力学专业英语资料(一)考研必备
[新版]力学专业英语
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字号：大中小力学mechanics牛顿力学Newtonian mechanics经典力学classical mechanics静力学statics运动学kinematics动力学dynamics动理学kinetics宏观力学macroscopicmechanics,macromechanics细观力学mesomechanics微观力学microscopicmechanics,micromechanics一般力学general mechanics固体力学solid mechanics流体力学fluid mechanics理论力学theoretical mechanics应用力学applied mechanics工程力学engineering mechanics实验力学experimental mechanics计算力学computational mechanics理性力学rational mechanics物理力学physical mechanics地球动力学geodynamics力force作用点point of action作用线line of action力系system of forces力系的简化reduction of force system等效力系equivalent force system刚体rigid body力的可传性transmissibility of force平行四边形定则parallelogram rule力三角形force triangle力多边形force polygon零力系null-force system平衡equilibrium力的平衡equilibrium of forces平衡条件equilibrium condition平衡位置equilibrium position平衡态equilibrium state分析力学analytical mechanics拉格朗日乘子Lagrange multiplier拉格朗日[量] Lagrangian拉格朗日括号Lagrange bracket循环坐标cyclic coordinate循环积分cyclic integral哈密顿[量] Hamiltonian哈密顿函数Hamiltonian function正则方程canonical equation正则摄动canonical perturbation正则变换canonical transformation正则变量canonical variable哈密顿原理Hamilton principle作用量积分action integral哈密顿--雅可比方程Hamilton-Jacobi equation 作用--角度变量action-angle variables阿佩尔方程Appell equation劳斯方程Routh equation拉格朗日函数Lagrangian function诺特定理Noether theorem泊松括号poisson bracket边界积分法boundary integral method并矢dyad运动稳定性stability of motion轨道稳定性orbital stability李雅普诺夫函数Lyapunov function渐近稳定性asymptotic stability结构稳定性structural stability久期不稳定性secular instability弗洛凯定理Floquet theorem倾覆力矩capsizing moment自由振动free vibration固有振动natural vibration暂态transient state环境振动ambient vibration反共振anti-resonance衰减attenuation库仑阻尼Coulomb damping同相分量in-phase component非同相分量out-of-phase component超调量overshoot参量[激励]振动parametric vibration模糊振动fuzzy vibration临界转速critical speed of rotation阻尼器damper半峰宽度half-peak width集总参量系统lumped parameter system 相平面法phase plane method相轨迹phase trajectory等倾线法isocline method跳跃现象jump phenomenon负阻尼negative damping达芬方程Duffing equation希尔方程Hill equationKBM方法KBM method,Krylov-Bogoliu-bov-Mitropol'skii method 马蒂厄方程Mathieu equation平均法averaging method组合音调combination tone解谐detuning耗散函数dissipative function硬激励hard excitation硬弹簧hard spring, hardening spring谐波平衡法harmonic balance method久期项secular term自激振动self-excited vibration分界线separatrix亚谐波subharmonic软弹簧soft spring ,softening spring软激励soft excitation邓克利公式Dunkerley formula瑞利定理Rayleigh theorem分布参量系统distributed parameter system 优势频率dominant frequency模态分析modal analysis固有模态natural mode of vibration同步synchronization超谐波ultraharmonic范德波尔方程van der pol equation频谱frequency spectrum基频fundamental frequencyWKB方法WKB method,Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin method缓冲器buffer风激振动aeolian vibration嗡鸣buzz倒谱cepstrum颤动chatter蛇行hunting阻抗匹配impedance matching机械导纳mechanical admittance机械效率mechanical efficiency机械阻抗mechanical impedance随机振动stochastic vibration, random vibration隔振vibration isolation减振vibration reduction应力过冲stress overshoot喘振surge摆振shimmy起伏运动phugoid motion起伏振荡phugoid oscillation驰振galloping陀螺动力学gyrodynamics陀螺摆gyropendulum陀螺平台gyroplatform陀螺力矩gyroscoopic torque陀螺稳定器gyrostabilizer陀螺体gyrostat惯性导航inertial guidance姿态角attitude angle方位角azimuthal angle舒勒周期Schuler period机器人动力学robot dynamics多体系统multibody system多刚体系统multi-rigid-body system机动性maneuverability凯恩方法Kane method转子[系统]动力学rotor dynamics转子[一支承一基础]系统rotor-support-foundationsystem静平衡static balancing动平衡dynamic balancing静不平衡static unbalance动不平衡dynamic unbalance现场平衡field balancing不平衡unbalance不平衡量unbalance互耦力cross force挠性转子flexible rotor分频进动fractional frequency precession 半频进动half frequency precession油膜振荡oil whip转子临界转速rotor critical speed自动定心self-alignment亚临界转速subcritical speed涡动whirl连续过程continuous process碰撞截面collision cross section 通用气体常数conventional gas constant 燃烧不稳定性combustion instability稀释度dilution完全离解complete dissociation火焰传播flame propagation组份constituent碰撞反应速率collision reaction rate燃烧理论combustion theory浓度梯度concentration gradient阴极腐蚀cathodic corrosion火焰速度flame speed火焰驻定flame stabilization火焰结构flame structure着火ignition湍流火焰turbulent flame层流火焰laminar flame燃烧带burning zone渗流flow in porous media, seepage达西定律Darcy law赫尔-肖流Hele-Shaw flow毛[细]管流capillary flow过滤filtration爪进fingering不互溶驱替immiscible displacement不互溶流体immiscible fluid互溶驱替miscible displacement互溶流体miscible fluid迁移率mobility流度比mobility ratio渗透率permeability孔隙度porosity多孔介质porous medium比面specific surface迂曲度tortuosity空隙void空隙分数void fraction注水water flooding可湿性wettability地球物理流体动力学geophysical fluid dynamics 物理海洋学physical oceanography大气环流atmospheric circulation海洋环流ocean circulation海洋流ocean current旋转流rotating flow平流advection埃克曼流Ekman flow埃克曼边界层Ekman boundary layer大气边界层atmospheric boundary layer大气-海洋相互作用atmosphere-oceaninteraction埃克曼数Ekman number罗斯贝数Rossby unmber罗斯贝波Rossby wave斜压性baroclinicity正压性barotropy内磨擦internal friction海洋波ocean wave盐度salinity环境流体力学environmental fluid mechanics斯托克斯流Stokes flow羽流plume理查森数Richardson number污染源pollutant source污染物扩散pollutant diffusion噪声noise噪声级noise level噪声污染noise pollution排放物effulent工业流体力学industrical fluid mechanics流控技术fluidics轴向流axial flow并向流co-current flow对向流counter current flow横向流cross flow螺旋流spiral flow旋拧流swirling flow滞后流after flow混合层mixing layer抖振buffeting风压wind pressure附壁效应wall attachment effect, Coanda effect 简约频率reduced frequency爆炸力学mechanics of explosion终点弹道学terminal ballistics动态超高压技术dynamic ultrahigh pressuretechnique流体弹塑性体hydro-elastoplastic medium 热塑不稳定性thermoplastic instability空中爆炸explosion in air地下爆炸underground explosion水下爆炸underwater explosion 电爆炸discharge-induced explosion激光爆炸laser-induced explosion核爆炸nuclear explosion点爆炸point-source explosion殉爆sympathatic detonation强爆炸intense explosion粒子束爆炸explosion by beam radiation聚爆implosion起爆initiation of explosion爆破blasting霍普金森杆Hopkinson bar电炮electric gun电磁炮electromagnetic gun爆炸洞explosion chamber轻气炮light gas gun马赫反射Mach reflection基浪base surge成坑cratering能量沉积energy deposition爆心explosion center爆炸当量explosion equivalent火球fire ball爆高height of burst蘑菇云mushroom侵彻penetration规则反射regular reflection崩落spallation应变率史strain rate history流变学rheology聚合物减阻drag reduction by polymers挤出[物]胀大extrusion swell, die swell无管虹吸tubeless siphon剪胀效应dilatancy effect孔压[误差]效应hole-pressure[error]effect 剪切致稠shear thickening剪切致稀shear thinning触变性thixotropy反触变性anti-thixotropy超塑性superplasticity粘弹塑性材料viscoelasto-plastic material滞弹性材料anelastic material本构关系constitutive relation麦克斯韦模型Maxwell model沃伊特-开尔文模型Voigt-Kelvin model宾厄姆模型Bingham model奥伊洛特模型Oldroyd model幂律模型power law model应力松驰stress relaxation应变史strain history应力史stress history记忆函数memory function衰退记忆fading memory应力增长stress growing粘度函数voscosity function相对粘度relative viscosity复态粘度complex viscosity拉伸粘度elongational viscosity拉伸流动elongational flow第一法向应力差first normal-stress difference 第二法向应力差second normal-stress difference 德博拉数Deborah number魏森贝格数Weissenberg number动态模量dynamic modulus振荡剪切流oscillatory shear flow宇宙气体动力学cosmic gas dynamics等离[子]体动力学plasma dynamics电离气体ionized gas行星边界层planetary boundary layer阿尔文波Alfven wave泊肃叶-哈特曼流] Poiseuille-Hartman flow哈特曼数Hartman number生物流变学biorheology生物流体biofluid生物屈服点bioyield point生物屈服应力bioyield stress电气体力学electro-gas dynamics铁流体力学ferro-hydrodynamics 血液流变学hemorheology, blood rheology血液动力学hemodynamics磁流体力学magneto fluid mechanics磁流体动力学magnetohydrodynamics, MHD磁流体动力波magnetohydrodynamic wave 磁流体流magnetohydrodynamic flow 磁流体动力稳定性magnetohydrodynamicstability生物力学biomechanics生物流体力学biological fluid mechanics生物固体力学biological solid mechanics 宾厄姆塑性流Bingham plastic flow开尔文体Kelvin body沃伊特体Voigt body可贴变形applicable deformation可贴曲面applicable surface边界润滑boundary lubrication液膜润滑fluid film lubrication向心收缩功concentric work离心收缩功eccentric work关节反作用力joint reaction force微循环力学microcyclic mechanics微纤维microfibril渗透性permeability生理横截面积physiological cross-sectional area 农业生物力学agrobiomechanics纤维度fibrousness硬皮度rustiness胶粘度gumminess粘稠度stickiness嫩度tenderness渗透流osmotic flow易位流translocation flow蒸腾流transpirational flow过滤阻力filtration resistance压扁wafering风雪流snow-driving wind停滞堆积accretion遇阻堆积encroachment沙漠地面desert floor流沙固定fixation of shifting sand流动阈值fluid threshold。
力学专业 英语词汇
专业英语第一节一般术语1. 工程结构building and civil engineering structures房屋建筑和土木工程的建筑物、构筑物及其相关组成部分的总称。
2. 工程结构设计design of building and civil engineering structures在工程结构的可靠与经济、适用与美观之间，选择一种最佳的合理的平衡，使所建造的结构能满足各种预定功能要求。
3. 房屋建筑工程building engineering一般称建筑工程，为新建、改建或扩建房屋建筑物和附属构筑物所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。
4. 土木工程civil engineering除房屋建筑外，为新建、改建或扩建各类工程的建筑物、构筑物和相关配套设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。
5. 公路工程highway engineering为新建或改建各级公路和相关配套设施等而进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。
6. 铁路工程railway engineering为新建或改建铁路和相关配套设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。
7. 港口与航道工程port ( harbour ) and waterway engineering为新建或改建港口与航道和相关配套设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。
8. 水利工程hydraulic engineering为修建治理水患、开发利用水资源的各项建筑物、构筑物和相关配设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。
9. 水利发电工程（水电工程）hydraulic and hydroelectric engineering以利用水能发电为主要任务的水利工程。
材料力学专业英语1
Test Specimens
试样
样品
The axial loading shown in Fig. 1-2(a) occurs frequently in structural and machine 夹具 design problems. To simulate this loading in the 电力地 laboratory, a test specimen is held in the grips of either an electrically driven gear-type testing machine or a hydraulic machine. Both of these machines are commonly used in materials 液压的 testing laboratories for applying axial tension.
Normal Stress
法应力
应力
Instead of speaking of the internal force acting on some比较的 element of area, it is small better for comparative purposes to treat the normal force acting over a unit area of the 把…称作 cross section. The intensity of normal force per unit area is termed the normal stress and is expressed in units of force per unit area, e,g., 1N/m2.
专业英语工程力学
专业英语工程力学第一篇：专业英语工程力学1.In the finite element method ,the actual continuum or body of matter like solid ,liquid orgasis represented as an assemblage of subdivisions called finite elements.these elements areconsidered to be interconnected at specified joints which are called nodes or nodal points.the nodes usually lie on the element boundaries where adjacent elements are considered to be connected.在有限元方法中，本来连续体物质像固体液体气体被看做是一个划分后有限单元的集合。
这些单元被认为是在指定的关节是相互联系的,这些关节被称为节点。
这些节点通常附着在与附近单元相联系的边界上2.With the program registered in some information support, and the data and proper controlcommands added, the program is ready to be tested by submitting it for processing.At the beginning, the program will include some errors that may be syntax errors and logic errors.Syntax errors appears because some of the rules of the language are violated.Normally these can be easily detected and corrected.Logic errors correspond to the case that a syntax error-free program is submitted for execution, but it does not produce the desired results.随着程序的编写在信息的支持下，数据和合适的控制命令的增加，这个程序快速的被测试，通过提交它给过程。
工程力学专业英语_词汇
1．Energy Release Rate: 能量释放率2．Brittle Material: 脆性材料3．Strain Energy: 应变能4．Ductile Matetrial 韧性材料5．Strength Criterion: 强度判据/强度准则6．Crack tip 裂纹顶端7．Homogeneous 各向同性8．Principle of Virtual Work: 虚功原理9．Time-Dependent Deformation: 时间相关变形10．Fatigue in Metals: 金属的疲劳11．damage and Fracture 损伤与断裂12 . stress concentration ．应力集中13. crack propagation 裂纹传播14．stress intensity factor 应力强度因子15．brittle fracture 脆性断裂16．ductile fracture 韧性断裂17．Fatigue life 疲劳寿命18．creep deformation 蠕变变形19．plastic deformation 塑性变形20．constitutive relationship 本构关系31. longitudinal 纵向32. transverse 横向33. horizontal 水平的34 . resistance 抵抗力35. ultimate 终极的36. isotropic 各向同性37. deviatoric 偏量的38. assumption 假设39. bind 结合40. blunt 钝的41 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS 断裂韧性42 POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS 多晶体材料43 Single Crystalline materials 单晶体材料43 AMORPHOUS MATERIALS 非晶态材料44 CRYSTAL STRUCTURE 晶体结构45 Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics 线弹性断裂力学46 theory of elasticity 弹性理论47 homogeneous state of stress 均匀应力状态48 stress invariant 应力不变量49 strain invariant 应变不变量50 strain ellipsoid 应变椭球51 homogeneous state of strain 均匀应变状态52 equation of strain compatibility 应变协调方程accumulated damage累积损伤brittle damage脆性损伤ductile damage延性损伤macroscopic damage宏观损伤microscopic damage细观损伤microscopic damage微观损伤damage criterion损伤准则damage evolution equation损伤演化方程damage softening损伤软化damage strengthening损伤强化damage tensor损伤张量damage thresh old损伤阈值damage variable损伤变量damage vector损伤矢量damage zone损伤区Fatigue疲劳low cycle fatigue低周疲劳stress fatigue应力疲劳random fatigue随机疲劳creep fatigue蠕变疲劳corrosion fatigue腐蚀疲劳fatigue damage疲劳损伤fatigue failure疲劳失效fatigue fracture疲劳断裂fatigue crack疲劳裂纹fatigue life疲劳寿命fatigue rupture疲劳破坏fatigue strength疲劳强度fatigue striations疲劳辉纹fatigue threshold疲劳阈值alternating load交变载荷alternating stress交变应力stress amplitude应力幅值strain fatigue应变疲劳stress cycle应力循环stress ratio应力比safe life安全寿命overloading effect过载效应cyclic hardening循环硬化cyclic softening循环软化environmental effect环境效应crack gage裂纹片crack growth, crack Propagation裂纹扩展crack initiation裂纹萌生。
研究生机械工程专业英语考试必背单词
研究生机械工程专业英语考试必背单词在研究生机械工程专业的学习中，英语考试是必不可缺的一部分。
为了顺利通过考试，背诵和掌握一些重要的专业词汇是至关重要的。
本文将为大家介绍一些研究生机械工程专业英语考试必背单词，助您在考试中取得好成绩。
1. Mechanics（力学）Mechanics is a branch of physics that deals with the behavior of physical bodies when subjected to forces or displacements, and the subsequent effect on their motion.（力学是物理学的一个分支，研究物体在受力或变位作用下的行为及其对运动的影响。
）2. Dynamics（动力学）Dynamics is the branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of objects and the forces that cause the motion.（动力学是研究物体运动及引起运动的力的力学分支。
）3. Kinematics（运动学）Kinematics is the branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of objects without considering the forces that cause the motion.（运动学是研究物体运动而不考虑引起运动的力的力学分支。
）4. Thermodynamics（热力学）Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy.（热力学是研究热能与其他形式能量之间关系的物理学分支。
力学英语知识点
力学英语知识点力学是物理学中的基础学科之一，主要研究物体的力、质点和刚体的运动以及力的作用和效果。
在学习力学的过程中，掌握一些常用的力学英语术语和概念非常重要。
本文将逐步介绍一些力学的基础知识点。
1.力 (Force) 力是物体或系统相互作用时产生的一种物理量。
力可以改变物体的状态，如速度、方向和形状。
力的单位是牛顿 (N)。
2.质量 (Mass) 质量是物体所具有的固有属性，表示物体内部包含的物质量。
质量的单位是千克 (kg)。
3.加速度 (Acceleration) 加速度是物体在单位时间内速度改变的量。
在力学中，加速度可以通过牛顿第二定律计算，即 F = m × a，其中 F 是力的大小，m 是物体的质量，a 是加速度。
4.速度 (Velocity) 速度是物体在单位时间内位移的变化率。
速度的单位是米每秒 (m/s)。
5.位移(Displacement) 位移是物体从一个位置到另一个位置的变化量。
位移通常用矢量表示，具有大小和方向。
6.动量 (Momentum) 动量是物体运动的一种量度，是质量与速度的乘积。
动量的单位是千克米每秒 (kg·m/s)。
7.力矩 (Torque) 力矩是力绕物体某一点旋转的效果。
力矩可以通过力与力臂的乘积来计算，力臂是力作用点到旋转轴的垂直距离。
8.弹性 (Elasticity) 弹性是物体恢复其原始形状和大小的能力。
在力学中，弹性可以用弹性系数来衡量，弹性系数越大，物体的弹性越好。
9.能量 (Energy) 能量是物体具有的做功的能力，是物体状态的一种量度。
在力学中，能量可以分为动能和势能两种形式。
10.功 (Work) 功是力在物体上做的效果，是力乘以物体位移的乘积。
功可以通过力与位移的乘积来计算，单位是焦耳 (J)。
以上是力学中一些常用的英语知识点。
通过学习这些知识点，我们可以更好地理解和应用力学的原理和公式。
在解决物理问题和工程实践中，正确理解和使用力学英语术语是非常重要的。
工程力学专业英语阅读1
onal图ar1e并a A根据of物th体e b的a平r, F衡u条rth件er，m可or以e, 得fro出m应t力he的eq合u力ilibrium
n in与Fi轴g.向1(b力),Pw必e须ca的n 大als小o相se等e t，ha方t t向hi相s r反es。ul由tan此t 可mu以st be e
water by solid bodies
名词化结构
阿基米德最先发现固体排水的原理
作用： 简化了同位语从句： 强调displacement这一事实
行文简洁 强调存在的事实
二、广泛使用被动句
被动结构可收简洁客观之效
即：1、应尽量避免使用第一、第二人称
避免造成主观臆断的现象
2、尽量使用第三人称叙述，使主要信息置于句首
can readily see that its resultant is eq外ual to the intensity times the
cross-sectional area A of the bar, Furthermore, from the equilibrium of the
body shown in Fig.1(b),we can also see that this resultant must be equal in
stress and is commonly denoted by the Greek letter . Assuming that the
力学专业英语-Lecture_1_Introduction
• How are you doing? • How is life?
EVERY DAY GREETINGS
“Good morning”
“Good evening” “Good afternoon” “Good Night” “Goodbye”
What can you say to someone when you meet them for the first time?
Topics
Is greeting and introduction important?
What is a good greeting or introduction? How to make foreign friends?
Write your own opinion and submit it to qingheБайду номын сангаасao@.
Activities 2：
Using the above format, introduce the your partner at
a formal function.
FORMAL GREETINGS
Greeting
• Good Morning, Mr. Jack • Good Afternoon, Mr. Blue • Good Evening, Mommy
Listening
Most people are born with good hearing, but not good
listening skills. Listening must be learned. Listening is a mental process requiring effort, and we can learn how to be good listeners.
力学专业最常用几个英语单词
力学 mechanics牛顿力学 Newtonian mechanics经典力学 classical mechanics静力学 statics运动学 kinematics动力学 dynamics动理学 kinetics宏观力学 macroscopic mechanics,macromechanics 细观力学 mesomechanics微观力学 microscopic mechanics,micromechanics 一般力学 general mechanics固体力学 solid mechanics流体力学 fluid mechanics理论力学 theoretical mechanics应用力学 applied mechanics工程力学 engineering mechanics实验力学 experimental mechanics计算力学 computational mechanics理性力学 rational mechanics物理力学 physical mechanics地球动力学 geodynamics力 force作用点 point of action作用线 line of action力系 system of forces力系的简化 reduction of force system等效力系 equivalent force system弹性力学 elasticity弹性理论 theory of elasticity均匀应力状态 homogeneous state of stress应力不变量 stress invariant应变不变量 strain invariant应变椭球 strain ellipsoid均匀应变状态 homogeneous state of strain应变协调方程 equation of strain compatibility拉梅常量 Lame constants各向同性弹性 isotropic elasticity .。
力学专业英语01
力学专业英语01Lessen1Stress and strainThe concepts of stress and strain can be illustrated in an elementary way bu considering the extension of a prismatic bar. As shown in Fig. 1, a prismatic bar is one that has constant cross section throughout its length and a straight axis. In this illustration the bar is assumed to be loaded at its ends by axial forces P that produce a uniform stretching, or tension, of the bar.By making an artificial cut (section mm) through the bar at right angles to its axis, we can isolate part of the bar as a free body [see Fig. 1(b)]. At the left-hand end the tensile force P is applied, and at the other end there are forces representing the action of the removed portion of the bar upon the part that remains. These forces will be continuously distributed over the cross section, analogous to the continuous distribution of hydrostatic pressure over a submerged surface.The intensity of force, that is, the force per unit area, is called the stress and is commonly denoted by the Greek letter δ. Assuming that the stress has a uniform distribution over the cross section [see Fig.1(b)], we can readily see that its resultant is equal to the intensity δtimes the cross-sectional body shown in Fig.1(b),we can also see that this resultant must be equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force P. Hence,we obtain.Eq. (1) can be regarded as the equation for the uniform stress in a prismatic bar. This equation shows that stress has units of force divided by area. When the bar is being stretched by the force P, as shown in the figure, the resulting stress is a tensilestress; if the forces are reversed in direction, causing the bar to be compressed, they are called compressive stresses.A necessary condition for Eq.(1) to be valid is that the stress δ must be uniform over the cross section of the bar. This condition will be realized if the axial force P acts through the centroid of the cross section. When the load P does not act at the centroid , bending of the bar will result, and a more complicated analysis is necessary. At present , however, it is assumed that all axial forces are applied at the centroid of the cross section unless specifically stated to the contrary. Also , unless stated otherwise, it is generally assumed that the weight of the object itself is neglected, as was done when discussing the bar in Fig . 1.The total elongation of a bar carrying an axial force will be denoted by the Greek letter δ [see Fi g.1(a)], and the elongation per unit length, or strain, is then determined by the equation.where I is the total length of the bar. Note that the strain ε is a non-dimensional quantity . It can be obtained accurately from Eq.(2) as long as the strain is uniform throughout the length of the bar . If the bar is in tension, the strain is a tensile strain, representing an elongation or stretching of the material; if the bar is in compression, the strain is a compression strain, which means that adjacent cross sections of the bar move closer to one another.When a material exhibits a linear relationship between stress and strain, it is said to be linear elastic. This is an extremely important property of many solid materials, including most metals, plastics, wood, concrete, and ceramics . The linear relationship between stress and strain for a bar in tension can be expressed by the simple equation, in which E is a constant of proportionality known as the modulus of elasticity for thematerial.Note that E has the same units as stress . The modulus of elasticity if sometimes called Young’s modulus,after the English scientist Thomas Young (1773----1829) who studied the elastic behavior of bars. For most materials the modulus of elasticity in compression is the same as in tension.。
力学学科英语
力学学科英语Mechanics is a fundamental branch of physics that deals with the behavior of physical bodies when subjected to forces or displacements. It is a subject that underpins many areas of engineering and science, and it can be studied at various levels, from classical mechanics to more advanced topics such as quantum mechanics and relativistic mechanics.Classical mechanics, which is often divided into statics, dynamics, and kinematics, provides the foundation for understanding how objects move and interact with each other. Statics involves the study of forces on objects that are at rest, while dynamics examines the forces that cause objects to move. Kinematics, on the other hand, describes the motion of objects without considering the forces that cause the motion.In the realm of dynamics, there are three fundamental laws of motion described by Sir Isaac Newton, which are still used today to analyze and predict the behavior of moving objects:1. Newton's First Law (Law of Inertia): An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.2. Newton's Second Law (Law of Acceleration): Theacceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. This is often expressed with the formula \( F = ma \), where \( F \) is the force, \( m \) is the mass, and \( a \) is the acceleration.3. Newton's Third Law (Action and Reaction): For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.Beyond classical mechanics, the study of mechanics extends into areas such as fluid mechanics, which examines the behavior of liquids and gases, and solid mechanics, which deals with the deformation and failure of solid materials. The principles of mechanics are also applied in the study of elasticity, vibrations, and waves.In the context of engineering, mechanics is crucial for designing structures, vehicles, and machines that can withstand the forces they will encounter in their operation. It is also essential for understanding how biological systems move and function.The study of mechanics in English often involves the use of technical terminology and mathematical expressions. Students and professionals in this field must be proficientin both the language and the mathematical tools used to describe and solve problems in mechanics.As the field of mechanics is vast and continually evolving, it is essential for those studying or working in this area to stay current with the latest research anddevelopments. This can be achieved through academic journals, conferences, and collaboration with peers in the field.In summary, mechanics is a critical discipline within the broader field of physics, with wide-ranging applications in science, engineering, and technology. It is a subject that requires a strong foundation in both theoretical concepts and practical applications, and it plays a vital role in the advancement of human knowledge and innovation.。
力学专业英语资料（一）考研必备
⼒学专业英语资料（⼀）考研必备I. Theoretical Mechanics理论⼒学Gravitational Force, Gravity重⼒Concurrent Force汇交⼒, Coplanar Force共⾯⼒Force, Torque / Moment扭矩, Couple 约束⼒，反应，被动⼒，内⼒Constraint Force, Reaction, Passive Force, Internal/External Force 静⼒学直⾓坐标分量，合⼒，平⾏四边形准则Rectangular Components, Resultant Force, Parallelogram Law 1. Statics Composition of Force⼒的合成, Free Body Diagram隔离体Vector (Magnitude, Direction)⽮量, Scalar标量静⼒平衡平衡⽅程平衡条件Net Force = 0Static Equilibrium, Equation of Equilibrium, Conditions for EquilibriumNet Torque/Moment = 0Rectilinear MovementMotion of Particle粒⼦运动Curvilinear Movement运动学 Translation平移2. Kinematics Motion of Rigid Body刚体运动Rotation扭转Linear线性的Velocity速度, Acceleration加速度Angular有⾓的Momentum, Kinetic Energy, Potential Energy动量，动能，势能动⼒学Moment of Inertia (Rectangular, Polar), Radius of Gyration惯性矩，回转半径3. Dynamics, Kinetics Centroid (Center of Mass/Gravity)中⼼Vibration, Oscillation (Free/Forced/Damped/Undamped)振动Simple Harmonic Motion, Period, Frequency简谐振动，周期，频率Pendulum, Centrifugal/Centripetal Force钟摆，离/向⼼⼒II. Mechanics of Materials材料⼒学材料强度 Compressive, Compression压缩1. Strength of Materials Tensile, Tension (Elongation, Extension)伸长Shear, Shearing剪切Linear, Hooke’s LawElastic弹性, Elasticity Non-linearViscoelasticity, Pseudo-elasticity, Super-elasticity粘弹性，拟弹性，超弹性应⼒应变关系塑性 Perfect Plasticity理想塑性2. Stress-Strain Relation/Behavior Plastic, Plasticity Viscoplasticity, Viscosity黏性, Creeping徐变, Relaxation Brittle脆性, Ductile柔性Work Hardening/Softening, Strain Hardening/Softening弹性模量，弹性系数 Young’s Modulus = Axial Stress / Axial Strain杨⽒模量3. Modulus of Elasticity, Elastic Modulus Shear Modulus = Shear Stress / Shear Strain剪切模量Bulk Modulus = Volumetric Stress / Volumetric Strain体积弹性模量破坏理论，失效准则，屈服准则 Maximum Principal Stress Theory最⼤应⼒准则4. Failure Theory, Failure Criteria, Yield Criteria Shear Stress TheoryMohr-Coulomb Theory库伦理论1。
材料力学专业英语1
The Importance of Learning English for Materials
Mechanics
Global Advantage
Access to Resources
Enhanced Career Prospects
Materials mechanisms are a field that transfers national boundaries, and the use of English as a common language enables professionals to collaborate and share knowledge worldwide
03
English Vocabulary for Materials
Mechanics
Vocabulary for mechanical properties of metallic materials
Elastic modulus
Yield strength
The ratio of stress to strain in a material under elastic deformation
Basic units and symbols of material mechanics
要点一
Summary
要点二
Detailed description
Overview of Basic Units and Symbols in Materials Mechanics
Common units used in material mechanics include SI units (such as Newton, meter, kilogram, etc.) and engineering units (such as pound force, foot, pound, etc.). In addition, there are some commonly used symbols to represent different physical quantities, such as σ Represents stress, ε Indicates strain, etc.
力学专业英语Translation1
G1 Basic Concepts in MechanicsWork is defined as force multiplied by the distance over which the force acts. Work is measured in metre-kilograms.（直译+意译法）功是指力与该力方向上位移的乘积，单位是米•牛顿（焦耳）。
A metre-kilogram equals the work done by a force of one kilogram acting through a distance of one metre.（直译+意译法）一焦耳的功相当于一千克物体在力的作用下（沿力的方向）移动一米。
For example, if a work task involves lifting a 300-kilogram machine two and one-half metres into a truck, then 750 metre-kilograms of work is required.（直译+意译法）譬如，将一个重达300千克的机械举起2.5米，置于卡车中，这需要750焦耳的功。
Since no humans can lift 300 kilograms directly, a device must be employed to modify the required effort into something manageable.（直译+意译法）因为没有人能直接举起300千克，所以必须动用一个设备以可行的方式实现所需的工作量。
One common device is an inclined plane - in this case, a loading ramp that slopes from the ground to the truck. If the ramp were 10 meters long and friction forces were negligibly small, then 75 kilograms of force would be required to roll the machine up the ramp.（直译+意译法）一个常见的设备是一个斜面——在该情况下，是一个从地面连接到卡车的荷载斜板。
力学专业英语考试重点
力学专业英语考试重点Only by being serious and persistent can one achieve success in one's career力学专业英语考试重点整理一、单词：英译汉、汉译英Centroid 质心,形心Elasticity 弹力,弹性Linear 线性的,直线的Prismatic 棱镜的,棱柱形的Strain 应变Stress 应力Tension 张力,拉力,拉紧Alloy 合金Aluminium 铝Ductile 易延展的,韧性的Failure 失败,破坏,失效Lateral 侧面的,横向的Necking 颈缩Couple 力偶Cylinder 圆筒,圆筒状物Inertia 惯性,惯量,惰性Shaft 轴,杆状物Torsion 扭矩Cantilever 悬臂梁,伸臂Neutral 中性的Statics 静力学,静止状态,静态Symmetry 对称Transverse 横向的,横断的Astronomer 天文学家Galaxy 天河,银河,星系Planet 行星Collinear 共线的,在同一直线上的Dimension 尺寸,大小,维数Equate 使相等,等同Parameter 参量,参数Visualize 想象,形象化,使看得见Acceleration 加速度Dynamics 动力学Stationary 不动的,稳定的,定常的Vector 矢量Velocity 速度Angular 角的,角度的Coordinate 坐标Radian 弧度Shaft 轴Symbol 符号Conservation 守恒,保存Differentiation 微分Integration 积分,集成,一体化Interval 间隔,间隙,空隙Linear 直线的,线性的,一次的Moment 力矩,瞬间,片刻Vector 矢量Velocity 速度Derivative 导数,派生的Frequency 频率Friction 摩擦Magnitude 大小,量级Power 力量,乘方,幂Viscous 黏性的Continuum 连续体,连续统Rectangular 矩形的,成直角的Resultant 合成的,合力,合量Torque 扭转力,扭矩Dilatation 膨胀,扩张Distortion 扭曲,变形Isotropic 各向同性的Tensor 张量Coordinate 坐标Crack 裂缝Curvature 曲率Ellipse 椭圆Formula 公式Function 函数,功能Buckle 屈曲,皱曲,弄弯,翘曲Deflection 挠曲,偏向Wrinkle 皱纹,皱褶,起皱Factor 因数,系数Flexural 弯曲的,挠曲的Notch 缺口,凹槽,刻痕Vibrate 振动vVibration 振动nDetector 发现者,侦察器,探测器,检波器Vacuum 真空,空间,真空的,产生真空的Other than 除了二、句子：英译汉1、The concepts of stress and strain can be illustrated in an elementary way by considering the extension of a prismatic bar. As shown in Fig. 1, a prismatic bar is one that has constant cross section throughout its length and a straight axis. In thisillustration the bar is assumed to be loaded at its ends by axial forces P that produce a uniform stretching, or tension, of the bar.翻译：应力和应变的概念可以通过考虑一个棱柱形杆的拉伸这样一个简单的方式来说明;一个棱柱形的杆是一个遍及它的长度方向和直轴都是恒定的横截面;在这个实例中,假设在杆的两端施加有轴向力F,并且在杆上产生了均匀的伸长或者拉紧;2、By making an artificial cut section mm through the bar at right angles to its axis, we can isolate part of the bar as a free body see Fig. 1b. At the left-hand end the tensile force P is applied, and at the other end there are forces representing the action of the removed portion of the bar upon the part that remains. These forces will be continuously distributed over the cross section, analogous to the continuous distribution of hydrostatic pressure over a submerged surface.翻译：通过在杆上人工分割出一个垂直于其轴的截面mm,我们可以分离出杆的部分作为自由体如图1b;在左端施加有拉力P,在另一个端有一个代表杆上被移除部分作用在仍然保存的那部分的力;这些力是连续分布在横截面的,类似于静水压力在被淹没表面的连续分布;3、We are so used to our life on the surface of the earth that it can be quite an effort for our minds to break free of all the ideas that we take for granted. We talk about ‘up’ and ‘down’ , but we know that what is ‘down’ for us is ‘up’ for someone else on the other side of the world. We can feel that things are heavy, and we often think of ‘weight’ as being a fixed quality in an object, but it is not really fixed at all. If you could take a one-pound packet of butter 4,000 miles out from the earth, it would weigh only a quarter of a pound.翻译：我们是如此熟悉在地球表面上的生活,以至于需要很努力才能从心理打破我们认为理所当然的观点;我们谈论“上”和“下”,但是我们知道对于我们来说是“上”,对于世界另一边的人来说就是“下”;我们可以感受到物体很重,并且我们经常认为“重量”是物体固定的量,但是它不总是固定的;如果你把一包一磅重的1磅;黄油带到离地球4000英里的地方,它将只有44、Why would things weigh only a quarter as much as they do at the surface of the earth if we took them 4,000 miles out into space The reason is this : all objects have a natural attraction for all other objects, this is called gravitational attraction. But the power of attraction between tow objects gets weaker as they get farther apart.1理由翻译：为什么我们把物体带到空中4000英里处,它的重量只有地表时的4是：所有的物体对于其他的物体都有自然的吸引力,这叫做万有引力;但是两个物理间吸引的程度会随着他们愈来愈远,变的愈来愈弱;5、What about the weight of our one-pound packet of butter on the surface of the moon On the moon there will be an attraction between the butter and the moon, but the butter will weigh only about one sixth as much as it does on the earth. This is because the moon is so much smaller than the earth. The amount of gravitational pull that a body produces depends on the amount of material in it. So this is one of the first things we need to remember: that the weight of an object in space is not the same as its weight on the surface of the earth.翻译：一包一磅重的黄油在月球上的重量又是多少呢在月球上,黄油和月球之间有1;这是因为月球比地球小的多;物体产生的引吸引力,但是黄油只有地球上重量的6力值取决于它自身材料的数量;因此这是我们首先需要记住的事情：物体在太空中的重量与在地球表面的重量是不同的;6、When a medium is disturbed by the passage of a wave through it, the particles comprising the medium are caused to vibrate. To take a simple example, corks floating on the surface of a pond will bob up and down owing to the influence of water waves.The bob of a simple pendulum and the weight hanging freely from the end of a spring are other examples of particles which may be set in vibration, and most readers will have a good mental picture of these vibrate.翻译：当介质由于波通过它而引起扰动时,由介质组成的质点发生振动;举一个简单的例子,漂浮在池塘表面的软木塞由于水波的影响上下跳动;简单钟摆的浮子和自由悬挂在弹簧末端的重量,是可能处于振动中的质点的其他例子,多数读者将会对这些质点如何振动有一个好的印象;7、The motion of a vibrating particle is periodic, that is, after equal intervals of timethe period T the system finds itself in exactly the same situation. The bob of the pendulum, for example, is found to be at the same position, moving with the same velocity and acceleration as it was T seconds earlier, and these quantities will be the same T, 2T , 3T, etc. Seconds later. During the interval of one period, a vibrating system is said to go through a cycle of situation, and the frequency f is defined as the number of cycles occurring in one second. Clearly, then ,f=1/T, the dimension of f is second -1 . This unit is termed the hertz.翻译：一个振动质点的运动时周期性的额,也就是说,在相等的时间间隔时段T 后,系统将会准确的处于相同的位置;例如,将会发现钟摆的浮子处于相同的位置,以跟T 时刻前相同的速度和加速度移动,这些量在T,2T,3T 等时刻后也是一样的;在一个时间间隔内,振动系统据说经历了一个周期的状态,频率f 被定义为在一秒内发生循环的次数;很明显,f=T1,f 的单位是1-S ;这个单位被叫做赫兹Hz;8、2x/dt 2 ,which is directed towards the point o and proportional to he distance x. Thus0/222=+x dt x d ω where ω is a positive constant.翻译：最简单的一类周期运动时,一个支点沿着直线运动,它的加速度指向线的一个固定点,并且与从固定点起计算的距离成比例;这叫做简谐运动;假设一点P 沿着一直线移动,以便它的关于点沿着一直线移动,以便它的关于点O 的位置完全由位移的坐标X 指定;移动点的加速度是22d dtx,指向O,并且与距离X 成比例;这样得到0/222=+x dt x d ω,式中ω是正常数;9、If the equations of equilibrium and compatibility are examined, it is found that the equations which involve stresses involve only stresses, body forces, and accelerations, but do not involve strains or displacements. Furthermore, those equations which involve strains and displacements do not contain stresses.翻译：如果观察平衡方程和相容方程,就会发现包含应力的方程只包含应力、体力和加速度,但是不包含应变和位移;另外,那些包含应变和位移的方程不包含应力; 10、Since the application of forces to a body produces both stress and deformation, it is expected that the stresses on an element can be related to the deformation which these stresses produce. Such a set of relationships will then complete the description of the action of loads on the body. Experience has demonstrated that these relationships will depend on the material in question.翻译：由于作用于物体上的力使物体产生应力和变形,人们可以看到单元上的应力与这些应力产生的变形有关;这样一组关系完成了对作用在物体上荷载的描述;实验表明这些关系取决于所讨论问题的材料;11、For most engineering materials, elastic strains are always sufficiently small that the relationship between the stress and strains is linear. The most general set of linear relations which could be written is kl k l ij C εσ∑∑===3131ijk l . The s ’C ijkl are proportionalityconstants, where i and j can have any value from 1to 3 . The number of constants ijk l C required is therefore 34=81. From equilibrium it is known that ji ij δ=δand by definitionji ij ε=ε.翻译：由于大多数工程材料,弹性应变通常是十分小的,应力和应变的关系是线性的;最普遍的一组线性关系可以表示为kl k l ij C εσ∑∑===3131ijk l ;其中ijk l C 是比例常数,ij 可以取从1到3的所有值;所以常数ijk l C 有34=81个;从平衡关系可以知道 ji ij δ=δ当然地ji ij ε=ε;12、From energy arguments it can be shown that klij ijkl C C =. These conditions combined imply that the number of independent constants which must be specified in the most general linear elastic formulation is 21. Since materials generally have a great deal of symmetry, arguments based on the equivalence of various directions in a material can be used to further reduce the number of constants required.翻译：从能量的观点看可以知道klij ijkl C C =;这些条件组合意指,在最普遍的线弹性公式中,需要指定的独立常数的数量是21.由于材料通常具有大量的对称性,依据不同方向等价性的参数可以进一步的被用于减少所需常数的量;。
力学专业英语词汇
Aabrasion n.磨损，摩擦abrasive n.研磨料abrupt adj.突然的，不连续的abutment n.邻接，接界acceleration n.加速度accommodation n.住处，膳宿accompany vt.陪伴，伴随，伴奏accumulate v.积累，堆积，累积accumulation n.积累，累积acid n.酸acquaint vt.使熟知，使认识acquisition n.获得，学识，技能activate vt.刺激，使活动vi.有活力activation n.活化，激活addition n.加，加法adhere v.粘附，粘固adhesion n.附着力，粘附力adjacent adj.邻近的，接近的adjoin vt.与…相连admission n.允许进入，接纳，容纳aeronautics n.航空学age v.老化，时效agent n.代理商agitate v.搅动，摇动agglomeration n.聚结，结块aggregate n.聚集体airframe n.机身align v.排列，校正alignment n.排列，校准alloy n.合金alter v.改变alternative n.二中择一altitude n.高度，海拔aluminium n.铝amorphous adj.非晶体的，无定形的amplitude n.幅度，振幅，充足analogous adj. 类似的，相似的analyzer n.检偏振镜，分析器anchor n.锚；v.固定，拴住angular adj.角的，角度的anisotropic adj.各向异性的appreciable adj.可感知的，可评估的approximate v.接近adj.近似的approximately adv.近似地，大约approximation n.接近，近似值arbitrary adj.任意的arbitrarily adv.任意地，专横地area n.区域，面积argue vi.争论，辩论；vt。
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I. Theoretical Mechanics理论力学
Gravitational Force, Gravity重力
Concurrent Force汇交力, Coplanar Force共面力
Force, Torque / Moment扭矩, Couple 约束力，反应，被动力，内力
Constraint Force, Reaction, Passive Force, Internal/External Force 静力学直角坐标分量，合力，平行四边形准则
Rectangular Components, Resultant Force, Parallelogram Law 1. Statics Composition of Force力的合成, Free Body Diagram隔离体
Vector (Magnitude, Direction)矢量, Scalar标量
静力平衡平衡方程平衡条件Net Force = 0
Static Equilibrium, Equation of Equilibrium, Conditions for Equilibrium
Net Torque/Moment = 0
Rectilinear Movement
Motion of Particle粒子运动
Curvilinear Movement
运动学 Translation平移
2. Kinematics Motion of Rigid Body刚体运动
Rotation扭转
Linear线性的
Velocity速度, Acceleration加速度
Angular有角的
Momentum, Kinetic Energy, Potential Energy动量，动能，势能
动力学Moment of Inertia (Rectangular, Polar), Radius of Gyration惯性矩，回转半径
3. Dynamics, Kinetics Centroid (Center of Mass/Gravity)中心
Vibration, Oscillation (Free/Forced/Damped/Undamped)振动
Simple Harmonic Motion, Period, Frequency简谐振动，周期，频率
Pendulum, Centrifugal/Centripetal Force钟摆，离/向心力
II. Mechanics of Materials材料力学
材料强度 Compressive, Compression压缩
1. Strength of Materials Tensile, Tension (Elongation, Extension)伸长
Shear, Shearing剪切
Linear, Hooke’s Law
Elastic弹性, Elasticity Non-linear
Viscoelasticity, Pseudo-elasticity, Super-elasticity
粘弹性，拟弹性，超弹性
应力应变关系塑性 Perfect Plasticity理想塑性
2. Stress-Strain Relation/Behavior Plastic, Plasticity Viscoplasticity, Viscosity黏性, Creeping徐变, Relaxation
Brittle脆性, Ductile柔性
Work Hardening/Softening, Strain Hardening/Softening
弹性模量，弹性系数 Young’s Modulus = Axial Stress / Axial Strain杨氏模量
3. Modulus of Elasticity, Elastic Modulus Shear Modulus = Shear Stress / Shear Strain剪切模量
Bulk Modulus = Volumetric Stress / Volumetric Strain体积弹性模量
破坏理论，失效准则，屈服准则 Maximum Principal Stress Theory最大应力准则
4. Failure Theory, Failure Criteria, Yield Criteria Shear Stress Theory
Mohr-Coulomb Theory库伦理论
Shear Force剪力, Bending Moment弯矩, Flexural Load弯曲荷载
梁 Bending Stress弯曲应力, Normal Stress正应力, Shear Stress剪应力 (Horizontal/Longitudinal, Vertical/Transverse)
5. Beam Neutral Axis中性轴, Flexure屈曲, Deflection挠曲
Cantilever Beam悬臂梁, Simply Supported Beam简支梁, Pin-end, Fixed End固定端
Uniformly/Linearly Distributed Load均布荷载, Concentrated Load集中荷载
Buckling屈曲系数, Euler’s Equation欧拉方程
6. Column 长细比，有效长度，临界荷载，偏心率
Slenderness Ratio, Effective Length, Critical Load/Stress, Eccentricity Ratio
Tension弹力, Compression压缩, Uniaxial/Axial Load单轴荷载
7. Shaft杆, Rod长杆, Bar Inner/Outer Diameter内/外径
Torsion扭转, Torque扭矩, Twisting
Radial Distance辐射距离
平面应变平面应力双向应力（单轴，三轴）应变能最大/小主应力
8. Plane Strain, Plane Stress, Biaxial Stress (Uniaxial, Triaxial), Strain Energy, Major (Minor) Principal Stress Deformation变形, Displacement位移, Deflection偏向
Stiffness, Rigidity刚度, Hardness硬度, Flexibility弹性, Compliance
Dynamic Loading动力荷载, Cyclic/Fluctuating Loading脉冲荷载, Fatigue疲劳度
Thermal Stress热应力/Strain/Deformation, Coefficient of Thermal Expansion热膨胀系数
Factor of Safety安全系数, Safety Factor
Limit State Design极限状态设计 (Ultimate Limit State极限状态, Serviceability Limit State正常使用极限状态), Probabilistic Design概率设计
III. Structural Mechanics, Structural Analysis
Rod, Shaft, Bar
构件Beam, Girder
1. Structural Element Column, Pillar
Plate, Shell, Membrane
Shear Wall, Shear Panel
2. Truss构架, 3-hinge Arch, Rigid Frame刚性框架 (Joint节点, Pin-Joint, Hinge, Node)
3. Statically Determinate静定, Statically Indeterminate超静定, Degree of Static Indeterminacy, N-fold Statically Indeterminate, Degree of Freedom自由度
虚功原理 Virtual Displacement, (Matrix) Displacement Method, Stiffness Method
4. Virtual Work Principle Virtual Force, (Matrix) Force Method, Flexibility Method
Finite Element Method
IV. Theory of Elasticity
(Differential) Equilibrium Equation, Physical Equation, Compatibility/Geometrical Equation
Boundary Conditions。