies the way sounds travel by looking at the sound waves, the physical means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another以上三个分支里，建立历史最长，发展最完善的就是发音语音学。

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