旅游管理英语(姚宝荣)1~6单元翻译word版本
旅游管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Tourism and the Environment: A Symbiotic RelationshipNowadays, with the improvement of people's living standards and the pursuit of higher spiritual life, tourism is developing rapidly, and it has an increasing proportion in the national economy. Tourism is getting more and more people's attention, followed by the impact of tourism on the ecological environment.The vigorous development of the tourism industry has multiple effects on the environment. They are both positive and negative. In order to adapt the development of tourism to the capacity of tourism resources, and promote the coordinated development of environment protection and tourism, and this paper will state the impact of tourism on the environment from three aspects:1 The negative impact of tourism on the environment;2 The positive impact of tourism on the environment;3 The countermeasure to against the negative impact of tourism on the environment.Tourism development can put pressure on natural resources when it increases consumption in areas where resources are already scarce.The negative impact of tourism on the environmentNegative impacts from tourism occur when the level of visitor use is greater than the environment's ability to cope with this use within the acceptable limits of change. Uncontrolled conventional tourism poses potential threats to many natural areas around the world. It can put enormous pressure on an area and lead to impacts such as soil erosion, increased pollution, discharges into the sea, natural habitat loss, increased pressure on endangered species and heightened vulnerability to forest fires. It often puts a strain on water resources, and it can force local populations to compete for the use of critical resources.1,Tourism causes the environmental pollution.When tourism products are manufactured during the production, it`s adverse to environmental impacts. At first, the development of tourism resources, improper planning of tourist construction, such as opening the way in mountains and destroying the wild plants freely; it will break the completeness of the coordination of ecological environment. The second is in the process of construction of tourist accommodation, the supply of water, electricity and other energy is in disorder. Waste water, waste gas and rubbish are not be cleaned timely, so these will be forming the ecological environment pollution.2,Tourism products affected adversely in consumption process.The most obvious phenomenon is that tourism products in consumption process impacts on the ecological environment pollution and destruction of ecosystems. Tourism products have direct contamination and indirect contamination for the environment of the tourist area.Direct contamination means the tourist’s pollution is generated by tourism activities, such as the sewage left by tourists, feces, garbage, waste bottles, waste paper, cans and other pollution on the ecological environment.Indirect contamination means the pollution of the atmosphere. Tourism can`t be separated from traffic. Transporting tourists from the residence to the scenic is necessary, and a variety of vehicles pour in, the air is full of automobile exhaust. The automobile exhaust is not only polluting the air, but also extremely is harmful to the human body. In addition, the acid rain has already leaded lots of trees to die in some areas. The decline in the quality of the environment embarrassed our environment.3,Historical and cultural heritage have been to damage to varying degrees.Driven by the economic interests, some notable tourist resorts are overload of tourists or made unauthorized construction, it will make a number of precious historical and cultural heritages, such as the unique monuments, natural environment and human landscape suffered destruction. Carving, graffiti, touching artifacts freely and discarding the litter arbitrarily will directly or indirectly lead to the destruction of the heritage. The example is too numerous, like on the walls of the palace in the Forbidden City, some flagstone walkways, the walls of theancient Great Wall and the tower also have tourists uncivilized blot.4,Traditional culture is simple.Rough business culture makes the connotation disappear and the degradation of the art form. In order to obtain economic benefits and cater to the need of tourists adventures, lots of tourist areas have to be given up traditional social, spiritual significance and artistic meaning. Changing the traditional forms of art and design freely lead the traditional culture to rough and simple commercialization. Traditional folk celebrations will not be held at specific time and specific place with specific manner, and it just be held by tourism demand anytime at anywhere, just like these celebrations` existence is based on the tourists demand rather than local social life. Local hand-making products with characteristics of local culture are turning to meet the need of public markets. Mass production and gradually moving towards the shoddy make the loss of traditional art and value.5,Directly or indirectly lead the moral standards in the tourist resort to decline.Tourists around the world have different moral values and way of life. Negative tourists` decadent consciousness and lifestyle can easily make some tourist area residents to lose the virtue of simplicity. It induces desire for venality and worship of money, which ruins the local social climate and affects the stability of the social order. Tourism makes environmental pollution and destruction, which almost is occurred in the process of tourism development, construction and tour operation. Tourism, as a source of pollution and industrial pollution, has "three wastes" in facilities` emissions, which is waste gas, waste water, and waste ballast. The inappropriate layout also causes environmental pollution.6,The pollution on the environment has two aspects of tourism: tourism supply-side and tourism consumers.The environmental pollution of tourism consumers is occurred in the flow of tourists, such as the large population bring crowded and confusion, destructive behavior on the environment, trampling by a large number of the population makes the soil changing, temporary stay of too many people bring exceeded production and living materials consumption and energy use, the atmospheric pollution, noise pollution and visual pollution. Analysis form the tourist point to view environmental pollution, it can be seen that tourism, as a source of pollution, has its own particularity unlike other pollution sources.People who come to enjoy the scenic beauty often litter the places with polythene and left over food without thinking about its adverse impact on the environment. The Dal Lake which was once pristine has lost its nature due to tourist pressure and is now covered with animal carcasses, sewage and weeds. The lake has shrunk as it was unable to handle the pollution caused by constant tourist influx.Tourism industry often involves construction of hotel and lodges. These lodges are created near or on the banks of a lake or a river. The sewage water flows into lake water or sea, polluting its marine ecosystem. Hotel owners who have vested commercial interests does not even take into account the unfavourable consequences on environment. Construction of jetties alters the wave pattern of the lake depositing silt in it. Introduction of mechanized boards to cash in on tourists damages the flora and fauna of ecosystem as the both leave tresses of oil, petrol and diesel in the water. (Roy, 2010)“EDUCA TION - tourists provide an endless supply of people from around the world that can be targeted and educated on everything from forest stewardship to local history and plans for the future.FUNDRAISING - a tourist provides an easy target for fundraising. Tourists pay fees for everything from camping sites and park entry fees, to licenses for fishing and hunting. The more tourists in a controlled area, means the more money that can be collected for things like education, policing and maintenance of national wilderness areas.ACTION - tourists visiting an area do so for many reasons. Maybe they are looking for someplace quiet where they can commune with nature or perhaps they want to see a piece of history. Whatever the reason, when that tourist returns home, s/he will remember the experience and may feel compelled to do something positive for the environment to help save that area.” (Stushnoff, 2009)For example: Physical Environment impact on tourism.Tourism has effects beyond the fuel burnt simply getting on holiday in the first place and many of them are much more immediately visible than the more sinister and intangible threat of emissions. In many places, the physical environment can be heavily affected by the passage of tourists, especially for popular destinations, where the sheer weight of numbers of people visiting can simply prove too much. Often as a tourist venue becomes better known, a round of building work follows the accompanying expansion of the original settlement, usually to the detriment of the local environment – which can often have been the reason for its popularity in the first place. More hotels and more restaurants inevitably mean more strain on the local infrastructure, but they also mean more light pollution too. This is not simply about no longer being able to see the stars so easily. In some parts of the world – the Greek Islands being a well-known case – restaurants along the beaches are very popular tourist draws, but their light-spillage confuses hatching sea-turtles. The young hatchlings are programmed to head for the brightest thing they can see head for the brightest thing they can see –– in nature, the water’s edge –in nature, the water’s edge – and safety. When they and safety. When they follow their age-old instinct today, they are as likely to be heading in exactly the opposite direction direction –– and Tavernas offer no refuge from cats or predatory gulls. (Evans, 2012)The positive impact of tourism on the environment:In order to survive and develop, people always need to exploit natural resources. Lots of development activities on the environment is damaging the environment`s health, but orderly tourism activities can be part of the sustainable use of natural resources, and reduce the ecological damage of resource development. The healthy development of the tourism industry to promote environmental protection mainly has following aspects.“The International Ecotourism Society has defined Ecotourism as the “responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the welfare of local people”. The Australian Commission on National Ecotourism Strategy defines ecotourism as”nature as”nature-based tourism that involves education and interpretation of the natural environment -based tourism that involves education and interpretation of the natural environment and is managed to be ecologically sustainable”.In modern times, eco tourism has been expected to help in achieving the following also: involve travel to natural destinations, minimize impact on natural resources, build up environmental awareness, provide impetus and financial support for conservation, financially benefit and empower local people and inculcate respect for local culture.” (Parameswaran, 2012)1,The healthy development of the tourism industry can promote the launching of the environmental protection.Optimizing the industrial structure and protecting of the ecological environment.Rational plan for the healthy development of the tourism industry can replace resource consumption and heavy pollution of traditional industries to achieve the purpose of reducing pollution emissions. Some agricultural regions return farmland to forests, wood to grass and field to lake. On the one hand, local farmers receive more income; on the other hand, these measures can protect the environment and maintain the ecological balance.2, Improve the Environmental Quality.Obviously, one of the foundations for the development of the tourism industry is to have a beautiful and high-quality environment, no tourist wants to go to a place with very bad ecological environment. Tourists want the pure air and water quality, beautiful environment and ecology, green forest and earth. All of these will supervise the tourism management regulate the tourism development mode and improve the quality of green tourism products and development projects of the environment, such as planting more trees in the tourist area, closing forest and raising flowers. All these measures means the rise of the of tourism ecological environment quality.3,Improve the infrastructure and service facilitiesTourism development can improve the local infrastructure, such as airports, railwaystations, bus stations, roads, communications, water systems and sewage treatment systems. It also can contribute to the building of local entertainment, scenic attractions, accommodation and catering services, so as to improve the standards of the local economy and the living environment for local people.4,Protect the environment, natural landscapes and historical monuments.Good environment, natural resources and precious cultural relics are important factors to attract tourists. In order to attract more tourists and increase their level of satisfaction, many scenic areas, wildlife areas, and historical and cultural monuments are developing, we also concern about the issue of environment protection. Lucrative tourism can raise funds through appropriate tourism development; and these funds can be put into the construction of tourism environment, so as to make the Scenic environment and wildlife areas receive better protection, the maintenance and restoration of historical and cultural monuments.5,Beautify the living habitat environment.The development of tourism promotes to green the land and environmental cleanup, and to get the efficacy of beautification of the living environment. During the tourism development process, promoting afforestation, developing the horticultural projects or the design and construction of ecological building and expanding green area, air pollution, noise pollution, water pollution, garbage pollution and other environmental problems can be controlled forcibly, like the Nanjing Confucius Temple, the majority cultural heritage of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, reflects the history and culture of China. For many years, the water quality in Qinhuai River is poor and serious pollution, almost everyone know the dilapidated houses by the river`s two sides. In recent years, this region emphasis on the natural environment restoration and improvement of the river ecosystem in the tourism development process, Nanjing citizens take some action, such as river regulation and waste collection, through the implementation of renovation projects, seek the greening of the Qinhuai River, purify and beautify the riverbanks to re-experience the the Qinhuai clean water and better living environment.6,Strengthen people's awareness of environmental protection.Tourism environmental protection, as a systems engineering, requires government tourism management department, department of tourism operators, residents and tourists to participate. Good tourism promotion of government travel management department can improve the tour operator, environmental protection consciousness of destination residents and tourists.A good environment is an important requirement for tourism development. Tourism development can bring good economic benefits, and help local people out of poverty andbackwardness. After appreciating the good environmental benefits to produce their life, people's environmental awareness will be enhanced unprecedented.For tourists, the travel is a short-term way of life. It`s a kind of longing of escaping their day-to-day working and living environment to the unfamiliar environment. Good tourism activities are impressed, and the beautiful environment let them to beautify our environment and feel the close relationship between the environments and improving the quality of life, finally we should to promote environmental awareness and focus on environmental protection. In fact, in recent years, understanding the nature, observing the nature and the opportunity to experience the nature is popular. These activities will let them realize that the natural environment is the source of beauty and the basic conditions of human beings to create a better life; they can feel aesthetic pleasure during the natural process. The tourists will feel grateful of plants and trees of nature and bound their travel behavior, and to raise awareness of environmental protection.Environmental management departments and the tour operator sector also constantly aware of the importance of the environment during the process of planning and development of tourism projects. It is the basis for the survival of the tourism industry and an important factor for sustainable development of tourism. Government should take all the measures to protect the natural environment, advance environmental protection planning in tourism planning, and take measures in accordance with the importance of the different levels of management with graded protection. The positive interaction between tourism development and environmental protection concept is gradually able to establish and implement.Tourism to Local DevelopmentTourism could have a tremendous beneficial impact on local economies, but many hotels source their food and cleaning products from abroad rather than purchasing them from local producers. An Oxfam study found that hotels in St. Lucia imported more than 70 percent of their produce every year. Local farmers cannot compete internationally and have suffered from a decline in the banana trade, but Oxfam and other organizations are encouraging hotels to source food from local farmers, and by doing so keeping the tourist income within the community and supporting farmer's efforts to diversify their crops. For some hotels and restaurants, shopping locally adds a more authentic flavor to the products that they offer tourism and is a selling point in itself. For example, the Ocean Terrace Inn in St. Kitts prides itself on serving food made using locally sourced ingredients.Tourism to the environmentTourism can be harmful to the environment in a variety of ways. Cruise ships sailing through the Caribbean dump waste into the sea; one 2002 study found that a ship carrying2,000 passengers and 1,000 crew generated the same amount of waste as a small city. This waste, including oil residues, harms marine ecosystems, including coral reefs. Groups such as the Caribbean Tourism Organization are promoting more sustainable tourism projects that attempt to reduce the impact of tourism on the local environment, while the United Nations' Caribbean Environment Program supports this effort with the Cartagena Convention. The Convention aims to protect the Caribbean's delicate marine environment by establishing a series of protocols on combating oil spills, creating protected areas and dealing with pollution from the land. (Media, 2002)The countermeasure to against the negative impact of tourism on the environment.1,Cleaning the contaminated tourism ecological environment.It is necessary to clean the contaminated tourism ecological environment; regardless of t he reason for the pollution is tourism and non-tourism. There must be effective control measur es for the development of tourism in the tourist area in order to fundamentally clean up the are a. For instance, relocating the polluting factories in the tourist area and prohibiting the develo pment of industrial pollution.2,Reconstruction of the ecological environment has been destroyed.In the existing tourist areas and developing tourist area, if a part of tourism ecological en vironment has been damaged, it is affecting the entire aesthetic characteristics of the ecologic al environment. It should be doing construction in the region corresponding ecological enviro nmental. For example, if the tourist area water is contaminated, it should be cleaned up; if the area is lack of green plants, it should be planted. During the reconstruction of the ecological e nvironment, the environmental characteristics of the area should be noticed. It is important to maintain stable ecosystem. So the green plants should be selected to the benefit of the tourist area.3,Application of the tourism ecological environment capacity theory.The destruction and pollution of tourism activities should be avoided. In tourism plannin g and management, tourism overload is the fundamental reason to the tourism pollution of eco logical environment. Tourism activities undermine the development of the tourism industry. S o the tourist ecological capacity should be appropriately controlled during the tourism develop ment and management.4,To take the necessary measures to slow the ecological environment destruction.The sudden natural destruction of tourism ecological environment can be forecasted, but cannot be avoided. But the destruction of nature can be mitigated by certain measures, such as offsite migration of rare and endangered flora and fauna protection, artificial reforestation an d so on.So if one wants to enjoy nature one must preserve it, otherwise all the exotic destinations will become extinct and the world will not be a beautiful place to live in. Eco friendly tourism should be promoted all over the world and if marvels of nature should be preserved, tourism should take into account the principle and process of sustainable consumption.旅游和环境:一个共生关系如今如今,,随着人民生活水平的提高随着人民生活水平的提高,,追求更高的精神生活追求更高的精神生活,,旅游业发展迅速旅游业发展迅速,,在国民经济比例不断上升。
《旅游管理专业英语》(第二版) 讲义 Lesson11 Globalization
GlobalizationGlobalization is a term used to describe the changes in societies and the world economy that are the result of dramatically increased trade and cultural exchange. In specifically economic contexts, it refers almost exclusively to the effects of trade, particularly trade liberalization or "free trade".Between 1910 and 1950, a series of political and economic upheavals dramatically reduced the volume and importance of international trade flows. In the post-World War II environment, fostered by international economic institutions and rebuilding programs, international trade dramatically expanded. With the 1970s, the effects of this trade became increasingly visible, both in terms of the benefits and the disruptive effects.Meanings of Globalization"Globalization" can mean:•The formation of a global village— closer contact between different parts of the world, with increasing possibilities of personal exchange, mutual understanding and friendship between "world citizens", and creation of a global civilization,•Economic globalization —"free trade" and increasing relations among members of an industry in different parts of the world (globalization of an industry), with a corresponding erosion of National Sovereignty in the economic sphere.•The negative effects of for-profit multinational corporations— the use of substantial and sophisticated legal and financial means to circumvent the bounds of local laws and standards, in order to leverage the labor and services of unequally-developed regions against each other.•The spread of capitalism from developed to developing nations.It shares a number of characteristics with internationalization and is used interchangeably, although some prefer to use globalization to emphasize the erosion of the nation-state or national boundaries.Globalism, if the concept is reduced to its economic aspects, can be said to contrast with economic nationalism and protectionism. It is related to laissez-faire capitalism and neoliberalism.History of globalizationSince the word has both technical and political meanings, different groups will have differing histories of "globalization". In general use within the field of economics and political economy, is, however, a history of increasing trade between nations based on stable institutions that allow individuals and firms in different nations to exchange goods with minimal friction.The term "liberalization" came to mean the combination of laissez-faire economic theory with the removal of barriers to the movement of goods. This led to the increasing specialization of nations in exports, and the pressure to end protective tariffs and other barriers to trade. The period of the gold standard and liberalization of the 19th century is often called "The First Era of Globalization". Based on the Pax Britannica and the exchange of goods in currencies pegged to specie, this era grew along with industrialization. The theoretical basis was Ricardo's work on Comparative advantage and Say's Law of General equilibrium. In essence, it was argued that nations would trade effectively, and that any temporary disruptions in supply or demand would correct themselves automatically. The institution of the gold standard came in steps in major industrialized nations between approximately 1850 and 1880, though exactly when various nations were truly on the gold standard is a matter of a great deal of contentious debate.The "First Era of Globalization" is said to have broken down in stages beginning with the first World War, and then collapsing with the crisis of the gold standard in the late 1920's and early 1930's.Globalization in the era since World War II has been driven by Trade Negotiation Rounds, originally under the auspices of GATT, which led to a series of agreements to remove restrictions on "free trade". The Uruguay round led to a treaty to create the World Trade Organization or WTO, to mediate trade disputes. Other bilateral trade agreements, including sections of Europe's Maastricht Treaty and the North American Free Trade Agreement have also been signed in pursuit of the goal of reducing tariffs and barriers to trade.Signs of globalizationGlobalization has become identified with a number of trends, most of which may have developed since World War II. These include greater international movement of commodities, money, information, and people; and the development of technology, organizations, legal systems, and infrastructures to allow this movement. The actual existence of some of these trends are debated.•Increase in international trade at a faster rate than the growth in the world economy•Increase in international flow of capital including foreign direct investment•Greater transborder data flow, using such technologies such as the Internet, communication satellites and telephones•Greater international cultural exchange, for example through the export of Hollywood and Bollywood movies.•Some argue that even terrorism has undergone globalization. Terrorists now have attacked places all over the world.•Spreading of multiculturalism and better individual access to cultural diversity, with on the other hand, some reduction in diversity through assimilation, hybridization, Westernization, Americanization or Sinosization of cultures.•Erosion of national sovereignty and national borders through international agreements leading to organizations like the WTO and OPEC•Greater international travel and tourism•Greater immigration, including illegal immigration•Development of global telecommunications infrastructure•Development of a global financial systems•Increase in the share of the world economy controlled by multinational corporations•Increased role of international organizations such as WTO, WIPO, IMF that deal with international transactions•Increase in the number of standards applied globally; e.g. copyright lawsBarriers to international trade have been considerably lowered since World War II through international agreements such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Particular initiatives carried out as a result of GATT and the WTO, for which GATT is the foundation, have included:•Promotion of free tradeo Of goods: reduction or elimination of tariffs; construction of free trade zones with small or no tariffso Of capital: reduction or elimination of capital controlso Reduction, elimination, or harmonization of subsidies for local businesses •Intellectual Property Restrictionso Harmonization of intellectual property laws across nations (generally speaking, with more restrictions)o Supranational recognition of intellectual property restrictions (e.g. patents granted by China would be recognized in the US)Anti-globalizationMain article: "Anti-globalization".Various aspects of globalization are seen as harmful by public-interest activists. This movement has no unified name. "Anti-globalization" is the media's preferred term. Activists themselves, for example Noam Chomsky, have said that this name is meaningless as the movement's aim is to globalize justice. Indeed, "the global justice movement" is a common name. Many activists also unite under the slogan "another world is possible", which has given rise to names such as altermondisme in French.There is a wide variety of different kinds of "anti-globalization". In general, critics claim that the results of globalization have not been what was predicted when the attempt to increase free trade began, and that many institutions involved in the system of globalization have not taken the interests of poorer nations and the working class into account.Economic arguments by fair trade theorists claim that unrestricted free trade benefits those with more financial leverage (i.e. the rich) at the expense of the poor.Many "anti-globalization" activists see globalization as the promotion of a corporatist agenda, which is intent on constricting the freedoms of individuals in the name of profit. They also claimthat increasing autonomy and strength of corporate entities increasingly shape the political policy of nation-states.Some "anti-globalization" groups argue that globalization is necessarily imperialistic, is one of the driving reasons behind the Iraq war and that it has forced savings to flow into the United States rather than developing nations.Some argue that globalization imposes credit-based economics, resulting in unsustainable growth of debt and debt crises.The main opposition is to unfettered globalization (neoliberal; laissez-faire capitalism), guided by governments and quasi-governments (such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank) that are not held responsible to the populations that they govern and instead respond mostly to the interests of corporations. Many conferences between trade and finance ministers of the core globalizing nations have been met with large, and occasionally violent, protests from opponents of "corporate globalism".The movement is very broad, including church groups, national liberation factions, left-wing parties, environmentalists, peasant unionists, anti-racism groups, libertarian socialists and others. Most are reformist (arguing for a more humane form of capitalism) and a strong minority is revolutionary (arguing for a more humane system than capitalism). Many have decried the lack of unity and direction in the movement, but some such as Noam Chomsky have claimed that this lack of centralization may in fact be a strength.Protests by the global justice movement have now forced high-level international meetings away from the major cities where they used to be held, and off into remote locations where protest is impractical.Pro-globalization (globalism)Supporters of democratic globalization can be labelled pro-globalists. They consider that the first phase of globalization, which was market-oriented, should be completed by a phase of building global political institutions representing the will of World citizens. The difference with other globalists is that they do not define in advance any ideology to orientate this will, which should be left to the free choice of those citizens via a democratic process.Supporters of free trade point out that economic theories such as comparative advantage suggests that free trade leads to a more efficient allocation of resources, with all those involved in the trade benefitting. In general, they claim that this leads to lower prices, more employment and better allocation of resources.Libertarians and other proponents of laissez-faire capitalism say higher degrees of political and economic freedom in the form of democracy and capitalism in the developed world produce higher levels of material wealth. They see globalization as the beneficial spread of democracy and capitalism.Critics argue that the anti-globalization movement uses anecdotal evidence to support their view and that worldwide statistics instead strongly support globalization. One effect being that the percentage of people in developing countries living below $1 (adjusted for inflation) per day have halved in only twenty years [1] (). Life expectancy has almost doubled in the developing world since WWII and is starting to close the gap to the developed world where the improvement has been smaller. Child mortality has decreased in every developing region of the world [2] (). Income inequality for the world as a whole is diminishing [3] ().Many pro-capitalists are also critical of the World Bank and the IMF, arguing that they are corrupt bureaucracies controlled and financed by states, not corporations. Many loans have been given to dictators who never did any reforms, instead leaving the common people to pay the debts later. They thus see too little capitalism, not too much. They also note that some of the resistance to globalization come from special interest groups with conflicting interests like Western world unions.Globalization in questionThere is much academic discussion about whether globalization is a real phenomenon or only a myth. Although the term is widespread, many authors argue that the characteristics of the phenomenon have already been seen at other moments in history. Also, many note that those features that make people believe we are in the process of globalization, including the increase in international trade and the greater role of multinational corporations, are not as deeply established as they may appear. Thus, many authors prefer the use of the term internationalization rather than globalization. To put it simply, the role of the state and the importance of nations are greater in internationalization, while globalization in its complete form eliminates nation states. So, these authors see that the frontiers of countries, in a broad sense, are far from being dissolved, and therefore this radical globalization process is not yet happening, and probably won't happen, considering that in world history, internationalization never turned into globalization —(the European Union and NAFTA are yet to prove their case.)However, the world increasingly shares problems and challenges that do not obey nation state borders, most notably pollution of the natural environment, and as such the movement previously known as the anti-globalisation movement has transmogrified into a movement of movements for globalisation from below; seeking, through experimentation, forms of social organisation that transcend the nation state and representative democracy. So, whereas the original arguments of anti-global critique can be refuted with stories of internationalisation, as above, the emergence of a global movement is indisputable and therefore we can speak of a real process towards a global human society of societies.。
职教英语 (旅游管理)
unit5ROOM SERVICE (l) Warm-upMatch.TowelShampooToothpasteToilet paperTooth brushHairdryer35Listening and speakingListening 1Listen and number the pictures.Dialogue 1Room CleaningH:Housekeepr,G:GuestH:Housekeeping, May i come in?G:yes.what is it?H:sorrytoditurb you,but l’d like to clean the room,can ldo it now?G:well.i’m expecting some friends now.could you come backe later?H:sure,what time would be convenient?G:what about 11am?H:no problem.G:by the way,how long will it take toclean the room?H:lt will be readey in half an hour.Role play 1A:sorry to distub/teouble you.l’d like to clean the room.can l do it now? B：well,i’expecting some friend/afriend.A:sure,what time would be convenient/better?B:what about 2pm/6pm?A:no problem.36Wordes and expressionsClean 打扫 housekeeping客房服务Convenient 方便的 invite 邀请Disturb 打扰，扰乱 ready 准备好的Expect等待，期待Listening 2Listen and fill in the blank and match it with the picture.1.make up the2.Have a3._______________the bathroom.4.Turn on the_______________.5.________________the curtain.( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )Dilogue 2Turn-down svrviceH:Housekeepr,G:GuestH:Turn-down svrice.may l come in?G:yes,please.H:l’ll make up the bed and do some cleaning.G:Great!would you piease clean the bathroom?l’ve just had a shower.H:no problem.G:thank you very mach.H:lt’s getting daek.may l turn on the lights and draw the curtains?G:that would be very kind of you.H:will that be all,sir?G:yes,you are so nice.H:l’m at your service.38Role play 2A:would you please clean the bathroom/make up the bed?l’ve just had a shower/a nap. B:no problem,sir/madam.A:thank you very much.B:lt’is goetting dark.may l turn on the lights and draw the curtains?A:that sounds nice.Word and ExpressionsCurtain窗帘turn-down做晚床的Dark 黑暗draw the curtain拉窗帘Draw 拉，拖turn on打开（开关等）Shower淋浴Listening 3Listen and choose the correct answer.1.A.hairdryer B.shampoo C.towerl2.A.toothbrushes B.towels C.newspapers3.A.toothpaste B.key C.toilet paper4.A.toothbrush B,toothpaster C.shampooDialogue 3Shanging ToiletruesH:Housekeepr,G:GuestH:good morning,madam.did you ring for sevice?what canl do for you?G:could you bring me some new towels,please?thesehaven’t been changed.H:l’m sorry ldidn’t notice that,madam.l’ll bring you someclean towels immediately.G:Thank you.(two minutes later,the bousekeeper brings clean towels.)H:what else can l do for you a bottle of shampoo at once.G:thank you very much.Role play 3A:Good morning ,madem/sir.what can l do for you?B:Could you bring me some new towels/shampoo/tooth paste/toilepaper,please?A:no problem.B:thank you.Words and experssionsBottle 瓶toothbrush牙刷Empty 空的toothpaste牙膏Hairdrdyer 吹风机towel 毛巾Notice 注意shampoo 洗发水Terridle 糟糕，讨厌shelf架子Toiletry 卫生间用品at once立刻，马上Pre-reading activities1.Which word can be used to talk about the job housekeeping Department?A.EasyB.lmaporyantfortable2.Guests will more often contact the staff in___Department in a hotel.A.RecreationB.financeC.housekeepingTaxtHousekeeping DepartmentHousekeeping Department is a basic but importantDepartment in a hotel.lt is responsible for cleaning therooms and making them tidy and comfortable. LtAlso helps to set up and making them tidy andcomfortable. Lt also help to set up and to take apartbanquets and meetings.the Housekeeping Departmentincludes housemaids,housemen,floorcleks,maintenance men and window washeres,floorclerks,housemaids and housemen allhave directcontact with guests so that their job is especially important.very little carelessness,such as an untidy bed sheet can upset a guest and affect his impression of the hotel.Words and epressionsAffect影响maintenance维修，维护Apart 分离，分开recreation娱乐，消遣Basic 基本的sheet床单，被单Carelessness 粗心，大意tidy整洁的Comfortable 舒适的，安逸的unchanged没有更换的Contact 接触，联系untidy不整洁的，凌乱的Direact 直接的upset使心烦Especially 尤其，特别washer洗涤工Finance 财政，金融set up准备，安排Housemaid 客房女服务员take apart整理；拆卸houseman 客服男服务员Exercises1.choose the best according to the passage.1)housekeeping Department staff should make the rooms____.A.clean and comfortableB.untidy but comfortableC.tidy but uncomfortableD.dirty but comfortable2)which department in a hotel will set up and take apart banquets?A.food and beverage department.B.Recreation department.C.Front office department.D.Housekeeping department.3)Which one is NOT a member of housekeeping Department.A:A housemaid B.Afloor clerkC.housemenD.window washers4)The following staff has direct contact with guestes except_____.A.floor clerksB.housemaidsC.housemenD.window washers5）oneexample of carelessness is________.A.a tidy bathroomB.an untidy bed sheetC.an empty ashtrayD.a new towel2.choose the correct word to complete the sentences.1)By/On the way,how long will it take to clean the room?2)May l turn at/on the lights and draw the curains?3)Did you ring to/for service?4)L’ll get you bottle of/off shampoo at once.5)An untidy bed sheet can upset aguest and affect his impression of/in the hotel.3.match and make up a dialogue.Guest’s lnguiry or requiry or Requirement.1)could you bring me a new towel,plerse?this hasn’t been changed.2)L’m expecting afriend now.could you do the turn-down service later?3)Would you please clean the bathroom?l’ve just taken a bath4)How long will it take to clean the bathroomHousekeeper’s AnswerA.lt will be ready in 15 minutes.B.Sure,what time would be convenient?C.l’m sorry ldidn’t notice that.l’ll bring it immediately.D.No problem41WritingTranslate the chinese given in the brackets and practice.1.A:_____________for you(什么时间方便）B:what about 11am?2.A:l’ll____________(铺床）and do some cleaningB:Great！Would you please clean the bathroom?3.A:may l_____________(开灯）and draw the curtains?B:the wlod be good4.A:could you bring me some new towels,please?these haven’t been changed. B:l’m sorry___________(我没有注意到这一点），madam.l’ll bring you some clean ones immediately.5.A:why is housekeeping department so important?B:because its work can____________(影响客人对酒店的印象）。
旅游专业英语词汇表
旅游专业英语词汇表Last revision on 21 December 2020旅游专业英语词汇表关键词：一. 旅游概述Clothes,bearing and appearance 服装仪表guidebook 旅游指南guild practice 导游实践international tourism 国际导游itinerary 旅行计划,节目local guide 地陪,地方导游local tourist organization 地方旅游组织low season 淡季minimum tour price 最低旅游价格multilingual guide 会多种语言的导游national guide 全陪,全程导游national tourist organization 全国旅游组织off-peak season 淡季off season 淡季on season 旺季peak season 旺季professional (staff) 旅游专业人员programme 节目receiving country 旅游接待国regional tourist organization 区域旅游组织season-high 旺季season-low 淡季selling season 旺季shoulder period/season 平季sightseeing 游览slack season 淡季state-list famous historical and culture cities 国家级历史文化名城tour arrangement 旅游安排tour brochure 旅游小册子tour catalog 旅游团目录tour code number 旅游代号编码tour escort/conductor/director 旅游团陪同tour leader 领队,团长tour operation 旅游业务tour route 旅游路线tour talker 自动导游磁带机tourism 旅游业,旅游tourism activities 旅游活动tourism circles 旅游界touring 游览touring club 旅游俱乐部tourist 游客tourist association 旅游协会tourist authority/office 旅游局tourist council 旅游委员会tourist destination 旅游目的地tourist destination area 旅游目的地地区tourist destination country 旅游目的国tourist map 旅游地图tourist organization 旅游组织tourist periodical 旅游周刊tourist spots 旅游点tourist trade 旅游界travel 旅行travel business 旅游业务travel expert 旅游专家travel industry 旅游业travel journalist 旅游记者travel press 旅游报纸travel publication 旅游出版物travelling 旅游travelling expense 旅费travel-see tourism 旅游(美)travel trade 旅游业travel writer 旅游作家trip 旅行World Tourism Day 世界旅游日World Tourism Organization 世界旅游组织Tourist Administration 旅游局China's National Tourism Administration 中国旅游局...Provincial Tourism Administration ...省旅游局...Autonomous Region Tourism Administration 自治区旅游局...Municipal Tourism Administration 市旅游局...Autonomous Perfecture Tourism Administration 自治州旅游局...County Tourism Administration 县旅游局二. 饭店种类inn 旅馆,饭店lodge 小旅馆tavern 酒店caravansary 马车店,大旅馆hostel 招待所hotel 饭店,酒店motel(=motor hotel)汽车饭店(旅店)budget hotel 廉价旅馆economy hotel(one-star hotel)一星级饭店some comfort hotel(two-star hotel)二星级饭店average hotel(three -star hotel)三星级饭店high comfort hotel(four -star hotel)四星级饭店deluxe hotel(five-star hotel)五星级饭店三. 客房种类(1)single room 单人房(一张单人床)double room 双人房(二张单人床)double double 双人房(二张双人床)big single room大床房(一张双人大床)tripe room 三人房(三张单人床)(2)economy room(ER) 经济间standard room(SR) 标准间superior room(UR) 高级套房standard suit(ss) 套间deluxe room(DR) 豪华间presidential suit(PS) 总统套房(3)studio room 工作室型客房(设沙发床或躺椅)multi-functional room 多功能客房combined type rooms 组合客房四. 饭店计价方式(1)European plan(EP) 欧式计价(只计房租,不包括餐饮等费用)(2)American plan(AP) 美式计价(计算房租并包括每日三餐费用在内)(3)modified American plan 修正美式计价(计算房租且包括两餐费/早餐,午餐,晚餐中选两餐)(4)continental plan(CP) 欧陆式计价(计算房租且包括欧陆式早餐餐费)(5)Bermuda plan(BP) 百慕大计价(计算房租,包括美式早餐餐费)五. 常用旅游英语词汇standard rate 标准价en-suite 套房family suite 家庭套房twin room you 带两张单人床的房间double room 带一张双人床的房间advance deposit 定金reservation 订房间registration 登记rate sheets 房价表tariff 价目表cancellation 取消预定imperial suite 皇室套房presidential suite 总统套房suite deluxe 高级套房junior suite 简单套房mini suite 小型套房honeymoon suite 蜜月套房penthouse suite 楼顶套房unmade room 未清扫房on change 待清扫房valuables 贵重品porter 行李员luggage/baggage 行李registered/checked luggage 托运行李light luggage 轻便行李baggage elevator 行李电梯baggage receipt 行李收据trolley 手推车storage room 行李仓briefcase 公文包suit bag 衣服袋travelling bag 旅行袋shoulder bag 背包trunk 大衣箱suitcase 小提箱name tag 标有姓名的标签regular flight 正常航班non-scheduled flight 非正常航班international flight 国际航班domestic flight 国内航班flight number 航班号airport 机场airline operation 航空业务alternate airfield 备用机场landing field 停机坪international terminal 国际航班候机楼domestic terminal 国内航班候机楼control tower 控制台jetway 登机道air-bridge 旅客桥visitors terrace 迎送平台concourse 中央大厅loading bridge 候机室至飞机的连接通路airline coach service 汽车服务shuttle bus 机场内来往班车中国菜单怎么翻译（一）[1] 冷菜类[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]Chinese FoodCold Dishes：Marinated Jellyfish and Chinese Cabbage in Vinaigrette ：Mushrooms with Duck Feet：Shredded Tofu with Sauce：Boiled Chicken with Sauce：Tossed Black and White Fungus：Bitter Melon in Plum Sauce：Chinese Broccoli with Wasabi：Korean Cabbage in Chili Sauce：Kimchi：Rabbit Meat with Tangerine Flavor：Clear Noodles in Chili Sauce：Bitter Melon with Wasabi：Shisamo in Black Bean Sauce：Pork Lungs in Chili Sauce：Ox Tongue in Chili Sauce：Pig Ear in Chili Sauce：Spiced Beef Shank：Sliced Duck Rolls with Egg Yolk：Preserved Eggs in Ginger Sauce：Pig Feet Seasoned with Soy Sauce：Sliced Pork in Soy Sauce：Chinese Broccoli with Soy Beans：Sliced Sea Whelks with Hotbed Chives：Traditional Beijing Bean Paste：Peanuts Pickled in Aged Vinegar：Golden Mushrooms and Mixed Vegetables：Celery with White Fungus：Marinated Pork Intestines：Marinated Tofu：Marinated Goose Heads：Marinated Goose Wings：Marinated Goose Feet：Marinated Goose Gizzard：Marinated Eggs：Marinated Pork Tripe：Marinated Beef Shank：Marinated Ox Tongue：Marinated Meat Combination：Marinated Duck Meat：Dried Radish with Green Soybean：Shredded Pig Tripe in Chili Sauce：Beef Tendon：Honey-Stewed BBQ Pork：Roast Duck：Assorted Pickles：Chicken Feet with Pickled Peppers：Tofu with Preserved Eggs：Roast Suckling Pig：Sweet and Sour Bamboo Shoots：Crispy Celery：Marinated Bran Dough with Peanuts and Black Fungus ：Black Mushrooms with Pine Nuts：Sliced Kelp in Garlic Sauce：Black Fungus with Pickled Capsicum：Whelks and Cucumber：Goose Liver with White Gourd：Spicy Roast Beef：Spicy Smoked Dried Tofu：Spicy Smoked Fish：Spicy Kidney Beans：Marinated Salmon：Baked Chicken in Salt：Poached Salted Shrimps Without Shell：Braised Goose Feet in Rice Wine Sauce：Pickled Cucumber Strips：Jellyfish in Vinegar：Marinated Pig Tongue：Squid Rolls Stuffed with Bean, Ham and Egg Yolk ：Egg Rolls Stuffed with Eel：Goose Slices in Salted Spicy Sauce：Bitter Melon Salad：Fresh Abalone in Spicy Sauce：Shrimps and Litchi Salad：Spicy Beef Shank：Spicy Cuttlefish：Chicken Feet Galantine：Crispy Crucian Carp in Scallion Oil：Goose Gizzard in Garlic Sauce：Vegetarian Chicken with Day Lily：Fresh Squid in Ginger Sauce：Steamed Lotus Root Stuffed with Sweet Sticky Rice ：Spicy Marinated Duck：Songtian Green Beans：Abalone Salad：Cold Sea Whelks with Dressing：Vegetarian Duck：Duck Seasoned with Soy Sauce：Spicy Beef Tendon：Liquor-Soaked Chicken：French Beans in Coca-Cola：Chinese Yam with Osmanthus Sauce：Crucian Carp with Black Bean Sauce：Fish Aspic：Spicy Salted Duck：Preserved Eggs with Chili：Cucumber with Hot and Sour Sauce：Spicy Pork Ribs：Black Fungus with Cucumber and Vermicelle ：Hot and Sour Fern Root Noodles：Small Cucumber with Soybean Paste：Mixed Bitter Vegetables：Fern Root Noodles with Jellyfish：Black Fungus in Vinegar：Chrysanthemum with Sauce：Honeyed Walnuts：Pickled Goose, Hangzhou Style：Spicy Tea Tree Mushrooms：Honeyed Peanuts：Goose Liver with Scallion and Chili Oil：Sea Moss with Sauce：Mixed Seaweed：Bitter Melon with Egg Yolk：Sausage Stuffed with Salty Egg：Sliced Turnip with Sauce：Crown Daisy with Sweet Garlic：Eggplant with Chili Oil：Crispy Crucian Carp：Duck Tongue Aspic：Marinated Duck Tongue：Duck Gizzard with Chinese Toon：Marinated Duck Wings：Duck Rolls Marinated in Rice Wine：Duck Liver in Salted Spicy Sauce：Goose Liver Aspic：Braised Pigeon with Black Bean Sauce：Crispy Seaweed：Chinese Cabbage with Fried Shrimps：Tofu with Chinese Toon：Chinese Toon with Sauce：Sweet and Sour Chinese Cabbage：Jellyfish in Ginger Sauce：Fresh Walnuts with Leek：Taihu Silver Fish with Peanuts：Marinated Lily Bulbs and Pumpkin：Duck Wings Seasoned with Soy Sauce：Turnip Sprouts：Spinach with Eight Delicacies：Bamboo Shoots and Green Beans：Bitter Melon in Sauce：Black Fungus with Mustard Sauce：Fried Peanuts：Fried Silver Fish with Peanuts：Braised Chicken, Dezhou Style：Steamed Sliced Chicken with Ham：Smoked Salmon：Pork Skin Aspic：Tossed Mung Clear Noodles in Sauce：Pork with Garlic Sauce：Boiled Pork in Anchovy Sauce：Pork Hock Seasoned with Soy Sauce：Beef Seasoned with Soy Sauce：Beef Tendon in Chili Sauce：Marinated Beef Brisket in Spiced Sauce：Shredded Duck with Pickled Peppers：Mashed Eggplant with Garlic：Tomato Slices with Sugar：Sweet Garlic：Pickled Potherb Mustard：Cucumber in SauceHot DishesPork：Braised Pork Cubes with Tofu and Chinese Cabbage：Braised Pork with Abalone：Braised Dongpo Pork with Abalone Sauce：Stewed Pork Cubes and Tofu Skin in Brown Sauce：Steamed Rice Rolls with BBQ Pork Intestines and Vegetables：Fried Pork with Chili Soy Sauce，Chaozhou Style：Spare Ribs with Bitter Melon，Chaozhou Style：Steamed Preserved Pork in Black Sauce：Shredded Pork with Vegetables, Sichuan Style：Stewed Diced Pork and Sweet Potatoes：Braised Dongpo Pork：Braised Pork with Preserved Vegetables：Braised Pork with Bamboo Shoots：Fried Pig Kidney with Onion：Sautéed Spicy Pork with Dried Beans：Griddle Cooked Spare Ribs and Chicken：Gulaorou (Sweet and Sour Pork with Fat)：Braised Spicy Pig Feet：Baked Pig Feet with Black Pepper：Stewed Pork Ball in Brown Sauce：Crispy BBQ Suckling Pig：Sautéed Sliced Pork with Pepper and Chili：Sautéed Sliced Pork with Black Fungus：Pan-Fried Pork Filet：Braised Spare Ribs in Brown Sauce：Braised Pig Feet in Brown Sauce：Spare Ribs with Spicy Salt：Deep-Fried Spare Ribs with Spicy Salt：Braised Dongpo Pork with Melon：Sautéed Shredded Pork in Sweet Bean Sauce：Baked Spare Ribs：Sautéed Minced Pork with Bean Sprouts in Curry Sauce ：Sautéed Preserved Pork with Fermented Soy Beans：Sautéed Preserved Pork with Dried Tofu Slices：Sautéed French Beans with Minced Pork and Olive Pickles ：Sautéed Preserved Pork with Dried Radish：Braised Pork，Mao’s Family S tyle：Steamed Sliced Pork Belly with Rice Flour：Braised Ham in Honey Sauce：Stewed Spare Ribs in Honey Sauce：Sautéed Sliced Pork, Eggs and Black Fungus：Steamed Spare Ribs with Pumpkin and Taro：Stewed Spare Ribs with Kelp en Casserole：Stewed Spare Ribs with Potatoes en Casserole：Sautéed Diced Pork with Assorted Mushrooms：Sautéed Chicken Gizzard and Tripe with Assorted Mushrooms ：Braised Spare Ribs：Deep-Fried Spare Ribs with Minced Garlic and Spicy Salt：Braised Tenderloin (Pork) with Dried Bamboo Shoots：Steamed Pork with Salted Egg Yolk, Taiwan Style：BBQ Spare Ribs with Pineapple：BBQ Spare Ribs：Sweet and Sour Spare Ribs：Sizzling Spare Ribs with Curry Sauce：Sizzling Mixed Meat：Fried Spare Ribs, Wuxi Style：Spare Ribs with Champagne and Fresh Fruit：Steamed Pork and Salted Fish Cutlet：Sautéed Spare Ribs in Orange Sauce：Sautéed Pork with Pepper, Hunan Style：Steamed Pork Ball with Crab Soup：Sautéed Shredded Pork with Potherb Mustard：Dried Wheat Gluten with Pork Stuffing：Yu-Shiang Shredded Pork (Sautéed with Spicy Garlic Sauce) ：Sautéed Spare Ribs with Cumin：Braised Pig's Knuckle in Brown Sauce：Sautéed Pig's Kidney：Sautéed Preserved Pork with Celery：Sautéed Squid with Shredded Pork and Leek：Fried Sweet and Sour Tenderloin (Lean Meat)：Yu-Shiang Shredded Pork (Sautéed in Spicy Garlic Sauce)：Sautéed Pork with Mushrooms：Roast Pork with Mixed Vegetables：Sautéed Pork with Chinese Broccoli：Sautéed Shredded Pork with Ginger Shoots：Sautéed Pork in Hot Pepper Sauce：Curry Pork：Pork Tripe Stuffed with Meat：Stewed Pork Hock：Braised Intestines in Brown Sauce：Deep-Fried Pork Hock with Pancake：Deep-Fried Meat Balls with Choice of Sauces：Stewed Pig Feet with Preserved Tofu：Stewed Pig Feet with Black Bean Sauce：Fried Boiled Pork with Black Fungus：Fried Boiled Pork with Sea Cucumber：Sautéed Pork Kidney with Mashed Garlic：Braised Pork Hock in Brown Sauce：Sautéed Shredded Pork Filet with Coriander：Fried Shredded Pork Filet in Soy Bean Paste with Pancake ：Sautéed Fried Meat Balls with Brown Sauce：Braised Pork Tripe Shreds with Mashed Garlic in Sauce：Four-Joy Meatballs (Meat Balls Braised with Brown Sauce) ：Deep-Fried Pork Filet：Soft-Fried Pork Filet：Fried Shredded Pork Filet with Hot Pepper：Quick-Fried Pork Filet Slices with Sauce：Sautéed Shredded Pork with Bean Sprouts：Braised Pork Intestines with Mashed Garlic：Fried Pork Intestines with Hot Pepper：Quick-Fried Pork Tripe Slices：Stir-Fried Pork Tripe Slices with Chili：Sautéed Pork Tripe Slices with Coriander：Quick-Fried Pork Intestines in Brown Sauce：Sautéed Sliced Pork with Scallion and Bean Sprouts：Sautéed Pork Slices with Pickled Turnip：Steamed Spare Ribs with Rice Flour：Braised Pork Slices with Bean Sprouts：Braised Dongpo Pork Hock with Brown Sauce：Braised Pork，Sichuan Style：Steamed Pork with Rice Flour：Steamed Pork Slices with Red Bean Paste：Sautéed Diced Pork with Green Peas：Sautéed Vermicelli with Spicy Minced Pork：Sautéed Shredded Pork with Celery：Sautéed Shredded Pork with Green Pepper：Sautéed Shredded Pork and French Beans：Sautéed Shredded Pork with Bamboo Shoots：Deep-Fried Eggplant with Pork Stuffing：Crispy Rolls of Shreded Pork, Sea Cucumber and Bamboo Shoots ：Roasted Suckling Pig：Braised Pig Tendon in Brown Sauce：Steamed Pig Brains：Scrambled Eggs with Pig Brains：Sautéed Spare Ribs with Greens：Crispy Spare Ribs with Spicy Salt：Steamed Spare Ribs with Taro：Braised Spare Ribs：BBQ Spare Ribs Off the Bone：Sautéed Streaky Pork with Cabbage in Chili Sauce：Spare Ribs in Wine Sauce：BBQ Boneless Spare Ribs：Grilled Pork with Spicy Sauce：Sautéed Chinese Broccoli with Ham：Braised Pork with Chestnuts：Sautéed Gristles：Sautéed Sour Beans with Minced Pork：Braised Streaky Pork with Turnip Peel：Sautéed Preserved Pork with Red Vegetables：Steamed Preserved Pork in Bamboo Tube：Fried Pork Slices with Salted Pepper：Braised Pork with Vermicelli：Braised Pigtails with French Beans：Braised Pig Feet with Dried Cowpeas：Steamed Spare Ribs in Black Bean Sauce：Stewed Meat Ball with Egg YolkBeef：Sautéed Beef Filet in XO Sauce：Sautéed Beef Ribs：Sautéed Beef Filet with Bell Peppers：Scalded Beef：Sautéed Sliced Beef and Vegetables in Oyster Sauce ：Grilled Beef with Shanghai Greens：Braised Oxtail in Chili Sauce, Sichuan Style：Sautéed Beef Filet in Chili Sauce, Sichuan Style：Sautéed Beef with Scallion：Braised Beef Brisket with Tomato：Sautéed Shredded Beef in Chili Sauce：Griddle Cooked Beef and Wild Mushrooms：Stewed Beef en Casserole：Stewed Beef Balls with Chili Sauce：Stewed Beef Brisket with Radish：Sautéed Beef Filet with Hot Green Pepper：Sautéed Sliced Beef in Oyster Sauce：Pan-Fried Beef Ribs with Black Pepper：Sautéed Beef Filet with Black Pepper：Sautéed Diced Beef Filet with Black Pepper：Sautéed Beef Filet with Black Pepper：Pan-Fried Beef Steak with Black Pepper：Braised Oxtail in Red Wine：Braised Beef with Carrots：Sautéed Sliced Beef with Onion and Ginger：Sautéed Beef Filet with Chinese Broccoli：Pan-Fried Beef with Crispy Garlic：Braised Beef Brisket en Casserole：Consommé of Beef Balls：Sautéed Sliced Beef with Yam：Beef with Chili Grilled on Stone Plate：Sautéed Beef with Seasonal Vegetable：Poached Sliced Beef in Hot Chili Oil：Crispy Beef Filet：Sizzling Beef Kebabs：Sizzling Calf Ribs with Papaya：Sizzling Beef Steak：Sautéed Beef Filet with Potatoes：Sautéed Beef and Green Peas in Spicy Sauce：Sautéed Beef with Fresh Mushrooms：Sautéed Beef Filet with Bell Peppers：Steamed Beef Ribs in Black Bean Sauce：Sautéed Beef with Black Pepper and Taro：Braised Beef with Taro：Sautéed Preserved Beef with Leek and Pepper：Braised Beef with Bamboo Shoots：Sautéed Shredded Beef with Onion：Sautéed Diced Beef with Cashew Nuts：Beef Filet with Tomato Sauce, Chinese Style：Beef Steak with Tomato Sauce, Chinese Style：Grilled Beef with Cumin：Braised Beef Brisket with Cumin：Sautéed Beef Filet, Country Style：Sautéed Diced Beef with Green Beans：Steamed Beef in Black Bean Sauce：Sautéed Beef with Mixed Vegetables：Yu-Shiang Beef (Sautéed with Spicy Garlic Sauce) ：Sautéed Beef with Chinese Broccoli：Sautéed Beef with Snow Peas：Sautéed Beef with Pepper and Onions：Beef with Dried Orange Peel：Dry-Braised Shredded Beef, Sichuan Style：Beef, Hunan Style：Sautéed Shreded Beef with Ginger Shoots：Sautéed Beef with Sesame：Sautéed Beef in Hot Pepper Sauce：Beef Tenderloin with Mixed Vegetables：Braised Beef Tendon in Brown Sauce：Stir-Fried Shreded Beef with Vegetables：Stir-Fried Beef Filet with Broccoli：Braised Beef Filet in Iron Pot：Stir-Fried Beef Filet with Mushrooms：Stir-Fried Beef Filet with Green Asparagus：Braised Beef Filet in Black Bean Sauce：Ox Head with Hot Chili Oil：Spicy Ox Tripe：Braised Beef Filet with Scallion：Beef BBQ with Spicy Sauce：Sautéed Beef with Greens：Sautéed Beef with Bitter Melon：Sautéed Shredded Beef：Sautéed Beef with Lemon：Sautéed Beef with Pickled Vegetable：Sautéed Mongolian Beef：Sautéed Calf Ribs with Spicy Salt：Sautéed Beef with Cabbage in Chili Sauce：Sautéed Beef with Litchi：Sautéed Shredded Beef with Wild Pepper：Sautéed Shredded Beef with Hot Pepper and Celery：Pan-Fried Superior Steak ( with black pepper sauce / vanilla sauce) ：Pan-Fried New Zealand Calf Chop：Boiled Beef：Braised Beef with Potatoes：Fried Beef with Scrambled Eggs：Steamed Beef with Rice Flour：Steamed Ox Tripe with Curry：Sautéed Ox Tripe with CorianderPoultry and Eggs：Sautéed Chicken with Hot and Green Pepper：Grilled Chicken Legs：Grilled Mustard Flavored Chicken Breast：Sautéed Chicken Gizzards with Pepper：Braised Chicken with Chestnuts：Chicken in Hot Spicy Sauce, Sichuan Style：Crispy Chicken：Sautéed Sliced Chicken：Braised Shredded Chicken with Ham and Dried Tofu：Deep-Fried Chicken：Braised Chicken with Sliced Abalone and Ham：Sautéed Chicken Balls with Mushrooms and Bamboo Shoots ：Sautéed Chicken Slices in Egg-White：Stewed Chicken in Scallion and Black Bean Sauce：Griddle Cooked Chicken with Pepper：Griddle Cooked Chicken Gizzard：Kung Pao Chicken：Stewed Chicken Tendon with Chinese Wolfberry：Braised Chicken with Ginseng：Minced Chicken Soup：Pan-Fried Chicken with Ginger and Scallion：Steamed Chicken with Lily Flowers and Fungus：Curry Chicken：Pan-Fried Chicken Wings in Coca-Cola Sauce：Steamed Chicken Feet：Salt Baked Chicken, Hakka Style：Sautéed Spicy Chicken Balls with Lotus Roots：Braised Chicken in Black Bean Sauce：Fried Chicken Cubes with Preserved Tofu：Stewed Chicken in Beer：Poached Sliced Chicken：Steamed Sliced Chicken with Mushrooms and Vegetables ：Sautéed Sliced Chicken with Shepherd's Purse：Braised Chicken with Fresh Mushrooms：Chicken with BBQ Sauce en Casserole：Salted and Steamed Chicken with Ginger：Stewed Chicken and Vegetables en Casserole：Roast Chicken Kebabs：Sautéed Sliced Chicken with Vegetables：Chicken, South China Style：Sautéed Diced Chicken with Chili and Pepper, Sichuan Style ：Deep-Fried Crispy Chicken Breast：Sizzling Chicken in Black Bean Sauce：Sizzling Chicken Feet：Braised Chicken with Ginseng：Grilled Spring Chicken：Crispy Chicken with Shrimp Paste and Almonds：Sautéed Boneless Chicken with Almonds in Orange Dressing ：Sautéed Diced Chicken and Cashew Nuts：Deep-Fried Chicken with Garlic：Yu-Shiang Chicken Slices (Sautéed with Spicy Garlic Sauce) ：Stewed Chicken in Sauce：Sautéed Chicken Feet in Maggi Sauce：Sautéed Diced Chicken with Cucumber：Sautéed Chicken with Mixed Vegetables：Sautéed Chicken with Chinese Broccoli：Sautéed Chicken with Snow Peas：Sweet and Sour Chicken：Chicken with Dried Orange Peel：Dry-Braised Chicken in Chili Sauce：Sautéed Chicken with Lemon：Chicken，Hunan Style：Sautéed Chicken with Ginger Shoots：Sautéed Sliced Chicken with Pea Sprouts：Deep-Fried Chicken Chunks：Stewed Chicken with Three Cups Sauce：Chicken with Scallion in Hot Oil：Crispy Chicken：Braised Chicken Breast in Pumpkin Soup：Sautéed Quail Breast with Coriander：Stewed Chicken with Jujubes, Peanuts and Chestnuts：Stir-Fried Chicken Slices with Broccoli：Stir-Fried Chicken Slices with Mushrooms：Sautéed Chicken Slices with Coriander：Sautéed Chicken Slices with Green Asparagus：Stir-Fried Diced Chicken with Walnuts：Stir-Fried Sweet and Sour Chicken Leg：Special Flavored Shredded Chicken：Steamed Chicken with Chili Sauce：Yu-Shiang Diced Chicken (Sautéed with Spicy Garlic Sauce) ：Chicken with Ginger and Scallion Oil：Sautéed Chicken Balls with Greens：Sautéed Chicken with Black Bean Sauce：Sautéed Sliced Chicken with Ginger and Pineapple：Steamed Tofu with Egg, Chicken and Shrimp：Braised Chicken in Sweet and Sour Sauce：Honey-Stewed Chicken with Ginger Shoots：Curry Chicken with Apple：Pepper Chicken：Sautéed Chicken Gristle with Scallion in Maggi Sauce：Steamed Spring Chicken：Chicken Wings and Legs with Brown Sauce：Steamed Chicken Skin with Shrimp Paste：Roast Chicken：Red-Cooked Chicken, Fuliji Style：Red-Cooked Chicken, Daokou Style：Chicken Seasoned with Brown Sauce：Smoked Chicken：Spiced Chicken：Chicken with Spicy Salt：Chicken with Chili and Sichuan Pepper：Red-Cooked Chicken with Tea Falvor：Grilled Ham and Chicken：Boiled Chicken with Sesame and Spicy Sauce：Beggars Chicken (Baked Chicken)：Chicken with Glutinous Rice Stuffing：Steamed Chicken with Stuffing：Deep-Fried Chicken in Tin Foil：Steamed Whole Chicken：Steamed Chicken with Truffle：Fried Chicken Gizzards：A Chicken Prepared in Three Ways：Chicken and Crab Roe with Shrimp Balls：Sliced Chicken with Chicken Livers and Ham：Sautéed Chicken Slices with Water Chestnuts：Sautéed Chicken Slices with Seasonal Vegetable：Steam Pot Chicken Wings：Steamed Whole Duck：Steamed Duck with Bamboo Shoots and Ham：Two-Coloured Crispy Duck with Minced Shrimps Stuffing：Quanjude Roast Duck：Roast Duck with Fish-Like Dough：Duck Meat with Snow Peas and Mushrooms：Sautéed Duck with Ginger Shoots：Braised Duck with Shredded Konjak：Spiced Duck with Tofu：Salt Baked Duck in Lotus Leaf：Fried Diced Duck：Stir-Fried Duck Intestines with Green Pepper：Stewed and Seasoned Duck Slices, Duck Feet and Duck Liver ：Smoked Duck, Sichuan Style (with Lotus-Leaf-Like Pancake) ：Frangrant Smoked Duck Kernel：Salt-Baked Duck in Lotus Leaf：Duck Intestines with Chili Sauce：Duck Feet with Mustard：Stir-Fried Duck Tongues with Sichuan Chili：Braised Chicken with Assorted Meat and Thread Moss：Shredded Roast Duck with White Fungus：Smoked Duck Rolls with Honey Sauce：Stir-Fried Duck Wings with Coriander：Sautéed Shredded Duck in Soy Sauce：Braised Duck with Black Mushrooms and Vegetables：Beijing Roast Duck：Sautéed Roast Duck with Bell Pepper：Stewed Duck with Aweto：Deep-Fried Smoked Duck with Egg Crust：Braised Duck with Preserved Vegetables：Stewed Duck with Ginseng and Chinese Wolfberry：Sautéed Sliced Duck with Asparagus in Black Bean Sauce ：Sautéed Duck Hearts：Sautéed Sliced Duck in Soy Sauce：Braised Duck with Mixed Vegetables：Pan-Fried Duck Breast in Cherry Sauce：Pan-Fried Duck Breast with Honey Sauce：Steam Pot Duck with Aweto：Deep-Fried Boneless Duck with Taro Puree：Sautéed Diced Duck Meat in Potato Basket：Braised Duck Gizzards with Black Pepper：Braised Four–Delicacies of Duck：Stewed Duck with Soya Beans：Sautéed Minced Duck on Lettuce Leaf：Braised Duck with Plum Sauce：Sautéed Salted Duck with Hot Spicy Sauce：Crispy Boneless Duck：Deep-Fried Duck in Lotus Leaf：Crispy Shredded Duck：Deep-Fried Goose Liver Roll with Taro：Braised Goose Feet with Sea Cucumber：Braised Dried Goose and Lettuce in Spicy Sauce：Grilled Goose Liver with Matsutake：Pan-Fried Goose Liver：Pan-Fried Goose Liver with Wild Mushrooms：Fried Goose Liver，Sichuan Style：Roast Goose, Chaozhou Style：Braised Pigeon：Stewed Quail with Aweto：Braised Quail Breast with Black Bean Sauce：Crispy Quail with Sesame：Sautéed Pigeon Breast in XO Sauce：Steamed Pigeon with Mushrooms and Ham：Sautéed Minced Pigeon with Sliced Vegetables ：Crispy Pigeon：Roast Pigeon：Steamed Pigeon in Lotus Leaves：Braised Pigeon Breast in Red Wine：Sautéed Pigeon Breast in Lemon Sauce：Pan-Fried Pigeon Breast：Sautéed Minced Pigeon on Lettuce Leaf：Sautéed Sliced Pigeon Breast with Vegetables：Stewed Pigeon with Gastrodia Tuber：Fried Sliced Pigeon with Ham：Salted Duck Egg：Marinated Egg：Boiled Egg：Egg Preserved in Rice Wine：Poached Egg：Fried Eggs：Fried Eggs with Chopped Chinese Toon Leaves ：Crab Meat with Egg White：Scrambled Egg with Shrimp Paste：Scrambled Egg with Leek：Scrambled Egg with Scallion：Steamed Egg with Clams：Scrambled Egg with Chicken Liver：Scrambled Egg with Mushroom：Scrambled Egg with Ham：Bird’s Nest with Pigeon Egg：Quail Egg with Vegetables：Fried Minced Meat and Quail Egg：Pan-Fried Eggs with Minced Pork and Vegetables ：Egg CustardLamb：Sautéed Lamb Slices with Scallion：Sautéed Lamb Filet with Garlic：Braised Lamb Chops with Carrots：Sautéed Diced Lamb with Scallion：Roast Lamb Tenderloin：Roast Lamb Leg：Pot-Stewed Lamb Leg：Sautéed Sliced Lamb with Pepper and Parsley：Lamb with Tofu Skin en Casserole：Fried Lamb Chops Wrapped in Paper：Dried Lamb with Wild Truffles：Grilled Lamb Chops：Roasted Lamb：Mongolian Boiled Lamb：Mongolian Hot Pot：Braised Lamb in Brown Sauce：Stewed Lamb in Brown Sauce：Double Boiled Lamb Soup：Sautéed Spicy Lamb：Sautéed Lamb Tripe：Roast Whole Lamb：Fried Lamb with Cumin：Lamb Spine Hot PotVegetables：Sautéed Lily Bulbs and Seaweed in XO Sauce：Sautéed Pumpkin with Lily Bulbs：Poached Chinese Cabbage with Chestnuts：Scalded Seasonal Vegetable：Sautéed Chinese Broccoli：Sautéed Lettuce：Sautéed Seasonal Vegetable：Sautéed Bitter Melon Peel in Black Bean Sauce：Sautéed Snow Peas with Scallion：Sautéed Green Peas and Sweet Corn：Braised Shanghai Greens with Black Mushrooms：Sautéed Indian Lettuce with Diced Fish in Black Bean Sauce ：Braised Asparagus with Scallops：Sautéed Bitter Melon。
介绍旅游管理的英文作文
介绍旅游管理的英文作文Title: Exploring the Dynamics of Travel Management。
Introduction。
Travel management is a multifaceted field that encompasses various aspects of planning, organizing, and executing travel-related activities. It plays a crucialrole in the tourism industry, facilitating seamless experiences for travelers while ensuring the efficient operation of travel services. In this essay, we delve into the intricacies of travel management, examining its key components, challenges, and the evolving landscape of the industry.Understanding Travel Management。
At its core, travel management involves the coordination of resources and services to meet the diverse needs of travelers. This includes everything from itineraryplanning and accommodation arrangements to transportation logistics and destination activities. Effective travel management requires a comprehensive understanding of customer preferences, budget constraints, and regulatory requirements.Key Components of Travel Management。
旅游服务实用英语unit 1
Lily: How many pieces of luggage do you have? Mr. Smith:48 and here they are. Shall we take them to the bus? Lily: No, you needn’t. I’ll ask the porter to take care of them. Mr. Smith: Thank you very much. Lily: Ladies and gentlemen, attention, please. Our bus is waiting outside. Now please follow me to the bus. (After they get on the bus, Lily counts the tourists. And then they will head for the hotel.) Lily: May I have your attention please? I wonder if everyone is on the bus. Mr. Smith: Sorry, but Jenny is not on. Ah, here she comes. Lily: Since everybody is on the bus, shall we go now? Mr. Smith: Yes,
Useful Patterns
1. How was your trip?你们旅途过得怎么样？ 2. Is everybody here now?大家都在这儿吗？ 3. Excuse me, sir. But are you Mr. William Smith?对不起，请问您是威 廉史密斯先生吗？ 4. I guess you must be Lily, our local guide.我想你一定是我们的地陪导 游丽丽吧。 5. I am Lily from China International Travel Service, Beijing branch.我是 丽丽，来自中国国际旅行社北京分社。 6. You have a group of 25, right?你们团共有25人，对吗？ 7. Ladies and gentlemen, attention, please.女士们，先生们，请注意了。 8. May I have your attention please?大家请注意好吗？ 9. I wonder if everyone is on the bus.我想知道大家是否都上了车。
旅游管理专业英文自我介绍（精选6篇）
旅游管理专业英文自我介绍（精选6篇）旅游管理专业英文篇1After completing my military service, I have been looking for a challenging goal for me to achieve. And I found that the Intermediate of General English Proficiency Test fits my new achievement properly.I graduated from T aipei Commercial Junior College, majored in business administration. Instead of spending much time in playing, I devoted myself to my studies and paid attention to all meaningful things happened in daily life. By the way, I learned a lot from Mr. Wang, the professor of my business class. He is my good friend till now an often gives some appropriate suggestions toward my problem confusion.My father is, in the same way, a good consultant to me. As he said: I am in poor education, little for you; to clarify, what he have given is far beyond his words, I do think so. I was born in a country of Ping Tung Country, farming is our career of generations. There are four people in my family, Mother is housewife and my brother is a student of an Agriculture College.I am optimistic and active, and I am confident that I can pass the test旅游管理专业英文自我介绍篇2I am a student majoring in T ourism Management in college. Upon graduation, a new beginning will come, waiting for me to continue to work hard to meet the challenge. Time shuttle, with a childhood dream, the ideal of youth leave school, go to work. I was thinking of four years, the knowledge structure and the psychology. Four years of mature growth. Strong learning benefits in the University of science and technology innovationatmosphere, four of which made me melt into a compound talents.The main task of the school is to learn, so I have a strong professional knowledge, and knowledge of the theory into practice, the final grades ranked the highest grade, scholarships for outstanding students of two, three and two times, won the title of professional three good student. I study computer, has almost fanatical the love of the computer, in the mastery of basic software and hardware maintenance process, has a unique experience. Smoothly through the national Ministry of labor and social security of high-tech office software application module qualification test in senior operator. Personal interests lead, into the school I attended the school of painting and Calligraphy Association, by the director The vice president, it is hard for me to pay and affirmation."There will be wind and waves, sail sea, full of enthusiasm, tenacious character, hard-working attitude, waiting for my opportunities and challenges! Seize this opportunity, contributing to the unit.旅游管理专业英文自我介绍篇3My name is * * *, the major of tourism management. I am a cheerful, confident sunshine girl. Cheerful personality makes me energetic, good with people; calm and confident so I have the courage to challenge themselves to try to learn new things. I will go after four years of learning journey, full of four years university life, cultivate my rigorous scientific thinking method, I also created a positive and optimistic attitude towards life and the pioneering spirit of innovation. In the university I constantly improve themselves, improve their own quality. On the basis of learning professional courses and public courses, I read, a solidfoundation for myself. I read a lot of extracurricular Books, constantly adding new knowledge, edify sentiment, to broaden their horizons. Moreover, I often attend the English corner activities, exercise the ability of spoken English, but also make many foreign friends.In thought, I have to party, on the one hand, strengthen ideological and moral construction of themselves, armed themselves from the thought; on the other hand, with the purpose of serving the people, to help others, social services, demands on themselves to be members of the strict requirements. Finally in the third year to join glory the Communist Party of Chinese, and in the year after the smooth positive.I actively participate in school organization during the period of school activities, exercise a certain communication ability. I served as the director of Public Relations Association and the University of * * * * literary society. Because of the ministers of the organization especially good at arts and sports, I served as the Department of Arts minister, Academy of art director and school dance association of Latin dance coach, and Football Team cheerleaders, organize and participate in the school held many performances and sports competitions. Haikou is the Golden Coast Lawton Hotel and Meritus Mandarin Hotel wedding celebration exclusive dance artists.School activities are enthusiastic to participate in the * * * * to * * * * * * * * * years by the school competition and the competition prize. * school activities are enthusiastic to participate in the * * month * * * * the game won the prize. As a student I have also repaired their focus on the social practice. In application, combined with the practice of the theory in thesummer to play I * * * * * * * * * * * *. skilled candidates in the summer internship I work in a company, has a solid foundation and strong interest in this aspect I made a lot of good solutions.As a graduating student, I am still very young, but I understand: a young man, can be through continuous learning to improve themselves, to prove himself in practice. I believe that a good self-learning ability and unremitting spirit can make me for my work. I am cheerful, generous, have strong communication ability and practical ability, good at interpersonal communication. To master the knowledge of good manners and hospitality experience, the flexibility and agility, flexibility to work in an emergency.旅游管理专业英文自我介绍篇4Dear Sir/Madam: Hello!my name is , is a student in College, Department of Tourism tourism management major, graduating. Thank you for taking the time to read my cover letter. College is a beautiful environment, strong teachers University, has a long history (teaching cases, papers, courseware, teaching) and excellent tradition in such a reputation for rigor, known for educating school under cultivation, both in knowledge, and in terms of personal qualities, I benefited from.In school, we have the following courses, travel regulations, the outline to tourism science, tour guide duties, basics of Hubei tour, national guide basic knowledge courses.As well as computer and Putonghua training. This will not only enrich their own or develop their own variety of skills. Most importantly, rigorous style of study and correct learning attitude shaped my simple, stable, innovative character.In addition, I also actively participate in various socialactivities, seize every opportunity to exercise their own. * Year of College, I deeply feel that working with other students, benefit me in the competition; to challenge the practical difficulty, let me grow up in frustration.Grandparents taught me diligence, responsibility, kindness, integrity; training at the University I am being pragmatic and pioneering style.I love your organization engaged in the cause, eagerly look forward to your leadership, building blocks for this glorious cause; and in the practice of continuous learning and progress. Collect pen at, I would like to say: regardless of whether you choose me, dear leader, I hope you can accept my sincere thanks! Looking forward to your early reply. I wish you success in your work! This salute!旅游管理专业英文自我介绍篇5My name is , I School of tourism management students.My personality is very outgoing, a Sunshine girl, and I'm also an energetic girl slowly filling, the experience of feeling always useful not to finish, there is a positive feeling, I am good with people, face life with a confident heart, dares to challenge yourself.During college, I continued to improve themselves, improving their own quality. as well as specialized courses and courses on the basis of my reading, has laid a solid foundation for yourself. I read a lot of books and continue to add new knowledge, cultivate and broaden their horizons.Not only that, I often take part in English corner activities organized by the school, practice their English speaking abilities, have made many foreign friends. During school I actively participate in school clubs, exercise a certain degree oforganization and communication skills.I have and literary and social organization, Director-General of the Association of public relations of the University. Due to the particularly good at art and sporting, I served as Minister of the Department of art, art director and Dance Association dance coach and the football team cheerleader, organized and participated in many theatrical performances organized by the campus activities and sporting activities.Haikou Golden Coast Lawton Hotel Mandarin orchard and the wedding celebration exclusive dance artists. During school I also actively participated in social activities, improve my social skills, and expand my knowledge. Because College public relations Association etiquette training, I work more than attended the opening ceremony of the ceremonial reception, do car show models. years x months also participated in the reception of the first annual Conference of the Economic Forum in Asia, and Hot Springs Hotel x certificate issued by the General Manager himself.I am a cheerful, generous, have strong communication and organizational skills and practical abilities, good communication. Mastery of ritual knowledge and working experience, flexible, responsive and flexible in dealing with the emergency. My ability is very strong, responsive, is a reassuring one.旅游管理专业英文自我介绍篇6I am students majored in tourism management. Graduation is coming, and a new start coming, waiting for me to continue to strive to meet the challenges.Time shuttle will leave schools with the ideal of childhood dreams, youth, on jobs. Four years I thought, knowledge structure and psychological, growth and maturity of up to fouryears. Benefits to the University a strong atmosphere of learning, innovation, fused four years made me a compound talents.In the school's main task is to study, so I have a strong professional knowledge and to apply theory to practice, the final final performance ranked highest in the year, access to excellent students scholarship twice a second, third, won the title of school-level student.My major is computer, on computers with an almost fanatical love, proficiency in the use of basic software and hardware maintenance, has a unique experience. Passed the national social and labor and Social Security Department of high-tech Office application software module advanced operator examination for the qualification.Hobbies under the lead of, into the school I attended the school of painting and calligraphy Association, by the Director-General to the Vice President, it is an affirmation of my pay and efforts.According to status of Polytechnic School atmosphere is not strong, organized a series of activities enrich campus life, was voted the first Philatelic Society for outstanding students. Organized intercollegiate and recreational activities, to achieve the desired objective, among teachers and students consent, individuals have been awarded the post West political scene the two schools of painting and calligraphy competition outstanding leaders.Static, such as Virgin, deliberate, 174cm height and outstanding skill, so I got on the pitch, basketball team at small forward with his teammates sweat, the taste of victory. Recitation is my university life an important sentiment.In addition, served as class Secretary and Assistant Instructorduring active service for students, outstanding contributions, won the title of excellent student cadres. Cleave, and set my cloudy sail straight and bridge the deep, deep sea, with full enthusiasm and strong character, diligent attitude and wait for my opportunities and challenges! seize this opportunity for units to make their modest.。
旅游中级英语(一)
远程教育学院期末复习大纲模板注：如学员使用其他版本教材，请参考相关知识点一、根据词义拼写单词1. free for use; available2. the work of providing food and drinks for meetings or social events3. something that is passed down from preceding generations4. freedom from time-consuming duties, responsibilities or activities5. serving to induce or motivate6. responsive to change; adaptable7. a capacity for belief8. a famous living person9. a tax you pay on something you buy10. the price you pay to travel somewhere by bus, train, plane, etc.11. a plane, bus, or train that makes regular short journeys between two places12. the cases, bags, etc. that you carry when you are travelling13. a large box-like car that can carry a lot of people14. a long and difficult journey, made especially on foot as an adventure15. a female person who serves passengers on a ship or aircraft16. a type of small magazine that contains pictures and information on a product or a company17. a customer or someone who receives services18. a method or way of expressing something19. containing a lot of connected parts or many complicated details20. having a legal forcethe place that someone or something is going to21. the system or type of money that a country uses22. someone whose job is to help and support people with problems23. the place where your bags are checked for illegal goods when you go into a country customs24. a person or company that represents another person or company, especially in business agent25. a shop, company, or organization through which products are sold26. a person or campany who seels good wholesale27. land that is rough and uneven28. a place where a lot of people go for holidays29. using, speaking, or written in several different languages30. likely to happen31. a large box-like car that can carry a lot of people二、单项选择：三、正误判断：1.The value of “balance of life”in Indonesia is positive to the eco-tourismdevelopment in this country.印度尼西亚“生命平衡”的价值观对于该国生态旅游发展是有积极作用的。
《旅游(管理)英语》课程教学大纲
《旅游（管理）英语》课程大纲《旅游（管理）英语》课程教学大纲江门职业技术学院外语系公共英语教研室学时数：108 其中：理论教学学时：54 课内实训学时：54先修课：《高职实用英语》后续课：广东省英语导游证考试一、课程的性质、教学目标和任务旅游英语是旅游管理专业的必修课，旨在提高旅游专业的学生和旅游从业人员在从事涉外业务所需要的英语交际能力，包括专业阅读、翻译、写作和口头交际的能力。
通过翻译理论与翻译技巧的学习，不仅考查学生英语综合知识的掌握水平，提高学生的英语实际运用能力。
尤其是通过大量专业旅游资料的翻译练习，使学生既扩宽旅游专业知识面，同时又提高英语水平，逐步掌握旅游专业英语的语言特点及表达方法。
本课程从培养高级应用型人才的总体目标出发，结合学生毕业后的工作实际要求，力求向学生提供未来工作岗位所需要的专业英语知识和技能，培养学生的专业英语交际能力；本课程力求做到基础与专业完美结合、知识与技能有机结合，介绍国际旅游新动态，全面提高学生旅游英语综合应用能力，培养跨世纪专业人才。
二、课程内容和要求（一）教学基本要求：1.要求学生通过学习，熟练掌握有关旅游管理的专业英语词汇，掌握常见的英文句型及重点语法，认真完成课程中规定的各项练习，能听懂旅游业的常用英语口语，熟练朗读及拼写，能进行基本的英汉互译，能运用基本正确的英语进行对客交流服务，如：机场迎接游客、入住酒店，游览参观等，掌握旅游管理专业英语的基本学习方法、技巧；并鼓励学生学会借助工具书独立解决学习中所遇到的各种问题。
2.课程的教学模式因理论课和实践课而异。
（1）理论课按照“一讲、二背、三模拟”的教学步骤，循序渐进，最后达到掌握或熟练运用的目的。
教学以课堂讲授和室内模拟相结合的方式进行。
“一讲”指以教材为主线，向学生进行系统地讲授，让学生理解；“二背”指课后，学生就课堂上所讲的内容按照教师的要求进行背诵（背诵的要旨在理解，死背的东西不能用，也容易遗忘）；“三模拟”，对常见的英文句型及重点语法，采用课堂交流与讨论的形式进行练习，加深理解，组织学生进行室内演练、情景表演。
旅游管理英语(姚宝荣)1~6单元翻译
Unit 1 The Sunshine IndustryTranslate into Chinese.1）Unlike physical “products”, say a car, you can never “test drive” a tourism product, say a destination. Decisions whether your client is going to buy your product or not have always been based on information and word of mouth.与物理的“产品”不一样，例如汽车，你永远不能“试驾”旅游产品，比如目的地。
决定你的客户是否会购买你的产品或不一直购买，已经是基于信息和口碑。
3) Consumers now have many more choices because the Internet gives moreproviders more opportunities to create direct consumer relationships and allows a wide variety of pricing.现在的消费者有更多的选择，因为互联网让更多的供应商有更多的机会去创造与消费者的直接关系，并且允许各种各样的定价。
5) The most important question is not whether the new technology will replace thetraditional ways of booking holidays, but rather how quickly this transition will occur.最重要的问题不在于新技术是否将取代传统的预订度假的方式，而是这种转变如何迅速发生。
Translate into English1) 尽管网络经济发展迅速，但网上营销观念还没有被中国的广大旅游企业所接受。
自考旅游管理专业英语单词表
自考英语单词表-上-12008-08-02 12:09英语(上)1课a单词successful / sEk5sesful/ a.成功的adult / 5AdQlt/ n.成年人; a.成年的, 成熟的disagree / 5disE5gri:/ vt.(with)1.有分歧,不同意;2.不一致,不符statement / 5steitmEnt/ n.声明,陈述guarantee / 5gArEn5ti:/ n./vt.保证,担保,保修intelligent / in5telidVEnt/ a.聪明的,明智的conversely / 5kRn5vE:sli, 5kRnvE:s-/ ad.相反地similar / 5similE/ a.相似的，类似的；与…相似(to)independent / 5indi5pendEnt/ a.独立的,自主的pattern / 5pAtEn/ n.1.型,模式,样式;2.花样,图案guesser n.猜测者clue / klu:/ n.线索,提示conclusion / kEn5klu:VEn/ n.结论,推论communicate / kE5mju:nikeit/ vi.通讯,交流,交际;vt.传达,传播communication / kE5mju:nikeiFEn/ n.通讯，交流；传达；通讯联系，交通工具inexact / inig5zAkt/ a.不正确的,不精确的incomplete / 5inkEm5pli:t/ a.不完整的purpose / 5pE:pEs/ n.1.目的,意图;2.用途regularly / 5regjulEli/ ad.整齐地,经常地,定期地purposefully ad.有目的地,蓄意地technique / tek5ni:k/ n.1.技术;2.技巧,手艺outline / 5aut-lain/ vt.概括,提出要点;n.轮廓;提纲disagree with 与…有分歧，不一致first of all 首先,第一depend on 依赖，依靠；依…而定be willing to 愿意,乐意be interested in 对…感兴趣on the other hand 另一方面英语(上)1课b单词instance / 5instEns/ n.例,实例deaf / def/ a.聋的;听力不佳的dumb / dQm/ a.哑的;无言的Englishman / 5iNgliFmEn/ n.英国人Italian / i5tAljEn/ n.意大利人;意大利语waiter / 5weitE/ n.侍者,服务员beer / biE/ n.啤酒soda-water n.苏打水,汽水traveler / 5trAvlE/ n.旅客,旅游者macaroni / 5mAkE5rEuni/ n.通心粉primitive / 5primitiv/ a.原始的exact / ig5zAkt/ a.精确的,正确的consist / kEn5sist/ vi.组成(of)simply / 5simpli/ ad.1.仅,只;2.完全地;3朴素地parrot / 5pArEt/ n.鹦鹉not only...but also 不但…而且neither...nor 既不…也不consist of 由…组成Italy / 5itEli/ n.意大利英语(上)2课a单词tax / tAks/ n.税(款) vt.对…征税generally / 5dVenErEli/ ad.一般地,通常,大体上federal / 5fedErEl/ a.联邦的type / taip/ n.类型,种类,品种;vt./vi.打字salaried / 5sAlErid/ a.拿薪水的,领工资的salary / 5sAlEri/ n.工资 vt.[常用被动语态]给…发薪earn / E:n/ vt.1.挣得,赚得;2.获得,赢得percentage / pE5sentidV/ n.百分比,百分率vary / 5vZEri/ vi.变化,有不同,差异;vt.改变,使不同graduated a.1.(税)累进的;2.分等级的;3.刻度的;4.毕业的sale / seil/ n.出售,卖;廉价出售charge / tFa:dV/ vt.1.索价;2.指控;3.装填,使充满;n.1.价钱,费用;2控告,指控;3.负责,主管;4.负荷item / 5aitEm/ n.条,条款,项目packet / 5pAkit/ n.小包,小盒;vt.打包,装行李;包装cigarette n.香烟,纸烟figure / 5figE/ n.1.数字;2.人物;3外形,轮廓;vt.(out)计算出;想出;理解addition / E5diFEn/ n.1.加,加法;2.附加物revenue / 5revinju:/ n.1.(国家的)岁入,税收;2.收入,收益diverse / dai5vE:s/ a.1.不同的,相异的;2.多种多样的confuse / kEn5fju:z/ vt.使混乱,混淆property / 5prRpEti/ n. 1.财产,资产,所有物;2.性质,特性excise / ek5saiz/ n.国产税;本国消费税fund / fQnd/ n.1.基金,专款;2.储备,贮存;vt.供以款项,提供资金department / di5pa:tmEnt/ n.部,部门,系municipal / mju:5nisipEl/ a.市的,市政的complain / kEm5plein/ vt./vi.抱怨(of, about)protest / prE5test, 5prEutest/ vt./vi.抗议,反对useless / 5ju:zlis/ a.1.无用的;2无价值的;3.无效的impractical / im5prAktikl/ a.不切实际的,不能实行的program / 5prEugrAm/ n.1.计划,规划;2.程序;3.节目,节目单;vt.为…编制程序view / vju:/ n.1.看法,见解,观点;2.视野,眼界;3.景色,风景;vt.看待,考虑,估量issue / 5iFu:/ n.1.问题,争论点;2.发行;3(书刊的)期号;vt.发行,颁布,出版tend / tend/ vi.(to)易于,往往会;倾向于;vt.照管,护理be sure of 确信…；确定…have a corner on 垄断(某物)=to have a(the) corner (on)similar to 跟…类似的，与…同样的in addition to 加之；又；除…之外；并且tend to 倾向，有…的趋势，趋于California / 5kAli5fR:njE/ 加利福尼亚(美国州名)North Dakota 北达科他(美国州名)英语(上)2课b单词advertise / 5AdvEtaiz/ vt./vi.为…做广告；登广告attract / E5trAkt/ vt.吸引，引起…的注意design / di5zain/ vt./vi.1.设计;2.预定,指定;n.1.设计;2.图样,图案;3.企图mail / meil/ n.邮件,邮递;vt.邮寄constantly / 5kRnstEntli/ ad.经常地;不断地;时常地product / 5prRdEkt/ n.产品,产物persuade / pE:5sweid/ vt.1.说服,劝服;2.使相信;leisure / 5leVE/ n.1.空闲时间,空暇;2.悠闲,安逸activity / Ak5tiviti/ n.1.活动,活跃;2.行动classified / 5klAsifaid/ a.1.分类的,被归为一类的;2.保密的,机密的edition / i5diFEn/ n.版,版本section / 5sekFEn/ n.1.章节,部分;2.部门,科;3.截面,剖面announcement / E5naunsmEnt/ n.通告,布告,告示available / E5veilEbl/ a. 可利用的,可获得的amount / E5maunt/ n.数量,数额,总数;vi.合计,共计(to)display / dis5plei/ n./vt.1.陈列,展览;2.显示entertainment / 5entE5teinmEnt/ n.(戏院,马戏团等的)娱乐,游艺,技艺表演;2.招待,款待audience / 5R:djEns/ n.听众,观众,读者limited / 5limitid/ a.有限的attractive / E5trAktiv/ a.有吸引力的,引起注意的characteristic / 5kAriktE5ristik/ a.特有的,典型的;为…特有的(of);n.特性,特征slogan / 5slEugEn/ n.标语,口号identify / ai5dentifai/ vt.认出，鉴定；认为…等同于(with) commercial / kE5mE:FEl/ a.商业的,商务的;n.商业广告department / di5pa:tmEnt/ n.部,部门,系responsible / ris5pRnsEbl/ a.1.需负责的,承担责任的(for);2.有责任感的,负责可靠的;3.责任重大的,重要的company / 5kQmpEni/ n.1.公司;2.同伴,陪伴particular / pE5tikjulE/ a.特定的；特殊的，特别的 n.详情，细节estimate / 5estimit, 5estimeit/ n.估计,估价;评价;vt.估计,估价management / 5mAnidVmEnt/ n.1.管理,经营;2.管理部门;3.资方approve / E5pru:v/ vt.1.赞成,同意;2.批准,核准involve / in5vRlv/ vt.1.使卷入,使参与(in);2.牵涉;3.包含,含有for the most part 在很大程度上,多半be characteristic of 为…所特有，是…的特征catch the eye 引人注目no more than 仅仅identify...with 把…和…等同起来carry over 继续下去,遗留下来as well as 除…之外(也)；和over and over 反复put up with 忍受,容忍be responsible for 对…负责任的；对…承担责任的decide on 决定,选定be involved in 与…有关联，参与，介入英语(上)3课a单词sailor / 5seilE/ n.水手,海员unwilling / 5Qn5wiliN/ a.不情愿的,不愿意的equator / i5kweitE/ n.赤道km n.公里;千公尺bulge / bQldV/ n.不规则突起;鼓起之处unusual / Qn5ju:VuEl/ a.不寻常的,与众不同的salty / 5sR:lti/ a.含盐的,咸的average / 5AvEridV/ n.平均数,平均;a.1.平均的;2.平常的,普通的;v.平均spot / spRt/ n.1.地点,处所;2.点,斑点;vt.1.点缀;2.认出,准确定位range / reindV/ n.山脉;幅度,范围;vi.(在某范围内)变动,变化;vt.把…排列成行peak / pi:k/ n.1.山峰;2.顶点mid-Atlantic a.大西洋中部的eastward / 5i:stwEd/ a.向东的;ad.向东vessel / 5vesl/ n.1.船,舰;2.容器,器皿crew / kru:/ n.全体船员,全体机务人员becalm / bi5kB:m/ vt.1.(常用被动)(指帆船)因无风而停止前进;2.使平静,使安静gulf / gQlf/ n.海湾stream / stri:m/ n.小河,溪流;vi.流,涌current / 5kQrEnt/ n.1.(空气,水等)流,潮流;2.潮流;3.电流;a.当前的,通行的affect / E5fekt/ vt.影响,打动climate / 5klaimit/ n.气候flow / flEu/ vi.流动;n.流furnish / 5fE:niF/ vt.1.供应,提供2.装备,(用家具)布置fishing / 5fiFiN/ n.捕鱼,钓鱼region / 5ri:dVEn/ n.地区,区域highway / 5haiwei/ n.公路;(水陆)交通干线iceberg / 5aisbE:g/ n.冰山float / flEut/ vi./vt.(使)漂浮steamship / 5sti:mFip/ n.汽船,轮船airplane / 5ZEplein/ n.飞机separate...from 使从…分离(分开，隔开)on average 根据平均标准；平均而言pile up 累积;(指若干车辆)碰撞在一起Atlantic / Et5lAntik/ 大西洋(=the Atlantic Ocean)America / E5merikE/ 美洲(前边加定冠词the)Pacific / pE5sifik/ 太平洋(=the Pacific Ocean)Columbus / kE5lQmbEs/ 哥伦布(意大利航海家，新大陆发现者)Puerto Rico 波多黎各(美国的一个自由联邦，实行自治)Azores / E5zR:z, E5zREz/ 亚速尔群岛Florida / 5flRridE/ 佛罗里达(美国州名)Sargasso Sea 马尾藻海(在西印度群岛东北)Gulf Stream 墨西哥湾流Labrador / 5lAbrEdR:/ 拉布拉多半岛(加拿大地名)Arctic / 5a:ktik/ 北极(the Arctic北极北区；北冰洋)Grand Banks 大浅滩(纽芬兰岛东南的大西洋浅滩)Newfoundland 纽芬兰(加拿大岛或省名)英语(上)3课b单词remain / ri5mein/ vi.1.仍然是,依旧是;2.剩下,余留observation / 5RbzE:5veiFEn/ n.注意,观察;观察物continually / kEn5tinjuEli/ ad.不停地,频频地gravitational / grAvi5teiFEnl/ a.吸引作用的,万有引力的,地心引力的diameter / dai5AmitE/ n.直径disc / disk/ n.1.圆盘;2.唱片,磁盘artist / 5a:tist/ n.艺术家,美术家merely / 5miEli/ ad.仅仅,只不过reflect / ri5flekt/ vt.反射,反映; 思考,考虑absolutely / 5AbsElu:tli/ ad.1.完全地,绝对地;2.肯定地uncomfortably ad.不舒适地,不安地inhabitant / in5hAbitEnt/ n.居民,住户earthlight / 5E:Wlait/ n.地球光moonlight / 5mu:nlait/ n.月光lunar / 5lju:nE/ a.月亮的occasionally / E5keiVEnEli/ ad.偶尔地,间或sunlight / 5sQnlait/ n.日光,太阳光except for 除了…外；除去；撇开keep...in mind 记住light up 使明亮,发亮speak of 谈起,提到英语(上)4课a单词psychological / 5saikE5lRdVikEl/ a.心理(学)的focus / 5fEukEs/ vt./vi.(on)(使)聚集,(使)集中焦点n. (注意,活动,兴趣等的)中心basic / 5beisik/ a.基本的,基础的principle / 5prinsEpl/ n.1.原理,原则;2.主义,信念meaningfulness n.富有意义organization / 5R:gEnai5zeiFEn/ n.1.组织;2.团体,机构association / E5sEusi5eiFEn/ n.1.联合,结合,交往;2.协会,社团; visualization / viVuElai5zeiFEn/ n.想象,设想meaningful / 5mi:niNful/ a.富有意义的,意味深长的rhyme / raim/ n.韵,押韵ability / E5biliti/ n.能力,能耐random / 5rAndEm/ a./ad.胡乱的,任意的, 随便的; n.无目的或目标organize / 5R:gEnaiz/ vt.组织jumble / 5dVQmbl/ vt./vi. 混杂chunk / tFQNk/ n.一大块,一厚块;vt.分块,组块easily / 5i:zili/ ad.容易地categorize / 5kAtigEraiz/ n.分类following / 5fRlEuiN/ a.接着的,下列的category / 5kAtigEri/ n.1.门类,种类;2.范畴;3.(整个系统或组合中的)部门needless / 5ni:dlis/ a.不需要的,不必要的refer / ri5fE:/ vi.提到，涉及；查阅 vt.把…归类于relate / ri5leit/ vt.1.叙述,讲述;2.使相互关联(…to);vi.(to)有关联accurately / 5Akjuritli/ ad.准确地,精确地memorize / 5memEraiz/ vt.熟记,记住associate / E5sEuFieit/ vt.把…联系在一起；交往 n.同事 a.副的improvement / im5pru:vmEnt/ n.改进,增进visualize / 5vizjuElaiz/ vt.想象,设想imagery / 5imidVEri/ n.写作中直喻或比喻的使用;像或肖像的总称;意象repetition / 5repi5tiFEn/ n.1.重复,反复;2.背诵integrated / 5intEgreitid/ a.成整体的,完全的,完整的image / 5imidV/ n.像,形象,映像,图像mental / 5mentl/ a.1.智力的,脑力的;2.精神的,思想上的preserve / pri5zE:v/ vt.1.保护,维持;2.保存,保藏focus on 集中make sense 有意义make a difference 有影响,起(重要)作用needless to say 不用说refer to 提到,涉及;参考,查阅relate...to 与…有关系associate...with 把…联系在一起；与…常在一起，与…为友Mount Fuji 富士山Japan / dVE5pAn/ 日本英语(上)4课b单词short-term a.短期的long-term a.长期的recall / ri5kR:l/ vt.1.回忆,回想;2.召回;3.撤消,收回contrast / 5kRntrAst, kEn5trAst/ n.对比，对照 vi.形成对比 vt.把…与…对比dial / 5daiEl/ vt./vi.拨(电话号码),打电话(给);n.1.钟(或表)面;2.标度盘;3.拨号盘interrupt / 5intE5rQpt/ vt.打断,打扰;终止,阻碍;vi.打断,打扰unable / 5Qn5eibl/ a.[后接动词不定式]不能的，不会的psychologist / sai5kRlEdVist/ n.心理学家human / 5hju:mEn/ a.人的,人类的;n.人apparatus / ,ApE5reitEs/ n.器械,器具,设备rat / rAt/ n.鼠release / ri5li:s/ n./vt.1.释放,解放;2.发布,发行;3放开,松开reward / ri5wR:d/ n./vt.1.酬劳,奖赏;2报答interval / 5intEvEl/ n.间隔,间距;幕间(或工间)休息represent / 5repri5zent/ vt.作为…代表(代理)；表示；表现intermediate / 5intE5mi:djEt/ a.中间的;中级的advanced / Ed5va:nst/ a. 先进的,高级的native-speaking a.说本族语的,讲本国话的recording / ri5kR:diN/ n.录制(尤指广播,电视等)节目speaker / 5spi:kE/ n.1.说话者,演讲者;讲某种语言的人;2.扬声器paragraph / 5pArEgra:f/ n.(文章的)段落,节alike / E5laik/ a.同样的,相像的wither / 5wiTE/ vt./vi.(使)枯萎,凋谢method / 5meWEd/ n.方法,办法system / 5sistim/ n.1.系统,体系;2.制度,体制unrelated a.无关的,不相关的proficiency / prE5fiFEnsi/ n.[U]熟练，精通in contrast 成对比look up 在字典、参考书中查找be unable to 不能做某事turn on 开,接通(水源,电源,煤气等)turn off 关,关断(水源,电源,煤气等)to begin 首先，开始Los Angeles 洛杉矶(美国加州西南一港市)英语(上)5课a单词fallacy / 5fAlEsi/ n.谬见，错误的信念；谬误推理，谬论quality / 5kwRliti/ n.1.质量;2.品质,特性deer / diE/ n.鹿savage / 5sAvidV/ a.1.野蛮的,未开化的;2凶猛,残酷的tribe / traib/ n.1.种族,部落;2.(植物,动物)族,类bravery / 5breivEri/ n.[U]英勇，勇敢；勇气man-eating n./a.食人;食人的eager / 5i:gE/ a.热切的,渴望的civilized / 5sivilaizd/ a.文明的,开化的ginger / 5dVindVE/ n.生姜,姜root / ru:t/ n.1.根(部);2.根本,根源;v.(使)生根,(使)扎根magical / 5mAdVikEl/ a.1.魔术的,似魔术的;2.不可思议的,迷人的poisonous / 5pRiznEs/ a.有毒的overseas / 5Euve5si:z/ ad.在(向)海外,在(向)国外;a.(在)海外的,(在)国外的widespread / 5waidspred/ a.分布(或散布)广的,普遍的muscle / 5mQsl/ n.1.肌肉;2.力量,实力chew / tFu:/ vt./vi.咀嚼helpful / 5helpful/ a.1.给予帮助的,肯帮助的;2.有益的,建设性的digestive / di5dVestiv/ a.消化(食物)的juice / dVu:s/ n.汁,液digest / di5dVest, 5daidVest/ vt.消化;n.文摘foundation / faun5deiFEn/ n.1.根据;2.基金会;3.基础,地基mixture / 5mikstFE/ n.混合;混合物belief / bi5li:f/ n.1.相信;2.信念,信仰acid / 5Asid/ n.酸,酸性物质;a.酸的curdle / 5kE:dl/ vi./vt.(使)结成凝乳;变成凝乳状indigestible / indi5dVestEbl/ a.难消化的;不能消化的digestion / di5dVestFEn/ n.消化;吸收cream / kri:m/ n.奶油,奶油色combination / 5kRmbi5neiFEn/ n.1.结合,联合;2.化合,化合物protein / 5prEuti:n/ n.蛋白质carbohydrate / 5ka:bEu5haidreit/ n.碳水化合物；[pl.]淀粉质食物chiefly / 5tFi:fli/ ad.大半, 主要contain / kEn5tein/ vt.包含,容纳be eager to 热切想做,渴望要做substitute for …的替代物have...to do with 与…有关as a matter of fact 事实上,其实;事实恰恰相反think of...as 把…看成英语(上)5课b单词insect / 5insekt/ n.昆虫ant / Ant/ n.蚂蚁hardworking / 5ha:d5wE:kiN/ a.努力工作的wrestle / 5resl/ vi.角力或摔跤比赛mock / mRk/ vt./vi.愚弄,嘲弄;a.假的,模拟的engage / in5geidV/ vi. (in)从事于,参加;vt.1.使从事于,使忙于;2.占用(时间等)sober / 5sEubE/ n.1.冷静的，镇定的；2.认真，严肃的frog / frRg/ n.蛙grave / greiv/ a.1.严重的；2.严肃，庄重的；n.坟墓owl / aul/ n.猫头鹰nest / nest/ n.巢，窝beaver / 5bi:vE/ n.海狸dam / dAm/ n.坝, 堤arrange / E5reindV/ vt.1.安排，筹划；2.整理，排列plaster / 5pla:stE/ vt.1.粘贴；2.涂灰泥于(墙等)；n.灰泥,石膏mud / mQd/ n.泥，泥浆spider / 5spaidE/ n.蜘蛛scarcely / 5skZEsli/ ad.几乎不,几乎没有creature / 5kri:tFE/ n.1.生物，动物；2.人imitate / 5imiteit/ vt.1.模仿，仿效；2.仿制,仿造shepherd / 5FepEd/ n.牧羊人improvement / im5pru:vmEnt/ n.改进,增进fashion / 5fAFEn/ n.1.方式，样子；2.流行式样instinct / 5instiNkt/ n.1.本能，直觉；2.生性，天性hut / hQt/ n.小屋，棚屋cage / keidV/ n.笼variety / vE5raiEti/ n.1.变化，多样化；2.品种，变种；3.种种，多种多样boot / bu:t/ n.靴etc. (=et cetera)［缩］［拉］以及其他，等等wit / wit/ n.智力，才智unlike / 5Qn5laik/ prep.不像…，和…不同 a.不相似的，不同的a great deal 大量，许多be true with 对…一样，对…也是真的engage in 从事,忙于be true of 对…一样，对…也是真的as if 好像,似乎仿佛search for 搜寻,搜寻,探察take care of 1.爱护;２.照顾,照料;３.处理,对付英语(上)6课a单词rare / rZE/ a. 稀有的,难得的substance / 5sQbstEns/ n.1.物质;2.实,本质;3.主旨,大意slight / slait/ a.轻微的,纤细的carbon / 5ka:bEn/ n.碳extreme / iks5tri:m/ a.1.极端的,极度的;2.尽头的,末端的;n.极端pressure / 5preFE/ n.压力,压强liquid / 5likwid/ a.液体的,液态的;n.液体molten / 5mEultEn/ a.(melt的过去分词)(指金属)熔化的crack / krAk/ n.裂缝,裂口;vi.爆裂,破裂crust / krQst/ n. 1.地壳;2.面包皮,硬外皮,外壳crystal / 5kristl/ n.水晶;晶粒;a.清澈透明的,水晶制的,晶体的popular / 5pRpjulE/ a.流行的,通俗的,大众的;受欢迎的gem / dVem/ n.宝石,珠宝handful / hAndful/ n.一把,一小撮gravel / 5grAvEl/ n.碎石,砂砾formation / fR:5meiFEn/ n.[地]岩层；形成，构成pipe / paip/ n.1.管子,导管;2.烟斗;3.火山筒;vt.用管道输送volcano / vRl5keinEu/ n.火山somewhat / 5sQmwRt/ ad.稍微,有点blast / bla:st/ n.1.疾风,强风;2.爆炸;vt.炸,炸掉elevator / 5eliveitE/ n.电梯,升降机crush / krQF/ vt.1.压碎,碾碎;2.镇压,压倒destroy / dis5trRi/ vt.1.破坏,毁灭;2.消灭grease / gri:s, gri:z/ n.油脂;滑脂impressive / im5presiv/ a.给人印象深刻的,感人的greasy / 5gri:si/ a.1.涂有油脂的,油污的;2.油腻的,滑的pebble / 5pebl/ n.小圆石;卵石experienced / iks5piEriEnst/ a.有经验的miner / 5mainE/ n.矿工immediately / i5mi:djEtli/ ad.1.立即地,即刻地;2.直接地,紧密地be made of 由…构成be popular with 受…喜欢；受…欢迎run out 用尽sort out 分类,整理stick to 附着,粘住India / 5indiE/ 印度Brazil / brE5zil/ 巴西Russia / 5rQFE/ 俄罗斯South Africa 南非英语(上)6课b单词beneath / bi5ni:W/ prep.在…下面(或底下)，低于haze / heiz/ n.薄雾morning-glory n.牵牛花aside / E5said/ ad.在旁边,到(或向)一边magnify / 5mAgnifai/ vt.1.放大;2.扩大,夸大puzzle / 5pQzl/ vt.(使)迷惑,(使)为难;vi.迷惑,苦思;n.1.测验(智力,技巧等)的问题(或游戏),智力玩具;2.迷,seed / si:d/ n.种子observe / Eb5zE:v/ vt.1.注意到,察觉到;2.观察;3.说;4.遵守,奉行seaweed / 5si:wi:d/ n.海草;海藻former / 5fR:mE/ a.在前的,以前的;n.前者latter / 5lAtE/ a.1.后者的;2.后一半的,接近终了的;n.后者inorganic / 5inR:5gAnik/ a.无机的dwelling / 5dweliN/ n.住处;住宅fairy / 5fZEri/ n.神仙,仙人broad / brR:d/ a.1.宽的,阔的;2.广泛的delicious / di5liFEs/ a.1.美味的;2.(味觉或嗅觉)使人愉快的closely / 5klEusli/ ad.1.紧密地;2.严密地,密切地suck / sQk/ v.吸,吸收sap / sAp/ n.1.树液;2.元气,精气dissolve / di5zRlv/ vt.1.(使)溶解,(使)融化;2.解散,取消turn aside from 离开be satisfied with 对…感到心满意足take place 发生lie in 在于hold good for (对…)适用live on 靠…生活take in 吸收；让…进入；接纳，接受suck up 吸收,吸出,吸起take up 1.拿起;2.吸收,溶解;3.占去(地方,时间,注意力等)英语(上)7课a单词definition / 5defi5niFEn/ n. 定义,释义marriage / 5mAridV/ n.结婚,婚姻descend / di5send/ vi.1.传下,遗传;2.下来,下降ancestor / 5AnsistE/ n.祖先,祖宗household / 5haushEuld/ n.家庭,户;a.家庭的,家常的grandparent / 5grAndperEnt/ n.(外)祖父或(外)祖母relative / 5relEtiv/ n.亲属,亲戚;a.相对的traditional / trE5diFEnl/ a.传统的security / si5kjuEriti/ n.安全basically / 5beisikEli/ ad.基本上,从根本上说nuclear / 5nju:kliE/ a.1.核子的,核能的;2.核心,中心的extended / iks5tendid/ a.1. 展开的,扩大的;2.延伸的,延续的;3.广阔的,广泛的nucleus / 5nju:kliEs/ n.(原子)核;核心mother-in-law n.岳母;婆母agricultural / 5Agri5kQltFErEl/ a.农业的industrial / in5dQstriEl/ a.工业的,产业的industrialize / in5dQstriElaiz/ vt.(使)工业化post-industrial a. (经济基础已由重工业转为服务业,高技术等的)后工业化的earner n.赚钱者;获得收入者split / split/ vi.1.撕裂,裂开;2.分裂,分开;vt.劈开,使分裂;n.分裂,裂口divorce / di5vR:s/ n./vi.离婚 vt.与…离婚，使分裂social / 5sEuFEl/ a.1.社会的;2.交际的,社交的remarry / 5ri:5mAri/ vt./vi.(使)再婚care for 喜欢，对…中意；对…担心；照顾，照料split up 1.分裂,分开;2.吵架,离婚talk of 谈到,谈起英语(上)7课b单词structure / 5strQktFE/ n.1结构,构造;2.建筑物;vt.建造,建立generation / 5dVenE5reiFEn/ n.1.一代(人);2.产生,发生customary / 5kQstEmEri/ a.1.习惯上的,惯常的;2.合乎(或基于)习俗的partner / 5pa:tnE/ n.1.配偶;2.搭档,伙伴,合伙人similarity / 5simi5lAriti/ n.相似,类似role / rEul/ n.1.角色;2.作用similarly / 5similEli/ ad.相似地,类似地physical / 5fizikEl/ a.1.身体的,肉体的;2.物理的,物理学的;3.物质的,有形的emotional / i5mEuFEnl/ a.感情的,情绪的provider n.1.供应者;提供者;2.养家糊口的人housework / 5hauswE:k/ n.家务劳动;家事preparation / 5prepE5reiFEn/ n.准备,预备pregnant / 5pregnEnt/ a.怀孕的,妊娠的primary / 5praimEri/ a.最初的,初级的;首要的,主要的,基本的preschool / 5pri:5sku:l/ a.学龄前的,入学前的baby-sitter n.代人临时照看小孩的人dependent / di5pendEnt/ a.依靠的,依赖的(on, upon)provide for 赡养，为…提供必需品in addition 另外,加之give up 交出,让出;放弃,抛弃,辞去instead of 代替；而不是…be busy doing 忙于做(某事)in conclusion 最后,在结束时英语(上)8课a单词telecommunication n.电信,远距离通信via / 5vaiE/ prep.经由,经过,通过satellite / 5sAtElait/ n.卫星,人造卫星transmit / trAnz5mit/ vt.1.播送,发射;2.传送,传递;3.输送photography / fE5tRgrEfi/ n.1.摄影,照相;2.摄影术telegraph / 5teligra:f/ n.1.电报机,电报(指通信方式);2(一份)电报;vt.用电报发送;打电报给;vi.打电报establish / is5tAbliF/ vt.1.建立,创办,设立;2.确立,使确认signal / 5signEl/ n.信号，暗号 vt./vi.(向…)发信号orbit / 5R:bit/ vt./vi.绕(…的)轨道运行 n.轨道visual / 5vizjuEl/ a.视觉的,看得见的capable / 5keipEbl/ a.有能力的，有才能的；能…的(of)broadcast / 5brR:dka:st/ n./vt./vi.广播,播音computer / kEm5pju:tE/ n.计算机,电脑theory / 5WiEri/ n.1.理论,原理;2学说access / 5Akses/ n.1.通道,入口;2.接近(或进入)的机会,享用机会unlimited / 5Qn5limitid/ a.1.无界限的,无边无际的;2.无限制的,无约束的;3.无数的,无限量的demonstrate / 5demEnstreit/ vt.1.说明,演示;2.论证,证实;vi.示威游行educational / 5edju5keiFEnl/ a.1.教育的,教育方面的;2.有教育意义的remote / ri5mEut/ a.1.遥远,偏僻的;2.(可能性)很小的isolate / 5aisEleit/ vt.使隔离,使孤立;a.孤立的transportation / 5trAnspR:5teiFEn/ n.1.运输;2.运输系统,运输工具instruction / in5strQkFEn/ n.教学，指导；命令，指示，用法说明conversation / 5kRnvE5seiFEn/ n.谈话,会话simultaneously ad.同时发生地,同时进行地channel / 5tFAnl/ n.频道；航道；渠道 vt.通过…获得，传送risk / risk/ vt.冒…的危险 n.冒险，风险privacy / 5praivEsi/ n.1.私事,私生活;2.隐私;3.独处personal / 5pE:sEnl/ a.1.个人的,私人的;2.亲自的movie / 5mu:vi/ n.电影contact / 5kRntAkt, kEn5tAkt/ n.接触，联系 vt.与…接触，使联系technology / tek5nRlEdVi/ n.工艺,技术harm / ha:m/ n./vt.伤害,损害,危害expert / 5ekspE:t/ n.专家,能手;a.熟练的,内行的application / 5Apli5keiFEn/ n.1.申请,申请表;2.应用,实施be capable of (指人)有某种能力或倾向的have access to 可接近,可进入lead to 导致;通向Olympic Games 奥林匹克运动会Tokyo 东京Olympics / ou5limpiks/ 奥林匹克运动会比赛项目(=Olympic Games)英语(上)8课b单词obvious / 5RbviEs/ a.显然的,明显的widely ad.1.广泛地,普遍地;2.广博地;3.大大地shelter / 5FeltE/ n.1.掩蔽,保护;2.掩蔽处,躲避处;vt.掩蔽,庇护atmosphere / 5AtmEsfiE/ n.1.大气,大气圈,大气层;2.(心理上的)周围情况,环境,气氛deadly / 5dedli/ a.致死的,致命的ray / rei/ n.光线,射线atmospheric / 5AtmEs5ferik/ a.1.大气的,空气的;2.大气层的;大气所引起的automobile / 5R:tEmEbi:l/ n.汽车tire / 5taiE/ n.轮胎gas / gAs/ 1.气体;2.煤气;3.汽油per / pE:/ prep.每,每一column / 5kRlEm/ n.1.柱,圆柱;2.栏,专栏(文章)electrical / i5lektrikEl/ a.电的,电气的existence / ig5zistEns/ n.1.存在;2.生存,生活gaze / geiz/ vi./n.凝视,注视lightning / 5laitniN/ n.闪电thorough / 5WQrE/ a./ad.1.彻底的,完全的;2.仔细周到的,精心的radar / 5reidE/ n.雷达create / kri(:)5eit/ vt.1.创造;2.创作;3.引起,产生hydrogen / 5haidridVEn/ n.氢curve / kE:v/ n.1.曲线,弧线;2.弯曲;vt./vi.(使)弯曲,(使)成曲线unending / Qn5endiN/ a.1.永无止境的,不尽的;2.不断的,不停的meantime / 5mi:n5taim/ n.同时,其间element / 5elimEnt/ n.1.成分,要素;2.元素atomic / E5tRmik/ a.原子能的;原子的explosion / iks5plEuVEn/ n.爆炸,爆发in order to 为了protect...from 防御(危险;敌人等)rest upon 依赖,依靠in the meantime 在此期间,(与此)同时pay attention to 注意Sydney Chapman 西德尼·查普曼(人名)英语(上)9课a单词learned / 5lE:nid/ a.1.有学问的,博学的;2.学术上的;a.经过训练学到的cultivated / 5kQltiveitid/ a.1.耕种的,耕作的;2.栽培的,非野生的;3.有修养的,文雅的concern / kEn5sE:n/ n.1.关心,挂念;2.关系,关联;vt.1.涉及,有关于;2.使关心,使挂念stock / stRk/ n.1.备料,库存;2.股票,公债;3.有货;vt.储备,储存possession / pE5zeFEn/ n.所有，拥有；所有物relatively / 5relEtivli/ ad.比较而言;相对地educated / 5edVukeitid/ a.1.受过教育的,有知识的;2.有教养的occasion / E5keiVEn/ n.1.时刻;2.场合,重大(或特殊)的活动;3.时机,机会acquaintance / E5kweintEns/ n.1.认识,了解;2.相识的人,熟人formal / 5fR:mEl/ a.1.正式的;2.形式的3.礼仪上的highly ad.高度地;极;非常topic / 5tRpik/ n.1.题目,话题;2.主题elevated / 5eliveitid/ a.1.提高的,升高的;2.高贵,庄严的style / stail/ n.1.风格;2.文体;3.式样importance / im5pR:tEns/ n.重要(性)vivacious / vi5veiFEs/ a.活泼的,轻快的case / keis/ n.1.情况,事实;2.病例;案件;3.箱,盒noun / naun/ n.名词Latin / 5lAtin/ a.拉丁的,拉丁人的,拉丁语的;n.拉丁语,拉丁人derivative / di5rivEtiv/ n.派生词;派生物;a.派生的,衍生的adjective / 5AdViktiv/ n.形容词grown-up a.成熟的,成人的;n.成年人apply / E5plai/ vi.1.申请,请求(for);2.适用(to);vt.应用,运用(to) absolute / 5AbsElu:t/ a.绝对的,完全的popularity / 5pRpju5lAriti/ n.1.普及,流行;2.名望,受欢迎classification / 5klAsifi5keiFEn/ n.分类;分级convenient / kEn5vi:njEnt/ a.方便的avoid / E5vRid/ vt.避免,避开misconception / 5miskEn5sepFEn/ n.误解,错误想法;错误印象presence / 5prezns/ n.1.出席,到场;2.存在cultivation / 5kQlti5veiFEn/ n.1.耕种,耕作;2.教养,修养literature / 5litEritFE/ n.1.文学,文学作品;2.文献,图书资料make up 1.(由部分)组成,构成(全体);2.弥补,补偿,赔偿(损失等);3.捏造,虚构stock in trade 1.库存;2.常用手段belong to 属于；是…的成员at large 1.普遍,一般地;2.自由地,(未被捕)逍遥自在地come up 出现as to 至于,关于be due to 由于,因为rather than 与其…(不如)；不是…(而是)英语(上)9课b单词vocabulary / vE5kAbjulEri/ n.1.词汇(量);2.词(汇)表context / 5kRntekst/ n.上下文,语境interrupt / 5intE5rQpt/ vt.打断,打扰;终止,阻碍;vi.打断,打扰process / 5prEuses/ n.1.过程,进程;2.工序,加工方法;vt.加工,处理productive / prE5dQktiv/ a.1.生产的;2.多产的,富饶的;3.富有成效的swift / swift/ a.快速的,敏捷的securely ad.1.安全地;2.牢固地,稳固地;3.信心十足地,有把握地intend / in5tend/ vt.1.想要,打算(后接to do或doing);2.意指,意思是specific / spi5sifik/ a.1.具体的,明确的;2.特定的,特有的preference / 5prefErEns/ n.(for, to)1.偏爱;2.优先(权)prefix / 5pri:fiks/ n.前缀suffix / 5sQfkis/ n.后缀insert / in5sE:t, 5insE:t/ vt.插入,嵌入apparently / E5pArEntli/ ad.1.显然地;2.表面上,似乎consult / kEn5sQlt/ vt.1.请教,向…咨询;2.查阅,查看;vi.交换意见,商议tentative / 5tentEtiv/ a.试探性的;尝试性的spark / spa:k/ n.火花,火星;vi发火花,发电花;vt.激发,引起personally / 5pE:sEnEuli/ ad.1.亲自,当面;2.就个人而言;3.作为个人,个别地heighten / 5haitn/ vt.1.加高,提高,增高;2.增加,,加强formula / 5fR:mjulE/ n.公式maximum / 5mAksimEm/ n.最大限度,最大量,顶点;a.最高的,最大的effectiveness / i5fektivnis/ n.效果,有效性sharpen / 5Fa:pEn/ vt.1.削尖,磨尖;2.使敏锐,使敏捷awareness n.1.意识,觉悟;2.懂事,明智contextual / kEn5tekstFuEl/ a.上下文的;取决于上下文的accuracy / 5AkjurEsi/ n.准确(性),精确(性)ease / i:z/ n.1.容易;2.舒适,安逸;vt./vi.缓和,减轻come across 偶然遇见,碰上begin with 以…开始，以…为起点come up with 提出after all 毕竟;终究provide somebody with 给某人提供…Sherlock Holmes 夏洛克·福尔摩斯。
旅游管理和商务英语
旅游管理和商务英语一、旅游管理（Tourism Management）1. 中文翻译：旅游管理是指对旅游业中的各个要素，如旅游资源、旅游设施、旅游服务等进行规划、组织、协调、控制等一系列管理活动，旨在实现旅游业的可持续发展和满足游客的需求。
2. 英语解释- “Tourism” refers to the activities of people traveling for pleasure or business. It includes attractions like historical sites, natural scenery, and cultural events. “Management” involves the process of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling resources to achieve specific goals. In tourism management, managers need to oversee all aspects of the tourism industry. For example, they are responsible for marketing tourist destinations, managing hotels and resorts, ensuring the quality of tourist services, and protecting the local environment and culture.3. 运用情况及例子- 情况：当涉及到旅游相关企业（如旅行社、酒店、景区等）的运营、旅游目的地的开发与推广、旅游服务质量提升等情况时会用到。
- 例子- ①A tourism management company is planning a new tour package to attract more international tourists.（一家旅游管理公司正在策划一个新的旅游套餐以吸引更多国际游客。
《旅游管理专业英语》(第二版) 讲义 Lesson10 Tourism
TourismTourism can be defined as the act of travel for the purpose of recreation, and the provision of services for this act. A tourist is someone who travels at least fifty miles from home, as defined by the World Tourism Organization (a United Nations body).A more comprehensive definition would be that tourism is a service industry, comprising a number of tangible and intangible components.✧The tangible elements include➢transport systems - air, rail, road, water and now, space;➢hospitality services - accommodation, foods and beverages, tours, souvenirs; and related services such as banking, insurance and safety & security.✧The intangible elements include: rest and relaxation, culture, escape, adventure, new anddifferent experiences.Many sovereignties, along with their respective countries and states, depend heavily upon travel expenditures by foreigners as a source of taxation and income for the enterprises that sell (export) services to these travellers. Consequently the development of tourism is often a strategy employed either by a Non-governmental organization(NGO) or a governmental agency to promote a particular region for the purpose of increasing commerce through exporting goods and services to non-locals.Sometimes Tourism and Travel are used interchangeably. In this context travel has a similar definition to tourism, but implies a more purposeful journey.The term tourism is sometimes used pejoratively, implying a shallow interest in the societies and natural wonders that the tourist visits.Prerequisite factors"Travel", as an economic activity, occurs when the essential parameters come together to make it happen. In this case there are three such parameters:1.Disposable income, i.e. money to spend on non-essentials2.Time in which to do so.3.Infrastructure in the form of accommodation facilities and means of transport.Individually, sufficient health is also a condition, and of course the inclination to travel. Furthermore, in some countries there are legal restrictions on travelling, especially abroad.HistoryWealthy people have always travelled to distant parts of the world to see great buildings or other works of art; to learn new languages; or to taste new cuisine. As long ago as the time of the Roman Republic places such as Baiae were popular coastal resorts for the rich.The terms tourist and tourism were first used as official terms in 1937 by the League of Nations. Tourism was defined as people travelling abroad for periods of over 24 hours.The Grand TourThe word tour gained acceptance in the 18th century, when the Grand Tour of Europe became part of the upbringing of the educated and wealthy British nobleman or cultured gentleman. Grand tours were taken in particular by young people to "complete" their education. They travelled all over Europe, but notably to places of cultural and aesthetic interest, such as Rome, Tuscany and the Alps.The British aristocracy were particularly keen on the Grand Tour, using the occasion to gather art treasures from Europe to add to their collections. The volume of art treasures being moved to Britain in this way was unequalled anywhere else in Europe, and explains the richness of many private and public collections in Britain today. Yet tourism in those days, aimed essentially at the very top of the social ladder and at the well educated, was fundamentally a cultural activity. These first tourists, though undertaking their Grand Tour, were more travellers than tourists.Most major British artists of the eighteenth century did the "Grand Tour", as did their great European contemporaries such as Claude Lorrain. Classical architecture, literature and art have always drawn visitors to Rome, Naples, Florence.The Romantic movement (inspired throughout Europe by the English poets William Blake and Lord Byron, among others), extended this to Gothic countryside, the Alps, fast flowing rivers, mountain gorges, etc.Health tourism & leisure travelIt was not until the 19th century that cultural tourism developed into leisure and health tourism. Some English travellers, after visiting the warm lands of the South of Europe, decided to stay there either for the cold season or for the rest of their lives. Others began to visit places with health-giving mineral waters, in order to relieve a whole variety of diseases from gout to liver disorders and bronchitis.Leisure Travel was a British invention due to sociological factors. Britain was the first European country to industrialize, and the industrial society was the first society to offer time for leisure to a growing number of people. Not initially the working masses, but the owners of the machinery of production, the economic oligarchy, the factory owners, the traders, the new middle class.The British origin of this new industry is reflected in many place names. At Nice, one of the first and most well established holiday resorts on the French Riviera, the long esplanade along the sea front is known to this day as the Promenade des Anglais; and in many other historic resorts in continental Europe, old well-established palace hotels have names like the Hotel Bristol, Hotel Carlton or Hotel Majestic - reflecting the dominance of English customers to whom these resorts catered in the early years.Winter tourismEven winter sports were largely invented by the British leisured classes initially at the Swiss village of Zermatt (Valais) (year?) and St Moritz in 1864.Until the first tourists appeared, the Swiss thought of the long snowy winter as being a time when the best thing to do was to stay indoors and make cuckoo clocks or other small mechanical items.The first packaged winter sports holidays (vacations) followed in 1903, to Adelboden, also in Switzerland.Organized sport was well established in Britain before it reached other countries. The vocabulary of sport bears witness to this: rugby, football, and boxing all originated in Britain, and even Tennis, originally a French sport, was formalized and codified by the British, who hosted the first national championship in the nineteenth century, at Wimbledon. Winter sports were a natural answer for a leisured class looking for amusement during the coldest season.Mass travelMass travel could not really begin to develop until two things occurred.a) improvements in technology allowed the transport of large numbers of people in a shortspace of time to places of leisure interest, andb) greater numbers of people began to enjoy the benefits of leisure time. A major developmentwas the invention of the railways, which brought many of Britain's seaside towns within easy distance of Britain's urban centres.The father of modern mass tourism was Thomas Cook who, on 5 July1841, organized the first package tour in history, by chartering a train to take a group of temperance campaigners from Leicester to a rally in Loughborough, some twenty miles away. Cook immediately saw the potential for business development in the sector, and became the world's first tour operator.He was soon followed by others, with the result that the tourist industry developed rapidly in early Victorian Britain. Initially it was supported by the growing middle classes, who had time off from their work, and who could afford the luxury of travel and possibly even staying for periods of time in boarding houses.However, the Bank Holiday Act 1871 introduced a statutory right for workers to take holidays, even if they were not paid at the time. (As an aside, in the UK there is still no obligation to pay staff who do not work on public holidays.)The combination of short holiday periods, travel facilities and distances meant that the first holiday resorts to develop in Britain were towns on the seaside, situated as close as possible to the growing industrial conurbations.For those in the industrial north, there were Blackpool in Lancashire, and Scarborough in Yorkshire. For those in the Midlands, there were Weston-super-Mare in Somerset and Skegness in Lincolnshire, for those in London there were Southend-on-Sea, Broadstairs, Brighton, Eastbourne, and a whole collection of other places.In travelling to the coast, the population was following in the steps of Royalty. King George III is widely acknowledged as popularising the seaside holiday, due to his regular visits to Weymouth when in poor health.For a century, domestic tourism was the norm, with foreign travel being reserved, as before, for the rich or the culturally curious. A minority of resorts, such as Bath, Harrogate and Matlock, emerged inland. After World War II holiday villages such as Butlins and Pontins emerged, but their popularity waned with the rise of package tours and the increasing comforts to which visitors became accustomed at home. Towards the end of the 20th century the market was revived by the upmarket inland resorts of Dutch company Centre Parcs.Other phenomena that helped develop the travel industry were paid holidays:• 1.5 million manual workers in Britain had paid holidays by 1925•11 million by 1939 (30% of the population in families with paid holidays)Outside BritainSimilar processes occurred in other countries, though at a slower rate, given that nineteenth century Britain was far ahead of any other nation in the world in the process of industrialisation.In the USA, the first great seaside resort, in the European style, was Atlantic City, New Jersey.In Continental Europe, early resorts included Ostend(for the people of Brussels), and Boulogne-sur-Mer (Pas-de-Calais) and Deauville (Calvados) (for Parisians).International mass tourismIncreasing speed on railways meant that the tourist industry could develop internationally. By 1901, the number of people crossing the English Channel from England to France or Belgium had passed 0.5 million per year.However it was with cheap air travel in combination with the package tour that international mass tourism developed after 1963. For the worker living in greater London, Brindisi today is almost as accessible as Brighton was 100 years ago.Recent developmentsThere have been a few temporary setbacks in tourism, the latest being related to the September 11, 2001 attacks and terrorist threats to tourist destinations such as Bali and European cities. Some of the tourist destinations, including the Costa del Sol, the Baleares and Cancun have lost popularitydue to shifting tastes and perceptions among tourists. In this context, the excessive building and environmental destruction often associated with traditional "sun and beach" tourism may contribute to a destination's saturation and subsequent decline. This appears to be the case with Spain's Costa Brava, a byword for this kind of tourism in the 1960s and 1970s. With only 11% of the Costa Brava now unblemished by low-quality development (Greenpeace Spain's figure), the destination now faces a crisis in its tourist industry. Belated attempts to move towards "quality tourism" are difficult given competition from cheaper, unspoilt holiday destinations on the one hand and the legacy of decades of over-exploitation on the other. In many respects, Tenerife provides a paradigm of the negative impact of mass tourism. Organizations like Greenpeace and ATAN () are particularly critical of development on the island, arguing that Tenerife's current tourism industry is both economically and environmentally unsustainable.Receptive tourism is now growing at a very rapid rate in many developing countries, where it is often the most important economic activity in local GDP.In recent years, second holidays or vacations have become more popular as people's disposable income increases. Typical combinations are a package to the typical mass tourist resort, with a winter skiing holiday or weekend break to a city or national park.On 26 December2004 a tsunami 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake hit Asian countries bordering the Indian Ocean, and also the Maldives. Tens of thousands of lives were lost, and many tourists died. This, together with the vast clean-up operation in place, has stopped or severely hampered tourism to the area.Special forms of tourismFor the past few decades other forms of tourism, also known as niche tourism, have been becoming more popular, particularly:•Adventure tourism: Tourism involving travel in rugged regions, or adventurous sports such as mountaineering and hiking (tramping).•Agritourism: Farm based tourism, helping to support the local agricultural economy.•Armchair tourism and virtual tourism: not travelling physically, but exploring the world through internet, books, TV, etc.•Cultural tourism: Includes urban tourism, visiting historical or interesting cities, such as London, Paris, Prague, Rome, Cairo, Beijing, Kyoto, and experiencing their cultural heritages. May also consist of specialized cultural experiences, such as art museum tourism where one visits many art museums during the tour, or opera tourism where one sees many operas or concerts during the tour.•Disaster tourism: travelling to a disaster scene not primarily for helping, but because one finds it interesting to see. It can be a problem if it hinders rescue, relief and repair work.•Drug tourism (for use in that country, or, legally often extremely risky, for taking home) •Ecotourism: Sustainable tourism which has minimal impact on the environment, such as safaris (Kenya) and Rainforests (Belize), or national parks.•Educational tourism: May involve travelling to an education institution, a wooded retreat or some other destination in order to take personal-interest classes, such as cooking classes with a famous chef or crafts classes.•Gambling tourism, e.g. to Atlantic City, Las Vegas, Macau or Monte Carlo for the purpose of gambling at the casinos there.•Gay tourism: Tourism marketed to gays who wish to travel to gay-friendly destinations which feature a gay infrastructure (bars, businesses, restaurants, hotels, nightlife, etc.), the opportunity to socialize with other gays, and the feeling that one can relax safely among other gay people.•Heritage tourism: Visiting historical or industrial sites, such as old canals, railways, battlegrounds, etc.•Health tourism: Usually to escape from cities or relieve stress, perhaps for some 'fun in the sun', etc. Often to "health spas".•Hobby tourism: Tourism alone or with groups to participate in hobby interests, to meet others with similar interests, or to experience something pertinent to the hobby. Examples might be garden tours, or square dance cruises.•Medical tourism, e.g.:o for what is illegal in one's own country, e.g. abortion, euthanasia; for instance, euthanasia for non-citizens is provided by Dignitas in Switzerland.o for advanced care that is not available in one's own countryo in the case that there are long waiting lists in one's own countryo for use of free or cheap health care organisations•Perpetual tourism: Wealthy individuals always on holiday, some of them, for tax purposes, to avoid being resident in any country.•Regional tourism Tourism bundle of few country in the region, using one of the country as the transit point. The country of transit point is usually a country with good transport infrastructure. e.g. Singapore is the base for tourism for South East Asia due to its strategic location and good transport infrastructure.•Sex tourism: mostly men from First World countries visiting Third World countries for purpose of engaging in sexual acts, usually with inexpensive local prostitutes. This form of tourism is often cited the principal way that paedophiles can hire child prostitutes.•Sport tourism: Skiing, golf and scuba diving are popular ways to spend a vacation. Also in this category is vacationing at the winter home of one's favorite baseball team, and seeing them play everyday.•Space tourismTrendsThe World Tourism Organization forecasts that international tourism will continue growing at the average annual rate of 4 percent. By 2020 Europe will remain the most popular destination, but its share will drop from 60 percent in 1995 to 46 percent. Long-haul will grow slightly faster than intraregional travel and by 2020 its share will increase from 18 percent in 1995 to 24 percent.✧Space tourism is expected to "take off" in the first quarter of the 21st century, althoughcompared with traditional destinations the number of tourists in orbit will remain low until technlogies such as space elevator make space travel cheap.✧Technological improvement is likely to make possible air-ship hotels, based either onsolar-powered airplanes or large dirigibles. Underwater hotels, such as Hydropolis, slated to open in Dubai in 2006, will be built. On the surface of the ocean tourists will be welcomed by ever larger cruise ships and perhaps floating cities.✧Some futurists expect that movable hotel "pods" will be created that could be temporarilyerected anywhere on the planet, where building a permanent resort would be unacceptable politically, economically or environmentally.See also•Backpacking•Hospitality Services•Hotel•Passport•Pilgrimage•Tourism in literature•Transport•World Tourism Organization•World Tourism Rankings•List of popular tourist regions•List of types of lodging•List of international travel guides and web sites。
(旅游行业)CATTI笔译旅游汉译英词汇
CATTI笔译旅游汉译英词汇(1)安全第一，旅客至上saftety first, passengers supreme 保护珍稀动物和植物protect rare animals and plants 避暑胜地summer resort冰雪节Snow Festival兵马俑博物馆the Terra-Cotta Warrior Museum草原旅游grassland tour出境游客out-bound visitors瓷都ceramics metropolis道观Taoist temple登山旅游mountaineering tour东方神韵charm of oriental culture东方夏威夷the Oriental Hawaii度假村holiday resort非物质文化遗产intangible cultural heritage丰富的文化遗产rich cultural heritage风景区scenic spot风土人情local customs and practices风味小吃local snack服务监督电话service supervision phone高速公路express way/freeway高原自然风光plateau scenery购买实名制real-name system for ticket purchase购物旅游shopping tour购物天堂a paradise for shoppers故居former residence观光游览道路scenic drive国家法定假日statutory holiday国家级园林城市nationally designated garden city海滨度假地beach resort海水浴场bathing beach航海博物馆maritime museum黑车unlicensed car红色旅游区red tourist destinations黄金周golden week机场建设费departure tax机场免税店aiport duty-free shop寄宿家庭host family假冒商品fake commodity假日经济holiday economyCATTI笔译旅游英译汉词汇(2)接待游客人数tourism arrivals久负盛誉long-cherished fame离开旅馆check out from a hotel历史文化名城historical and cultural city历史遗产historical heritage两日游2-day tour龙门石窟Longmen Grottoes露天博物馆open-air museum露营车与旅宿汽车campervans and motor homes for hire驴友frequent travelers旅馆行李员hall porter旅客登记簿hotel register旅行结婚honeymoon trip旅行社travel agency/service旅行团tourist group旅行支票traveller’s check旅游巴士包租、游览服务charter bus and coach services and tour旅游城市tourist city旅游淡季slack season for tourism旅游定点商店/餐厅officially designated shop/restaurant旅游景点attraction for tourists旅游签证visi tor’s visa旅游热潮tourism bloom旅游收入tourist revenue乱收费impose unjustifiable charges每位游客消费额consumption per arrival美食节gourmet festival美术馆art gallery免税商品duty-free goods庙会temple fair民俗景观ethnic cultural park民俗旅游folklore tour民俗文化村folk culture village名特产品famous special local products盘山公路skyline drive配套服务设施supporting service facilities汽车旅馆motel全国重点文物保护单位a major historical monument under state protection 全聚德烤鸭Quanjude Peking Roast Duck人文景观human landscape如画的风景picturesque landscape入境游客in-bound visitors散客旅游independent tour山清水秀beautiful hall of ethnic customs商务中心business center少数民族风俗陈列馆exhibition hall of ethnic customs生态旅游ecotourism湿地自然保护区wetland natural preservation zones水乡泽国water resort水族馆aquarium四合院quadrangle/courtyard dwellings寺院Buddhist temple特产商店specialty store天文馆planetarium亭，台，楼，阁pavilion, stage, building and multistoried pavillion 同仁堂Tongrentang Chinese Medicine徒步旅行walking tour途中休息停车comfort stop文化遗址site of ancient cultural remains文物保护preservation of cultural relics星级饭店star-rated hotels严禁触摸/手扶Don’t touch/Hands off严禁携带物品prohibited checked articles野生动物保护wildlife conservation游乐园amusement park游山玩水tour scenic spots鱼米之乡land of fish and rice中国文明的摇篮the cradle of Chinese civilization中国优秀旅游城市the Chinese Outstanding Tourism City中华老字号China Long-Standing Shop住进旅馆check in a hotel自行车旅游travel by bike自助游private travelCATTI笔译艺术英译汉词汇(1)abstract art 抽象派艺术Academy Award 奥斯卡金像奖a cameo appearance客串演出ace actor 金牌演员Acid Jazz 酸性爵士乐Adult Alternative Pop (Rock) 成人另类流行/摇滚Adult Contemporary成人时代（一种音乐演奏风格）adventure film 探险剧alternative country-rock 另类乡村摇滚alternative rap 另类说唱ambient pop 氛围流行American Idol 美国偶像an A-lister 一线明星animated cartoon/music film/New Year greeting film 动画片/音乐片/贺岁片antique sculpture古代雕塑a powder-puff sport 粉扑运动（花拳绣腿）a profitable sideline 赚钱的副业art director艺术总监artistic coterie画家同行arts and crafts 工艺美术a rule-of-thumb photographer靠经验摄影的摄影家audio-video tape market 音像市场award ceremony music 颁奖音乐backup dancer 伴舞演员best art direction 最佳艺术指导black-and-white epic黑白史诗片bonus track附赠曲目box office appeal票房号召力box office battle 票房大战box office flop票房毒药box office value 票房价值Cannes Film Festival 戛纳电影节cast member 演职人员cave painting 石洞壁画close-up/special shot 特写镜头conceptual photography 观念摄影；前卫摄影costume drama 古装剧country music 乡村音乐culture week文化周curtain call 谢幕debut single 首支单曲decorative schemes 装饰性图画deluxe binding 精装drawing from nature 写生画dubbed film 译制片electrifying effect 令人震撼的效果CATTI笔译艺术英译汉词汇(2)fashion victim时尚牺牲者film critic影评家film production assistant 电影摄影助理fine arts 美术finishing touch 最后一笔flat stitching 平装foreground figure前景人物foreshortened figure透视画法freaks of nature天籁之声glee club 合唱团Golden Palm 金棕榈奖graphic arts 形象艺术graphic designer画面设计师hard-to-get ticket 一票难求hidden track隐藏曲目hi-fi system 高保真组合音响historical drama 历史剧hit movie/Hollywood blockbuster 大片/好莱坞大片hit parade 流行歌曲排行榜Honoray Oscar 终身成就奖horror film 恐怖片kinetic art 活动艺术light literature 通俗文学lip syncing 假唱local craftspeople 当地艺人long-running television series 长篇连续剧made-for-television movie 电视电影Mando-pop scene华语歌坛mannerist frescoes 风格主义湿壁画modern movie musical 现代音乐剧mood music 情调音乐movie trailer 宣传片，为电影做广告的简短影片music comedy音乐剧musical festival 音乐节music TV (MTV) 音乐电视mystery story 怪诞小说op art 光效应艺术operatic music 歌剧音乐original artist 原唱艺术家Oscar Bait来势汹汹问鼎奥斯卡的影片pastel drawing 蜡笔画performance artist 行为艺术家pirated film/theatre of the absurd盗版片/荒诞剧plastic arts 造型艺术pop art 大众艺术popular media大众媒体portrait painting 肖像绘画prize-awarding ceremony颁奖仪式production coordinator 制片协调员reality show 真人秀road show 巡回演出salad days 少不更事的青涩时代scalped tickets 黄牛票(screen) debut/premise首演；首映show business 演艺业simultaneous narrative同步叙述solo concert独唱音乐会spinach cinema 菠菜电影（即有教育意义、令人深思的电影）standing ovation长时间起立鼓掌stereoscopic film 立体电影still life 静物画symphony concert交响音乐会talent show 业余歌手演唱会television/audience rating 收视率television special 专题片the Asia Arts Festival 亚洲艺术节the Motown sond 摩城之音the Newport Folk Festival 纽约特民间艺术节the three unities 三一律（一个情节，一个地点，一个时间）title track主打曲目top-grossing movie 票房冠军tour de force 代表作video art 视频艺术visual artist 视觉艺术家CATTI笔译工业汉译英词汇(1)成品finished products人才talent/competent personnel human resources半成品semi-finished products滞销货unsalable product打工妹country girls working in cities服务业service industry利改税substitution of tax payment for profit delivery 生产力productive forces出资方式means of contributing investment传统产品traditional products窗口行业service trades创汇产品hard currency-earning exports资本项目capital account包工包料contract for labor and material采矿工业mining industry操作方法working technique; method of operation草根工业grassroots industry代理协议agency agreement电力工业power industry产品设计design of products朝阳产业sunrise industry成套设备whole sets of equipment驰名商标well-known trademark电子工业electronics industry独家代理sole agency; exclusive agent纺织工业textile industry服装工业clothing industry钢铁工业iron and steel industry隔离开关isolating switch工程绘图engineering drawing工业基地industrial base工业停滞industrial stagnation工业园区industrial park公开招标public bidding; open tender国有企业state-owned enterprise合营期限contractual term of a joint venture合作方式methods of cooperation后备工业supporting industry化学工业chemical industry基础工业basic industry技术入股technology invested as capital stock技术转让technology transfer加工工业processing industry尖端产品highly sophisticated/state-of-the-art product建筑工业building industry来料装配assembling with supplied parts龙头产品flagship product龙头老大leading enterprise; flagship of the industry内联企业inland associated enterprises配套工程auxiliary/supporting project配套资金supporting funds批量生产mass production切削工具cutting tool升级换代upgrading and updating生产资料capital goods市场疲软a market slump市场准入market access拳头产品highly competitive product人才市场human resources market私营部门the private sector乡镇企业township enterprises以销定产fix production target according to marketability知识产权bids for technology主导工业leading industry抓大放小invigorate large enterprises while relaxing control over small ones专利技术patented technology产地证明书certificate of origin工业增加值industrial added value企业所得税corporate income tax出口转内销domestic sales of commodities originally produced for exports CATTI笔译工业汉译英词汇(2)代表性样品representative sample电视机工业TV industry豆腐渣工程jerry-built projects进口环节税import linkage tax经理负责制manager responsibility system劳动密集型labor-intensive机械制造业machine-building industry招标承包制system of public bidding重点开发区key development zone飞机制造工业aircraft industry固定资产投资investment in fixed assets国家统配物资materials allocated by the state黑色金属工业ferrous industry品质检验证书quality inspection certificate企业技术改造technological updating of enterprises企业亏损补贴subsidies to cover enterprise losses全面投产开工go into full operation商办工业企业industrial enterprises run by commercial units适销对路产品readily marketable product现代企业制度modern corporate system优化资源配置optimize allocation of resources重量检验证书inspection certificate of weight (quantity)转化经营机制change the method of operation改进技术规程improve the technological process新的生机与活力new vigor and vitality出口创汇型产业foreign exchange-earning industry独家经营/专营权exclusive right非国有工业企业non-state industrial enterprise工业控制一体化integrated industrial control科研成果产业化industrialization of research findings质量信得过单位quality trustworthy organization独立核算工业企业independent accounting industrial enterprise发电设备制造工业power equipment industry高附加值的深加工intensive processing with high added value走新型工业化道路take a new road to industrialization纠正行业不正之风rectify malpractice in various trades就业前和在职培训pre-job and on-the-job (in-service) training向基础工业倾斜的政策preferential policy for basic industry技术、智力、资本密集型technology-, knowledge- or capitalz- intensive三来一补（来料加工，来件装配，来样加工和补偿贸易）processing of imported materials or according to supplied samples, assembling of supplied parts, and compensation tradeCATTI笔译外贸金融英译汉词汇(1)absorb idle fund 吸引游资a business incubator企业孵化器accounting fraud财务作假案；假案accumulated deficit 累计赤字after-sale service 售后服务after-tax profit 税后利润anti-inflation measures 制止通货膨胀措施anti-monopoly law 反垄断法auditing sacandals 假账丑闻bank discount票据贴现Black Monday 黑色星期一blue chip 绩优股bonded area 保税区bottom wholesale price 批发底价business cycle 商业周期business lending 商业贷款cargo handing capacity货物吞吐量cash dividend现金股利cash on delivery (COD) 货到付款ceiling price 最高限价chamber of commerce商会clearance sale 清仓销售closing price 收盘价common stock普通股compensation trade 补偿贸易concessionary loans 优惠贷款corporate bond公司债券corporate identity企业标识cost of living index生活成本指数currency appreciation货币升值customs barrier; tariff waff关税壁垒Doha Round 多哈回合dot-com boom高科技公司（股票）引起的繁荣double-digit inflation两位数通货膨胀率（指一个国家的通货膨胀年率超过10%）double –entry budget复式预算Dow-Jones Industrial Average 道琼斯工业股票平均指数downstream product 下游产品durable goods 耐用产品export customs declaration出口申报export incentives 出口刺激export licensing system 出口许可证制度favorable balance of trade/trade surplus贸易顺差financial (industry/sector) rescue plan 金融救援计划financial statement财务报表foreign exchange reserve外汇储备CATTI笔译外贸金融英译汉词汇(2)Goldman Sachs 高盛（集团）公司（美）government securities公债holding company 控股公司hot money from abroad 国际游资import quota进口配额imports of merchandise and services 商品和劳务进口inflation-proof deposit保值储蓄inflation-ridden country通货膨胀居高不下的国家insurance broker保险经纪人intangible assets无形资产interest-free loan无息贷款international financial center 国际金融中心investment ratio 投资比例IPO (Initial Public Offerings) 发行原始股junk bond垃圾债券line of business 业务范围listed company 上市公司listed shares (stock) 上市股票market access/entry市场准入merger and acquisition (M&A) 并购money laundering 洗钱money supply货币供应量National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation (NASDAQ) 美国纳斯达克指数National Council for US-China Trade 美中贸易委员会New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) 纽约证券交易所online share trading 在线股票交易portfolio investment 证券投资port of destination目的口岸preferential loan优惠贷款preferred stock优先股price-curbing policy 抑价政策primary goods 初级商品property dividend财产股利protective tariff保护性关税ration-free goods 敞开供应的商品reciprocal trade 互惠贸易retaliatory tafiff 报复性关税return on investment 投资回报risk capital 风险投资shock method 休克疗法Standard & Poor’s Index（美国证券）标准普尔指数stock market crash 股市暴跌stock market quotation股市行情stock option认股权stock sinks below the IPO price 破发subprime mortgage次级房贷supply-demand imbalance供求失衡switch trade 转手贸易tax-free zone免税区time deposit 定期存款toll-free service 免费服务total volume of imports and exports 进出口总额trade dispute贸易争端trade in goods 货物贸易trade in services 服务贸易trade liberatlization 贸易自由化trade partner贸易伙伴trade protectionism 贸易保护主义trade protocol贸易议定书transnational corporation跨国公司transnational operation 跨国经营unfavorable balance of trade/trade deficit 贸易逆差upstream product 上游产品US Federal Reserve Board 美国联邦储备委员会US Securities and Exchange Commission美国证券交易委员会venture capital 风险资本voucher of clearing 结算凭证Wall Street magnate华尔街财阀warranty period 商品保修期win the bid/tender中标World Economic Forum 世界经济论坛（达沃斯会议）year-end report 年终报告zero tariff treatment 零关税待遇CATTI笔译外贸金融英译汉词汇(3)You should guarantee that no information under the contract should be transferred to a third party.你方应保证不向第三方转让本合同的信息资料。
旅游管理外文及翻译
A European perspective on achieving competitiveness, 2000, (21):79-88.Enhance the competitiveness of the Regional Tourism StrategyFrank, Gregory Robert WesBritish tourism research instituteAbstract: The development of tourism is closely related to tourist resources and marketing activities. However, the geographical features of tourist resources and touristmovementaccount for the interaction between tourism and geographical structure. This leads to the existing a signficant task to research into the strategies of advancing regional tourism competitiveness.Key words: regional tourism; competition; influenceIn recent years, with the rest of the world competing to tourism as a pillar industry for the development of local and regional competition among the more obvious and in-depth. How to base their own reality, create competitive advantage, has become a top priority of the regional tourism development, but also travel in the new round of competition of the race. On the competitiveness of regional tourism can enhance the regional competition of the sense of urgency, to promote discovery and understanding of the regional competition in their own strengths and weaknesses, and then rapid response, positive response, the local competitiveness through the expansion of China's tourism industry to strengthen the international market competitive power.First, the regional tourism competitiveness factorsThe so-called regional tourism competitiveness refers to the various tourist regions as a whole, in its own process of development shown in the competition for tourists, development, occupation, industry, tourism development of the market and obtain the capacity factor and growth potential. Regional tourism competitiveness is not the competitiveness of a given area, but by the interaction of many factors affecting the results, but also a potential to the competitive strength from the competition, to competition, the results of the dynamic development process. Competitive once made, has aroused extensive concern of scholars home and abroad. The most prominent of which is research professor at Harvard University, the famous expert oncompetitive strategy Porter, his "national diamond map" model for industry competitiveness study provides an economic paradigm. In this paradigm which, Porter summarized the six factors: (1) factors of production, including natural resources, human resources, knowledge resources, capital resources and infrastructure; (2) demand conditions, the major source markets that the demand structure and the scale of demand; (3) related and supporting industries conditions;(4) business strategy, structure and competition; (5) government action; (6) opportunities. For the tourism industry, because of its comprehensive features of its development, determine the impact of competitive factors in the regional tourism industry is also multifaceted. Based on these factors affect the competitiveness of the tourism industry, the size, can be divided into a decisive factor in supporting factors, developmental factors and security factors. Decisive factors include the conditions of resources, tourism demand conditions, the competitiveness of tourism enterprises and the regional state tourism image overseas. These factors constitute the core of competitiveness of regional tourism, but also to improve the future competitiveness of the regional tourism industry must focus. Factors supporting the development of tourism is not simply to exist, but the increase through its own perfect and can better stimulate and promote the competitiveness of regional tourism enhancement. Such factors include infrastructure, related and supporting industry conditions, personnel quality, technology level. Regional tourism development factor is the formation and savings based on the future competitiveness, mainly referring to the regional tourism resources development and utilization of capacity, marketing, tourism enterprises, innovation, tourism, access to capital and the use of capacity, tourism industry, optimization, adjustment capability . Protective factors constitute the development of regional tourism industry, the external environment, to promote and ensure the smooth direction of tourism development along healthy. Such factors include the tourism environment, the government and other development opportunities. Affect the competitiveness of the regional tourism industry is not independent of each other four factors, but an organic community. Decisive factor in competitiveness as a regional tourism in the core part of their development directly affects the strength of the overall competitiveness of the region. When the supporting factors for more approach and tilt to the tourism industry, the development of factors can play a better role. The supporting factors and developmental factors working together, can enhance the decisive factors on the actual and potential tourist attraction, but also to better meet the needs of visitors and enhance visitor satisfaction provide a guarantee. Factors can protect the decisive factor, supporting factors and developmental factors play better to create a good atmosphere, contributed to the severity.Second, to enhance the competitiveness of regional tourism strategy choice Competitive loading phase theory of Porter on the industry, another important contribution to competitiveness, according to this theory, the formation of regional tourism competitiveness go through four stages, namely, factor-driven stage, the investment-driven stage, innovation-driven stage and wealth driver stage. It is characterized by two stages: In the factor-driven stage, the formation ofcompetitiveness from the rich resources of the region require regional integration through the resources found superior resources, then the resource advantage into competitive advantage. Investment-driven stage of the formation of the competitiveness of the region benefited from government and business and investment willingness and ability to the development of advanced production factors. For most of our region, on the one hand is rich in tourism resources, according to different levels of resources. Specific strategy choices are as follows: (A) strategic planning of regional tourism development strategyPlanning for the development of tourism in a region crucial in determining the future direction of the regional tourism industry and overall program goals. Regional tourism development strategic planning as a competitive regional tourism product development is based on enhancing the competitiveness of regional tourism, sustainable tourism development as the goal to achieve, through a specific area of tourism competitive strengths, weaknesses, challenges, opportunities analysis, choose the appropriate local development strategy, and then Yangzhangbuduan to ensure long-term regional tourism, sustainable and stable development. With traditional planning for regional tourism, regional tourism development strategic planning a more comprehensive and targeted to specific implementation on a lot of flexibility there, and therefore more suitable in the competitive environment for tourism development by the guide. Regional development through regional tourism strategic planning, can effectively integrate resources to maximize the mining and upgrading capacity development and utilization to avoid unnecessary waste caused by wrong decisions so as to further enhance the potential of regional tourism competitiveness.(B) government-led strategyTourism development requires a favorable external environment, any one of tourism enterprises and groups can create and lead all Du industry to create such an environment, which requires the development of tourism Government Leading Strategy to be. As a government department, should play an active and effective coordination of their own initiative and capabilities, leading towards a good direction for regional tourism development. The author believes that the government departments to achieve the following three aspects of its leading role: First, establish a good market competition, improve the tourism market system and strengthen the laws and regulations on tourism, and create a fair and reasonable competition in order; the second is the establishment of a flexible industrial development policies and reasonable investments, increased capital investment in the tourism industry, encourage and travel agents; third is to strengthen the coordination and guiding role of the government, weakening regulatory functions to the tourism industry and enterprise more development space and options.(C) of the tourism product differentiation strategy seriesTourism products is carried out based tourism activities and conditions. Enriched and improved in all regions travel through the product line can enhance the overall level of supply capacity and to increase the intensity of the tourists buy. In the international tourism market, a large number of homogeneous products floodedconditions, and adhere to different product lines, can effectively avoid weakening the homogeneity between regions due to strong competition resulting product. Meanwhile, the neighboring region through the differentiation between the products can also achieve the effect of Yangchangbuduan interest in regional cooperation and win-win situation. Of course, the more important characteristic of differentiated tourism products in the market more easily attract tourists and stimulate the visitors to buy. The formation of differentiated tourism products should be based on the region's resources, to identify the type of resources the region to be the exclusive, in-depth scoop out the culture, Jin Xing starting point for the design and development, fighting first began to enter the market characteristics of the formation of high grade Yi brand competitiveness. In addition, to increase efforts to develop new products, opened the product grade, in the design of the core products, to products and ancillary products to the extension of research and development, give the region's tourism products to meet consumer tourism tourism, leisure, business and exhibition, science, education, exploration and other multi-level requirements and extend the product's serial tourists stay in a tourist destination, further increase in regional tourism revenue.(D) Travel Financing StrategyFunds are one of the basic elements of tourism development. The economic strength of weak regions, the shortage of funds is restricted to enhance the competitiveness of the regional tourism industry bottlenecks. Therefore, the local government to attract investment, loans, tax preferential policies to develop, optimize investment environment, promote investment diversification. Meanwhile, the local government's budget must be conscious tilt to the tourism industry, and gradually increase the capital investment in the tourism industry. The tourism industry itself must play an initiative to mobilize the enthusiasm of all sides, as much as possible for foreign capital, private capital and overseas Chinese, etc., and mobilize and guide the society to run tourism. In addition, as well as "to promote Tour Tour", will achieve a reasonable income from tourism investment to the development and construction, in development construction, in construction development, and ultimately the cycle of development of tourism economy.(E) tourism market integration strategySource is the foundation and focus of tourism development. With the country "to develop domestic tourism, stable development of inbound tourism, outbound tourism moderate development" policy, the domestic tourism market will be the focus of regional competition. The region should coordinate and organize the travel of three forms, a purpose, to focus on developing and nurturing the important goal of domestic tourist market, in particular, to actively guide the visitor's travel choices within the region, the full development and mining of large and medium cities in neighboring provinces and southeast coastal economically developed areas of the tourists in order to stabilize and promote the growth of tourists within the region to ensure the long term to maintain sustained and rapid development of tourism. (F) Industry Cluster StrategiesClustering of industrial concentration in the present state of horizontal space on theorganizational form. As a form for creating competitive advantage and organizational form of industrial space, industrial clusters with a group a competitive advantage and economies of scale centralized development, industrial development can bring spillover effects. Currently, most of the region's tourism business is weak, it is difficult to form a strong market competition. In view of this situation, government departments and relevant trade organizations through effective guidance and support to promote the tourism business conscious, voluntary and related support industries to communicate and co-ordination and cooperation and competition, and then link through the formation of a variety of single business enterprise clusters to maximize the unique cluster of economic concentration, information sharing, risk weakening the advantages, to achieve single enterprise specialization, standardization and scale management, and further enhance the competitiveness of SMEs.(7) tourism optimization strategyRegional tourism is the core competitiveness of the overall competitiveness of the industry, namely, "food, shelter, transportation, travel, shopping and entertainment," the development of six-coordination ability. Many regions of the world "buy" and "entertainment" seriously lagging behind the building, brought in to the tourists visiting the many inconveniences, it is also greatly affected the tourism revenues. Optimize the industrial structure of tourism, we must focus on strengthening the weak links in the construction of these foundations, while continually improving the level of the construction of supporting facilities, enhance the "OK" and "Travel" convenience, improve the "food" and "live" in comfort to promote the coordinated development of various sectors to comprehensively improve the overall supply capacity of regional tourism and increase visitor satisfaction.(8) Talent StrategyTalent competition is the highest stage of competitive regional tourism. As the formation of high-level tourism competitiveness factors of production, tourism professionals in the region to maintain long-term competitive advantage is a strong guarantee. With the escalation of competition in the tourism industry, the demand for tourism professionals will be more and more. Should be noted that the regional specialization of talents, full-time is the future of the industry demand trends. Thus, talent building, on the one hand to develop the talents and efficient introduction of a flexible mechanism for talented people to provide appropriate treatment and relaxed environment, and inspire their play to their maximum ability. On the other hand, we should actively join hands with the university, according to the market and industry development, personnel training to develop a reasonable plan for regional tourism to achieve savings and competitive advantage of reserve forces and intelligence support. In addition, existing practitioners to focus on strengthening professional training, and gradually improve the overall quality of industry personnel.In short, to enhance the competitiveness of the regional tourism industry has become a top priority throughout the development of tourism, all localities should make full use of their advantage in resources, based on primary production in the elements of competitiveness, based on efforts to build talent, innovation andbrand-based long-term, effective competence, through the enhancement of regional competitiveness to promote our tourism industry in the international market competitiveness.Reference:[1] Hartserre A. Lesson in managerial destination competitiveness in the case of Foxwoods Casino resort[J].TourismManagement, 2000, 21(1):23-32.[2] Dr. Dimitrios Buhalis. Marketing the competitive destination of the future[J].TourismManagement, 2000, 21(1):97-116.[3] Hassan Salah S. Determinants of market competitiveness in an environmentally sustainable development [ J].Journal of Travel Research, 2000,38(2):263-271.[4] Ritchie J R B, Crouch G I. The competitive destination:sustainability perspective[J].Tourism Management, 2000,21(1):127.[5] Dwyer L, Forsyth THP, Rao P. The price competitiveness of travel and tourism: a comparison of 19 destinations [ J].Tourism Management, 2000, 21(1):9-22.[6] Pearce D G. Competitive destination analysis in southeast Asia[J]. Journal ofTravel Research, 1997,35(4):16-25.加强区域旅游竞争力战略弗兰克，罗伯特戈韦斯英国旅游研究所摘要旅游业想要迅猛的发展是离不开旅游资源的开发以及旅游者活动的开展，但是旅游资源的地域特征和旅游者活动的空间转移特点，决定了旅游业的发展必然要与相应的空间地域结构联系，呈现出一定的区域特点，这也决定了区域旅游业竞争存在的必然性和必要性。
《旅游管理专业英语》(第二版) 讲义 Lesson14 Positioning
Positioning (marketing)In marketing, positioning is the technique by which marketers try to create an image or identity for a product, brand, or organization. It is the 'place' a product occupies in a given market as perceived by the target market. Positioning is something that is done in the minds of the target market. A product's position is how potential buyers see the product. Positioning is expressed relative to the position of competitors. The term was coined in 1969 by Jack Trout in his paper, ""Positioning" is a game people play in today’s me-too market place" in the publication, Industrial Marketing.Re-positioning involves changing the identity of a product, relative to the identity of competing products, in the collective minds of the target market.Product positioning strategyThe ability to spot a positioning opportunity is a sure test of a person's marketing ability. Successful positioning strategies are usually rooted in a product's sustainable competitive advantage. The most common basis for constructing a product positioning strategy are:•positioning on specific product features•positioning on specific benefits, needs, or solutions•positioning on specific use categories•positioning on specific usage occasions•positioning against another product•positioning through product class dissociation•positioning by cultural symbolsProduct positioning processGenerally, the product positioning process involves:1.identifying competing products2.identifying the attributes (also called dimensions) that define the product 'space'3.collecting information from a sample of customers about their perceptions of eachproduct on the relevant attributes4.determine each products' share of mind5.determine each products' current location in the product space6.determine the target market's preferred combination of attributes (referred to as an idealvector)7.examine the fit between:a)the positions of competing productsb)the position of your productc)the position of the ideal vector8.select optimum positionThe process is similar for positioning your company's services. Services, however, don't have the physical attributes of products - that is, we can't feel them or touch them or show nice product pictures. So you need to ask first your customers and then yourself, what value do clients get from my services? How are they better off from doing business with me? Also ask: is there a characteristic that makes my services different?Write out the value customers derive and the attributes your services offer to create the first draft of your positioning. Test it on people who don't really know what you do or what you sell, watch their facial expressions and listen for their response. When they want to know more because you've piqued their interest and started a conversation, you'll know you're on the right track.For a free article on simple techniques for writing clearly about what you do and the products or services you sell, visit .Positioning conceptsMore generally, there are three types of positioning concepts:1.functional positionsa)solve problemsb)provide benefits to customers2.symbolic positionsa)self-image enhancementb)ego identificationc)belongingness and social meaningfulnessd)affective fulfillment3.experiential positionsa)provide sensory stimulationb)provide cognitive stimulationMeasuring the positioningPositioning is facilitated by a graphical technique called perceptual mapping, various survey techniques, and statistical techniques like multi dimensional scaling, factor analysis, conjoint analysis, and logit analysis.。
《旅游管理专业英语》(第二版) 讲义 Lesson03 Lesson 03
Lesson ThreeText Decision MakingManagers face problems constantly. Some problems that require a decision are relatively simple; others seem overwhelming. Some demand immediate action, while others take months or even years to unfold.Actually, managers often ignore problems. For several reasons, they avoid taking action.✧First, managers can’t be sure how much time, energy, or trouble lies ahead once theystart working on a problem.✧Second, getting involved is risky; tackling a problem but failing to solve it successfullycan hurt the manager’s track record.✧Third, because problems can be so perplexing, it is easier to procrastinate or to get busywith less demanding activities.There are several characteristics of managerial decisions that contribute to their difficulty and pressure, such as➢lack of structureWell-structured problems have objectively correct answers; they can be solved by using simple rules or numerical computations. But managers typically face ill-structured problems — problems with no proven answers, at least not until some time in the future.Such problems may have a number of possible solutions, all of which have merits and drawbacks.➢involvement of riskRisk exists when the probability of success is less than 100 percent. Risk can be accurately assessed under conditions of certainty if the manager has all the information that will enable him or her to make accurate predictions. Some degree of risk is inherent in virtually all significant decisions.➢uncertaintyPerfect certainty, in which the amount of risk is clear and easily determined, is rare. For important, ill-structured managerial problems, uncertainty is the rule. Uncertainty means the manager has insufficient information about probabilities of success and failure.Decision makers may have strong opinions, but they still face uncertainty if they lack pertinent information that would help them accurately assess their options.➢conflict.Important decisions are even more difficult because of the conflict they introduce.Conflict, which exists when the manager must consider opposing pressures from different sources, occurs at two levels. First, individual decision makers experience psychological conflict, for they may be forced to make an undesirable decision. Second, conflict arises between individuals or groups.Despite of these difficulties, managers are expected to make decisions rationally —that is, ✓gather information,✓objectively weigh the evidence,✓consider all the alternatives, and✓make the choices that will lead to the best possible outcomes.This ideal is seldom realized, however. Typically managers must employ a less than perfect form of rationality called bounded rationality. This concept suggests that in the real world, decision makers can rarely do a complete analysis because decisions are complex and complete information is unavailable. Furthermore, people are not always capable of knowing, understanding, or objectively interpreting all available information.Because of these limitations, decision makers rarely maximize, or make ideal decisions that result in the best possible outcomes. More commonly, managers sacrifice —they choose options that appear adequate or minimally acceptable, but not perfect. This often means that managers do not expend the time or energy to gather complete, perfect information; rather, they make the expedient decision based on readily available information.Moreover, managers must try to optimize in their decision making. Faced with many decisions and goals, they must make sacrifices in other areas. Attention devoted to one decision detracts from the time available for others. Thus, managers cannot realistically hope to perfectly and simultaneously maximize productivity, sales, return on investment, and employee well-being. Those who can optimize —obtain a balance of good results across all these dimensions —are fulfilling their managerial responsibilities well.The ideal decision-making process moves through six stages. Decision makers should(1) identify and diagnose the problem,(2) generate alternative solutions,(3) evaluate alternatives,(4) make the choice,(5) implement the decision, and(6) evaluate the decision.The first stage in the decision-making process is to recognize that a problem exists and must be solved. Typically, a manager realizes some discrepancy between the current state (the way things are) and a desired state (the way things ought to be). Such discrepancies —say, in organizational or departmental performance—may be detected by comparing current performance against(1) past performance,(2) the current performance of other organizations or departments, or(3) future expected performance as determined by plans and forecasts.Recognizing that a problem exists is only the beginning of this stage. The decision maker also must want to do something about it and must believe that the resources and abilities necessary for solving the problem exist. Then the decision maker must dig in deeper and attempt to diagnose the true cause of the problem symptoms that surfaced.For example, a sales manager knows that sales have dropped drastically. If he is leaving the company soon or believes the decreased sales volume is due to the economy (which he can’t do anything about), he won’t take further actio n. But if he does try to solve the problem, he should not automatically reprimand his sales staff, add new people, or increase the advertising budget. He must analyze why sales are down and then develop a solution appropriate to his analysis.In the second stage, problem diagnosis is linked to the development of alternative courses of action aimed at solving the problem. Managers generate at least some alternative solutions based on past experiences.Solutions range from ready made to custom made. Decision makers who search for ready-made solutions use ideas they have seen or tried before or follow advice of others who have faced similar problems. Custom-made solutions, on the other hand, must be designed for the specific problems. This technique requires combining ideas into new, creative solutions. For example, the Sony Walkman was created by combining two existing products: earphones and a tape player.Choose a ready-made alternative is much easier than designing a custom-made solution. Therefore, most decision makers use the ready-made approach, sometimes even when the ready-made alternative is inappropriate. If this approach fails to uncover an acceptable solution, the harder work of devising a unique solution will begin. For important, irreversible decisions, custom-made alternatives should be developed because they are more likely to lead tohigher-quality solutions.The third stage involves determining the value or adequacy of the alternatives that were generated. Which solution will be the best? Fundamental to this process is the ability to predict the consequences that will occur if the various options are put into effect. Managers should consider several types of consequences. Obviously they must attempt to predict the effects on financial or other performance measures. But there are other, less clear-cut consequences to address.⏹First, decisions set a precedent; will this precedent be a help or a hindrance in the future?⏹Second, the success or failure of the decision will go into the track records of thoseinvolved in making it.For example, Xerox Corporation has always had a policy that no one with more than eight years’ seniority can be fired unless his or her boss gets the personal approval of Xerox’s c hief executive officer. Now that Xerox had hundreds of thousands of employees worldwide, most managers consider this policy outdated and cumbersome. But no CEO has been willing to eliminate the policy. No one has wanted to be known forever as the person who robbed employees of the protection the policy afforded.To assess the consequences of decisions, managers need information. Various sources can provide information helpful in forecasting the future.●One source is market research.●Another source is input from experts.●Still another is computer techniques and formal forecasts.One useful approach to assessing the consequences of various courses of action is to list the pros and cons of each alternative. Decision makers must try to determine the possible consequences of each solution and the probabilities that those consequences will occur. Thus, risks can be clarified and uncertainty reduced.The future cannot be forecast with perfect accuracy. But sometimes decision makers can build in safeguards against an uncertain future by considering the potential consequences of several different scenarios. Then they generate contingency plans— alternative courses of action that can be implemented based on how the future unfolds. Or perhaps they can find a strategy that fits all the likely scenarios.Ultimately, decision makers must choose from their alternatives —the fourth stage in the decision making process. The choice is rarely clear-cut.An important statement of how people make choices is the subjectively expected utility (SEU) model. This model states that individuals choose the option that they subjectively believe will have the highest value, or utility. In the simplest case,SEU = ( p u )SEU is the subjectively expected utility, or value, of an alternative;p is the probability that a given consequence will occur; andu is the utility of the outcome.According to the model, people will choose the alternative that has the highest SEU (value) and reject alternatives of lesser value. This is rational, maximizing choice.Consider a simple example. A company is considering an acquisition and has narrowed its choice to two firms. Many factors must be considered, including the target companies’ current financial strengths, management teams, product lines, and physical assets. Management concludes that the outcome of owning Company A has a utility (u) of .80 and that of owning Company B has a utility of .60. In other words, both companies have some appeal, but A is more attractive than B. However, management expects Company A to fight the takeover and thus perceives only a .30 probability of successfully acquiring Company A. On the other hand, management expects an .80 probability of a successful acquisition of Company B.The SEU values for the two courses of action are .24 (.80 ⨯ .30) for Company A and .48 (.60⨯.80) for Company B. Even though A is more attractive, the SEU model predicts that B will be chosen over A. This is because, given the different probabilities of success, management subjectively expects a better final outcome on a bid for Company B.The fifth stage: implementation of the decisionThe decision-making process does not end once a choice is made. The chosen alternative must be implemented. Sometimes the people involved in making the choice must put it into effect. At other times, they delegate the responsibility for implementation to others, such as when a management team changes a policy or operating procedures and has first-line supervisors carry out the change.Those who implement the decision must understand the choice and why it was made. They also must be committed to its successful implementation. These needs can be met by involving those people in the early stages of the implementation process.Managers should plan implementation carefully. Adequate planning requires several steps:1.Determining how things will look when the decision is fully operational.2.Chronologically order, perhaps with a flow diagram, the steps necessary to achieve afully operational decision.3.List the resources and activities required to implement each step.4.Estimate the time needed for each step.5.Assign responsibility for each step to specific individuals.The final stage in the decision-making process is evaluating the decision. This means collecting information on how well the decision is working. Quantifiable goals can be set even before the solution to the problem is put into effect. Then objective data can be gathered to accurately determine the success or failure of the decision.Decision evaluation is useful whether the feedback is positive or negative. Feedback that suggests the decision is working implies that the decision should be continued and perhaps applied elsewhere in the organization. Negative feedback, which indicates failure means that either(1) implementation will requires more time, resources, effort, or thought or(2) the decision was a bad one.If the decision appears inappropriate, it’s back to the drawing board. Then the process cyclesback to the first stage: (re)definition of the problem. The decision-making process begins anew, preferably with more information, new suggestions, and an approach that attempts to eliminate the mistakes made the first time around.How can managers tell whether they made the best decision? One approach is to wait until the results are in. But what if the decision has been made but not yet implemented? While nothing can guarantee a “best” decision, managers should at least be confident that they followed proper procedures that will yield the best possible decision under the circumstances. This means that the decision makers were appropriately vigilant in making the decision. Vigilance occurs when the decision makers carefully and conscientiously execute all six stages of decision making, including making provisions for implementation and evaluation.Even if managers reflect on these decision-making activities and conclude that they were executed conscientiously, they still will not know whether the decision will work; after all, nothing guarantees a good outcome. But they will know that they did their best to make the most rational decision.Rationality, vigilance, and sequential execution of the six-stage decision-making process are the exception rather than the rule in managerial decision making. Problems and departures inevitably arise. Real decisions involve✧subjective psychological biases,✧time pressures, and✧social realities.Sometimes a manager finds it necessary to convene a group of people − subordinates, peers, or superiors −for the purpose of making an important decision. Managers therefore must understand how groups operate and how to use them to improve decision making. The basic philosophy behind using a group to make decisions is captured by the adage “two heads are better than one.” But is this statement really valid? Yes, it is − potentially.If enough time is available, groups usually make higher-quality decisions than most individuals acting alone. However, groups often are inferior to the best individual. How well the group performs depends on how effectively it capitalizes on the potential advantages and minimizes the potential problems of using a group.Notes1.track record: A record of actual performance or accomplishment.2.bounded rationality: A less than perfect form of rationality suggesting that in the realworld, decision makers are rarely able to conduct a complete, rational analysis because decisions are complex and complete information is unavailable.3.Xerox Corporation: A major U.S. corporation and first manufacturer of xerographic,plain-paper copiers. Headquarters are in Stamford, Conn. The company was founded in 1906 as Haloid Company, changed its name to Haloid Xerox Company in 1958, and to Xerox Corporation in 1961. In 1960 Xerox first marketed the 914 xerographic copier; theprocess, which made photographic copies onto plain, uncoated paper, had been known for some time, but this was its first commercial application. The product had such success that the company has had to wage a continuing campaign to prevent the trademark Xerox from becoming a generic term. Since that first copier, the company has expanded into other information products and publishing, while remaining a major reprographics manufacturer. Its primary products are related to the information-processing business, including xerographic copiers and related services, and other business products and supplies. It introduced word-processing machines in 1974, and in 1979 introduced Ethernet, an office communications network. The company also manufactures computer terminals, memory disk drives, and other computer software and offers seminars and management consulting. It manufactures office supplies and optical equipment for the defense and aerospace industries and conducts research in advanced military and aerospace technology. Xerox owns R.R. Bowker, which publishes Publishers' Weekly, Library Journal, and Books in Print. It also owns several publishers of textbooks and educational materials. Its University Microfilms International stores and rents microfilms of leading periodicals and books. In 1983 the company purchased Crum and Forster, Inc., an insurance holding company. The following year it completed the purchase of Van Kampen Merritt, Inc., an investment banking firm. (Refer to )4.market research: A systematic, objective approach to developing and providinginformation for use in making decisions about specific marketing problems.5.pros and cons: The arguments or considerations in favor and against something.6.contingency plan: Sophisticated planning processes that identify alternative courses ofaction to be implemented if key characteristics of the situation change.7.acquisition: It’s also called business combination. It is the process of associating two ormore different companies. There are three forms of business combination: statutory merger, statutory consolidation, and acquisition. The differences between these three combinations are primarily a function of the legal nature of the resulting combined company.A statutory merger occurs when two separate companies combine in such as way thatone of the companies will no longer exists. This combination is best expressed by the equation: X+Y=XA statutory consolidation occurs when two or more separate companies combine insuch a way that both companies no longer exist and a new company is formed. This type of combination is best expressed by the equation: X+Y=XYAn acquisition occurs when two separate companies combine in such a way that both keep their legal identities. This type of combination is best expressed by the equation: X+Y=X+Y8.SEU: Subjectively Expected Utility Model, in which individuals choose the option theysubjectively believe will have highest value or utility. In the simplest case, SEU is given by V=∑(p×u).9.vigilance: A state that exists when a decision maker considers a wide range of alternatives;remembers the full range of objectives; weighs the costs and risks of each alternative;searches for useful new information; considers new information and advice, even if it does not support initial preferences’ reexamines all alternatives and their possibleconsequences and makes provisions for implementation, including contingency plans in the even things go wrong.Vocabulary1.overwhelming adj. Overpowering in effect or strength.2.unfold vt. To open and spread out (something folded); extend. To remove the coveringsfrom; disclose to view. To reveal gradually by written or spoken explanation; make known.3.tackle vt. To take on and wrestle with (an opponent or a problem, for example).4.perplexing adj. Confusing or troubling with uncertainty or doubt.5.procrastinate vi. To put off doing something, especially out of habitual carelessness orlaziness.6.demanding adj. Requiring much effort or attention.7.weigh vt. To balance in the mind in order to make a choice; ponder or evaluate.8.optimize vt. To make as perfect or effective as possible.9.detract vi. To undergo reduction in value, importance, or quality; become reduced, as ineffect. Often used with from.10.return n. A profit or yield, as from labor or investments.11.diagnose vt. To distinguish or identify (a disease, for example) by diagnosis.12.discrepancy n. Divergence or disagreement, as between facts or claims; difference.13.symptom n. A sign or an indication of disorder or disease, especially when experiencedby an individual as a change from normal function, sensation, or appearance.14.reprimand vt. To reprove severely, especially in a formal or official way.15.ready-made adj. Already made, prepared, or available.16.custom-made adj. Made according to the specifications of an individual purchaser.17.address vt. To deal with.18.precedent n. An act or instance that may be used as an example in dealing withsubsequent similar instances.19.hindrance n. One that hinders; an impediment.20.seniority n. Precedence of position, especially precedence over others of the same rank byreason of a longer span of service.21.cumbersome adj. Difficult to handle because of weight or bulk. Troublesome or onerous.22.scenario n. An outline or a model of an expected or a supposed sequence of events.23.utility n. The quality or condition of being useful; usefulness.24.take-over n. The act or an instance of assuming control or management of orresponsibility for something, especially the seizure of power, as in a nation, political organization, or corporation.25.delegate vt. To commit or entrust to another.26.capitalize vi. To turn something to one's advantage; benefit.Comprehension QuestionsDirections: Choose one best answer from the four choices according to the text.1.Managers often ignore problems because of the following except that _________.A.they are afraid of losing control.B.failure in solving the problem can hurt their track record.C.it is relatively easier to put off the problem than to solve it.D.it is easier to engage in difficult activities than to solve problems.2.The following add t o managers’ decision making difficulty except ______.A.ill-structured problemsB.risks involvedC.uncertainty due to lack of relevant informationD.confrontation between management and labor3.Which of the following statements is not true?A.Managers must employ bounded rationality.B.Managers must maximize and make ideal decisions.C.Managers must choose options that appear adequate, but not perfect.D.Managers must try to optimize in decision making.4.Which of the following is not one of the stages in the ideal decision making process?A.Problem identificationB.Alternative solutionsC.Decision makingD.Implementation evaluation5.Problems can be identified in organizational performance by comparing currentperformance against _______.A.desired stateB.past performanceC.others’ performan ceD.expected performance6.Managers should consider following consequences in choosing among alternatives except________.A.financial consequencesB.effect on performanceC.precedent settingD.track record of the company7.Which of the following is not one of the sources that can provide information inforecasting the future?A.Market researchB.Opinions of expertsputer techniques and formal forecastsD.The pros and cons of each alternative8.Which of the following statements about SEU is not true?A.SEU stands for the subjectively expected utility.B.SEU means that people choose the best alternative.C.P is the probability that a certain result appears.D.U is the utility of the outcome.9.What does the word “delegate” mean in “… they delegate the responsibility forimplementation t o others …”?A.To authorize and send as one’s representative.B.To commit or entrust to another.C.To appoint as a debtor to one’s creditor.D.To serve as a deputy or agent.10.Adequate plan of implementation requires the following steps except _____.A.putting in order the steps necessary to achieve a fully operational decision.B.mapping out all the resources and activities required for each step.C.estimating the time required for each step.D.assigning responsibility for each step to specific individuals.Discussion Questions1.Recall a recent decision that you had difficulty making. Describe your decision situationin terms of the characteristics of managerial decisions.2.Do you think managers can use computer technology to improve the “rationality” of theirdecisions?3.Do y ou think that when managers make “real-world” decisions they follow the steps ondecision making as presented in the text? Which steps are apt to be overlooked or given little attention?4.Discuss the potential advantages and disadvantages of using a group to make decisions.5.Suppose you are the CEO of a major corporation, what should you do when you havedifficulty in making a major decision?ExercisesTranslationDirections: Translate the following passages into Chinese.1.The leader of a decision-making body must attempt to minimize process-related problems.The leader should avoid dominating the discussion and allowing another individual to dominate. This means encouraging less vocal group members to air their opinions and suggestions and asking for dissenting viewpoints. At the same time, the leader should not allow the group to pressure people into conforming. The leader should be alert to the dangers of groupthink and satisfaction. Also, she or he should be attuned to indications that group members are losing sight of the primary objective: to come up with the best solution to the problem. This implies two things. First, don’t lose sight of the problem.Second, make a decision!一个决策机构的领导必须尽量减少与决策过程有关的问题。
旅游管理专业《旅游英语》(四)教学大纲
旅游管理专业旅游英语（四）教学大纲《旅游英语》(四)是旅游管理专业将继续开设的一门职业基础课程。
本课程的目的在于让学生在经过两学期的旅游英语语言及基本知识的基础上，进一步了解有关旅游业的文化知识、专业知识；了解旅游业文化背景；熟悉国内外旅游历史、地理；本学期的学习重点是：掌握和积累旅游英语词汇；完成有关旅游知识方面话题的思考；增强实用写作技能；提高英语交际能力。
本学期主要学习内容：1、关于旅游酒店的组织结构以及办理酒店入住登记手续等内容的介绍；2、关于北京胡同的基本情况、建造特点等方面的介绍；大都市——伦敦观光内容的介绍；3、介绍委内瑞拉的选美活动以及选美活动与人们生活的关系等内容；4、对英国人是否具有宽容的品格进行讨论；5、餐饮业的兴起的原因、种类、特色以及运作进行介绍；6、处理顾客投诉的方法及注意问题；7、龙在中国文化中地位的各种说法；8、各类旅游购物场所的介绍；9、国家公园的产生、国家公园中的旅游设施以及所面临的问题等方面的内容；10、对旅游业所面临的全球性问题的讨论；11、汽车在美国人生活中所扮演的角色；一、课时安排本学期该门课程将开设4个学期共216学时，每学期54学时，每周3学时。
我们将学完下册第九至第十五课。
建议每课安排两周，共6学时。
二、课程学习重点本门课程的教材内容由以下几个部分组成：（1）T ext ：A、B对于这个部分的学习，要求在任课教师讲授下，了解有关知识，我们不要求对课文进行语言及语法部分的精讲，但要求掌握课文中相关主题做涉及到的一些主要内容的英语表达方式及其内涵（参考后面所给出的每课要点）(2－4学时)，并认真完成课后练习I: comprehension questions on the texts（1－2学时）。
对于词汇、语法及翻译练习我们不作重点要求，各教学班可根据自己的学时安排和学生实际，指导学生完成练习。
（2）Guide Writing: 是我们本学期学习的重点部分。
旅游管理专业英语自我介绍（通用6篇）
旅游管理专业英语自我介绍（通用6篇）旅游管理专业英语篇1I am * * Institute of tourism tourism marketing professional graduates, three years in the university I with outstanding achievement of completing all the major courses, including their tour guide, guide basic knowledge, and foreign national folklore, tourism studies, tourism regulations, travel agency management, tourism marketing, the following is my university's self identification.In the three years of university life, I have to improve their comprehensive quality and ability as the goal, a comprehensive development direction, establish a correct outlook on life, values and world view, continue to challenge themselves, to enrich themselves, beyond the self, a solid foundation for the realization of the value of life lay in this full of sour, sweet, bitter, hot process, in my efforts to consolidate their professional knowledge, more is a lot of books on knowledge. T o learn something in the process in the continuous progress in the pursuit of self value at the same time, learning is still the main man now, I also understand that only proficient in their own business, to further enhance their life Value, and create more social value for the society. Therefore I have hard work to learn their professional knowledge, on the professional achievements are strict in demands, teachers and students must obtain college scholarships, the annual prize two.In daily life, I attach great importance to exercise, have good mental and physical fitness, sports performance excellence, physical training. I have broad interests, love life, especially love singing and painting, has won the prize in the calligraphy competition period and newspaper competition.Because I am cheerful, can contact with different people; to live in harmony with the amiable and easy of approach, students or teachers; honest people honest, do everything; willing to help others, to share some of the work of others or the life of sadness; caution, look before you leap; things go all out, will not easily stop failing; Linweibuju, can calmly deal with unexpected events.The summer vacation, I am a skilled oral self recommended candidates to the international travel service Limited by Share Ltd headquarters in either the domestic travel guides job training, also by the company and customers in the process of work. I know how to use spare time to acquire more knowledge and experience, through the work and activities of the exercise, my ability has been enhanced obviously.They will have to pay in return, I believe I have the most precious young life and knowledge, I will use my passion, vitality, confidence and knowledge to cope with all possible difficulties in life and work, create their own value of life!旅游管理专业英语自我介绍篇2My name is , I'm school of tourism management students. My personality is bright, is a sunny girl, I am also a slow charge girl, feel so much experience, there is a positive feeling, I am good at dealing with people, in the face of life with a confident heart, dare to challenge themselves. In the university I constantly improve themselves, improve their own quality. On the basis of learning professional courses and public courses, I have a solid professional basis be learned in books, for myself. I read a lot of books, and constantly adding new knowledge, edify sentiment, develop view. Not only that, I was Often attend the English corner activities, exercise the ability of spoken English, but also make many foreign friends.I actively participate in school organization during the period of school activities, exercise a certain communication ability. I served as the University of , director of Public Relations Association and Literature Society of Ministers of the organization. Because of the special good at arts and sports, I served as the Department of Arts minister, Academy of Art director and school dance association of Latin dance coach and football team the cheerleader, organized and participated in the school held many performances and sports competitions. Haikou is the Golden Coast Lawton Hotel and Meritus Mandarin Hotel wedding celebration exclusive dance artists.During the period of school, I also actively participate in social practice activities, improve my ability to adapt to society, broaden my knowledge. Because of the Public Relations Society of university trained etiquette training, I attended several opening ceremony etiquette reception work, done a car sales model. x also participated in the Asia Economic Forum the annual meeting of the reception work, and access to x Spring Hotel general manager personally awarded the honorary certificate.I am cheerful, generous, strong communication ability and practical ability, good at interpersonal communication. To master the knowledge of good manners and hospitality experience, the flexibility and agility, flexibility to work in an emergency. My capability is very strong, responsive, is a reassuring people.旅游管理专业英语自我介绍篇3I am a professional tourism management students, I with outstanding achievement of completing all the major courses, including their tour guide, guide basic knowledge, and foreign national folklore, tourism studies, tourism regulations, travel agency management, tourism marketing, Tourism Etiquette,catering service and management, hotel lobby and room service management, Chinese oral Tourism English, tourism geography, hotel human resource management.In this process, three years of campus life and social practice there is bitterness, joy, sorrow, laughter, failure, more success. I have to improve their comprehensive quality and ability as the goal, a comprehensive development direction, establish a correct outlook on life and value view and view of the world, constantly challenge themselves, to enrich themselves, beyond the self, a solid foundation for the realization of the value of life lay in the full sour, sweet, bitter, hot process, in my efforts to consolidate their professional knowledge, more is a lot of books on the knowledge learned in the process. In the constant pursuit of progress continuous self value at the same time, Learning is still the main man now, I also understand that only proficient in their own business, in order to continuously enhance their own value of life, and create more social value for the society. Therefore I have hard work to learn their professional knowledge, on the professional achievements strict in demands, students teachers have been affirmed, the school year the scholarship prize two.Because I am cheerful, can contact with different people; to live in harmony with the amiable and easy of approach, students or teachers; honest people honest, do everything; willing to help others, to share some of the work of others or the life of sadness; caution, look before you leap; things go all out, will not easily stop failing; Linweibuju, can calmly deal with unexpected events.In daily life, I attach great importance to exercise, have good mental and physical fitness, sports performance excellence, physical training. I have broad interests, love life, especially love singing and painting, has won the prize in the calligraphycompetition period and newspaper competition.The summer vacation, I am a skilled oral self recommended candidates to the international travel service Limited by Share Ltd headquarters in either the domestic travel guides job training, also by the company and customers in the process of work. I know how to use spare time to acquire more knowledge and experience, through the work and activities of the exercise, my ability has been enhanced obviously.In life and work I still have our shortcomings, but I dare to correct yourself, improve yourself. I believe that I have the most precious young life and knowledge, I will use my passion, vitality, confidence and knowledge to cope with all possible difficulties in life and work, to create their own the value of life!I believe that Yifengengyun one harvest, the need to create their own wonderful life!While leaving the school, but I would like to learn more, such as a unity of heart, a self-motivated, much more of a sense of responsibility.旅游管理专业英语自我介绍篇4After completing my military service, I have been looking for a challenging goal for me to achieve. And I found that the Intermediate of General English Proficiency Test fits my new achievement properly.I graduated from T aipei Commercial Junior College, majored in business administration. Instead of spending much time in playing, I devoted myself to my studies and paid attention to all meaningful things happened in daily life. By the way, I learned a lot from Mr. Wang, the professor of my business class. He is my good friend till now an often gives some appropriate suggestions toward my problem confusion.My father is, in the same way, a good consultant to me. As he said: I am in poor education, little for you; to clarify, what he have given is far beyond his words, I do think so. I was born in a country of Ping Tung Country, farming is our career of generations. There are four people in my family, Mother is housewife and my brother is a student of an Agriculture College.I am optimistic and active, and I am confident that I can pass the test旅游管理专业英语自我介绍篇5My name is , I School of tourism management students.My personality is very outgoing, a Sunshine girl, and I'm also an energetic girl slowly filling, the experience of feeling always useful not to finish, there is a positive feeling, I am good with people, face life with a confident heart, dares to challenge yourself.During college, I continued to improve themselves, improving their own quality. as well as specialized courses and courses on the basis of my reading, has laid a solid foundation for yourself. I read a lot of books and continue to add new knowledge, cultivate and broaden their horizons.Not only that, I often take part in English corner activities organized by the school, practice their English speaking abilities, have made many foreign friends. During school I actively participate in school clubs, exercise a certain degree of organization and communication skills.I have and literary and social organization, Director-General of the Association of public relations of the University. Due to the particularly good at art and sporting, I served as Minister of the Department of art, art director and Dance Association dance coach and the football team cheerleader, organized andparticipated in many theatrical performances organized by the campus activities and sporting activities.Haikou Golden Coast Lawton Hotel Mandarin orchard and the wedding celebration exclusive dance artists. During school I also actively participated in social activities, improve my social skills, and expand my knowledge. Because College public relations Association etiquette training, I work more than attended the opening ceremony of the ceremonial reception, do car show models. years x months also participated in the reception of the first annual Conference of the Economic Forum in Asia, and Hot Springs Hotel x certificate issued by the General Manager himself.I am a cheerful, generous, have strong communication and organizational skills and practical abilities, good communication. Mastery of ritual knowledge and working experience, flexible, responsive and flexible in dealing with the emergency. My ability is very strong, responsive, is a reassuring one.旅游管理专业英语自我介绍篇6Dear Sir/Madam: Hello!my name is , is a student in College, Department of Tourism tourism management major, graduating. Thank you for taking the time to read my cover letter. College is a beautiful environment, strong teachers University, has a long history (teaching cases, papers, courseware, teaching) and excellent tradition in such a reputation for rigor, known for educating school under cultivation, both in knowledge, and in terms of personal qualities, I benefited from.In school, we have the following courses, travel regulations, the outline to tourism science, tour guide duties, basics of Hubei tour, national guide basic knowledge courses.As well as computer and Putonghua training. This will not only enrich their own or develop their own variety of skills. Most importantly, rigorous style of study and correct learning attitude shaped my simple, stable, innovative character.In addition, I also actively participate in various social activities, seize every opportunity to exercise their own. * Year of College, I deeply feel that working with other students, benefit me in the competition; to challenge the practical difficulty, let me grow up in frustration.Grandparents taught me diligence, responsibility, kindness, integrity; training at the University I am being pragmatic and pioneering style.I love your organization engaged in the cause, eagerly look forward to your leadership, building blocks for this glorious cause; and in the practice of continuous learning and progress. Collect pen at, I would like to say: regardless of whether you choose me, dear leader, I hope you can accept my sincere thanks! Looking forward to your early reply. I wish you success in your work! This salute!。
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Unit 1 The Sunshine IndustryTranslate into Chinese.1）Unlike physical “products”, say a car, you can never “test drive” a tourism product, say a destination. Decisions whether your client is going to buy your product or not have always been based on information and word of mouth.与物理的“产品”不一样，例如汽车，你永远不能“试驾”旅游产品，比如目的地。
决定你的客户是否会购买你的产品或不一直购买，已经是基于信息和口碑。
3) Consumers now have many more choices because the Internet gives moreproviders more opportunities to create direct consumer relationships and allows a wide variety of pricing.现在的消费者有更多的选择，因为互联网让更多的供应商有更多的机会去创造与消费者的直接关系，并且允许各种各样的定价。
5) The most important question is not whether the new technology will replace thetraditional ways of booking holidays, but rather how quickly this transition will occur.最重要的问题不在于新技术是否将取代传统的预订度假的方式，而是这种转变如何迅速发生。
Translate into English1) 尽管网络经济发展迅速，但网上营销观念还没有被中国的广大旅游企业所接受。
网上促销、网上预订，尤其是网上结算，对许多旅游企业来说还是陌生的。
Although the Internet economy has developed rapidly, online marketing concept has not been accepted by all the tourism enterprises of China. Online promotion and online booking, especially online settlement, is strange for many tourism enterprises.3) 旅游电子商务的前景相当广阔，尤其在酒店和机票这两个领域。
网络经济的优势就在于它不需要库存，一切都可以通过电话和鼠标完成。
Tourism electronic commerce has bright prospects, especially in the two areas of the hotel and air ticket. The advantage of the network economy is that it doesn't need to inventory; everything can be done by telephone and mouse.4）自1978年实行改革开放以来，我国旅游业取得了迅速发展，旅游设施和交通有了改进，不少历史名胜风景胜地均得到修复。
旅游业已经成为我国第三产业的一个重要组成部分。
Since 1978 since the implementation of reform and opening up, China's tourism industry has made rapid development, tourism facilities and traffic has improved, many historical scenic resorts were repaired. Tourism has become an important part of the third industry in china.Unit 2 Tourist TransportationTranslate into Chinese.1)No smoking will be permitted until the captain turns off the “No Smoking” sign,and at no time is smoking permitted in the lavatories.禁止吸烟将会被允许直到机长关闭“禁止吸烟”的标志，并且决不允许在洗手间内吸烟。
3)Clearly marked lavatories are located throughout the passenger cabin. Toiletriessuch as lotion and aftershave are available for use by our passengers. Please do not dispose of paper towels, plastic cups, or empty toothpaste tubes in the toilet bowl. These items should be thrown away in the designated trash bin next to the sink.清楚标明厕所位于整个客舱。
化妆品如乳液和须后水可以被我们的乘客使用。
请不要将纸巾，塑料杯，或空的牙膏扔到马桶里。
这些东西应该被丢弃在指定的垃圾桶旁边的水池中。
5)We obtain world-renowned products directly from the manufacturers and sellthem at very low prices and duty-free on our flight. Please check the brochure in your seat pocket.我们直接从制造商那儿获得世界著名的产品并且用非常低的价格出售他们，并且我们的航班免税。
请检查您的座椅口袋的小册子。
Translate into English1)几乎所有的机场都有一个共同点，那就是距离所在的城市较远，乘客常常要话几十分钟到一个小时甚至更多的时间才能到达机场。
Almost all airports have one thing in common, that is far from the city, passengers often spend dozens minutes to an hour or more time to get to the airport.2)除了私家车，乘客还可以乘坐公共交通工具到机场，但公共汽车和地铁较为不便，尤其在当乘客携带了大量行李的情况下，出租车的费用又较高，因此，有很多航空公司开通了巴士服务，专门将客人接送到机场。
In addition to private cars, passengers can take public transportation to the airport, but the bus and subway more inconvenience, especially in the case of when passengers carrying a large amount of luggage, the cost of the taxi and higher, therefore, there are many airlines launched a bus service, dedicated to the guest shuttle to the airport.4）机场安检集中探测武器、爆炸物和化学物品等，但也阻止未经授权人员进入控制区。
Airport security detects weapons, explosives and chemicals etc. and prevent unauthorized personnel into the control area.Unit 3 Tour OperatorsTranslate into Chinese.1)Travel may be one of the several means of satisfying a need, and although needsare felt by us, we do not necessarily express them, and we may not recognize how travel actually satisfies our particular needs.旅行可能是满足需要的几种方式之一，虽然需要是我们的感受，我们不一定要表达出来，我们可能没有意识到实际上的旅行怎么满足我们的特殊需要。
2)Before anyone can choose to undertake a holiday, they must become aware of thedestinations from which they can choose, and obtain information about these destinations.在任何人可以选择进行一个假期之前，他们必须意识到他们可以选择的目的地，并获得关于这些目的地的信息。
Translate into English2) 旅游批发商成功经营的关键因素之一就是制定合理的价格。
旅游产品的价格必须符合市场的需求，必须比其他同类产品的价格更具竞争力。
Tourism wholesaler’s management one of the key factors to success is to set reasonable prices. Tourism product price must conform to the demand of the market, must be more competitive price than other similar products.5）旅游批发商认识到海外旅游市场的巨大潜力，致力于提高市场占有率，同时为开拓市场，还积极鼓励国内旅游者到海外旅行。
Tourism wholesalers to realize overseas tourist market of huge potential, working to improve market share, to expand the market, at the same time also actively encourage domestic tourists to travel abroad.Unit 4 Travel AgentsTranslate into Chinese.1)Travel agents may specialize not only in the selection of products they offer, but inthe markets they serve. The clearest distinction is between those that focus on business travel and those that concentrate on leisure travel.旅行社可能不仅专门在他们所提供的生产产品中选择，而且还有他们的市场服务。