自考英语二unit_1Text A

该句exist是不及物动词。
• 选择是指从多个可能性中挑选的机会。如 果没有选择，就毋须作决策。作决策就是 挑选的过程， 许多决策的选择范围很广。
例如，一个学生为了获得学位，他可能会 从许多不同的课程中选择 从而作出决策。
对管理者来说，每项决策都受到基于政策 、程序、法律、惯例等等因素的制约， 这 些制约存在于各个层次的机构中。
If no alternatives are seen, often it means that a thorough job of examining the problems has not been done.
• 5For example, managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion; this is their way of simplifying complex problems.
比较sometimes, some times, sometime, some time：它们分别表示"有时"、"几次"、 "（将来）某个时候"、"一段时间"
But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives.
blind sb to sth意为"使某人看不到…"。
Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management.
该句中be fundamental to意为be important to
Almost everything a manager does involves decisions, indeed, 2some
• Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made.
from which …是定语从句，修饰 courses of action，表示"可从中进行选 择的可能的行动方案"。
If there are no alternatives, there is no choice and, therefore, no decision.
a number of表示"许多"，后接可数名词的复数 形式，而the number of则表示"…的数量"；in order to表示"为了"。
• 4 For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like.
• 抉择是从中可以作出选择的可能的行动步 骤。假如没有可供选择的可能性，这就意 味着没有 做过对问题进行彻底调查的工作
。例如，管理者有时用两者择一的方式来 处理问题，即他们简化 复杂问题的手法。
但是，这种简化的倾向使他们看不到其他 可供选择的可能性。
At the managerial level, decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them, and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited .
该句slight和serious显然为反义词，前者 意为"轻"，后者表示"严重"。
• 因此，作决策的过程对管理人员来说至关重要。 管理者所做的每件事几乎都与决策有关， 事实上
，有些人认为管理过程就是作决策。尽管管理者 不能预测未来，但他们所作的许多决策 都要求他
们考虑将来可能发生的事情。通常情况下，管理 者必须对未来情况作出最佳估测，并且 努力要使
some 接"单数可数名词"时，表示"某种、某个" ；接"复数可数名词"时，表示"一些"。 Contribute to 意思是"促使、促进、有助于"。
• An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach.
此句中range是名词，表示"范围"，它还 可作动词，意为"在…范围内变化"，常与 from … to…搭配。
• For example, a student may be able to choose among a number of different courses in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree.
• If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made.
该句中there is no decision to be made也可写成there is no decision making。
• Decision making is the process of choosing, and many decisions have a broad range of choice.
本段仅一句，as well as 表示"不仅…而且…"， 但和not only … but also … 结构有区别，当使 用as well as时，被强调的成分在前，而在not only … but also结构中，被强调的成分在后。 例如：I have studied French as well as
3Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions .
句中介词for与前面名词reason搭配，表示"…的理 由"。另外，当reason充当句子主语时，该句表语从 句必须以that引导。句中in the way意为"妨碍、阻 碍"，way的搭配还有on the way（在…的路上）、 by the way（顺便问一下、顺便说一句）。
决策是一种选择，来自可以获得的、任择其 一的行动步骤。作决策的意图是要确立和实 现机构的目标和目的。作决策的原因是有问 题存在、目标和目的不正确、或者有某种东 西妨碍目标或目的的实现。
seek to do相当于try to do，意思是"力求做某 事"；the organization seeks to reach前面省 略了which 或that，是一定语从句。
• Because individuals (and organizations) frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the decision.
偶然事件尽可能少地发生，但是，由于不确定的 因素一直存在，所以，决策总是与风险 为伴。有
时候，拙劣决策的后果并不严重，但在另外一些 时候则是非常严重了。
Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives.
该句名词opportunity后面的to select … 是定语成分，因 opportunity 与动词select之间没有任何逻辑主谓关系， 故以不定式作定语。
decision you’ve ever made?
A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available.
made 是过去分词，作choice的定语，可改为定 语从句which / that is made …
Although managers cannot predict the future, many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events.
该句中require意为"要求"，其宾语从句中也必须使用虚拟 语气，动词为：(should) do型。
Unit 1
What Is a Decision ? 何为决策？
Questions:
1.What is a decision ? 2.Do you always make decisions by
yourself? 3.Who makes the important
decisions in your family? 4.What is the most important
句中make a guess at 意为"猜一猜"，注意介词at； what引导的是一名词性从句，作宾语；chance在此处 表示"偶然性"。
Sometimes the consequence s of a poor decision are slight; at other times they are serious.
English. = I have studied not only Eng层，作决策包括了限定和鉴别 可供选择的可能性，其限定范围从非 常有限到基本无限。