第二语言习得复习题
二语习得复习资料
二语习得复习资料填空、判断类1. 第二语言习得研究的交叉学科:语言学、心理学、心理语言学。
2. 第二语言习得研究的发端:Corder在1967年发表的《学习者偏误的意义》和Selinker在1972年发表的《中介语》。
3. 1984年,鲁健骥在《中介语理论与外国人学习汉语的语音偏误分析》这篇文章中,将第二语言学习者的语言“偏误”和“中介语”的概念引入对外汉语教学领域。
4. 强势说强调对比分析的预测功能,认为母语干扰是造成第二语言学习者语言习得困难和错误的主要原因。
5. 1957年,拉多在《跨文化语言学》中系统地阐述了对比分析的内容、理论依据和分析方法。
6. 对比分析这一基本假设建立在行为主义心理学和结构主义语言学基础之上。
7. Selinker被称为“中介语之父”。
8. 过度泛化指的是二语学习者在习得第二语言的过程中,将其一目的语的规则推广到超越所能接受的范围之外。
9. 输入假说是克拉申的语言监控模式整个习得理论的核心部分。
10. 克拉申的输入假说包括四个要素:输入数量、输入质量、输入方式、输入条件。
11. 情感过滤假说把成功的二语习得相关联的情感因素分为三大类:动机、自信、焦虑。
12. “社会文化理论”由前苏联心理学家维果茨基创立。
主要内容包括:调节论、最近发展区理论、个体话语和内在言语、活动理论。
13. 语言输入与互动的研究始于上世纪70年代14. 最早提出“关键期假说”这个观点的是著名神经外科医生Penfield。
15. 根据社会心理学家的观点,学习者的态度是有三个方面构成:认知、情感、意动。
16.影响学习策略选择的因素主要有学习者个人差异、学习者个人背景和情景社会因素等。
17. 沉浸式教学法是采用目的语作为学校课堂教学的媒介,课堂上主要是向学习者提供目的语语言输入。
18. 1945年,弗里斯在《作为外语的英语教学与学习》一书中提出了对比分析的思想。
19. 在第二语言习得顺序中,主要存在以下争议:①母语迁移;②“正确顺序”是否等于“习得顺序”;③第一语言习得顺序是否等于第二语言习得顺序。
二语习得复习题
1.第二语言习得研究发展的路径(P19)(1)。
上世纪六十年代的第二语言习得研究的理论初创阶段。
在这一时期,第二语言习得研究与第二语言教学研究尚未分离。
当时站主导地位的是以行为主义为心理学基础的“对比分析”方法。
(2)上世纪70年代,第二语言习得研究已经发展成为一个独立的研究领域,是第二语言习得研究大发展的阶段。
偏误分析应运而生,产生了“中介语”理论假设。
还有两个重要的理论研究和创建,一是以Dulay和Burt为代表的第二语言习得顺序研究二是克拉伸的“监控模式”等(3)上世纪80 年代,第二语言习得研究作为一个独立的学科开始逐渐走向成熟。
受其他学科的影响构成了第二语言习得研究的跨学科特点形成了不同的理论视角,如语言学视角、社会语言学视角、认知视角等。
2.语言输入观P181:(1)行为主义学习理论认为,语言输入在语言习得过程中具有重要作用,强调外在因素的中心地位。
行为主义学习理论认为外在因素是语言习得的决定因素,否定学习者内在因素的作用。
(2)与行为主义学习理论相反,心灵学派认为,学习者的内在因素,即语言习得机制,在语言习得过程中具有重要作用,他们把语言习得机制看做语言习得的决定因素。
(3)“互动论”的观点。
Elis认为,在互动论的旗帜下包括两个不同理论:一是以认知心理学为基础的“认知互动理论”二是“社会互动理论”。
认知互动理论不单单强调语言输入环境的重要性,也不仅仅强调语言习得内在因素的重要性,而是将两者结合起来。
3.学习策略的含义P304:学习策略是指学习者在整个语言习得或语言使用过程中,与某个特定阶段相关联的心理行为或行动。
学习策略的分类P306:(一)Skehan(1989)的分类:1.根据学习者处理学习情景的能力来分(1)主动参与策略(active task approach)学习者主动寻找学习机会,并参与练习活动,反映积极。
(2)解释与确认策略(clarification and verification)学习者利用查字典和意译的方式,获得词语等的应用实例,并从句子里确认词语等的意义。
完整版第二语言习得概论-考研复习
★1. SLA (Second language acquisition) is the process by which a language other than the mother tongue is learnt in a natural setting or in a classroom.★2. Acquisition vs. Learning (Krashen1982)Acquisition refers to the learning of a language unconsciously under natural settings where learners pay attention only to the meanings or contents rather than forms or grammars.Learning refers to the learning of a language consciously under educational settings where learners mainly pay attention to forms or grammars.3.Factors affecting SLASocial factors (external factors)Learner factors (internal factors)Social factors (external factors)Social contextLanguage policy and the attitude of the public sector;Social demandWith the trend of globalization of the world economy , it is widely accepted among educators and national leaders that proficiency in another language is an indispensable quality of educated people Learner factors (internal factors)Motivation , Age , Learning strategyBehaviorist learning theory4.Behaviorist learning theory is a general theory of learning (i.e. it applies to all kinds of learning, not just language learning).It views learning as the formation of habits. The association of a particular response with a particular stimulus constituted a habit. It is formed when a particular stimulus became regularly linked with a particular response.When applied to SLA, the process of second language acquisition is regarded as a process of habit formation.5.The causes of errors according to behaviorismDifferences between the first and second language create learning difficulty which results in errors. Behaviorist learning theory predicts that transfer will take place from the first to the second language. Transfer will be negative when there is proactive inhibition. In this case errors will result. Errors, according to behaviorist theory, were the result of non-learning, rather than wrong learning. The means used to predict potential errors by behaviorists is Contrastive Analysis.Structuralism6.Language was viewed as a coded system consisting of structurally related elements (phonemes, morphemes, words, structures and sentence patterns)7.What is contrastive analysis (CA)?Contrastive analysis is an inductive investigative approach based on the distinctive elements in a language. It involves the comparison of two or more languages or subsystems of languages in order to determine both the differences and similarities between them. It could also be done within one language. Contrastive analysis can be both theoretical and applied according to varied purposes.8.Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH)Contrastive analysis is a way of comparing languages in order to determine potential errors for the ultimate purpose of isolating what needs to be learned and what does not need to be learned in an L2 situation.According to CAH, L2 errors are result of differences between the learner ’s first language andthe target language. The strong form of the hypothesis claims that these differences can be used to predict all errors that will occur. The weak form of the hypothesis claims that these differences can be used to identify some out of the total errors that actually arise.difference vs difficulty9.“Difference” is a linguistic concept, whereas “difficulty” is a psychological concept. Therefore, the level of learning difficulty cannot be inferred directly from the degree of difference between two language systems.10.Definition of Error analysis (EA)the study and analysis of the errors made by second and foreign language learners (Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics, p.96).It involves collecting samples of learner language, identifying the errors in these samples, describing these errors, classifying them according to their hypothesized causes, and evaluating theirs seriousness.Interlingual error: deviated forms resulting from the interference of one,s L1, or the negative11.transfer of one,s mother tongue.Intralingual error:①deviated forms in learner language that reflect learners, transitional competence and which are the results of such learning process as overgeneralization.② confusion of L2 rules12.Factors causing errorsnguage transfer2.Overgeneralization3.Learner differences4.Strategies in L2 learning5. Strategies of L2 communicatione.g. The two students changed eyes and eyebrows in class.13.Types of learner strategyLearning strategy, Production strategy 表达策略Communication strategy:Communication strategies are employed when learners are faced with the task of communicating meanings for which they lack the requisite linguistic knowledge. Typical communication strategies are paraphrase and mime.14.Classifications of learning strategy(Cohen 2006)(2)By function: Metacognitive; Cognitive; Socio-affective(3)By skill: listening, speaking, reading, writing, vocabulary, or translation strategies.15.Meta-cognitive strategiesMeta-cognitive strategy is the planning for learning, thinking about the learning process, monitoring of one,s production or comprehension, and evaluating learning after an activity is completed.16.Cognitive strategiesCognitive strategies refer to the steps or operations used in learning or problem-solving that require direct analysis, transformation, or synthesis of learning material.Repetition, Resourcing, Directed physical response, Translation, Grouping, Note-taking , Deduction Recombination, Imagery, Auditory representation, Key word, Contextualization, Elaboration, Transfer, Inferencing17.Individual learner variablesPersonal factors:group dynamics; attitudes to the teacher and course materials; learning techniques General factors: age; aptitude; cognitive style; motivation; personality18.MotivationIntegrative motivation 融合型动机is present in learners who identify with the target culture, would like to resemble members of the target culture and who would like to participate in the target culture. It is assumed to be based in the personality of the learner.Instrumental orientation 工具型动机refers to those cases where the learners are interested in learning the language for the possible benefits, that is, the learner5 s goal is functional. Resultative motivation:因果性动机Learners’ motivation is strongly affected by their achievement. Intrinsic motivation:内在兴趣动机Motivation as intrinsic interest.Motivation as a multi-componential construct:Motivation = effort + desire to achieve goal + attitudesTask motivation: the interest felt by the learner in performing different learning tasks.★ 19Definition -interlanguageInterlanguage is the approximate language system that the learner constructs for use in communicationthrough the target language. (Larry Selinker)It is independent of both the learner’s first language and the target language.It suggests that learners, language is between L1 AND L2 and that it is a continuum along which all learners traverse.★20.Definition of fossilizationFossilization refers to the state in which the second language learners stop to learning when their internalized rule system contains rules different from the target language. That is to say, the interlanguage stops evolving towards the TL.21.Classification of fossilizationTemporary fossilization: the phenomenon is alterable under certain conditions.Permanent fossilizationThis means the learner,s language stops evolving forever. Because stable stage is not real fossilization, so there is no real permanent fossilization.22.Causes of fossilizationInternal: Motivation; Communicative needs; Acquisition device External: Communicative pressure Lack of learning opportunities Feedback:positive cognitive feedbacks cause fossilization ; (e.g, “Oh,I see”)negative feedbacks help to prevent fossilization. (e.g. “I don’t understand you” )★23Definition of UGCook(1985) summarizing the Chomskyan position, defines ‘universal grammar, as ‘the properties inherent in the human mind,. Universal grammar consists of a set of general principles that apply to all language rather than a set of particular rules.. Markedness24Markedness refers to the idea that some linguistic structures are ‘special, or ‘less natural, or ‘less basic, than others.Linguists working in the Chomskyan school suggest that linguistic rules can either be part of the core grammar (i.e. the universal rules) or be part of the periphery.Core rules are considered to be unmarked and therefore easily acquired.Periphery roles are considered to be and therefore different to learn.25Krashen's Monitor ModelKrashen's monitor model mainly consists of the following five hypothses:(1)Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis:there are two kinds of ways of learning a second language ,i.e., acquisition and learning.(2)Natural Order Hypothesis:SLA follows a universal route that is not influenced by factors such as the learners7 first language, age, and the context (classroom or natural setting).Implications:Errors are developmental and are a natural byproduct of learning - tolerate them.Allow learners to make errors and do not correct them(3)The Input Hypothesis cIt laims a move along the developmental continuum by receiving comprehensible input.We acquire, only when we understand the structure that is “a little beyc where we are now Comprehensible input is defined as L2 input just beyond the Learner,s current L2 competence, in terms of its syntactic complexity. If a learner,s current competence is i then comprehensible input is i+1. Input which is either too simple (i) or too complex (i+2/3/4…)will not be useful for acquisition.(4)The affective filter hypothesisSLA is affected by factors like Motivation, Self-confidence, Anxiety and so on.Learners who suffer from anxiety or lack of motivation or negative attitude somehow switch off their comprehension mechanisms and so even if they are provided comprehensible input, they will not be able to process the input. Therefore a low affective filter is important.(5)Monitor hypothesisBoth language learners and native speakers typically try to correct any errors in what they have just said. This is referred to as monitoring.Krashen uses the term Monitoring (with a big M) to refer to the way the learner used learnt knowledge to improve utterances produced by means of acquired knowledge.nguage transferLanguage transfer is the influence resulting from the similarities and differences between the target language and any other language that has been previously( and perhaps imperfectly ) acquired.★27. LAD (language acquisition device)The LAD is a system of principles that children are born with that helps them learn language, and accounts for the order in which children learn structures, and the mistakes they make as they learn.★28. critical age period hypothesisIt claims that there a period when language acquisition can take place naturally and effortlessly, but after a certain age the brain is no longer able to process language input in this. Researchers differ over when the critical period comes to an end.★29. field independent vs. field independentLearners are different in the ways of receiving, conceptualizing, organizing, and recalling information. Field dependents operate holistically (i.e. they see the field as a whole),Whereas field independents operate analytically (i.e. they see the field in terms of its component parts).★30. input vs. intakeInput refers to the language learners are exposed to.It serves as the data which learners must useto determine the rules of the target language.However, not all available input is processed by the learner, either because some of it is not understood or because some of it is not attended to.That part of input that is processed, assimilated and fed into the interlanguage system is referred to as intake.★31.attitudes vs. aptitude vs. intelligenceAttitudes refer to the learner’s beliefs about factors such as the target language culture, their own culture, their teacher and the learning tasks they are given.Aptitude refers to the specific ability a learner has for learning a second language.Intelligence refers to the general ability to master academic skills.petence vs. performanceWhen learners acquire a L2, they internalize rules which are then organized into a system. This constitutes their competence.The actual use of this system to comprehend and produce utterances is referred to as performance.33.OvergeneralizationIt refers to the extension of some general rule to items not covered by this rule in the target language.34.foreigner talk vs. teacher talkWhen native speakers address learners, they make adjustments in both language form and language function to facilitate understanding. These adjustments are referred to as foreigner talk.When teachers address learners, they make adjustments in both language form and language function to facilitate understanding. These adjustments are referred to as foreigner talk.35.formulaic speech vs. patternsFormulaic speech consists of expressions which are learned as unanalysable wholes and employed in particular occasions.Patterns are one type of formulaic speech. They are unanalysable units which have one or more open slots, e.g. ‘Can I have a —’。
二语习得考试复习资料
第二语言习得研究期末考试复习题1、简述第二语言习得研究发展的途径分为三个阶段:1)20世纪50-60年代,这一阶段为理论初创阶段,占主导地位的是以行为主义心理学为基础的“对比分析”方法。
2)20世纪70年代,理论研究大发展阶段,开始关注学习者的语言偏误,产生了“中介语”理论假设。
三个理论研究,即以Dulay和Burt 为代表的第二语言习得顺序研究、克拉申的“监控模式”、Schumann的“文化适应模式”。
3)20世纪80年代,作为一个独立的学科,并开始走向成熟。
不同的发展途径构成了第二语言习得研究的跨学科特点。
不同的发展途径体现在:1)语言学理论对第二语言习得研究的影响,构成了第二语言习得研究的语言学视角。
2)社会语言学及其研究范式对第二语言习得研究的影响,构成了第二语言习得研究的社会语言学视角。
3)认知科学对第二语言习得研究的影响,构成了第二语言习得研究的认知视角。
2、针对语言输入有哪几种不同的语言输入观?1)行为主义学习理论认为,语言输入在语言习得过程中具有重要作用,强调外在因素的中心地位,基于以下假设:a,语言输入是由外在的语言刺激和反馈构成的 b,语言输入通过正面的反馈和纠正得到强化 c,通过语言形式的操练可以达到语言学习的目的。
2)心灵学派认为,学习者的内在因素,即语言习得机制,在语言习得过程中具有重要作用,他们把语言习得机制看做语言习得的决定性因素。
语言输入不过是语言习得发生的“触发”因素而已,语言输入是贫乏的,学习者不可能通过外在的语言输入获得完整的语言能力。
3)“互动论”:认知心理学为基础的“认知互动理论”强调将语言输入环境与语言习得内在因素两者结合起来;社会互动理论主要是从社会语言学的角度来研究语言输入环境与第二语言习得的关系。
3、学习策略的含义是什么?学习策略如何分类?学习策略是指学习者在整个语言习得或语言使用过程中,与某个特定阶段相关联的心理行为或行动。
1)Skehan(1989)根据学习者处理学习情境的能力来分:主动参与策略、解释与确认策略根据学习者的方法素质来分:跨语言比较策略、归纳策略根据学习者的评价能力来分:监控策略、自我评价策略2)O’Malley(1987)根据信息加工模型分类:认知策略(重复策略、记笔记策略、关联策略);元认知策略(直接注意策略、自我管理策略);社会/情感策略(合作策略、要求解释策略)3)Oxford的分类(1990)直接策略:直接影响语言学习,需要对语言学习进行心理操作间接策略:通过集中注意、计划、评价自我、控制焦虑感和增加与他人合作机会等间接影响语言学习4、如何区分下列概念:母语、目的语、第一语言、第二语言?母语通常是指学习者所属种类、社团使用的语言,也叫本族语,母语通常是指儿童出生以后最先接触、习得的语言;目的语也称目标语,一般是指学习者正在学习的语言,它强调的是学习者正在学习的任何一种语言;第一语言是指儿童幼年最先接触和习得的语言;第二语言是相对于学习者习得的第一语言之外的任何一种其他语言而言,包含第三、第四或更多的其他语言5、简述社会文化理论的主要内容及意义主要内容:调节论:主要用于解释儿童的认知发展,在语言的调节下,儿童的认知从“客体调控”阶段发展到“他人调控”阶段,最后到“自我调控”阶段。
第二语言习得试卷
“汉语国际教育”硕士生“第二语言习得”课程考试试卷专业:年级:学号:姓名:成绩:一、填空(本题共10分,每小题1分)(1)“听说法”是在行为主义学习理论基础上产生的,其核心是。
(2)在生成语言学看来,环境对语言习得只起着作用。
特定的语言社区内,有着不同经验的小孩最终获得相似的语法。
(3)1967年,Corder发表论文开启了第二语言习得研究的先河。
(4)Dulay & Burt提出L2=L1假说,主要建立在对语言习得调查的基础上的。
(5)鲁健骥将汉语中介语语法错误分遗漏、误加、误代和四类。
(6)学生由于掌握目的语知识的不足,把他所学的不充分的、有限的目的语知识,套用在新的语言现象上,结果产生的偏误,被称为。
(7)语言变异理论和中介语变异理论的语言观是。
(8)语言学能测试有两个,其中一个是1959 约翰·卡罗尔创制的MLAT,其全称为。
(9)与学习动机相关的主要因素有、动机的强度、社会文化因素和学习者的不同需要。
(10)人本主义学习理论代表人物罗杰斯强调教学要,教师的任务是帮助学生增强对变化的环境和自我的理解,而不应该用安排好的各种强化去控制或塑造学生的行为。
二、名词解释(本题共42分,每小题7分)1 中介语2 语言学能3. 动机4. 焦虑5. 交际策略6. 关键期三、简答题(本题共28分,每小题14分)(1)加得纳的“多种智能”假说的主要内容(2)举例说明语言对比分析(Language Contrastive Analysis)的功用和局限四、论述题(本题共20分)克拉申输入理论的主要观点是什么?结合英语或汉语学习实践谈谈你的认识。
二语习得考试复习汇总
二语习得考试复习汇总一、名词解释母语、目的语、第一语言、第二语言、双语者、第二语言习得、1、“母语”通常是指学习者家庭或者所属种族、社团使用的语言,因而也称作“本族语”。
一般情况下,母语通常是幼儿出生后最先接触、习得的语言。
也被称作“第一语言”。
2、“目标语”,也称“目的语”,指学习者正在学习的语言。
这种语言可能是他的第二语言、第三语言甚或第四语言。
它强调的是学习者正在学习的任何一种语言,与学习者的语言习得环境无关。
美国学生无论在美国学习汉语,还是在中国学习汉语,其目的语都是汉语。
如果他们同时在学习法语,那么法语也是他们的目的语。
对第二语言学习者而言,母语对其目的语的习得具有重要的影响。
3、第二语言习得:人们在自然的语言环境中或者课堂环境中潜意识地或者有意识地获得母语之外的另一种语言。
4、“双语者”或“操双语者”,指可以同等流利地使用两种语言的人。
(1)、双语者指那些两种语言都达到与母语者同等熟练水平的人(balanced bilingualism)。
精通两种语言的人。
这种观点是根据是否具有“同等的语言知识”来定义双语者;(2)、双语者可以指那些能够用另外一种语言生成完整的有意义的话语的人。
这就是所谓双语者的“最底限定义”(minimaldefinition)。
这种观点是基于能否使用第二语言来定义双语者。
5、第二语言:相对于第一语言而言,指在母语之后再学习另一种语言。
第二语言习得可能发生在自然环境,也可能在正规的课堂环境中。
在课堂环境下学习的第二语言被称为外语。
6、中介语是指在第二语言习得过程中,学习者通过一定的学习策略,在目的语输入的基础上所形成的一种既不同于其第一语言也不同于目的语、随着学习的进展向目的语逐渐过渡的动态的语言系统。
二、简答1、第二语言习得研究的发端是以什么为标志的?为什么?origination:the end of 1960s.Corder 1967:“The significance of leaners’errors”; Selinker 1972“Interlanguage”.Why?1..ForthefirsttimeCordertheoreticallyelaboratethegreatsignif icanceoferrorsSLlearnersmadeonlanguageteaching,theprocessofacquisitionandthes econdlearnersthemse lves;2. the view of Corder radically change the view and attitude of how people see theerrors of second language learners.Corder(1967)makecleartheobject,methodandthedirectionforfurther development.SLA as a isolated area for study.Corder:第二语言习得研究应该把目光放在学习者语言系统的考察上,把学习者的语言偏误作为观察学习者语言习得过程的窗口,从中发现学习者是如何习得第二语言的规律的。
《第二语言习得研究》问答梳理
第二语言习得研究问答梳理1.如何区分“母语”与“第一语言”、“第二语言”与“第二语言习得环境”?答:母语指学习者所属种族、社团使用的语言,第一语言指儿童幼年最先接触和习得的语言。
母语通常就是第一语言,但也有例外的情况。
比如在美国出生的汉族儿童,他最先接触和习得的是英语,英语就是他的第一语言,而他的母语仍然是汉语。
第二语言指学习者在习得第一语言之后习得的语言,第二语言习得环境指学习者所学的语言在语言习得发生的环境中作为交际语言。
第二语言是相对于第一语言就语言习得的时间顺序而言的。
第二语言习得环境跟时序无关,着眼于在哪儿学。
2.如何区分“自然的第二语言习得”与“有指导的第二语言习得”?答:从习得方式和环境两方面区分。
自然的第二语言习得(naturalistic SLA)以交际的方式,在自然的社会环境下发生的;有指导的第二语言习得(instructed SLA)以教学指导的方式,在课堂教学环境中发生。
3.什么是语言能力?什么是语言表达?答:语言能力(competence)是一种反应交际双方语言知识的心理语法,语言表达(performance)是交际双方在语言的理解与生成过程中对其内在语法的运用。
语言能力是关于语言的知识,语言表达是关于语言运用的知识。
4.第二语言习得研究与语言学研究的对象、目的和方法有何不同?5.如何看待第二语言习得研究与心理学和心理语言学的关系?答:(1)第二语言习得研究与心理学的关系:(2)第二语言习得研究与心理语言学的关系:有人把第二语言习得研究看做心理语言学的分支,其实他们有诸多不同:6.第二语言习得研究的学科性质和学科特点是什么?答:跨学科。
7.为什么第二语言习得研究领域的学者把Corder和Selinker发表的文章作为第二语言习得研究的起点?答:因为Corder 1967年发表的《学习者偏误的意义》(the significance of learners’ errors)和Selinker 1972年发表的《中介语》(Interlanguage)先后明确了第二语言习得研究的研究对象,创建了相似的理论假说,指明了第二语言习得研究的方向,为后来的第二语言习得研究奠定了坚实的理论基础。
第二语言习得考试试题
第二语言习得考试试题一、选择题(每题 2 分,共 40 分)1、第二语言习得中的“中介语”是指()A 学习者母语和目的语之间的过渡语言B 学习者在学习过程中创造的一种独立语言C 教师为帮助学习者而使用的简化语言D 一种国际通用的辅助语言2、以下哪项不是影响第二语言习得的个体差异因素()A 学习动机B 性格特点C 社会环境D 认知风格3、在第二语言习得中,“输入假说”的提出者是()A 克拉申B 乔姆斯基C 皮亚杰D 布鲁纳4、学习者在第二语言习得过程中出现的“石化”现象,指的是()A 语言能力停止发展B 语言错误固定化C 学习兴趣丧失D 学习方法不当5、以下哪种教学方法更注重语言的交际功能()A 语法翻译法B 直接法C 听说法D 交际法6、第二语言习得中的“情感过滤假说”认为,以下哪种因素会影响语言输入的吸收()A 自信心B 焦虑程度C 学习态度D 以上都是7、对于儿童和成人在第二语言习得方面的比较,以下说法正确的是()A 儿童学习速度更快B 成人学习效果更好C 儿童在语音方面更有优势D 成人在语法方面更有优势8、以下哪项不是第二语言习得中的语言输出的作用()A 检验语言知识B 提高语言流利度C 促进语言输入的理解D 减少语言错误9、学习者在第二语言习得中,对目的语规则的过度概括所产生的错误属于()A 语际错误B 语内错误C 诱导错误D 随机错误10、以下哪种语言环境更有利于第二语言习得()A 课堂教学环境B 自然语言环境C 双语环境D 单一语言环境11、在第二语言习得中,“监控假说”认为,学习者的语言输出主要受到()的监控。
A 潜意识B 有意识C 情感因素D 语言规则12、以下哪项不是第二语言习得中的学习策略()A 认知策略B 元认知策略C 情感策略D 语法策略13、对于第二语言习得中的“文化适应”,以下说法错误的是()A 有助于语言学习B 只是了解文化知识C 包括价值观的适应D 能提高交际能力14、以下哪种测试方法更能准确测量学习者的第二语言实际运用能力()A 标准化测试B 口语测试C 书面测试D 听力测试15、第二语言习得中的“关键期假说”认为,语言学习的最佳年龄是()A 儿童时期B 青少年时期C 成年时期D 没有固定年龄16、以下哪项不是影响第二语言习得的外部因素()A 教学方法B 教材质量C 学习者年龄D 语言环境17、在第二语言习得中,“可理解输入”的特点不包括()A 略高于学习者现有水平B 有趣且相关C 语法复杂D 大量重复18、以下哪种反馈方式对第二语言习得最有效()A 积极反馈B 消极反馈C 直接纠错D 引导自纠19、学习者在第二语言习得中出现的回避现象,主要是为了()A 避免错误B 节省时间C 简化表达D 显示个性20、以下关于第二语言习得和第一语言习得的比较,错误的是()A 学习动机不同B 学习环境相似C 认知能力有差异D 语言输入质量不同二、简答题(每题 10 分,共 30 分)1、请简述第二语言习得中的“输入假说”的主要内容。
第二语言习得 考试复习题
第二语言习得期中考试复习题1. acquisition& learning➢The term “acquisition” is used to refer to picking up a second language through exposure, whereas the term “learning” is used to refer to the conscious study of a second language. Now most of the researchers use them interchangeably, irrespective of whether conscious or unconscious processes are involved2. incidental learning & intentional learning➢While reading for pleasure a reader does not bother to look up a new word in a dictionary, but a few pages later realizes what that word means, then incidental learning is said to have taken place.➢If a student is instructed to read a text and find out the meanings of unknown words, then it becomes an intentional learning activity. ngauage➢Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication .That is to say , language is systematic (rule-governed ), symbolic and social.nguage Acquisition Device➢The capacity to acquire one’s FIRST LANGUAGE , when this capacity is pictured as a sort of mech anism or apparatus.5.Contrastive analysis❖Under the influence of behaviorism, researchers of language teaching developed the method of contrastive analysis (CA) to study learner errors. Its original aim is to serve foreign language teaching.6.Error analysis❖Error analysis aims to 1) find out how well the learner knows a second language, 2) find out how the learner learns a second language, 3) obtain information on common difficulties in second language learning, and to 4) serve as an aid in teaching or in the preparation and compilation of teaching materials (Corder, 1981).It is a methodology of describing Second Language Learners’ language system s.7.interlanguage❖It refers to the language that the L2 learner produced .❖The language produced by the learner is a system in its own right.❖The language is a dynamic system, evolving over time.8.Krashen and His Monitor Model❖ 1. The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis❖ 2. The Monitor Hypothesis❖ 3. The Natural Hypothesis❖ 4. The Input Hypothesis❖ 5. The Affective Filter Hypothsis9. input hypothesis❖Its claims : The learner improves and progresses along the “natural order” when s/he receives second language “input” that is one step beyond his or her current stage of linguistic competence. For example, if a learner is at a stage “i”, then acquisition takes place when s/he is exposed to “Comprehensible Input” that belongs to level “i+1”.10. affective filter hypothesis❖The hypothesis is based on the theory of an affective filter, which states that successful second language acquisition depends on the learner’s feelings. Negative attitudes (including a lack of motivation or self-confidence and anxiety) are said to act as a filter, preventing the learner from making use of INPUT, and thus hindering success in language learning.11.Shumann’s Acculturation Model❖This model of second language acquisition was formulated by John.H.Schumann(1978), and applies to the natural context of second language acquisition where a second language is acquired without any instruction in the environment. Schumann defines acculturation as the process of becoming adapted to a new culture or rather , the social and psychological integration of the learner with the target language group.12.Universal Grammar⏹The language faculty built into the human mind consisting of principles and parameters.⏹This is the universal grammar theory associated with Noam Chomsky.⏹Universal Grammar sees the knowledge of grammar in the mind as having two components: “principles"that all languages have incommon and “parameters” on which they vary.13.M acLaughlin’s Information processing model☐SLA is the acquisition of a complex cognitive skill that must progress from controlled processing to automatic processing.14.Anderson’s ACT☐This is another general theory of cognitive learning that has been applied to SLA☐Also emphasizes the automatization process.☐Conceptualizing three types of memory:1. Working memory2. Declarative long term memory3. Procedural long-term memory15.fossilization☐It refers to the phenomenon in which second language learners often stop learning even though they might be far short of native-like competence. The term is also used for specific linguistic structures that remain incorrect for lengthy periods of time in spite of plentiful input.munication strategies⏹Communication strategies, known as CSs, consist of attempts to deal with problems of communication that have arisen in interaction.They are characterized by the negotiation of an agreement on meaning between the two parties.1.What it is that needs to be learnt in language acquisition?➢Phonetics and Phonology➢Syntax➢Morphology➢Semantics➢Pragmatics2.How experts study the children’s acquisition➢Observe young children’s learning to talk.➢Record the speech of their children➢Create a database➢Have a single hypothesis3.What are learning strategies? Give examples ?➢Intentional behaviour and thoughts that learners make use of during learning in order to better help them understand, learn or remember new information .➢Learning strategies are classified into :1. meta-cognitive strategies2. cognitive strategies3. socio-affective strategies4.What are the factors influencing the success of SLA ?●Cognitive factors :1. Intelligence2. Language aptitudenguage learning strategies●Affective factors:nguage attitudes2.Motivation5.What are the differences between the Behaviorist learning model and that of Mentalist?➢Behaviorist learning model claims that children acquired the L1 by trying to imitate utterances produced by people around them and by receiving negative or positive reinforcement of their attempts to do so. Language acquisition, therefore, was considered to be environmentally determined.6.What are the beneficial views obtained from the studies on children’s L1 acquisition?1. Children’s language acquisition goes through several stages2. These stages are very similar across children for a given language, although the rate at which individual children progress through them ishighly variable;3. These stages are similar across languages;4. Child language is rule-governed and systematic, and the rules created by the child do not necessarily correspond to adult ones;5. Children are resistant to correction;6. Children’s mental capacity limits the n umber of rules they can apply at any one time, and they will revert to earlier hypotheses when two ormore rules compete.7.What are the differences of error analysis from contrastive analysisContrastive analysis stresses the interfering effects of a first language on second language learning and claims that most errors come from interference of the first language. (Corder ,1967). However, such a narrow view of interference ignores the intralingual effects of language learning among other factors. Error an alysis is the method to deal with intralingual factors in learners’ language (Corder, 1981).it is a methodology of describing Second Language Learners’ language systems .Error analysis is a type of bilingual comparison, a comparison between learners’ inte rlanguage and a target language, while contrastive analysis between languages. (native language and target language)8.What are UG principles and parameters?➢The universal principle is the principle of structure-dependency, which states that language is organized in such a way that it crucially depends on the structural relationships between elements in a sentence.➢Parameters are prnciples that differ in the way they work or function from language to language. That is to say there are certain linguistic features that vary across languages.9.What role does UG play in SLA?➢Three possibilities :1. UG operates in the same way for L2 as it does for L1.2. The learner’s Core grammar is fixed and UG is no longer available to the L2 learner, particularly not to th e adult learner.3. UG is partly available but it is only one factor in the acquisition of L2. There are other factors and they may interfere with the UGinfluence.10.What are classifications of communication strategies?Faerch and Kasper characterizes CSs in the light of learners’ attempts at governing two different behaviors and their taxonomies are achievement and reduction strategies , and they are based on the psycholinguistics.➢Achievement Strategies:⏹Paraphrase⏹Approximation⏹Word coinage⏹Circumlocution⏹Conscious Transfer⏹Literal translation⏹Language switch (borrowing)⏹Mime⏹Use body language and gestures to make communication open⏹Appeal for assistance➢Reduction Strategies⏹Message abandonment(topic shift):Ask a student to answer the question :How old are you ? She must utter two orthree sentences to answer the question, but she mustn’t tell her age.⏹Topic avoidance(Silence)。
第二语言习得 考试复习题
第二语言习得期中考试复习题1. acquisition& learning➢The term “acquisition” is used to refer to picking up a second language through exposure, whereas the term “learning” is used to refer to the conscious study of a second language. Now most of the researchers use them interchangeably, irrespective of whether conscious or unconscious processes are involved2. incidental learning & intentional learning➢While reading for pleasure a reader does not bother to look up a new word in a dictionary, but a few pages later realizes what that word means, then incidental learning is said to have taken place.➢If a student is instructed to read a text and find out the meanings of unknown words, then it becomes an intentional learning activity. ngauage➢Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication .That is to say , language is systematic (rule-governed ), symbolic and social.nguage Acquisition Device➢The capacity to acquire one’s FIRST LANGUAGE , when this capacity is pictured as a sort of mech anism or apparatus.5.Contrastive analysis❖Under the influence of behaviorism, researchers of language teaching developed the method of contrastive analysis (CA) to study learner errors. Its original aim is to serve foreign language teaching.6.Error analysis❖Error analysis aims to 1) find out how well the learner knows a second language, 2) find out how the learner learns a second language, 3) obtain information on common difficulties in second language learning, and to 4) serve as an aid in teaching or in the preparation and compilation of teaching materials (Corder, 1981).It is a methodology of describing Second Language Learners’ language system s.7.interlanguage❖It refers to the language that the L2 learner produced .❖The language produced by the learner is a system in its own right.❖The language is a dynamic system, evolving over time.8.Krashen and His Monitor Model❖ 1. The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis❖ 2. The Monitor Hypothesis❖ 3. The Natural Hypothesis❖ 4. The Input Hypothesis❖ 5. The Affective Filter Hypothsis9. input hypothesis❖Its claims : The learner improves and progresses along the “natural order” when s/he receives second language “input” that is one step beyond his or her current stage of linguistic competence. For example, if a learner is at a stage “i”, then acquisition takes place when s/he is exposed to “Comprehensible Input” that belongs to level “i+1”.10. affective filter hypothesis❖The hypothesis is based on the theory of an affective filter, which states that successful second language acquisition depends on the learner’s feelings. Negative attitudes (including a lack of motivation or self-confidence and anxiety) are said to act as a filter, preventing the learner from making use of INPUT, and thus hindering success in language learning.11.Shumann’s Acculturation Model❖This model of second language acquisition was formulated by John.H.Schumann(1978), and applies to the natural context of second language acquisition where a second language is acquired without any instruction in the environment. Schumann defines acculturation as the process of becoming adapted to a new culture or rather , the social and psychological integration of the learner with the target language group.12.Universal Grammar⏹The language faculty built into the human mind consisting of principles and parameters.⏹This is the universal grammar theory associated with Noam Chomsky.⏹Universal Grammar sees the knowledge of grammar in the mind as having two components: “principles"that all languages have incommon and “parameters” on which they vary.13.M acLaughlin’s Information processing model☐SLA is the acquisition of a complex cognitive skill that must progress from controlled processing to automatic processing.14.Anderson’s ACT☐This is another general theory of cognitive learning that has been applied to SLA☐Also emphasizes the automatization process.☐Conceptualizing three types of memory:1. Working memory2. Declarative long term memory3. Procedural long-term memory15.fossilization☐It refers to the phenomenon in which second language learners often stop learning even though they might be far short of native-like competence. The term is also used for specific linguistic structures that remain incorrect for lengthy periods of time in spite of plentiful input.munication strategies⏹Communication strategies, known as CSs, consist of attempts to deal with problems of communication that have arisen in interaction.They are characterized by the negotiation of an agreement on meaning between the two parties.1.What it is that needs to be learnt in language acquisition?➢Phonetics and Phonology➢Syntax➢Morphology➢Semantics➢Pragmatics2.How experts study the children’s acquisition➢Observe young children’s learning to talk.➢Record the speech of their children➢Create a database➢Have a single hypothesis3.What are learning strategies? Give examples ?➢Intentional behaviour and thoughts that learners make use of during learning in order to better help them understand, learn or remember new information .➢Learning strategies are classified into :1. meta-cognitive strategies2. cognitive strategies3. socio-affective strategies4.What are the factors influencing the success of SLA ?●Cognitive factors :1. Intelligence2. Language aptitudenguage learning strategies●Affective factors:nguage attitudes2.Motivation5.What are the differences between the Behaviorist learning model and that of Mentalist?➢Behaviorist learning model claims that children acquired the L1 by trying to imitate utterances produced by people around them and by receiving negative or positive reinforcement of their attempts to do so. Language acquisition, therefore, was considered to be environmentally determined.6.What are the beneficial views obtained from the studies on children’s L1 acquisition?1. Children’s language acquisition goes through several stages2. These stages are very similar across children for a given language, although the rate at which individual children progress through them ishighly variable;3. These stages are similar across languages;4. Child language is rule-governed and systematic, and the rules created by the child do not necessarily correspond to adult ones;5. Children are resistant to correction;6. Children’s mental capacity limits the n umber of rules they can apply at any one time, and they will revert to earlier hypotheses when two ormore rules compete.7.What are the differences of error analysis from contrastive analysisContrastive analysis stresses the interfering effects of a first language on second language learning and claims that most errors come from interference of the first language. (Corder ,1967). However, such a narrow view of interference ignores the intralingual effects of language learning among other factors. Error an alysis is the method to deal with intralingual factors in learners’ language (Corder, 1981).it is a methodology of describing Second Language Learners’ language systems .Error analysis is a type of bilingual comparison, a comparison between learners’ inte rlanguage and a target language, while contrastive analysis between languages. (native language and target language)8.What are UG principles and parameters?➢The universal principle is the principle of structure-dependency, which states that language is organized in such a way that it crucially depends on the structural relationships between elements in a sentence.➢Parameters are prnciples that differ in the way they work or function from language to language. That is to say there are certain linguistic features that vary across languages.9.What role does UG play in SLA?➢Three possibilities :1. UG operates in the same way for L2 as it does for L1.2. The learner’s Core grammar is fixed and UG is no longer available to the L2 learner, particularly not to th e adult learner.3. UG is partly available but it is only one factor in the acquisition of L2. There are other factors and they may interfere with the UGinfluence.10.What are classifications of communication strategies?Faerch and Kasper characterizes CSs in the light of learners’ attempts at governing two different behaviors and their taxonomies are achievement and reduction strategies , and they are based on the psycholinguistics.➢Achievement Strategies:⏹Paraphrase⏹Approximation⏹Word coinage⏹Circumlocution⏹Conscious Transfer⏹Literal translation⏹Language switch (borrowing)⏹Mime⏹Use body language and gestures to make communication open⏹Appeal for assistance➢Reduction Strategies⏹Message abandonment(topic shift):Ask a student to answer the question :How old are you ? She must utter two orthree sentences to answer the question, but she mustn’t tell her age.⏹Topic avoidance(Silence)。
第二语言习得试题及答案
第二语言习得试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共10分)1. 第二语言习得理论中,克拉申的“输入假说”主张学习者需要接收到什么样的语言输入?A. 完全理解的输入B. 可理解的输入C. 无理解的输入D. 超过理解的输入答案:B2. 根据斯金纳的操作条件反射理论,语言习得主要依赖于什么?A. 模仿B. 强化C. 内化D. 社会互动答案:B3. 在语言习得中,“临界期”假说主张语言学习的最佳时期是?A. 任何年龄B. 儿童时期C. 青少年时期D. 成年时期答案:B4. 语言习得的“自然顺序假说”认为语言技能的发展遵循一定的顺序,以下哪项不是该假说的内容?A. 语法结构的习得顺序是固定的B. 词汇的习得顺序是固定的C. 发音的习得顺序是固定的D. 语言习得的速度是个体差异决定的答案:D5. 语言习得的“社会文化理论”强调以下哪个因素在语言学习中的作用?A. 认知发展B. 社会互动C. 语言输入D. 语言输出答案:B二、填空题(每空1分,共10分)1. 语言习得的“监控假说”是由________提出的。
答案:克拉申2. 语言习得中的“输入假说”认为,学习者需要接收到________的输入。
答案:可理解的3. 语言习得的“自然顺序假说”认为,语言技能的发展遵循一定的________。
答案:顺序4. 根据斯金纳的操作条件反射理论,语言习得主要依赖于________。
答案:强化5. 语言习得的“社会文化理论”强调________在语言学习中的作用。
答案:社会互动三、简答题(每题5分,共20分)1. 简述克拉申的“输入假说”。
答案:克拉申的“输入假说”认为,为了习得第二语言,学习者需要接收到略高于其当前语言水平的可理解输入,这样的输入被称为“i+1”输入。
2. 描述斯金纳的操作条件反射理论在语言习得中的应用。
答案:斯金纳的操作条件反射理论认为,语言习得是通过强化机制实现的。
当学习者正确使用语言时,他们会受到奖励(强化),这会增强他们使用正确语言形式的倾向。
西华大学《第二语言习得》2023-2024学年第一学期期末试卷
(2023至2024学年第1学期)课程名称:第二语言习得考试时间:分钟课程代码:试卷总分:100分考试形式:闭卷考试一、(从四个备选答案中选出一个正确答案。
每小题2分,共24分)1.在第二语言习得中,下列哪个理论强调了语言输入的重要性?A.行为主义理论B.自然法C.交际语言教学法D.监控模型2.Krashen的“i+1”理论中的“i”代表什么?A.输入B.输出C.个体差异D.理想语言水平3.根据Vygotsky的社会文化理论,哪项是促进第二语言发展的关键因素?A.正式教学B.社会互动C.私人演讲D.语言输出4.在Dulay和Burt的错误分析中,哪个阶段学习者的语言系统尚未稳定?A.无错误阶段B.快速假设测试阶段C.形成假设阶段D.自我修正阶段5.以下哪个选项不是多语言习得中的代码混淆现象?A.词汇借用B.语法结构迁移C.语音干扰D.文化同化6.根据Auerbach的二语习得理论,什么是学习者内部处理机制的表现?A.语言迁移B.目标语言泛化C.交际策略D.反馈利用7.在第二语言写作教学中,以下哪个方法更侧重于形式而非内容?A.过程写作法B.产品写作法C.任务型写作法D.合作学习写作法8.“沉默期”这一概念通常与以下哪位语言学家的研究相关?A.Noam ChomskyB.Stephen KrashenC.Lev VygotskyD.Hans H.Wells9.根据Skinner的行为主义理论,哪种教学方法被认为可以加强语言习惯的形成?A.模仿练习B.角色扮演C.自由会话D.阅读理解10.在第二语言听力理解中,自下而上的处理指的是:A.从整体语境到具体细节的理解过程B.从具体细节到整体语境的理解过程C.通过背景知识来解读听到的信息D.依赖先前经验来预测信息11.在第二语言教学中,任务型语言教学法(TBLT)主张使用哪种类型的任务?A.真实交际任务B.语法翻译任务C.形式填空任务D.词汇记忆任务12.根据文化认同理论,学习者对第二语言文化的适应程度会影响:A.语言学习动机B.语言输入的数量C.语言输出的质量D.语言学习策略的选择二、(判断正误,正确的标识“√”,错误的标识“X”,每小题1分,共10分)1.()根据普遍语法理论,所有语言的深层结构都是相同的。
(完整word版)第二语言习得研究期末复习题
第二语言习得复习题一、名词解释1.第二语言:指相对于第一语言来说,除儿童幼年最先接触和习得的语言,在此后习得的语言就是第二语言。
2. 第一语言:指儿童幼年最先接触和习得的语言。
3. 母语:指学习者所属种族、社团使用的语言,也称作“本族语”。
4,目的语:也叫目标语,一般指学习者正在学习的语言。
5,第二语言习得:简称SLA,是指人们在获得母语(第一语言)的基础上习得另一种或几种语言的过程。
也叫“二语习得”6,语言习得机制:乔姆斯基提出人脑中存在一个“语言习得机制”(LAD),它有以下一些特点:1.具有遗传性,为人类独有。
2.能使儿童加工语言材料,判断语言体系的发展,建立抽象规则。
3.可能已经具备一些普遍的语言特征,这些特征可以在所有人类语言中找到,因此,许多语法属性可能是先天存在于人类的大脑中,无需学习。
7,工具型动机:学习者对目的语群体没有兴趣,学习目的语只是为了掌握一个工具,用来提高自己的知识水平、改善社会地位。
8,习得与学习:克拉申认为“习得”通常指在自然状态下“下意识”的语言获得,而“学习”一般是指“有意识”的语言获得。
前者称为“内隐学习”,后者称为“外显学习”9,中介语:语言学习者在学习第二语言时所拥有的一种独立的语言系统,这种语言系统在结构上既不是学习者的母语也不是目的语,而是介于两者之间。
中介语系统在语音、词汇、语法、文化等方面都有表现。
但它又不是固定不变的,而是随着学习的发展,逐渐向目的语的正确形式靠拢。
10,普遍语法:乔姆斯基认为普遍语法是由一些原则条件和规则构成的系统,这些所有人类语言共有的因素是或特性是必然的而不是偶然的,原则系统和规则系统。
11,僵化:僵化(fossilization),也叫化石化或石化,是由Selinker于1972年在其中介语理论中提出的。
僵化是存在于“潜在的心理结构”中的一种机制,表现为某种母语背景的第二语言学习者会在目的语习得的某个阶段上停滞不前,无论学习者年龄大小,也无论其是否继续学习12,外国人话语:所谓“外国人话语”并不是指外国人的话语,而是指对外国人说的话语。
第二语言习得研究 考试资料【试题.知识点】
名词解释:1、母语:指学习者所属种族、社团使用的语言,因而也称作“本族语”,一般情况下,母语是儿童出生以后最先接触、习得的语言2、目的语:也称“目标语”,是指学习者正在学习的语言,这种语言可以指正在学习的母语或第一语言,也可以指他正在学习的第二语言、第三语言甚至第四语言。
3、第一语言:指儿童幼年最先接触和习得的语言。
4、第二语言:是相对于学习者习得的第一语言之外任何一种其他语言。
5、习得:指“非正式”的语言获得,儿童大都是通过这种方式来获得母语。
6、学习:指“正式”的语言规则学习,即通过课堂教学的方式来获得第二语言。
7、第二语言习得:指学习者在目的语国家学习目的语。
8、外语习得:指学习者在本国学习除母语外的目的语。
9、语言能力:指是一种反映交际双发语言知识的心理语法。
10、语言表达:指的是交际双发在语言的理解与生成过程中对其内在的语法运用。
11、对比分析:产生于20世纪50年代。
兴盛于60年代。
初衷是为了在第二语言教学中预测学习者的难点,预防学习者的语言偏误,提高第二语言教学的效率。
12、母语负迁移:这一假设的实质是母语在第二语言习得中的作用问题,主张对比分析的学者认为。
学习者的母语对第二语言习得将产生极大的影响,如第二语言学习者学习外语大都有母语的“口语”。
13、内隐学习:是通过无意识或下意识的方式来获得语言知识,外显学习是在有意识的状态下通过规则学习,来获得语言知识。
14、通过学习获得的“显性知识”不能转化为“隐性知识”一、第二语言习得研究的跨学科特点:语言学与心理学有着交叉与重合,构成了心理语言学,第二语言习得研究与语言学密切相关,但是在学科的划分上,它并不属于语言学,同样,第二语言习得研究与心理语言学也密切相关,但他既不属于心理语言学也不属于心理学。
二、第二语言习得研究的发端:第二语言习得研究的发端可以追溯到20世纪60年代末,Corder1967年发表的《学习者偏误的意义》明确提出了第二语言习得的研究对象,标志着第二语言习得研究成为一个相对独立的研究领域;Selinker1972发表的《中介语》,系统地阐述了“中介语”理论假设,更加明确的提出了第二语言习得研究的对象,即“学习者的语言系统”,因此,这两人的文章被称为第二语言习得研究的“开山之作”,成为建立第二语言习得研究学科的标志。
专业英语八级英语语言学知识(第二语言习得)模拟试卷1(题后含答
专业英语八级英语语言学知识(第二语言习得)模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)题型有: 3. GENERAL KNOWLEDGEPART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN)Directions: There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question.1.______is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.A.AcquisitionB.LearningC.StudyingD.Acquirement正确答案:B解析:儿童在自然环境中无意识的习得第一语言的过程被语言学家称为语言习得(acquisition),而在非自然环境下(如学校教育)经过有意识的努力学习第二语言的过程则被称为语言学习(learning)。
知识模块:第二语言习得2.The distinction between acquisition and learning is put forward by______.A.ChomskyB.KrashenC.SaussureD.Bloomfield正确答案:B解析:语言习得(acquisition)和语言学习(learning)这两个概念是由美国学者Stephen Krashen提出来的,以区分这两个过程之间的差异。
知识模块:第二语言习得3.L2 learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as______.A.language interferenceB.language fossilizationC.contrastive analysisD.language transfer正确答案:D解析:在学习第二语言时,学习者会无意识地运用他们的一语知识,这是一种非常自然的现象,这种现象被语言学家称为语言的转移(language transfer)。
第二语言习得期末考试嘉应学院
第二语言习得期末考试嘉应学院单选(15分)1.一个中国孩子在上海出生,后移居到德国,他的母语是:A.汉语B.德语C.上海话D.汉语和德语正确答案:A解析:A、母语指学习者所属种族、社团使用的语言。
在中国出生的中国孩子,他移居到其他国家,母语依然是汉语。
单选(15分)2.第一语言和第二语言的区分标准是以下哪一项?A.语言获得的方式B.学习者所属种族C.语言习得的顺序D.语言习得的环境正确答案:C解析:C、第一语言和第二语言的区分在与语言习得的顺序。
A.语言获得方式,主要用于区分学习和习得;B.学习者所属种族,主要用于区分母语和目的语;D.语言习得的环境主要用于区分第二语言和外语习得。
多选(20分)3.习得和学习,以下哪些阐述是正确的?A.两者在语言获得的方式上不同B.两者在语言加工的心理过程上不同C.两者获得知识的类型不同D.儿童获得第一语言的过程一般为习得正确答案:A、B、C、D解析:D、A、B、C、D均正确,体现了习得与学习的主要区分。
A.习得和学习在获得方式上不同,习得指在自然语境中通过非正式的语言交际获得,学指通过正式的讲解、模仿、操练、记忆获得。
B.习得和学习在语言加工的心理上不同,习得为通过潜意识自然地获得,学习为有意识地掌握规律。
C.习得和学习获得知识的类型不同,习得获得隐性知识,学习获得显性知识。
D.比较典型的习得是儿童获得第一院,成年人在学习获得第二语言的过程一般为学习。
多选(20分)4.以下哪几项是体现了第二语言习得的总体发展特点?A.研究目的由描述型转为解释型B.研究方法由定性分析转为定量质性相结合C.理论支撑由单学科支撑转为多学科支撑D.学科归属上逐渐归属于教育学正确答案:A、B、C解析:C、第二语言习得的总体发展特点有以下几方面特征。
A.即在研究目的上,由描述语言特征转为在描述的基础上进行深入的解释;B.即在研究方法上,由定性分析转为采用定量的科学实证研究,以及定量与质性并举的研究方法;C.即在研究的理论支撑上,由单学科支撑转变为多学科支撑。
《第二语言学习知识习得研究》期末问答梳理
第二语言习得研究问答梳理1.如何区分“母语”与“第一语言”、“第二语言”与“第二语言习得环境”?答:母语指学习者所属种族、社团使用的语言,第一语言指儿童幼年最先接触和习得的语言。
母语通常就是第一语言,但也有例外的情况。
比如在美国出生的汉族儿童,他最先接触和习得的是英语,英语就是他的第一语言,而他的母语仍然是汉语。
第二语言指学习者在习得第一语言之后习得的语言,第二语言习得环境指学习者所学的语言在语言习得发生的环境中作为交际语言。
第二语言是相对于第一语言就语言习得的时间顺序而言的。
第二语言习得环境跟时序无关,着眼于在哪儿学。
2.如何区分“自然的第二语言习得”与“有指导的第二语言习得”?答:从习得方式和环境两方面区分。
自然的第二语言习得(naturalistic SLA)以交际的方式,在自然的社会环境下发生的;有指导的第二语言习得(instructed SLA)以教学指导的方式,在课堂教学环境中发生。
3.什么是语言能力?什么是语言表达?答:语言能力(competence)是一种反应交际双方语言知识的心理语法,语言表达(performance)是交际双方在语言的理解与生成过程中对其内在语法的运用。
语言能力是关于语言的知识,语言表达是关于语言运用的知识。
4.第二语言习得研究与语言学研究的对象、目的和方法有何不同?5.如何看待第二语言习得研究与心理学和心理语言学的关系?答:(1)第二语言习得研究与心理学的关系:(2)第二语言习得研究与心理语言学的关系:有人把第二语言习得研究看做心理语言学的分支,其实他们有诸多不同:6.第二语言习得研究的学科性质和学科特点是什么?答:跨学科。
7.为什么第二语言习得研究领域的学者把Corder和Selinker发表的文章作为第二语言习得研究的起点?(the significance of learners’答:因为Corder 1967年发表的《学习者偏误的意义》errors)和Selinker 1972年发表的《中介语》(Interlanguage)先后明确了第二语言习得研究的研究对象,创建了相似的理论假说,指明了第二语言习得研究的方向,为后来的第二语言习得研究奠定了坚实的理论基础。
《第二语言习得理论》复习题库 附参考答案.doc
《第二语习得理论》复习纲要第一章引言1、二语习得研究者的研究对象一般是群体,而不是个体,你如何看待这个问题?10二语习得研究中,研究者的研究对象一般是群体,研究结论也是对某个群体而言。
但作为二语教学的老师,他更加关注一个个的个体,他关心的是如何让每一个学生很好的掌握第二语言。
这种情况下,二语习得研究者得到的结论,很可能对进行教学的老师的指导意义不是很大。
因此,二语习得研究者有必要加强对个体的研究,而不是局限于群体。
2、你认为什么是学外语的最好方式?9第二章人1、什么是一语习得的行为主义模型?提出者是?16-17一语习得的天生论模型的理论基础是乔姆斯基的转换生成语法,天生论认为人的大脑中有一个语言习得的机制,小孩出生后在任何一个语言环境中,都能利用这个语言习得机制学会所在环境的语言。
这种观点与观察到的现象是一致的,所以有较强的解释力。
2、什么是一语习得的天生论模型?18-193、什么是一语习得的社会互动模型,提出者是?20-214、什么是文化适应模型?如何评价?24-255^ 什么是perceived social distance?(另一个是social distance,在文化适应模式节)26 perceived social distance 是与social distance 相关的一个概念o Social distance 通常指人们在社会经济地位方面的差别,而perceived social distance则指学习者内部因素的差别(比如对讲所学语言的人的态度,对讲这种语言的社会的态度,对讲这种语言的人的文化价值观念的态度等)。
Acton 研究了perceived social distance与学习成绩之间的关系,研究结果表明,态度介于两种语言文化价值观的学生,学习成绩最理想。
6、文化适应分哪几个阶段?29-307、什么是言语适应模型?是谁提出来的?30-31二语学习者对所学语言文化的态度影响学习过程,言语适应模型认为人们之间的交谈包含三个不同的过程,即交谈双方保持他们各自的说话方式,让各自的说话方式与对方显得越发不同,双方采用对方的说话特点以相互靠拢。
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第二语言习得复习题一、名词解释1.第二语言:指相对于第一语言来说,除儿童幼年最先接触和习得的语言,在此后习得的语言就是第二语言。
2. 第一语言:指儿童幼年最先接触和习得的语言。
3. 母语:指学习者所属种族、社团使用的语言,也称作“本族语”。
4,目的语:也叫目标语,一般指学习者正在学习的语言。
5,第二语言习得:简称SLA,是指人们在获得母语(第一语言)的基础上习得另一种或几种语言的过程。
也叫“二语习得”6,语言习得机制:乔姆斯基提出人脑中存在一个“语言习得机制”(LAD),它有以下一些特点:1.具有遗传性,为人类独有。
2.能使儿童加工语言材料,判断语言体系的发展,建立抽象规则。
3.可能已经具备一些普遍的语言特征,这些特征可以在所有人类语言中找到,因此,许多语法属性可能是先天存在于人类的大脑中,无需学习。
7,工具型动机:学习者对目的语群体没有兴趣,学习目的语只是为了掌握一个工具,用来提高自己的知识水平、改善社会地位。
8,习得与学习:克拉申认为“习得”通常指在自然状态下“下意识”的语言获得,而“学习”一般是指“有意识”的语言获得。
前者称为“内隐学习”,后者称为“外显学习”9,中介语:语言学习者在学习第二语言时所拥有的一种独立的语言系统,这种语言系统在结构上既不是学习者的母语也不是目的语,而是介于两者之间。
中介语系统在语音、词汇、语法、文化等方面都有表现。
但它又不是固定不变的,而是随着学习的发展,逐渐向目的语的正确形式靠拢。
10,普遍语法:乔姆斯基认为普遍语法是由一些原则条件和规则构成的系统,这些所有人类语言共有的因素是或特性是必然的而不是偶然的,原则系统和规则系统。
11,僵化:僵化(fossilization),也叫化石化或石化,是由Selinker于1972年在其中介语理论中提出的。
僵化是存在于“潜在的心理结构”中的一种机制,表现为某种母语背景的第二语言学习者会在目的语习得的某个阶段上停滞不前,无论学习者年龄大小,也无论其是否继续学习12,外国人话语:所谓“外国人话语”并不是指外国人的话语,而是指对外国人说的话语。
这种话语,按照Ferguson(1971)的定义,是指“说某语言的人对该语言能力有限者或者根本没有该语言能力者所使用的一种简化的语体”。
在语音方面,具有放慢语速、发音清楚、停顿、重音以及夸张等特点;在词汇方面,偶尔使用来自其他语言的词汇、近义词替换、释义等方式;在句法方面,有三种不同的调整方式,即省略、扩展、替换或重置等。
13,偏误:系统性的,有规律的系统性偏误。
是学习者现时心里规则系统的外在表现,“我把杯子碰”,语言能力的不足。
14,失误:口误、笔误等语言运用上偶然的错误,与语言能力无关。
不能反映学习者现时的“过渡能力”。
15,语言变异:说话者的语言表达系统由于社会因素,如社会等级、职业等,社会心理因素、心理语言因素而产生的语言形式变化。
16,文化适应模式:是20世纪70年代,美国学者Schumann提出的一种理论假设。
学习者在社会和心理两方面对目的语文化的适应过程。
即学习者是否能够在社会和心理上融入目的语群体。
17,可理解输入:克拉申的语言监控模式中输入假说,“可理解输入”指为学习者提供的输入信息应该略微超过一点学习者现有的习得水平,用i+1来表示。
i表示现有习得水平,1表示略微超过的部分。
18,语言迁移:对比分析的基本假设,包括三个方面:学习者在第二语言习得中会把母语的语言形式、意义、文化迁移到第二语言系统;正迁移和负迁移;差异=困难。
需要两个条件:“跨语言环境”、语际识别。
19,内在大纲:Corder关于中介语的理论假设之一,内在大纲指学习者具有的一种控制学习目的语规则的程序化序列,它控制着学习者的目的语学习过程。
*吃饭在饭馆。
20,关键期:“关键期假说”,最早提出这个观点的是著名神经外科医生Penfield。
Lenneberg(1967)发展了该观点,他认为自然语言习得的关键期是2岁开始至青春期(约十二三左右)到来之前。
在第二语言习得研究领域,支持关键期假说而且最具代表性的研究是Johnson and Newport(1989)的实验21,克拉申: 70年代克拉申提出语言监控模式,是二语习得研究的重大理论创建。
1、习得与学习的假说:克拉申(Krashen)认为成人L2学习者有两种独立的语言获得方式,两者在获得方式、心理过程、所获得的知识类型、作用等方面都不同2、自然习得顺序假说:指儿童在习得母语规则和语言项目时遵循一种相似的习得顺序。
3、监控假说:学习者的言语输出主要依靠习得的知识生成的。
学得的知识只是用来监控学习者的语言输出过程。
这种监控既可以表现在语言输出之前,也可以在语言输出之后。
4、输入假说:第二语言习得有赖于为学习者提供“可理解输入”。
5、情感过滤假说:“情感过滤”是由Dulay and Burt(1977)提出的概念。
Krashen利用这个概念来说明情感因素与第二语言习得的关系。
“情感过滤”是指阻止学习者充分利用所接受的可理解输入来习得语言的一种心理障碍。
22,对比分析:产生并流行于20世纪50年代。
60年代是对比分析的兴盛时期。
初衷:在第二语言教学中预测学习者的难点,预防学习者的语言偏误,从而提高第二语言教学的效率。
其基本假设“语言迁移”,理论基础:行为主义心理学和结构主义语言学。
23,偏误分析:第二语言习得研究的起点,Corder是现代意义上的偏误分析的最早倡导者。
1967年,Corder发表了《学习者偏误的重要意义》一文。
区别了“失误”(mistakes)和“偏误”(errors);偶发&系统,关乎语言能力与否24,学习策略:指学习者在用目的语进行表达遇到困难时,试图解决所面临的学习问题而采取的策略。
Selinker 指出,在跨语言交际情境中,学习者有一种倾向,即将目的语简化为一个比较简单的规则系统,*I am feeling thirsty. 25,交际策略:学习者用目的语进行表达,特别是由于语言水平的限制,表达意义发生困难时采取某种策略以解决交际问题。
例如不顾时态。
26,监控假说:学习者的言语输出主要依靠习得的知识生成的。
学得的知识只是用来监控学习者的语言输出过程。
这种监控既可以表现在语言输出之前,也可以在语言输出之后。
27,输入假说:第二语言习得有赖于为学习者提供“可理解输入”。
28,情感过滤:“情感过滤”是由Dulay and Burt(1977)提出的概念。
Krashen利用这个概念来说明情感因素与第二语言习得的关系。
“情感过滤”是指阻止学习者充分利用所接受的可理解输入来习得语言的一种心理障碍。
29,母亲话语:保姆话语:教师话语:经过特定方式调整过语言输入与互动显示出一种特定的语域风格。
这些特定的话语的特点:放慢语速、使用简单的词汇、简化的句子结构;采用夸张和重复的方法等。
目的:为学习者提供可理解输入。
32,沉默期:指学习者没有足够能力讲话的那段时间,短至几小时,长达几个月。
在此期间,幼儿通过听,对可理解性语言输入进行加工、整理。
幼儿似乎通过“听”习得了语言能力。
成年人学习第二语言也是如此,他们需要积累和消化,才能逐步培养第二语言能力,以表达自己的思想。
33,沉浸式教学法:采用目的语作为学校课堂教学的媒介,课堂上主要是向学习者提供目的语语言输入)34,系统变异:第二语言学习者的语言变异随着情境的变化而变化。
我在五道口吃饭。
(正式,严谨体)我吃饭在五道口。
(非正式,随便体)35,非系统变异:第二语言学习者经常在同一情境用两个或两个以上的语言形式表达同一功能。
一个年没学,转到另一个大学学习中文一年。
36,语体变换:Labov将由于“言语环境”的变化造成的,而不是由于社会因素造成的语言风格的变异称作“语体变换”,如随便体,严谨体;37,社会距离:指第二语言学习者群体和目的语群体之间的关系,它影响着第二语言学习者与目的语群体接触的程度,因而也影响着第二语言学习者语言习得水平的提高。
38,心理距离:是从个人与群体间的关系出发,考察作为个体的学习者对目的语群体,以及对待目的语的态度。
心理距离的大小将影响语言的输入,心理距离越近语言输入量越大,越有利于习得39,语言休克:指学习者使用第二语言时的恐惧感。
学习者在用第二语言表达的时候,可能因为害怕说错而羞于张口,或者觉得词不达意,或因为说不好而失去信心。
40,文化休克:学习者进入目的语群体时的一种焦虑。
41,最近发展区:最近发展区是指实际发展水平和潜在发展水平之间的距离。
处于最近发展区内的知识最容易被习得42,支架学习法:所谓“支架”是指学习者与他人之间构建的一种互动与合作关系。
如在师生互动中,教师通过指导性的语言帮助学习者发现知识的特征,使学习者克服困难,逐步搭建起自己的知识结构,即从合作学习逐步达到独立学习的过程。
43,语言输出假说:Swain(1985)提出了“语言输出假设”。
认为语言输入对学习者语言习得的影响是有限的,只有语言产出才能真正促进学习者语言表达能力的发展。
44,中心语前置:上世纪70年代,乔姆斯基在《论名物化》一文中提出“X阶标理论”。
按照这一理论,语言中所有的短语都是一种向心结构,都有一个中心语。
在不同的语言类型中,中心语的位置也是不同的,“中心与前置”,例如英语45,中心语后置:中心语后置的语言例如日语。
46,普遍语法完全可及观:认为普遍语法不仅适用于儿童母语习得,而且也适用于第二语言习得。
反对语言习得存在“关键期”的说法。
实验:英语作为第二语言的日本学习者不仅能成功地重新设置“中心语参数”,而且能够运用在日语中不起作用的一些原则。
47,普遍语法不可及观:普遍语法不适用于第二语言习得,两个有关因素:语言习得的关键期、语言习得机制。
49,典型顺序:指的是在多数语言中的SVO语序,即“主语+动词+宾语”顺序50,认知方式:指人们对信息和经验进行加工时表现出来的个别差异,是个人在感知、记忆和思维过程中经常采用的态度和方式51、场独立:“场独立”型认知方式是美国心理学家witkin在上世纪40年代首先发现的。
他认为,倾向场独立型认知方式的人认识事物时,很少受环境和他人影响;有较强的分析能力,更适合在正式的课堂学习52,场依存:倾向场依存型认知方式的人认知事物时受环境和他人影响较大。
具有较强的综合能力;53,语言学能:Carroll和Sapon被认为是现代语言学能测试的先驱。
Carroll认为,语言学能是整体智力中负责语言学习的一个特殊部分,由几个相互独立的能力构成,包括(1)语音编码能力。
(2)语法敏感性。
(3)归纳能力。
53,融入策略,指第二语言习得群体面对目的语群体文化时可能采取的态度和做法54,同化策略:第二语言习得群体面对目的语群体时,放弃了自己原有的生活方式和价值观,接受了目的语群体的生活方式和价值观54,保留策略:指第二语言习得群体保留了自己的生活方式和价值观,同时拒绝接受目的语群体的生活方式和价值观。