(推荐)四川大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题

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2012年四川大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题

2012年四川大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题阅读1）Sign has become a scientific hot button. Only in the past 20 years have specialists in language study realized that signed languages are unique—a speech of the hand. They offer a new way to probe how the brain generates and understands language, and throw new light on an old scientific controversy: whether language, complete with grammar, is something that we are born With, or whether it is a learned behavior. The current interest in sign language has roots in the pioneering work of one rebel teacher at Gallaudet University in Washington, D. C., the world’s only liberal arts university for deaf people.When Bill Stokoe went to Gallaudet to teach English, the school enrolled him in a course in signing. But Stokoe noticed something odd: among themselves, students signed differently from his classroom teacher.Stokoe had been taught a sort of gestural code, each movement of the hands representing a word in English. At the time, American Sign Language (ASL) was thought to be no more than a form of pidgin English (混杂英语). But Stokoe believed the “hand talk” his students used looked richer. He wondered: Might deaf people actually: have a genuine language? And could that language be unlike any other on Earth? It was 1955, when even deaf people dismissed their signing a s “substandard”. Stokoe’s idea was academic heresy (异端邪说).It is 37 years later. Stokoe—now devoting his time to writing and editing books and journals and to producing video materials on ASL and the deaf culture—is having lunch at a cafe near the Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution. For decades educators fought his idea that signed languages are natural languages like English, French and Japanese. They assumed language must be based on speech, the modulation (调节) of sound. But sign language is based on the movement of hands, the modulation of space. “What I said,” Stokoe explains, “is that language is not mouth stuff—it’s brain stuff.”21. The study of sign language is thought to be _____C___.A) a new way to look at the learning of languageB) a challenge to traditional, views on the nature of languageC) an approach: to simplifying the grammatical structure of a languageD) an attempt to clarify misunderstanding about the origin of language（C）22. The, present growing interest in sign language was stimulated by ___C_____.A) a famous scholar in the study of the human brainB) a leading specialist in the study of liberal artsC) an English teacher in a university for the deafD) some senior experts in American Sign Language（C）23. According to Stokoe, sign language is _____B___.A) a Substandard languageB) a genuine languageC) an artificial languageD) an international language（B）24. Most educators objected to Stokoe’s idea because they tho ught _____D___.A) sign language was not extensively used even by deaf peopleB) sign language was too artificial to be widely acceptedC) a language should be easy to use and understandD) a language could only exist in the form of speech sounds（D）25. St okoe’s argument is based on his belief that ____D____.A) sign language is as efficient as any other languageB) sign language is derived from natural languageC) language is a system of meaningful codesD) language is a product of the brain（D）2）It was the worst tragedy in maritime history, six times more deadly than the Titanic. When the German cruise ship Wilhelm Gustloff was hit by torpedoes fired from a Russian submarine in the final winter of World War II, more than 10,000 people-mostly women, children and old people fleeing the final Red Army push into Nazi Germany-were packed aboard. An ice storm had turned the decks into frozen sheets that sent hundreds of families sliding into the sea as the ship tilted and began to go down. Others desperately tried to put lifeboats down. Some who succeeded fought off those in the water who had the strength to try to claw their way aboard. Most people froze immediately. I’ll never forget the screams,” says Christa Ntitzmann, 87, one of the 1,200 survivors. She recalls watching the ship, brightly lit, slipping into its dark grave-and into seeming nothingness, rarely mentioned for more than half a century.Now Germany’s Nobel Prize-winning author Gtinter Grass has revived the memory of the 9,000 dead, including more than 4,000 children-with his latest novel Crab Walk, published last month. The book, which will be out in English next year, doesn’t dwell on the sinking; its heroine is a pregnant young woman who survives the catastrophe only to say later: “Nobody wanted t o hear about it, not here in the West (of Germany) and not at all in the East.” The reason was obvious. As Grass put it in a recent interview with the weekly Die Woche: “Because the crimes we Germans are responsible for were and are so dominant, we didn’t have the energy left to tell of our own sufferings.”The long silence about the sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff was probably unavoidable-and necessary. By unreservedly owning up to their country’s monstrous crimes in the Second World War, Germans have managed to win acceptance abroad, marginalize the neo-Nazis at home and make peace with their neighbors. Today’s unified Germany is more prosperous and stable than at any time in its long, troubled history. For that, a half century of willful forgetting about painful memories like the German Titanic was perhaps a reasonable price to pay. But even the most politically correct Germans believe that they’ ye now earned the right to discuss the full historical record. Not to equate German suffering with that of its victims, but simply to acknowledge a terrible tragedy.31. Why does the author say the sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff was the worsttragedy in maritime history? （B）A) It was attacked by Russian torpedoes.B) It caused the largest number of casualties.C) Most of its passengers were frozen to death.D) Its victims were mostly women and children.32. Hundreds of families dropped into the sea when ___（A）_____.A) the badly damaged ship leaned toward one sideB) a strong ice storm tilted the shipC) the cruise ship sank all of a suddenD) the frightened passengers fought desperately for lifeboats33. The Wilhelm Gustloff tragedy was little talked about for more than half a century because Germans _____（D）___.A) were eager to win international acceptanceB) had been pressured to keep silent about itC) were afraid of offending their neighborsD) felt guilty for their crimes in World War II34. How does Gunter Grass revive the memory of the Wilhelm Gustloff tragedy? （D）A) By describing the ship’s sinking in great detail.B) By giving an interview to the weekly Die Woche.C) By presenting the horrible scene of the torpedo attack.D) By depicting the survival of a young pregnant woman.35. It can be learned from the passage that Germans no longer think that ____（C）____.A) the Wilhelm Gustloff tragedy is a reasonable price to pay for the nation’s past misdeedsB) Germany is responsible for the horrible crimes it committed in World War IIC) they will be misunderstood if they talk about the Wilhelm Gustloff tragedyD) it-is wrong to equate their sufferings with those of other countries3）There are people in Italy who can’t stand soccer. Not all Canadians love hockey. A similar situation exists in America, where there are those individuals you may be one of them who yawn or even frown when somebody mentions baseball. 『Baseball to them means boring hours watching grown men in funny tight outfits standing around in a field staring away while very little of anything happens.』①They tell you it’s a game better suited to the 19th century, slow, quiet, gentlemanly. These are the same people you may be one of them who love football because there’s the sport that glorifies “the hit”.By contrast, baseball seems abstract, cool, silent, still.On TV the game is fractured into a dozen perspectives, replays, close ups. The geometry of the game, however, is essential to understanding it. You will contemplate the game from one point as a painter does his subject; you may, of course, project yourself into the game. It is in this projection that the game affords so much space andtime for involvement. The TV won’t do it for you.Take, for example, the third baseman. You sit behind the third base dugout and you watch him watching home plate. His legs are apart, knees flexed. His arms hang loose. He does a lot of this. The skeptic still cannot think of any other sports so still, so passive. 『But watch what happens every time the pitcher throws: the third baseman goes up on his toes, flexes his arms or bring the glove to a point in front of him, takes a step right or left, backward or forward, perhaps he glances across the field to check his first baseman’s position.』②Suppose the pitch is a ball. “Nothing happened,” you say. “I could have had my eyes closed.”The skeptic and the innocent must play the game. And this involvement in the stands is no more intellectual than listening to music is. Watch the third baseman. Smooth the dirt in front of you with one foot; smooth the pocket in your glove; watch the eyes of the batter, the speed of the bat, the sound of horsehide on wood. If football is a symphony of movement and theatre, baseball is chamber music, a spacious interlocking of notes, chores and responses.1. The passage is mainly concerned with .A. the different tastes of people for sportsB. the different characteristics of sportsC. the attraction of footballD. the attraction of baseball2. Those who don’t like baseball may complain that .A. it is only to the taste of the oldB. it involves fewer players than footballC. it is not exciting enoughD. it is pretentious and looks funny3. The author admits that .A. baseball is too peaceful for the youngB. baseball may seem boring when watched on TVC. football is more attracting than baseballD. baseball is more interesting than football4. By stating “I could have had my eyes closed. ” the author means (4th paragraph last sentence):A. The third baseman would rather sleep than play the game.B. Even if the third baseman closed his eyes a moment ago, it could make no different to the result.C. The third baseman is so good at baseball that he could finish the game with eyes closed all the time and do his work well.D. The consequent was too bad he could not bear to see it.5. We can safely conclude that the author .A. likes footballB. hates footballC. hates baseballD. likes baseballV ocabulary1. dugout n.棒球场边供球员休息的地方2. pitcher n.投手3. symphony n.交响乐4. chamber n.室内5. contemplate vt.沉思，注视长难句解析①【解析】此句的主干是“Baseball…means…watching…”，其中“in funny tight outfits”用来修饰“grown men”,“standing…”和“staring”用来做“grown men”的定语。

四川大学考博英语真题及答案

2014年四川大学考博英语入学考试试题考生请注意：1．本试题共5大题，共12页，请考生注意检查，考试时间为180分钟。

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I．Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each)Directions: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneIn general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interesting life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant needto prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of productionor to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems the never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system form, a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maxima, production and consumption are ends in themselves, into a humanistindustrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities-those of all love and of reason-are the aims of social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end and should be prevented from ruling man.1. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to deliver the idea that man is ____.[A] a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible[B] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society[C] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society[D] a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly2. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ____.[A] they are likely to lose their jobs[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence[D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence3. From the passage we can conclude that real happiness of life belongs to those____.[A] who are at the bottom of the society[B] who are higher up in their social status[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors[D] who could dip fir away from this competitive world4. To solve the present social problems the author puts forward a suggestion that we should ____.[A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities[D] take the fundamental realities for granted5. The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of ____.[A] approval [B] dissatisfaction[C] suspicion [D] susceptibilityPassage TwoThe government-run command post in Tunis is staffed around the clock by military personnel, meteorologists and civilians. On the wall are maps, crisscrossed with brightly colors arrows that painstakingly track the fearsome path of the enemy.What kind of invader gives rise to such high-level monitoring? Not man, not beast, but the lowly desert locust（蝗虫）. In recent moths, billions of the 3-inch-long winged warriors have descended on Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, blackening the sky and eating up crops and vegetation. The insect invasion, the worst in 30 years, is already creating great destruction in the Middle East and is now treating southern Europe. The current crisis began in late 1985 near the Red Sea. Unusually rainy weather moistened the sands of the Sudan, making them ideal breeding grounds for the locust, which lays its eggs in the earth. The insect onslaught threatens to create yet another African famine. Each locust can eat its weight (not quite a tenth of an ounce) in vegetation every 24 hours. A good-size swarm of 50 billion insects eats up 100,000 tons of grass, trees and crops in a single night.All $150 million may be needed this year. The U.S. has provided two spraying planes and about 50,000 gal. of pesticide. The European Community has donated $3.8 million in aid and the Soviet Union, Canada, Japan and China have provided chemical-spraying aircraft to help wipe out the pests. But relief efforts are hampered by the relative mildness of approved pesticides, which quickly lose their deadly punch and require frequent replications. The most effective locust killer Dieldrin has been linked to cancer and is banned by many Western countries and some of the affected African nations. More than 5 million acres have been dusted with locust-killing chemicals; another 5 million will be treated by the end of June.On May 30, representatives of Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Mauritania will meet in Algiers to discuss tactics to wipe out the ravenous swarms. The move is an important step, but whatever plan is devised, the locust plague promised to get worse before the insects can be brought under control.6. The main idea of the first sentence in the passage is that ____.[A] the command post is stationed with people all the time.[B] the command post is crowded with people all the time.[C] there are clocks around the command post.[D] the clock in the command post is taken care of by the staff.7. The favorable breeding ground for the locust is ____.[A] rich soil.[B] wet land[C] spaces covered crops and vegetation[D] the Red Sea8. People are alert at the threat of the locust because ____.[A] the insects are likely to create another African famine.[B] the insects may blacken the sky.[C] the number of the insects increases drastically.[D] the insects are gathering and moving in great speed.9. Which of the following is true?[A] Once the pesticides are used, locust will die immediately.[B] Relief efforts are proved most fruitful due to the effectiveness of certain pesticides.[C] Dieldrin, the most effective locust killer, has been widely accepted in many countries.[D] Over 10 million acres of affected area will have been treated with locust-killingchemicals by the end of June.10. The purpose for affected nations to meet in Algiers on May 30 is ____.[A] to devise antilocust plans.[B] to wipe out the swarms in two years.[C] to call out for additional financial aid from other nations.[D] to bring the insects under control before the plague gets worse.Passage ThreeThe London 2012 sustainability watchdog embroiled in a row over the sports ship of the Olympic Stadium by Dow Chemical is to push the International Olympic Committee to appoint an “ethics champion” for future Games.The Commission for a Sustainable London 2012 has been bruised by criticism over Dow’s sponsorship of the wrap that will surround the Olympic stadium, particularly since commissioner Meredith Alexander last month resigned in protest.Campaigners believe that Dow has ongoing liabilities relating to the 1984 Bhopal disaster that resulted in the deaths of an estimated 20,000 people and the serious injury of tens of thousands more. Dow, which bought the owner of the plant in 2001, insists that all liabilities have been settled in full.Commission chairman Shaun McCarthy said that its tight sustainability remit did not extend to acting as moral guardian of the Olympic movement but that it would press for such a role to be created when evaluating sponsors for future Games.In addition to sponsoring the 7m pounds wrap that will surround the Olympic Stadium, Dow has a separate 100m dollars sponsorship deal with the IOC that was signed in 2010.But McCarthy also defended the commission’s role in evaluating the Dow deal, after Amnesty International wrote to London 2012 chairman Lord Coe to raise the issue.“What has been lost in all of this story is that a really excellent, sustainable product has been procured, we looked at Locog’s examination of Dow Chemical’s current corporate responsibility policies and, again, Dow achieved that highest score in that evaluation. We verified that.” said McCarthy.“As far as the history is concerned and issues around Bhopal, there is no doubt Bhopal was a terrible disaster and snore injustice was done to the victims. Who is responsible for that injustice is a matter for the courts and a matter for others. We have a specific remit and terms of reference that we operate under and we have operated diligently under those terms.”The commission will on Thursday release its annual review. It finds that “good press” has been made to wands many of Locog’s sustainability target, but that “major challenges” remain.In particular, the commission found that there was no coherent strategy to achieve a 20% reduction in carbon emissions after an earlier scheme to use renewable energy feel through when a wind turbine on the site proved impractical.“We had conversations with Locog over a year ago about this and said they had to demonstrate how they were going to achieve at least 20% carbon reductions through energy conservation if they’re not going to do it through renewable energy,”said McCarthy. “There are some good initiatives, but quite frankly they just haven’t done it.”11. Why was Dow’s sponsorship criticized according to the passage?[A] The products are not sustainable.[B] It was related to Bhopal disaster.[C] It bribed the London Olympic committee.[D] It can’t reduce 20% of the carbon emission.12. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?[A] Commission’s role[B] Commission’s achievements[C] Commission’s complaints[D] Commission’s defense13. Which of the following words can best replace the underlined word “row” (Para.1)?[A] line [B] argument[C] boating [D] course14. What is one of the challenges of the sustainability target mentioned in the passage?[A] Ethic champion of the games.[B] Reduction in carbon emissions.[C] The wind turbine proved to be impractical.[D] Renewable energy is not available.15. Which of the following can best summarize the passage?[A] Commission defends its own role in evaluating controversial.[B] Dow’s way to the 2012 London Olympic Games.[C] Campaign against Dow’s sponsorship.[D] IOC’s review on the controversy.Passage FourAs Facebook dominates the news with its initial public offering, activists are seizing the moment to pressure the company to add some estrogen and ethnicity to its white-male board.A women’s rights group called Ultraviolet, which has been running an online petition that claims to have attracted more than 50,000 signatures, is escalating its push, posting a new YouTube video called “Do Women Have a Future at Facebook?”. The video shows photos of successful women such as Hillary Clinton getting their heads cropped off the replaced with the smiling face of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.“Facebook has grown off the backs of women, who make up the majority of its users and are responsible for the majority of sharing and fan activity on the site,” the group says in a blurb accompanying the video. An all-male board, the group says, is “not just wrong, it’s bad for business”. A related campaign, called Face It, criticizes the lack of ethnic diversity on the seven-member board. “seven white men: That’s ridiculous,” the group says on its homepage, along side headshots of the men. The campaign, which lists dozens of human-rights groups and corporate executives as supporters, also has its own YouTube video. Called “Face it, Facebook”, the video cites a recent Zuckerberg letter to investors that says:“Facebook was not originally created to be a company. It was built to accomplish a social mission-to make the world more open and connected.”That message is at odds with the pale-faced board, activists say. Susan Stautberg, co-chairwoman of Women Corporate Directors, an organization for female corporate board members, says Zuckerberg’s thinking is flawed. “If you’re trying to expand a company globally, then you want someone on the board who has built a global brand,” she says. “Most of these guys on Facebook’s board all have the same skills-they’re mostly from Silicon Valley and Washington. You want someone who has worked in China and India and rising markets. You want someone who has marketedto women. When you’re putting together a board, you don’t want your best friends, you want the best people.”Having zero female directors does not appear to be a good business plan, research shows. Companies with women on the board perform substantially better than companies with all-mall boards, according to a 2011 study of Fortune 500 companies conducted by the research group Catalyst. The study showed that over the course of four to five years, companies with three or more female board members, on average, outperformed companies with no female board members by 84 percent when it came to return on sales and by 60 percent when it came to return on invested capital.Facebook may secretly be on the lookout for a female board member, according to a recent Bloomberg report. Citing unnamed sources, Bloomberg said Facebook had enlisted the corporate-recruitment firm Spencer Stuart to help seek some diversity. Spencer Stuary says it does not comment on clients due to confidentiality agreements.16. Which of the following descriptions is CORRECT about the Ultraviolet Group?[A] It is a non-government organization.[B] It is appealing for “more female roles in big corporations like Facebook” throughthe Internet.[C] It has the support of many female celebrities such as Hillary Clinton.[D] It is getting more and more support from the society.17. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about the campaign “Face It”?[A] It pointed out the irrational composition of Facebook’s board of directors.[B] The campaign has plenty of human-rights supporters.[C] It indicated the original objective of Zuckerberg’s establishment of Facebook.[D] It is constantly using other media devices to support Facebook.18. The underlined phrase “at odds with” in the fourth paragraph has the closest meaning of ____.[A] against all odds [B] supported by[C] disagree with [D] waifs and strays19. According to Susan Stauberg, a well-performed business should _____.[A] have a complex system of management.[B] possess the most market globally.[C] have your best and close friends as your board members.[D] have a diverse board member in which everyone has his/her own specialtiesand can contribute different skills into the corporation.20. What will probably happen to Facebook?[A] The corporation will turn to Spencer Stuart for recruiting more female board members.[B] The corporation will dominate the news because its worldwide popularity.[C] The corporation will gradually lose its users because it does not have femaleboard members.[D] None of the above.Passage FiveFor this generation of young people, the future looks bleak. Only one in six is working full time. Three out of five live with their parents or other relatives. A large majority-73 percent-think they need more education to find a successful career, but only half of those say they will definitely enroll in the next few years. No, they are not the idle youth of Greece or Spain or Egypt. They are the youth of America, the world’s richest country, who do not have college degrees and aren’t getting them anytime soon. Whatever the sob stories about recent college graduates spinning their wheels as baristas or clerks, the situation for their less-educated peers is far worse. For this group, finding work that pays a living wage and offers some sense of security has been elusive.Despite the continuing national conversation about whether college is worth it given the debt burden it entails, most high school graduates without college degrees said they believe they would be unable to get good jobs without more education.Getting it is challenging, though, and not only because of formidable debt levels. Ms. McClour and her husband, Andy, have two daughters under 3 and another due next month. She said she tried enrolling in college classes, but the workload became too stressful with such young children. Mr. McClour works at a gas station. He hates his work and wants to study phlebotomy, but the nearest school is an hour and half away.Many of these young people had been expecting to go to college since they started high school, perhaps anticipating that employers would demand skills high schools do not teach. Just one in ten high school graduates without college degrees said they were “extremely well prepared by their high school to succeed in their job after graduation.” These young people worried about getting left behind and were pessimistic about reaching some of the milestones that make up the American dream. More than half-56 percent-of high school graduates without college diplomas said that their generation would have less financial success than their parents. About the same share believed they would find work that offered health insurance within that time frame. Slightly less than half of respondents said the next few years would bring work with good job security or a job with earnings that were high “enough to lead a comfortable life”. They were similarly pessimistic about being able to start a family or buy a home.The online survey was conducted between March 21 and April 2, and covered a nationally representative survey of 544 high school graduates from the classes of 2006-11 who did not have bachelor’s degrees. The margin of sampling error was plus or minus 5 percentage points.21. What does the underlined phrase “spinning their wheels” mean in Paragraph 1?[A] fastening the pace [B] confusing the situation[C] asking for help [D] scooting out22. What will the high school graduates probably do according to the article?[A] Find jobs right after graduation.[B] Receive further study in college.[C] Go to join the national conversation.[D] Pay for the debt.23. What does the story of “Andy and Ms. McClour” try to inform us?[A] They both prefer making money to education.[B] Colleges do not accept students who are married and have children.[C] Although people are eager to join in the college, life burden may block in the way.[D] None of the above.24. What is the financial outlook for this generation compared with their parents?[A] They have a prosperous outlook compared with the last generation.[B] Their financial situation is not as successful as their parents.[C] It depends on how hard they work and their educational background.[D] Not mentioned in the article.25. What can we infer from the last sentence?[A] The online survey is done nationally.[B] The result of the survey is completely trustworthy.[C] There is more or less inaccuracy of the survey.[D] The survey will have a continuous part coming soon.Passage SixSome 60 years ago, George Orwell wrote an allegorical novel, called Nineteen Eighty-Four, to describe life in a futuristic Britain under a one party police-sate presided over by an all-powerful figure known as Big Brother. One of the fealures of the nasty world described by Orwell was its systematic misuse of language, which went by the name of “Newspeak”. By re-defining words and endlessly repeating them, the Ministry of Truth through the Thought Police was able to control what people thought, and through that, their actions. Language was instrumental in destroying the culture.The same technique is being used by different people today, with similar effects. In all areas of public administration, the words “spouse”, “husband” and “wife” have been replace by the word “partner”, although the words are subtly but substantially different in meaning, and convey different realities. In some schools and university departments, feminist ideologues have dictated that the personal pronoun “he” must not be used, and is replaced by the word “they”, which means something different. The word “homophobic”, which just a few years ago was used to describe a person who supported vigilante action against homosexuals, is now being used to describe anyone who defends the universal definition of marriage.Although the transformation of language is seen most obviously around social issues, it is also being used systematically to shape political debate. So, we are told that the federal government is introducing a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme, which is newspeak for its new carbon tax. The fact is that the new tax is not remotely concerned with “carbon pollution” at all, but rather with emissions of the gas CO2 which is not a pollutant by any credible definition, but rather, an essential building block in every cell in every living plant and creature. By the government’s own admission, it will not lead to any reduction in CO2 levels, either in Australia or globally. And the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme is being introduced in Australia at the same time the government is expanding exports of coal, which is virtually 100 percent carbon, to countries such as China.We live in a society in which the ordinary meaning of words is being systematically manipulated by spin-doctors and ideologues, as a means of changing the way people think, and, more fundamentally, the way they act. Language is an important part of the culture wars. For those of us who see this as a challenge to the foundations of society, it is important that we identify the problem and expose it.It is clearly preferable to avoid using the new debased, transformed language of the politically-correct left, although this can be difficult in situations where constant usage has already normalized it, as has happened with the term “same-sex marriage”. The alternative phrase, “same-sex unions”, has a different meaning. When such terms are used, they should be identified for what they are: a form of linguistic dishonesty, designed to undermine existing institutions and transform them.26. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about George Orwell’s allegorical novel Nineteen Eighty-Four?[A] It describes a story that happens in the future.[B] One of the features in the novel is the misuse of language.[C] It is the most famous detective novel in the world.[D] It was written in the 20th century.27. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of misuse of language?[A] Feminists insist “he” be replaced by “they”.[B] “Partner” has taken the place of “husband” and “wife”.[C] “Homophobic” is now being employed to refer to defend conventionalunderstanding of marriage.[D] The meaning of “literacy” is no longer restricted to the ability to read and write.28. The example of carbon pollution is used to illustrate _______.[A] transformation of language is usually seen in social issues.[B] transformation of language is also tracked in political debate.[C] transformation of language is generated in the age of information.[D] transformation of language is legitimate to a certain extent.29. The underlined word “credible” in Para. 3 means ______.[A] reliable [B] correct[C] beneficial [D] provable30. According to the passage, transformed language serves to _______.[A] make people sound fashionable[B] change the way people think and act[C] eliminate discrimination against minorities[D] None of the aboveII. Vocabulary (10%; 0.5 mark each)31. The town was flooded when the river burst its banks. To make it worse, thestorm _____ outside.[A] raided [B]ragged [C] raged [D]reaped32. My new laptop can _____ information much more quickly than my old computer.[A] proceed [B] precede [C] produce [D] process33. The country’s failure to abide by the Kyoto Protocol was _____ in all newspapers.[A] announced [B] denounced [C] renounced [D] trounced34. The company has _____ over three decades into a multi-million dollar organization.[A] evolved [B] revolved [C] involved [D] devolved35. We would like to _____ our customers of the best possible service.[A] assure [B] ensure [C] insure [D] ensue36. The government has promised to offer 10 million of emergency food aid to help______ the famine in this region.[A] release [B] relate [C] reveal [D]relieve37. The course _____ two year s’ training into six intensive months.[A] impresses [B] compresses [C] depresses [D] represses38. Make sure you pour the juice into the glass without _____ it.[A] splitting [B] spilling [C] spinning [D] spitting39. The vast majority of people in any culture _____ to the established standard of that culture.[A] confine [B] conform [C] confront [D] confirm40. Tom pointed out that the living standard of urban and _____ people continued to improve.[A] remote [B] municipal [C] rural [D] provincial41. The Egyptians _____ an area almost equal to France and Spain combined.[A] dwell [B] settle [C] reside [D] inhabit42. I’m going to have to take these clothes off, for I’m _____ to the skin![A] dipped [B] soaked [C] immersed [D] submerged43. The WHO has to come up with new and effective measures to _____ his nextmove in the game.[A] limit [B] cut [C] curb [D] keep44. My grandfather sat back in his chair for a few minutes to _____ his next move in the game.[A] think [B] ponder [C] reflect [D] dwell45. At this school we aim to _____ the minds of all the students by reading.[A] cultivate [B] instruct [C] teach [D] coach46. Most doctors _____ on a diet which contains a lot of fat.[A] criticize [B] object [C] oppose [D] frown47. Since you intend to sell your house, how will you _____ of all the furniture?[A] disapprove [B] discard [C] dispose [D] disregard48. The politicians were discussing the best way to _____ democracy and prosperityin their country.[A] hinder [B] foster [C] linger [D] quote49. Only one member of the committee _____ from the final report.[A] dissented [B] crawled [C] whispered [D] redeemed50. We always try to _____ him with financial assistance if necessary.[A] dazzle [B] sanction [C] accommodate [D] terminateIII. Cloze (10%; 0.5 mark each)The term “quality of life” is difficult to define. It (51) a very wide scope such as living environment, health, employment, food, family life, friends, education, material possessions, leisure and recreation, and so on. (52) speaking, the quality of life, especially (53) seen by the individual, is meaningful in terms of the degree (54) which these various areas of life are available or provide (55) for the individual.As activity carried (56) as one thinks fit during on e’s spare time, leisure has the following (57): relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and personal development. The importance of these varies according to the nature of one’s job and one’s life style. (58), people who need to (59) much energy in their work will find relaxation most (60) in leisure. Those with a better education and in professional occupations may (61) more to seek recreation and personal development (e.g.(62) of skills and hobbies) in leisure.The specific use of leisure (63) from individual to individual. (64) the same leisure activity may be used differently by different individuals. Thus, the following are possible uses of television watching, a (65) leisure activity, a change of experience to provide (66) from the stress and strain of work; to learn more about what is happening in one’s environment; to provide an opportunity for understanding oneself by (67) other people’s life experiences as (68) in the programs.Since leisure is basically self-determined, one is able to take (69) his interests and preferences and get (70) in an activity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction.51. [A] composes [B] consists [C] covers [D] constitutes52. [A] Basically [B] Frankly [C] Primarily [D] Generally53. [A] when [B] as [C] while [D] which54. [A] to [B] as [C] of [D] in55. [A] satisfaction [B] information [C] respect [D] admiration56. [A] out [B] through [C] away [D] off。

四川大学考博英语真题及答案详解

四川大学2012考博英语真题及答案详解阅读1）Sign has become a scientific hot button. Only in the past 20 years have specialists in language studyrealized that signed languages are unique—a speech of the hand. They offer a new way to probe how thebrain generates and understands language, and throw new light on an old scientific controversy: whether language, complete with grammar, is something that we are born With, or whether it is a learned behavior.The current interest in sign language has roots in the pioneering work of one rebel teacher at Gallaudet University in Washington, D. C., the world's only liberal arts university for deaf people.When Bill Stokoe went to Gallaudet to teach English, the school enrolled him in a course in signing. ButStokoe noticed something odd: among themselves, students signed differently from his classroom teacher. Stokoe had been taught a sort of gestural code, each movement of the hands representing a word inEnglish. At the time, American Sign Language (ASL) was thought to be no more than a form of pidginEnglish (混杂英语). But Stokoe believed the “hand talk”his students used looked richer. He wondered:Might deaf people actually: have a genuine language? And could that language be unlike any other onEarth? It was 1955, when even deaf people dismissed their signing as “substandard”. Stokoe's idea was academic heresy (异端邪说).It is 37 years later. Stokoe—now devoting his time to writing and editing books and journals and toproducing video materials on ASL and the deaf culture—is having lunch at a cafe near the Gallaudetcampus and explaining how he started a revolution. For decades educators fought his idea that signed languages are natural languages like English, French and Japanese. They assumed language must bebased on speech, the modulation (调节) of sound. But sign language is based on the movement of hands,the modulation of space. “What I said,”Stokoe explains, “is that language is not mouth stuff—it's brain stuff.”21. The study of sign language is thought to be _____C___.A) a new way to look at the learning of languageB) a challenge to traditional, views on the nature of languageC) an approach: to simplifying the grammatical structure of a languageD) an attempt to clarify misunderstanding about the origin of language（C）22. The, present growing interest in sign language was stimulated by ___C_____.A) a famous scholar in the study of the human brainB) a leading specialist in the study of liberal artsC) an English teacher in a university for the deaf）C（D) some senior experts in American Sign Language23. According to Stokoe, sign language is _____B___.A) a Substandard languageB) a genuine languageC) an artificial languageD) an international language（B）24. Most educators objected to Stokoe's idea because they thought _____D___.A) sign language was not extensively used even by deaf peopleB) sign language was too artificial to be widely acceptedC) a language should be easy to use and understandD) a language could only exist in the form of speech sounds（D）25. Stokoe's argument is based on his belief that ____D____.A) sign language is as efficient as any other languageB) sign language is derived from natural languageC) language is a system of meaningful codesD) language is a product of the brain（D）2）It was the worst tragedy in maritime history, six times more deadly than the Titanic. When the German cruise ship Wilhelm Gustloff was hit by torpedoes fired from a Russian submarine in the final winter of World War II, more than 10,000 people-mostly women, children and old people fleeing the final Red Army push into Nazi Germany-were packed aboard. An ice storm had turned the decks into frozen sheets that sent hundreds of families sliding into the sea as the ship tilted and began to go down. Others desperately tried to put lifeboats down. Some who succeeded fought off those in the water who had the strength to try to claw their way aboard. Most people froze immediately. I'll never forget the screams,”says Christa Ntitzmann, 87, one of the 1,200 survivors. She recalls watching the ship, brightly lit, slipping into its dark grave-and into seeming nothingness, rarely mentioned for more than half a century.Now Germany's Nobel Prize-winning author Gtinter Grass has revived the memory of the 9,000 dead, including more than 4,000 children-with his latest novel Crab Walk, published last month. The book, which will be out in English next year, doesn't dwell on the sinking; its heroine is a pregnant young woman who survives the catastrophe only to say later: “Nobody wanted to hear about it, not here in the West (of Germany) and not at all in the East.”The reason was obvious. As Grass put it in a recent interview with the weekly Die Woche: “Because the crimes we Germans are responsible for were and are so dominant, we didn't have the energy left to tell of our own sufferings.”The long silence about the sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff was probably unavoidable-and necessary. By unreservedly owning up to their country's monstrous crimes in the Second World War, Germans have managed to win acceptance abroad, marginalize the neo-Nazis at home and make peace with their neighbors. Today's unified Germany is more prosperous and stable than at any time in its long, troubled history. For that, a half century of willful forgetting about painful memories like the German Titanic was perhaps a reasonable price to pay. But even the most politically correct Germans believe that they' ye now earned the right to discuss the full historical record. Not to equate German suffering with that of its victims,but simply to acknowledge a terrible tragedy.31. Why does the author say the sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff was the worst tragedy in maritime history? （B）A) It was attacked by Russian torpedoes.B) It caused the largest number of casualties.C) Most of its passengers were frozen to death.D) Its victims were mostly women and children.32. Hundreds of families dropped into the sea when ___（A）_____.A) the badly damaged ship leaned toward one sideB) a strong ice storm tilted the shipC) the cruise ship sank all of a suddenD) the frightened passengers fought desperately for lifeboats33. The Wilhelm Gustloff tragedy was little talked about for more than half a century because Germans_____（D）___.A) were eager to win international acceptanceB) had been pressured to keep silent about itC) were afraid of offending their neighborsD) felt guilty for their crimes in World War II34. How does Gunter Grass revive the memory of the Wilhelm Gustloff tragedy? （D）A) By describing the ship's sinking in great detail.B) By giving an interview to the weekly Die Woche.C) By presenting the horrible scene of the torpedo attack.D) By depicting the survival of a young pregnant woman.35. It can be learned from the passage that Germans no longer think that ____（C）____.A) the Wilhelm Gustloff tragedy is a reasonable price to pay for the nation's past misdeedsB) Germany is responsible for the horrible crimes it committed in World War IIC) they will be misunderstood if they talk about the Wilhelm Gustloff tragedyD) it-is wrong to equate their sufferings with those of other countries）There are people in Italy who can't stand soccer. Not all Canadians love hockey. A similar situation exists in America, where there are those individuals you may be one of them who yawn or even frown when somebody mentions baseball. 『Baseball to them means boring hours watching grown men in funny tight outfits standing around in a field staring away while very little of anything happens.』①They tell you it's a game better suited to the 19th century, slow, quiet, gentlemanly. These are the same people you may be one of them who love football because there's the sport that glorifies “the hit”.By contrast, baseball seems abstract, cool, silent, still.game, however, is essential to understanding it. You will contemplate the game from one point as a painter does his subject; you may, of course, project yourself into the game. It is in this projection that the game affords so much space and time for involvement. The TV won't do it for you.Take, for example, the third baseman. You sit behind the third base dugout and you watch himwatching home plate. His legs are apart, knees flexed. His arms hang loose. He does a lot of this. The skeptic still cannot think of any other sports so still, so passive. 『But watch what happens every time the pitcher throws: the third baseman goes up on his toes, flexes his arms or bring the glove to a point in frontof him, takes a step right or left, backward or forward, perhaps he glances across the field to check hisfirst baseman's position.』②Suppose the pitch is a ball. “Nothing happened,”you say. “I could have had my eyes closed.”The skeptic and the innocent must play the game. And this involvement in the stands is no more intellectual than listening to music is. Watch the third baseman. Smooth the dirt in front of you with one foot; smooth the pocket in your glove; watch the eyes of the batter, the speed of the bat, the sound of horsehide on wood. If football is a symphony of movement and theatre, baseball is chamber music, a spacious interlocking of notes, chores and responses.1. The passage is mainly concerned with .A. the different tastes of people for sportsB. the different characteristics of sportsC. the attraction of footballD. the attraction of baseball2. Those who don't like baseball may complain that .A. it is only to the taste of the oldB. it involves fewer players than footballC. it is not exciting enoughD. it is pretentious and looks funny3. The author admits that .A. baseball is too peaceful for the youngB. baseball may seem boring when watched on TVC. football is more attracting than baseballD. baseball is more interesting than football4. By stating “I could have had my eyes closed. ”the author means (4th paragraph last sentence):A. The third baseman would rather sleep than play the game.B. Even if the third baseman closed his eyes a moment ago, it could make no different to the result.C. The third baseman is so good at baseball that he could finish the game with eyes closed all thetime and do his work well.D. The consequent was too bad he could not bear to see it.5. We can safely conclude that the author .A. likes footballB. hates footballC. hates baseballD. likes baseballVocabulary1. dugout n.棒球场边供球员休息的地方2. pitcher n.投手3. symphony n.交响乐4. chamber n.室内沉思，注视5. contemplate vt.长难句解析①【解析】此句的主干是“Baseball…means…watching…”，其中“in funny tight outfits”用来修饰“grown men”,“standing…”和“staring”用来做“grown men”的定语。

四川大学2008年博士研究生入学考试基础英语试题

四川大学2008年博士研究生入学考试基础英语试题考试注意事项1.本试题共12页，考试时间180分钟。

2.1~70题答案请填在机读卡上相应处，否则不给分。

3.翻译和作文写在答题纸上，写在试题上无效，中、英文翻译应做到字迹清晰、书写工整I. Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each):Passage OneThe period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society's definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence was frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial society with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one's life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies .Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status, roles, rights, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted, The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train,qirplane theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increase his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver's license; lie can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen ,the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights. The young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter into financial contracts and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after maturity status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what points adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.1. The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because_________.A. the definition of maturity has changedB. the industrialized society is more developedC. more education is provided and laws against child labor are madeD. ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance.2. Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to ______A. graduations from schools and collegesB. social recognitionC. socio-economic statusD. certain behavioral changes3.No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is_____.A. eleven years oldB. sixteen years oldC. twenty-one years oldD. between twelve and twenty-one years old4. Starting from 22______.A. one will obtain more basic rightsB. the older one becomes, the more basic rights he will haveC. one won't get more basic rights than when he is 21D. one will enjoy more rights granted by society5. According to the passage, it is TRUE that_______.A. in the late 19th century in the United States the dividing Line between adolescence and adulthood no longer existedB. no one can many without the permission of his parents until the age of twenty-oneC. one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has driver's licenseD. one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join the armyPassage TwoAt home Theodore Roosevelt had affection, not compliments, whether these were unintentional and sincere or were thinly disguised flattery, And affection was what he most craved from his family and nearest friends, and what he gave to them without stint. As I have said, he allowed nothing to interrupt the hours set apart for his wife and children while he was at the White House; and at Oyster Bay there was always time for them. A typical story is told of the boys coming in upon him during a conference with some important visitor ,and saying reproachfully, "It's long after four o'clock, and you promised to go with us at four." "So I did" said Roosevelt. And he quickly finished his business with the visitor and went. When the children were young, he usually saw them at supper and into bed, and he talked of the famous pillow fights they had with him. House guests at the White House some times unexpectedly caught sight of him crawling in the entry near the children's rooms, with two or three children riding on his back. Roosevelt's days were seldom less than fifteen hours long, and we can guess how he regarded the laboring men of today who clamor for eight and six, and even. fewer hours, as the normal period for a day' s work. He got up at half-past seven and always finished breakfast by nine, when what many might call tile real work of his day began.The unimaginative laborer probably supposes that most of the duties which fall to an industrious President are not strictly work at all; but if any one had to meet for an hour and a half every forenoon such Congressmen and Senators as chose to call on him, he would understand that that was a job involving real work, hard work. They came every day with a grievance, or an appeal, or a suggestion, or a favor to ask, and he had to treat each one, not only politely, but more or less differently. Early in his Administration I heard it said that he offended some Congressmen by denying their requests in so loud a voice that others in the room could hear him, and this seemed to some a humiliation. President McKinley, on the other hand, they said, lowered his voice, and spoke so softly and sweetly that even his refusal did not jar on his visitor, and was not heard at all by the bystanders. If this happened, I suspect it was because Roosevelt spoke rather explosively and had a habit of emphasis. and not because he wished in any way to send his petitioner's rebuff through the room.Nor was the hour which followed this, when he received general callers, less wearing. As these persons came from all parts of the Union, so they were of all sorts and temperaments. Here was a worthy citizen from Colorado Who, on the strength of having once heard the President make a public speech in Denver, claimed immediate friendship with him. Then might come an old lady from Georgia, who remembered his mother's people there, or the lady from Jacksonville, Florida, of whom l have already spoken. Once a little boy, who was almost Lost in the crush of grown-up visitors, managed to reach the President, "What can I do for you?" the President asked; and the boy told how his father had died leaving his mother with a large family and no money, and how he was selling typewriters to help support her. His mother, he said, would be most grateful if the President would accept a typewriter from her as a gift. So the President told the little fellow to go and sit down until the other visitors had passed and then he would attend to him. No doubt, the boy left the White House well contented-and richer.6. From the stories which exemplify Roosevelt's affection for his family members, we can infer that_________.A. he was not flexible with his scheduleB. the President tried to fulfill his promises to themC. he would stopped whatever he was doing for themD. the President apologized to them when he could not stay with them7. According to the author, Theodore RooseveltA. was a hard-working PresidentB. Tried to reduce the length of his workdayC. really appreciated the idea of eight or six hours per workdayD. wished to work with the laboring men of today8. What might art unimaginative laborer think of the President's duties?A. Those duties were nothing for President Roosevelt.B. What the President did was to meet Congressmen and Senators.C. Many Congressmen and Senators liked to meet the President.D. The President thought his duties involved real and hard work.9. How was President Roosevelt's offending denial of some Congressmen' requests explained?A .The Congressmen fell humiliated.B. The President was easy to lose his temper.C. President McKinley helped to change the embarrassing situations.________.D. President Roosevelt had a rather forceful speaking manner.l0. How did the President treat the boy who had lost his father?A. He asked the boy to leave immediately.B. He accepted a typewriter as a gift from the boy's mother.C. He would rather stay alone with the boy.D. He would help the boy and the poor family.Passage ThreeWorld Trade Organization Director-general Renato Ruggiero predicted that the WTO would boast global incomes by $ 1 trillion in the next ten years. The pact paves the way for more foreign investment and competition in telecom markets. Many governments are making telecom deregulation a priority and making it easier for outsiders to enter the telecommunication business.The pace varies widely. The U. S. and Britain are well ahead of the pack, while Thailand won't be fully open until 2006. Only 20% of the $ 601 billion world market is currently open to competition. That should jump to about 75% in a couple of years-largely due to the Telecom Act in the U. S. last year that deregulated local markets, the opening up of the European Union's markets from Jan. 1, 1998 and the deregulation in Japan. The WTO deal now provides a forum for the inevitable disputes along the way. It is also symbolic: the first major trade agreement of the post-industrial age. Instead of being obsessed with textile quotas, the WTO pact is proof that governments are realizing that in an information age, telecom is the oil and steel of economies in the future. Businesses around the world are already spending more in total on telecom services than they do on oil.Consumers, meanwhile, can look forward to a future of lower prices--by some estimates, international calling rates should drop 80% over several years-and better service. Thanks in part to the vastly increased call volume carded by the fiber-optic cables that span the globe today, calling half a world away already costs little more than telephoning next door. The monopolies can no longer set high prices for international calls in many countries. In the U. S., the world' s most fiercely competitive tong distance market, frequent callers since last year have been paying about 12 cents a minute to call Britain, a price not much more than domestic rates.The new competitive environment on the horizon means more opportunities for companies from the U. S. and U. K. in particular because they have plenty of practice at the rough-and-tumble of free markets. The U. S. lobbied hard for the WTO deal, confident that its firms would be big beneficiaries of more open markets. Britain has been deregulated since 1984 but will see even more competition than before: in December, the government issued 45 new international licenses to join British Telecom so that it will become a strong competitor in the international market. However, the once-cosseted industry will get rougher worldwide. Returns on capital will come down. Risks will go up. That is how free market work. It will look like any otherbusiness.11 . Which of the following statements can best describe the main theme of the passage?A. There is a great potential in the world telecom market.B. The WTO pact has boosted a rapid development of telecom all over the world.C. The WTO pact has opened up bigger telecom markets to competition.D. Governments have realized the importance of telecommunication.12. What does "well ahead of the pack" mean in respect of the U. S. and Britain?A. Their telecom technology is much more advanced.8. Their telecom markets are much more open.C. They have more money invested in foreign telecom business.D. They have more competition in the telecom markets.13. We can reasonably conclude from the passage that_______.A. the world telecom market has been fully explored since the signing of the WTO pactB. telecom companies of the U. S. and U. K. will undoubtedly dominate the world telecom marketC. many- governments have granted a great investment in their telecom businessD. the UNTO pace means tougher competition for telecom companies and gentler price for callers14. in last paragraph, the word "lobby" probably means"_______",A. persuadeB. ApproveC. SeparateD. imitate15. The tone of this passage can be described as_________.A. informative and neutralC. enthusiastic and optimisticB. serious and cautiousD. analytical and worriedPassage FourFor me, scientific knowledge is divided into mathematical sciences, natural sciences or sciences dealing with the natural world (physical and biological sciences), and sciences dealing with mankind (psychology, sociology, all the sciences of cultural achievements, every kind of historical knowledge).Apart from these sciences is philosophy about which we will tall shortly.In the first place, all this is pure or theoretical knowledge, sought only for the purpose of understanding, in order to fulfill the need to understand what is essential and substantial to man. What distinguishes man from animal is that he knows and needs to know. If man did not know that the world existed, and the world was of a certain kind, that he was in the world and that he himself was of a certain kind he wouldn't be man. The technical aspects of applications of knowledge are equally necessary for man and are of the greatest importance, because they also contribute to defining him as man and permit him to pursue a life increasingly more truly human.But even while enjoying the results of technical progress, he must defend the primacy and independence of pure knowledge. Knowledge sought directly for its practical applications will have immediate and foreseeable success, but not the kind of important result whose revolutionary scope is in large part unforeseen, except by the imagination of the Utopians. Let me recall a well-known example. If the Greek mathematicians had not applied themselves to the investigation of conic sections, zealously and without the least suspicion that it someday be useful, it would not have been possible centuries later to navigate far from shore. The first men to study the nature of electricity could not imagine that their experiments, carried on because of mere intellectual curiosity, would eventually lead to modem electrical technology, without which we can scarcely conceive of contemporary life. Pare knowledge is valuable for its own sake, because the human spirit cannot resign itself to ignorance. But, in addition, it is the foundation for practical results *********** have been reached if this knowledge had not been sought disinterestedly.16. In the author's opinion,________.A. both social and natural sciences are aimed at understanding onlyB. both pure knowledge and its applications are equally essential to manC. philosophy is totally independent of the sciences referred to in the textD. the revolutionary results of pure science can hardly be imagined by Utopians17. The most important advances made by man come from______.A. technical applicationsB. apparently useless informationC. the natural sciencesD. the study of philosophy18. The Greeks who studied conic sections_______.A. invented modern mathematical applicationsB. were interested in navigationC. were unaware of the value of their studiesD. were forced to resign themselves to failure19. The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is_______.A.. The importance of Technical ProgressB. A Little Learning Is a Dangerous ThingC. Learning For Its Own SakeD. Man's Distinguishing Characteristics20. It can be inferred from the passage that mans need to know is chiefly important in that it________.A. allows the human race to progress technicallyB. comprises both the physics and social sciencesC. demonstrates human adaptabilityD. defines his essential humanityPassage FiveOne of the good things for men in women's liberation is hat men no longer have to pay women the old-fashioned courtesiesIn an article on the new manners , Ms. Holmes says that a perfectly able woman no longer has to act helplessly in public as if she were a model. For example, she doesn't need help getting in and out of cars. "Women get in and out of ears twenty times a day with babies and dogs. Surely they can get out by themselves at night just as easily."She also says there is no reason why a man should walk on the outside of a woman on the sidewalk. "Historically, the man walked on the inside so he caught the garbage thrown out of a window. Today a man is supposed to walk on the outside. A man should walk where he wants to. So should a woman . If, out of love and respect, he actually wants to take the blows, he should walk on the inside-because that's where attackers are all hiding these days."As far as manners are concerned, I suppose I have always been a supporter of women's liberation. Over the years, out of a sense of respect, I imagine., 1 have refused to trouble women with outdated courtesies.It is usually easier to follow rules of social behavior than to depend on one's own taste. But rules may be safely broken, of course, by those of us with the gift of natural grace. For example, when a man and a woman are led to their table in a restaurant and the waiter pulls out a chair, the woman is expected to sit in the chair. That is according to Ms. Ann Clark. I have always done it the other way, according to my wife.It came up only the other night. I followed the hostess to the table, and when she pulled the chair out I sat on it, quite naturally, since it happened to be the chair I wanted to sit in."Well," my wife said, when the hostess had gone, "you did it again.""Did what?" I asked, utterly confused."Took the chair"Actually, since I'd walked through the restaurant ahead of my wife, it would have been awkward, I should think, not to have taken the chair. I had got there first, after all.Also, it has always been my custom to get in a car first, and let the woman get in by herself. This is a courtesy I insist on as the stronger sex, out of love and respect. In times like these, there might be attackers hidden about. It would be unsuitable to put a woman in a car and then shut the door on her, leaving her at the mercy of some bad fellow who might he hiding in the back seat.21. 1t can be concluded from the passage thatA. It can to break rules of social behaviorsB. in women's liberation men are also liberatedC. women are becoming more competent than beforeD men should walk on the outside of a pavement22. What's the author's attitude about the whole question of manners and women's liberation?A. Serious.B. Critical.C. Joking.D. Satirical.23. Ms. Ann Clark would most probably agree that_________A. Ms. Holmes' opinions on the new manners are justifiedB. the author is a man with the gift of natural graceC. one should follow social custom instead of his own tasteD. men and women are equal in most of the social events24. By saving "you did it again" (Para. 7), the author's wife means that_______.A. the author should have shown his politeness by pulling out the chair for herB. the author should not have sat down before She didC. the author should not have sat in the chair pulled out by the waitressD. the author should have walked behind her25. Which of the following is NOT the reason why the author gets into a car before a woman?A. He intends to he polite to the woman.B. He does that by force of habit.C. He wants to protect the woman from hidden danger.D. He thinks women nowadays are as capable as men..Passage Six"Youth" and "culture" have been a rather more familiar pairing within sociology than "old age" and "culture". Young people's spending on clothes, stereo equipment and cosmetics meant that the "teenager" became a vitally important consumer of leisure goods and services. These features of young people's experiences, along with. their increasing proportion within the total population, inevitably caught the attention of several influential sociologists who went on to describe and analyze the phenomenon of "youth culture". In recent decades, the situation has changed somewhat. With the aging of the population, it is older people who represent an increasing proportion within the total population, some of whom enjoy relative affluence with high levels of disposable income. Consequently, it is older people, rather than younger people, who are increasingly regarded as important consumers of leisure goods and services. Several sociologists have begun to analyze the cultural implications of population aging. Andrew Blaikie in his book first addressed the phenomenon of "gray culture" at length.Blaikie focuses in particular on the change in styles of growing old embodied in notion of the Third Age. This is the stage of the life course after retirement from paid work, where activity ,leisure and pleasure are enjoyed before the onset of old age proper brings social dependency, physical infirmities and death. Blaikie's book is not about how individuals with an accumulation of chronological years actually experience latter life, but is instead an examination of the changing discourses of growing old as these are expressed in popular culture.Btaikie's analysis is sensitive to the issues raised by the reconstruction of old age as a "leisure and pleasure" filled life course stag e, including “its meaningfulness to those without the financial or other resources necessary to enjoy it. Importantly, he also discusses what the cultural reconstruction of the post-retirement phase of the life course means for our understandings and representations of "deep old age " and the biological inevitability of death.For a book so concerned with the analyses of visual representations of later life, there are few actualillustrations. This must be regarded as a weakness. More often than not, the reader is wholly reliant on Blaikie's own description of visual sources and his interpretation of how these represent later life. The reproduction of a greater number of cartoons or photographs would have greatly improved the persuasiveness of his analysis. Nevertheless, this is a timely book which makes an important contribution to the literature on the cultural reconstruction of later life.26. According to the first sentence of the article, you can conclude that_________.A. youth are more familiar with sociology than the elderlyB. the elderly are more familiar with sociology than youthC. there are more researches on behaviors and life styles of the elderly than those of elderly within sociologyD. There are more researches on behaviors and life styles of the elderly than those of youth within sociology27. What are the main contents of Blaikie's book?A. The problems raised by the aging of population.B. The change in styles of growing old.C. The consuming tendency of older people.D. The analysis of visual description of later life.28.What caused the appearance of the "gray culture" phenomenon?A. An increasing proportion of older people within the total population.B. Older people are regarded as important consumers of leisure goods and services.C .Some sociologists have begun to study the cultural implications of an aging populationD. All of the above.29. Which of the following statements about the Third Age in paragraph 2 is true?A. The elderly can't work in this stage.B. The elderly lives are full of pleasure during the whole stage.C. For the elderly, depending on society and death are inevitable finally.D. The elderly are afraid of death very much.30. The significance of the cultural reconstruction of old age mainly lies in_________.A. helping old people in financial difficulties to enjoy their livesB. helping the elderly to communicate with youth easilyC. helping the elderly to improve their life standardsD. helping us to understand the elders and deathII. Vocabulary (10%; 0.5 mark each):31. By Christmas____ I in this office for ten years.A. will workB. will he workingC: will have been working D. will have worked32. The individual TV viewer invariably senses that he or she is _______ anonymous, statistically insignificant part of a huge and diverse audience.A. everything exceptB. anything butC. no less thanD. nothing more than33. Apart from an interesting-looking carved dagger, he box was full of crockery, much of itA. breakB. to breakC. breaking D broken34. Jim's score on the test is the highest; he____ hard.A .should have studied B. could have studiedC. must have studiedD. could study35. The newspapers in my hometown don't have as many pares as they _______ here.A. areB. doC. haveD. can he36. "That English fellow's songs are very poetic ."______the words to the songs, but he also composes the music."A. He also writesB. Although he writesC. Not only does he writeD. It is not all that he writes37.________a research student, I would at least master two foreign languages.A. Should I becomeB. I should becomeC. Would I becomeD. Have I become38. When the stranger walked towards him, he fled, the door ______behind him.A. slammedB. to slamC. slantD. slamming39. It is important that an undergraduate _____a grade point average of B" in his major field.A. maintainsB. maintainC. will maintainD. shall maintain40. The farmer put up iron fences around the flower ______garden neighbor's sheep should beak in.A. on condition thatB. now thatC. lestD. but41. She agreed to take the naughty boy along ___he behaved himself.A. whetherB. thatC. providedD. in case42._______more important, not only the lost cities were recovered, but the new cities were built.A. That isB. It isC. BecauseD. What is43. She bought a knife from the shop ____to peel an apple.A. whichB. with thatC. with whichD. at which44.If it hadn't been for the doctor's care, I ______speaking to you now.A .would not be B. would not have beenC. will not heD. will not have been45. To a highly imaginative writer , _____is a pad of paper and a pen.A. all are requiredB. all which is requiredC. all is requiredD. all that is required46. In November 1987 the government _____a public debate on the future direction of the official sports policy. A, initiated B. designed C. induced D. promoted47. It is unfortunate that the members of the committee do not_______ in opinion.A. coincideB. conformC. complyD. collaborate48. All draughts must be ______ from the room.A .ejected B. expelled C. excluded D. exiled49. Planning our vocation we must take the frequent _______of the weather into considerationA. transformation B .transmission C. transaction D. transition50. USA is one of the Powers in the world, but it's a (n) _____that in such a rich country there should be so many poor people.A. paradoxB. prejudiceC. dilemmaD. conflictIII. Cloze (10%; 0.5 mark each):There are three separate sources of hazard (51) _________to the use of nuclear reaction to supply us with energy. Firstly, the radioactive material must travel from its place of manufacture to the power station (52)________the power stations themselves are solidly built, the container used for transport of the material are not. Unfortunately, there are (53) _________only two methods of transport available, (54)______road or rail, and both of these (55)__________close contact with the general public, (56)_______the routes are (57)_______to pass near, or even through, (58) _________populated areas.Secondly, there is a problem of wastes. All nuclear power stations produce wastes which (59) ______will remain radioactive for thousands of years. It is (60) ______to de-active these wastes, and so they must be stored (61) _______one of the ingenious but cumbersome ways that scientists have invented. For example, they must be buried under the ground (62) _______sunk in the sea. However, these (63) _______do not solve the problem completely, they merely store it, since an earth-quake could (64)_____open the containers like nuts.Thirdly, there is the problem of accidental exposure (65) _____to a leak or an explosion at the power station. (66)______with the other two hazards, this is not very likely and does not provide a serious (67) ___to the nuclear program,(68)____it can happen, as the inhabitants of Harrisburg will tell you.Separately; and during short periods, these three types of risk no great cause for concern. (69)______, though, and especially (70)_________much longer periods, the probability of a disaster is extremely high. 51. A. related B. connected C. associated D. affiliated。

四川大学2019年博士研究生入学英语考试题-14页word资料

四川大学2019年招收攻读博士研究生入学考试英语试题(第一类)Part 1 Reading Comprehension (30 points)Passage 1As the horizons of science have expanded, two main groups of scientists have emerged. One is the pure scientist; the other, the applied scientist. The pure or theoretical scientist does original research in order to understand the basic laws of nature that govern our world. The applied scientist adapts this knowledge to practical problems. Neither is more important than the other, however, for the two groups are very much related. Sometimes, however, the applied scientist finds the "problem" for the theoretical scientist to work on. Let's take a particular problem of the aircraft industry: heat-resistant metals. Many of the metals and alloys which perform satisfactorily in a car cannot be used in a jet-propelled plane. New alloys must be used, because the jet engine operates at a much higher temperature than an automobile engine. The turbine wheel in a turbojet must withstand temperatures as high as 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit, so aircraft designers had to turn to the research metallurgist for the development of metals and alloys that would do the job in jet-propelled planes. Dividing scientists into two groups is only one broad way of classifying them, however. When scientific knowledge was very limited, there was no need for men to specialize. Today, with the great body of scientific knowledge, scientists specialize in many different fields. Within each field, there is even further subdivision. And, with finer and finer subdivisions, the various sciences have become more and more interrelated until no one branch is entirely independent of the' others. Many new specialties --geophysics and biochemistry, for example -- have resulted from combining the knowledge of two or more sciences.1. The applied scientist ______.A. is not always interested in practical problemsB. provides the basic knowledge for practiceC. applies the results of research to practiceD. does original research to understand the basic laws of nature2. The example given in the passage illustrates how ___.A. pure science operates independently of applied scienceB. the applied scientist discovers the basic laws of natureC. applied science defines all the areas in which basic research is doneD. applied science suggests problems for the basic scientist3. The problem discussed in the second paragraph called for____.A. selecting the best hear-resistant metal from existing metalsB. developing a turbine wheel capable of generating heat up to 1,600 degrees FahrenheitC. developing metals and alloys that would withstand terrific temperaturesD. causing the jet engine to operate at higher temperatures4. Finer mad finer subdivision in the field of science has resulted in_____.A. greater independence of each scienceB. greater interdependence of all the various sciencesC. the eradication of the need for specialistsD. the need for only on classification of scientists5. "The horizons of science have expanded" means that____.A. the horizon changes its size from year to yearB. science has developed more fields of endeavorC. scientists have made great progress in studying the horizonD. scientists can see further out into spacePassage 2In The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society, Revised and Enlarged Edition (W. W. Norton) Schlesinger provides deep insights into the crises of nationhood in America. A new chapter assesses the impact both of radical multiculturalism and radical multiculturalism on the Bill of rights. Written with his usual clarity and force, the book brings a noted historian's wisdom and perspective to bear on America's "culture wars". Schlesinger addresses the questions: What holds a nation together? And what does it mean to be an American? Describing the emerging cult of ethnicity, Schlesinger praises its healthy effect on a nation long shamed by a history of prejudice and narrow-mindedness. But he warns against the campaign of multicultural advocates to divide the nation into separate ethnic and racial communities. From the start, he observes, the United States has been a multicultural nation, rich in its diversity but held together by a shared commitment to the democratic process and by the freedom of intermarriage. It was this national talent for assimilation that impressed foreign visitors like Alexis de Tocqueville and James Bryce, and it is this historic goal that Schlesinger champions as the best hope for the future. Schlesinger analyzes what he sees as grim consequences of identity politics: the widening of differences. Attacks on theFirst Amendment, he argues, threaten intellectual freedom and, ultimately, the future of the ethnic groups. His criticisms are not limited to the left. As a former target of McCarthyism, he understands that the radical right is even more willing than the radical left to restrict and weaken the Bill of Rights. The author does not minimize the injustices concealed by the "melting pot" dream. The Disuniting of America is both academic and personal, forceful in argument, balanced in judgment. It is a book that will no doubt anger some readers, but it will surely make all of them think again. The winner of Pulitzer Prizes for history and for biography, an authoritative voice of American liberalism, Schlesinger is uniquely positioned to bring bold answers and healing wisdom to this passionate debate over who we are and what we should become.6. According to Schlesinger, the United States is_____.A. a melting potB. a nation with diverse cultures held together by the democratic processC. a federation of ethnic and racial communitiesD. a nation with various ethnic and racial groups7. We can infer from the passage that Schlesinger______.A. advocates the assimilation of different cultures into one nationhoodB. prefers multiculturalism to multiculturalismC. gives full support to the emerging cult of ethnicityD. holds that each racial group should keep its distinct identity8. The author wants to tell us that America_____.A. is experiencing a crisis of nationhoodB. is trying to restrict the Bill of RightC. has ended its history of racial prejudiceD. has tried to obstruct intellectual freedom9. According to the author, Schlesinger's book will____.A. cause anger among the radical rightB. cause anger among the radical leftC. put an end to the culture wars in AmericaD. provoke thinking among the readers10. This passage is most probably taken from __.A. a history bookB. a book introductionC. a book reviewD. a journal of literary criticismPassage 3The El Nino ("little boy" in Spanish) that pounded the globe between the summers of2019 and 2019 was in some measure the most destructive in this century. Worldwide damage estimates exceed 20 billion --not to mention the human death toll caused by resulting droughts, floods and bushfires. El Nino and La Nina ("little girl") are part of a seesawing of winds and currents in the equatorial Pacific called ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation) that appears every two to eight years. Normally, westward-blowing trade winds caused by the rotation of the earth and conditions in the Tropics push surface water across the Pacific towards Asia. The warm water piles up along the coasts of Indonesia, Australia and the Philippines, raising sea levels more than a foot above those on the South American side of the Pacific. As El Nino builds the normal east-to-west trade winds wane. Like water splashing in a giant bathtub, the elevated pool of warm water washes from Asian shores back towards South America. In last season's cycle, surface temperatures off the west coast of SouthAmerica soared from a normal high of 23°C degrees to 28°C degrees. This area of warm water, twice the size of the continental US, interacted with the atmosphere, creating storms and displacing high-altitude winds. El Nino brought rain that flooded normally dry coastal areas of Ecuador,Chile and Peru, while droughts struck Australia and Indonesia. Fires destroyed some five million acres of Indonesian forest. The drought, along with the economic crisis, left about five million people desperate for food and water. These conditions helped set the stage for riots that led to the downfall of President Suharto. El Nino also took the blame for extreme temperatures in Texas last summer over 38°C degrees for a record 30 days in a row. In Florida, lush vegetation turned to tinder and bushfires raged. Even Britain has been sweltering with our hottest year on record in 2019.11. As El Sino builds, _____ .A. the normal westward trade winds weakenB. the normal eastward trade winds weakenC. the normal westward trade winds strengthenD. the normal eastward trade winds strengthen12. Which of the following statements is true?A. El Nino results from droughts, floods and bushfires.B. El Nino brought rain to most areas that were affected,C. When El Nino appeared, some of the world's rainforests were attacked by droughts.D. Most areas that were affected by El Nino got droughts.13. Once El Nino even played a role in the political world. What was it?A. President Suharto was overthrown by the drought caused by El Nino.B. El Nino caused riots that led to the downfall of President Suharto.C. President Suharto resigned because of the drought caused by El Nino.D. The drought caused by El Nino together with the economic crisis prevailing in Indonesia helped to overthrow President Suharto.14. The phrase "in a row" in the last paragraph means____.A. continuouslyB. in a lineC. awfullyD. now and then15. The writer of this passage is most likely to be____.A. an Australia observerB. a British nationalC. an American geographerD. an Indonesia journalistPassage 4In patients with Huntington's disease, it's the part of the brain called the basal ganglia that's destroyed. While these victims have perfectly intact explicit memory systems, they can't learn new motor skills.An Alzheimer's patient can learn to draw in a mirror but can't remember doing it: a Huntington's patient can't do it but can remember trying to learn. Yet another region of the brain, an almond-size knot of neural tissue seems to be crucial in forming and triggering the recall of a special subclass of memories that is tied to strong emotion, especially fear. These are just some of the major divisions. Within the category implicit memory, for example, lie the subcategories of associative memory – the phenomenon that famously led Parlov's dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell which they had learned to associate with food and of habituation, in which we unconsciously file away unchanging features of the environment so we can pay closer attention to what's new and different upon encountering a new experience. Within explicit, or declarative memory, on the other hand, there are specific subsystems that handle shapes, textures such as faces, names -- even distinct systems to remember nouns vs. verbs. All of these different types of memory are ultimately stored in the brain's cortex, within its deeply furrowed outer layer -- a component of the brain dauntingly more complex than comparable parts in other species. Experts in brain imaging are only beginning to understand what goeswhere, and how the parts are reassembled into a coherent whole that seems to be a single memory is actually a complex construction.Think of a hammer, and your brain hurriedly retrieves the tool's name, its appearance, its function, its heft and the sound of its clang, each extracted from a different region of the brain. Fail to connect person's name with his or her face, and you experience the breakdown of that assembly process that many of us begin to experience in our 20s and that becomes downrightworrisome when we reach our 50s. It was this weakening of memory and the parallel loss of ability to learn new things easily that led biologist Joe Tsien to the experiments reported last week. "This age-dependent loss of function," he says, "appears in many animals, and it begins with the onset of sexual maturity." What's happening when the brain forms memories -- and what fails with aging, injury and disease -- involves a phenomenon known as "plasticity". It's obvious that something in the brain changes as we learn and remember new things, but it's equally obvious that the organ doesn't change its overall structure or grow new nerve cells wholesale. Instead, it's the connections between new cells -- and particularly the strength of these connections that are altered by experience. Hear a word over and over, and the repeated firing of certain cells in a certain order makes it easier to repeat the firing pattern later on. It is the pattern that represents each specific memory.16. Which of the following symptoms can be observed in a person who suffers from the Huntington's disease?A. He cannot remember what he has done but can remember trying to learn.B. He cannot do something new but he can remember doing it.C. He suffers from a bad memory and lack of motor skills.D. He suffers from a poor basal ganglia and has intact explicit memory.17. According to the passage, which of the following memories has nothing to do with implicit memory?A. Associating a signal with an action.B. Recognizing of new features.C. Focusing on new environment.D. Remembering a familiar face of a friend.18. Which of the following may happen to a patient who suffered from damages to his explicit memory?A. When he is in a new environment, he is always frightened.B. When he plays football, he cannot learn new tricks.C. When he sees a friend, it's hard for him to remember his name.D. When he finds a hammer, he cannot tell anything about it.19. The word "extract" in the second paragraph means_____.A. obtainB. removeC. pullD. derive20. We can draw a conclusion from the passage that_____.A. Scientists have found the mechanism underlying the memorizing activitiesB. More research must be done to determine the brain structure.C. Some researchers are not content with the findings.D. It is obvious that something in the brain changes as we learn and remember. Passage 5Mobility of individual members and family groups tends to split up family relationships. Occasionally the movement of a family away from a situation which has been the source of friction results in greater family organization, but on the whole mobility is disorganizing. Individuals and families are involved in three types of mobility: movement in space, movement up or down in social status, and the movement of ideas. These are termed respectively spatial, vertical and ideational mobility.A great increase in spatial mobility has gone along with improvements in rail and water transportation, the invention and use of the automobile, and the availability of airplane passenger service. Spatial mobility results in a decline in the importance of the traditional home with its emphasis on family continuity and stability. It also means that when individual family members or the family as a whole move away from a community, the person or the family is removed from the pressures of relatives, friends, and community institutions for conventionality and stability. Even more important is the fact that spatial mobility permits some members of a family to come in contact with and possibly adopt attitudes, values, and ways of thinking different from those held by other family members. The presence of different attitudes values, and ways of thinking within a family may, and often does, result in conflict and family disorganization. Potential disorganization is present in those families in which the husband, wife and children are spatially separated over a long period, or are living together but see each other only briefly because of different work schedules.One index of the increase in vertical mobility is the great increase in the proportion of sons, and to some extent daughters who engage in occupations other than those of the parents. Another index of vertical mobility is the degree of intermarriage between social classes. This occurs almost exclusively between classes which are adjacent to each other. Engaging in a different occupation, orintermarriage, like spatial mobility, allows one to come in contact with ways of behavior different from those of the parental home, and tends to separate parents and their children. The increase in ideational mobility is measured by the increase in publications, such as newspapers, periodicals and books, the increase in the percentage of the population owning radios, and the increase in television sets. All these tend to introduce new ideas into the home. When individual family members are exposed to and adopt the new ideas, the tendency is for conflict to arise and for those in conflict to become psychologically separated from each other.21. What the passage tells us can be summarized by the statement___.A. potential disorganization is present in the American familyB. social development results in a decline in the importance of traditional familiesC. the movement of a family is one of the factors in raising its social statusD. family disorganization is more or less the result of mobility22. According to the passage, those who live in a traditional family ___A. can get more help from their family members if the are in troubleB. will have more freedom of action and thought if they move away from itC. are less likely to quarrel with others because of conventionality and stabilityD. have to depend on their relatives and friends if they do not move away from it23. Potential disorganization exists in those families in which ____A. the family members are subject to social pressuresB. both parents have to work full timeC. the husband, wife and children, and children seldom get togetherD. the husband, wife and children work too hard24. Intermarriage and different occupations play an important role in family disorganization because____.A. they enable the children to travel around without their parentsB. they enable the children to better understand the ways of behavior of their parentsC. they allow one to find a good job and improve one's social statusD. they permit one to come into contact with different ways of behavior and thinking25. This passage suggests that a well-organized family is a family whose members __A. are not psychologically withdrawn from one anotherB. seldom quarrel with each other even when they disagreeC. often help each other with true love and affectionD. are exposed to the same new ideas introduced by books, radios and TV setschow Passage 6A design for a remotely-controlled fire engine could make long road or rail tunnels safer. It is the brainchild of an Italian fire safety engineer, who claims that his invention -- dubbed Robogat--could have cut the death toll in the disastrous Mont Blanc tunnel fire in March 2019 which killed 41 people. Most of the people who perished dies within 15 minutes of smoke first being detected. Quick action is needed when fire breaks out in a tunnel. Robogat can travel at about 50 kilometers per hour. The Mont Blanc fire was 5 kilometers from the French end of the tunnel, so a machine could have got there in about six minutes. The Robogat has been designed and patented by Domenico Piatti of the Naples fire department. It runs on a monorail suspended from the roof of the tunnel. When the Robogat reaches a fire, it plugs into a modified water main running along the tunnel and directs its hoses at the base of the fire. It is capable of pumping 3,000 liters of high-pressure water per minute--about the same rate as that from an airport fire tender. Normal fire engines deliver 500 liters per minute. The machine's heat-resistant skin is designed to withstand temperatures of up to 1,000°C. Designed to fight fires in tunnels up to 12 kilometers long, the Robogat will be operated from a control centre outside the tunnel. Ideally, tunnels should have a Robogat stationed at each end, allowing fires to be tackled from both sides. Piatti says that it would be relatively cheap to install the Robogat in new tunnels, with each machine costing around￡250,000. "That's not expensive," says Stuart Jagger, a British fire-fightingspecialist, who adds, "Fire-fighters normally have to approach the blaze from upwind. People have dies if the ventilation is overwhelmed or someone changes the ventilation. If the robot worked remotely it would be an advantage." But this introduces extra problems: the Robogat would have to feed information about the state of the fire back to its controller, and the sensors, like the rest of the machine, would have to be fire-resistant. Piatti is now looking for financial backing to build a prototype.26. The Robogat can quickly get through to the scene of a fire because___.A. it is in position in the middle of the tunnelB. it can move on a monorail suspended from the roof of the tunnelC. it runs on a monorail and can take quick actionD. its modified water main can run along the tunnel quickly27. When fire breaks out in a tunnel, the most important thing is to __A. install a Rogogat quicklyB. detect the smoke quicklyC. change the ventilationD. take quick actions28. The Robogat is designed to pump water____.A. at a speed of 500 liters a minuteB. almost as fast as an airport tenderC. six times faster than an ordinary fire-engineD. at a rate of an airport fire tender29. According to the passage, because temperatures in a tunnel can be very high,____.A. the Robogat has to have a heat-resistant skinB, the Robogat is operated in a control centre outside the tunnelC. the Robogat can only work at the scene of a fire for a limited periodD. a Robogat is stationed at each end30. One problem that has not yet been solved, it seems, is that____A. a prototype has not yet been acceptedB. financial backing is not availableC. the machine will need fire-resistant sensorsD. the machine would not work if the ventilation was overwhelmed chow II.Part 2 Vocabulary (10%, 0.5 mark each)31. This university offers a wide variety of high-quality courses for both graduate and undergraduate students.A. selectB. choiceC. alternativeD. optional32. ____ your request for a refund, we have referred that matter to our main office.A. On the point ofB. With relationship toC. In the event ofD. With regard to33. AIDs activists permanently changed and shortened America's __ process for testing and approving new drags of all kinds, for all diseases.A. stagnantB. intricateC. appropriateD. efficient34. Exercise can affect our outlook on life, and it can also help us get rid of tension, anxiety and frustration. So we should take exercise__.A. regularlyB. normallyC. usuallyD. constantly35. Many artists believe that successful imitation, far from being symptomatic of a lack of originality, is the step in learning to be__.A. elegantB. confidentC. creativeD. imaginary36. There is scientific evidence to support our___ that being surrounded by plants is good for health.A. instinctB. implicationC. perceptionD. conception37. Tom plunged into the pond immediately when he saw a boat was sinking and a little girl in it was___.A. in needB. on the declineC. in disorderD. at stake38. An obvious change of attitude at the top towards women's status in society will___ through the current law system in that country.A. permeateB. violateC. probeD. grope39. All the finished products are stored in a___ of the delivery port and shipping is available at any time.A. warehouseB. capsuleC. garageD. cabinet40. As he walked out the court, he was____ with frustration and rage.A. applauding B, quivering C. paralyzing D. limping41. The Board of Directors decided that more young men who were qualified would be_____ important positions.A. attributed toB. furnished withC. installed inD. inserted into42. There are still some____ for students of science and engineering, but those in arts and humanities have been filled.A. positionsB. vacanciesC. applicationsD. categories43. Wireless waste from cell phones, pocket PCs, and music players__ special problems because they have toxic chemicals in batteries and other components.A. poseB. commitC. transportD. expose44. Although Kerry has had no formal education, he is one of the___ businessmen in the company.A. alertestB. sternestC. nastiestD. shrewdest45. The senior citizen expressed a sentiment which___ profoundly to every Chinese heart.A. drewB. attractC. appealedD. impressed46. ___students should be motivated by a keen interest in theatre and should have some familiarity with plays in production.A. realisticB. responsibleC. ethnicD. prospective47. The accuracy of scientific observations and calculations is always___ the scientist's time-keeping methods.A. at the mercy ofB. in accordance withC. under the guidance ofD. by means of48. Recently a number of cases have been reported of young children ___ a violent act previously seen on television.A. stimulatingB. duplicatingC. modifyingD. accelerating49.The destruction of the Twin Towers in New York City_ shock and anger not only throughout America but also throughout the whole world.A. envelopedB. summonedC. temptedD. provoked50. The secretary went over the table again very carefully for fear of___ any important data.A. overlookingB. slippingC. ignoringD. skimmingIII. Cloze Test (10%, 0.5 mark each)Researchers who refuse to share data with others may 51 others to withhold results from them, 52 a study by health-policy analysts at Harvard Medical School.The study found that young researchers, those who publish 53 , and investigators seeking patents are most likely to be _54_ access to biomedical data. It also found that researchers who withhold data gain a _55 for this, and have more difficulty in 56 data from others. The study was 57 by a research team led by sociologist Eric Campbell. The tea m surveyed 2,366 58 selected scientists at 117 US medical schools. Overall, 12.5 per cent said that they had been denied 59 to other academic investigators' data, 60 article reprints, during the past three years. This 61 with findings by the team and other groups. But by examining the 62 of data withholding, the team identified those experiencing the most 63 . For junior staff. 64 , the team found that 13.5 per cent were denied access, 65 5.1 per cent of senior researchers.The 66 between data withholding and researchers' publishing 67 during the 68 three years was 69 : 7.7 per cent of those who had published 1-5 articles had had data withheld from them, but this rose to 28.9 per cent for researchers who had published more than 20. Campbell warns, "Selectively holding back on information from the most 70 researchers could slow down progress in research into the causes and cures of human disease."51. A. suggest B. provoke C. propose D. claim52. A. because of B. in spite of C. according to D. owing to53. A. a lot B. great deal C. regularly D. frequently54. A. sought B. seeking C. being sought D. have sought55. A. depression B. reputation C. infamy D. fame56. A. acquisition B. requiting C. assigning D. obtaining57. A. carried B. conducted C. forged D. identified58. A. randomly B. carefully C. specially D. absolutely59. A. entry B. reach C. access D. use。

2014年四川大学考博英语入学考试英语试题

2014年四川大学考博英语入学考试试题考生请注意：1．本试题共5大题，共12页，请考生注意检查，考试时间为180分钟。

2．1-70题答案请填写在机读卡相应处，否则不给分。

3．翻译和作文请答在答题纸上，答在试题上不给分。

书写要求字迹清楚、工整。

I．Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each)Directions: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneIn general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations”experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interesting life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems the never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system form, a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maxima, production and consumption are ends in themselves, into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities-those of all love and of reason-are the aims of social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end and should be prevented from ruling man.1. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to deliver the idea that man is ____.[A] a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible[B] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society[C] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society[D] a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly2. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ____.[A] they are likely to lose their jobs[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence[D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence3. From the passage we can conclude that real happiness of life belongs to those ____.[A] who are at the bottom of the society[B] who are higher up in their social status[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors[D] who could dip fir away from this competitive world4. To solve the present social problems the author puts forward a suggestion that we should ____.[A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities[D] take the fundamental realities for granted5. The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of ____.[A] approval [B] dissatisfaction[C] suspicion [D] susceptibilityPassage TwoThe government-run command post in Tunis is staffed around the clock by military personnel, meteorologists and civilians. On the wall are maps, crisscrossed with brightly colors arrows that painstakingly track the fearsome path of the enemy.What kind of invader gives rise to such high-level monitoring? Not man, not beast, but the lowly desert locust（蝗虫）. In recent moths, billions of the 3-inch-long winged warriors have descended on Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, blackening the sky and eating up crops and vegetation. The insect invasion, the worst in 30 years, is already creating great destruction in the Middle East and is now treating southern Europe. The current crisis began in late 1985 near the Red Sea. Unusually rainy weather moistened the sands of the Sudan, making them ideal breeding grounds for the locust, which lays its eggs in the earth. The insect onslaught threatens to create yet another African famine. Each locust can eat its weight (not quite a tenth of an ounce) in vegetation every 24 hours. A good-size swarm of 50 billion insects eats up 100,000 tons of grass, trees and crops in a single night.All $150 million may be needed this year. The U.S. has provided two spraying planes and about 50,000 gal. of pesticide. The European Community has donated $3.8 million in aid and the Soviet Union, Canada, Japan and China have provided chemical-spraying aircraft to help wipe out the pests. But relief efforts are hampered by the relative mildness of approved pesticides, which quickly lose their deadly punch and require frequent replications. The most effective locust killer Dieldrin has been linked to cancer and is banned by many Western countries and some of the affected African nations. More than 5 million acres have been dusted with locust-killing chemicals; another 5 million will be treated by the end of June.On May 30, representatives of Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Mauritania will meet in Algiers to discuss tactics to wipe out the ravenous swarms. The move is an important step, but whatever plan is devised, the locust plague promised to get worse before the insects can be brought under control.6. The main idea of the first sentence in the passage is that ____.[A] the command post is stationed with people all the time.[B] the command post is crowded with people all the time.[C] there are clocks around the command post.[D] the clock in the command post is taken care of by the staff.7. The favorable breeding ground for the locust is ____.[A] rich soil.[B] wet land[C] spaces covered crops and vegetation[D] the Red Sea8. People are alert at the threat of the locust because ____.[A] the insects are likely to create another African famine.[B] the insects may blacken the sky.[C] the number of the insects increases drastically.[D] the insects are gathering and moving in great speed.9. Which of the following is true?[A] Once the pesticides are used, locust will die immediately.[B] Relief efforts are proved most fruitful due to the effectiveness of certain pesticides.[C] Dieldrin, the most effective locust killer, has been widely accepted in many countries.[D] Over 10 million acres of affected area will have been treated with locust-killing chemicals by the end ofJune.10. The purpose for affected nations to meet in Algiers on May 30 is ____.[A] to devise antilocust plans.[B] to wipe out the swarms in two years.[C] to call out for additional financial aid from other nations.[D] to bring the insects under control before the plague gets worse.Passage ThreeThe London 2012 sustainability watchdog embroiled in a row over the sports ship of the Olympic Stadium by Dow Chemical is to push the International Olympic Committee to appoint an “ethics champion”for future Games.The Commission for a Sustainable London 2012 has been bruised by criticism over Dow’s sponsorship of the wrap that will surround the Olympic stadium, particularly since commissioner Meredith Alexander last month resigned in protest.Campaigners believe that Dow has ongoing liabilities relating to the 1984 Bhopal disaster that resulted in the deaths of an estimated 20,000 people and the serious injury of tens of thousands more. Dow, which bought the owner of the plant in 2001, insists that all liabilities have been settled in full.Commission chairman Shaun McCarthy said that its tight sustainability remit did not extend to acting as moral guardian of the Olympic movement but that it would press for such a role to be created when evaluating sponsors for future Games.In addition to sponsoring the 7m pounds wrap that will surround the Olympic Stadium, Dow has a separate 100m dollars sponsorship deal with the IOC that was signed in 2010.But McCarthy also defended the commission’s role in evaluating the Dow deal, after Amnesty International wrote to London 2012 chairman Lord Coe to raise the issue.“What has been lost in all of this story is that a really excellent, sustainable product has been procured, we looked at Locog’s examination of Dow Chemical’s current corporate responsibility policies and, again, Dow achieved that highest score in that evaluation. We verified that.” said McCarthy.“As far as the history is concerned and issues around Bhopal, there is no doubt Bhopal was a terrible disaster and snore injustice was done to the victims. Who is responsible for that injustice is a matter for thecourts and a matter for others. We have a specific remit and terms of reference that we operate under and we have operated diligently under those terms.”The commission will on Thursday release its annual review. It finds that “good press” has been made to wands many of Locog’s sustainability target, but that “major challenges” remain.In particular, the commission found that there was no coherent strategy to achieve a 20% reduction in carbon emissions after an earlier scheme to use renewable energy feel through when a wind turbine on the site proved impractical.“We had conversations with Locog over a year ago about this and said they had to demonstrate how they were going to achieve at least 20% carbon reductions through energy conservation if they’re not going to do it through renewable energy,”said McCarthy. “There are some good initiatives, but quite frankly they just haven’t done it.”11. Why was Dow’s sponsorship criticized according to the passage?[A] The products are not sustainable.[B] It was related to Bhopal disaster.[C] It bribed the London Olympic committee.[D] It can’t reduce 20% of the carbon emission.12. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?[A] Commission’s role[B] Commission’s achievements[C] Commission’s complaints[D] Commission’s defense13. Which of the following words can best replace the underlined word “row” (Para. 1)?[A] line [B] argument[C] boating [D] course14. What is one of the challenges of the sustainability target mentioned in the passage?[A] Ethic champion of the games.[B] Reduction in carbon emissions.[C] The wind turbine proved to be impractical.[D] Renewable energy is not available.15. Which of the following can best summarize the passage?[A] Commission defends its own role in evaluating controversial.[B] Dow’s way to the 2012 London Olympic Games.[C] Campaign against Dow’s sponsorship.[D] IOC’s review on the controversy.Passage FourAs Facebook dominates the news with its initial public offering, activists are seizing the moment to pressure the company to add some estrogen and ethnicity to its white-male board.A women’s rights group called Ultraviolet, which has been running an online petition that claims to have attracted more than 50,000 signatures, is escalating its push, posting a new YouTube video called “Do Women Have a Future at Facebook?”. The video shows photos of successful women such as Hillary Clinton getting their heads cropped off the replaced with the smiling face of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.“Facebook has grown off the backs of women, who make up the majority of its users and are responsible for the majority of sharing and fan activity on the site,” the group says in a blurb accompanying the video. Anall-male board, the group says, is “not just wrong, it’s bad for business”. A related campaign, called Face It, criticizes the lack of ethnic diversity on the seven-member board. “seven white men: That’s ridiculous,” the group says on its homepage, along side headshots of the men. The campaign, which lists dozens of human-rights groups and corporate executives as supporters, also has its own YouTube video. Called “Face it, Facebook”, the video cites a recent Zuckerberg letter to investors that says:“Facebook was not originally created to be a company. It was built to accomplish a social mission-to make the world more open and connected.”That message is at odds with the pale-faced board, activists say. Susan Stautberg, co-chairwoman of Women Corporate Directors, an organization for female corporate board members, says Zuckerberg’s thinking is flawed. “If you’re trying to expand a company globally, then you want someone on the board who has built a global brand,” she says. “Most of these guys on Facebook’s board all have the same skills-they’re mostly from Silicon Valley and Washington. You want someone who has worked in China and India and rising markets. You want someone who has marketed to women. When you’re putting together a board, you don’t want your best friends, you want the best people.”Having zero female directors does not appear to be a good business plan, research shows. Companies with women on the board perform substantially better than companies with all-mall boards, according to a 2011 study of Fortune 500 companies conducted by the research group Catalyst. The study showed that over the course of four to five years, companies with three or more female board members, on average, outperformed companies with no female board members by 84 percent when it came to return on sales and by 60 percent when it came to return on invested capital.Facebook may secretly be on the lookout for a female board member, according to a recent Bloomberg report. Citing unnamed sources, Bloomberg said Facebook had enlisted the corporate-recruitment firm Spencer Stuart to help seek some diversity. Spencer Stuary says it does not comment on clients due to confidentiality agreements.16. Which of the following descriptions is CORRECT about the Ultraviolet Group?[A] It is a non-government organization.[B] It is appealing for “more female roles in big corporations like Facebook” through the Internet.[C] It has the support of many female celebrities such as Hillary Clinton.[D] It is getting more and more support from the society.17. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about the campaign “Face It”?[A] It pointed out the irrational composition of Facebook’s board of directors.[B] The campaign has plenty of human-rights supporters.[C] It indicated the original objective of Zuckerberg’s establishment of Facebook.[D] It is constantly using other media devices to support Facebook.18. The underlined phrase “at odds with” in the fourth paragraph has the closest meaning of ____.[A] against all odds [B] supported by[C] disagree with [D] waifs and strays19. According to Susan Stauberg, a well-performed business should _____.[A] have a complex system of management.[B] possess the most market globally.[C] have your best and close friends as your board members.[D] have a diverse board member in which everyone has his/her own specialties and can contribute differentskills into the corporation.20. What will probably happen to Facebook?[A] The corporation will turn to Spencer Stuart for recruiting more female board members.[B] The corporation will dominate the news because its worldwide popularity.[C] The corporation will gradually lose its users because it does not have female board members.[D] None of the above.Passage FiveFor this generation of young people, the future looks bleak. Only one in six is working full time. Three out of five live with their parents or other relatives. A large majority-73 percent-think they need more education to find a successful career, but only half of those say they will definitely enroll in the next few years. No, they are not the idle youth of Greece or Spain or Egypt. They are the youth of America, the world’s richest country, who do not have college degrees and aren’t getting them anytime soon. Whatever the sob stories about recent college graduates spinning their wheels as baristas or clerks, the situation for their less-educated peers is far worse. For this group, finding work that pays a living wage and offers some sense of security has been elusive.Despite the continuing national conversation about whether college is worth it given the debt burden it entails, most high school graduates without college degrees said they believe they would be unable to get good jobs without more education.Getting it is challenging, though, and not only because of formidable debt levels. Ms. McClour and her husband, Andy, have two daughters under 3 and another due next month. She said she tried enrolling in college classes, but the workload became too stressful with such young children. Mr. McClour works at a gas station. He hates his work and wants to study phlebotomy, but the nearest school is an hour and half away.Many of these young people had been expecting to go to college since they started high school, perhaps anticipating that employers would demand skills high schools do not teach. Just one in ten high school graduates without college degrees said they were “extremely well prepared by their high school to succeed in their job after graduation.” These young people worried about getting left behind and were pessimistic about reaching some of the milestones that make up the American dream. More than half-56 percent-of high school graduates without college diplomas said that their generation would have less financial success than their parents. About the same share believed they would find work that offered health insurance within that time frame. Slightly less than half of respondents said the next few years would bring work with good job security or a job with earnings that were high “enough to lead a comfortable life”. They were similarly pessimistic about being able to start a family or buy a home.The online survey was conducted between March 21 and April 2, and covered a nationally representative survey of 544 high school graduates from the classes of 2006-11 who did not have bachelor’s degrees. The margin of sampling error was plus or minus 5 percentage points.21. What does the underlined phrase “spinning their wheels” mean in Paragraph 1?[A] fastening the pace [B] confusing the situation[C] asking for help [D] scooting out22. What will the high school graduates probably do according to the article?[A] Find jobs right after graduation.[B] Receive further study in college.[C] Go to join the national conversation.[D] Pay for the debt.23. What does the story of “Andy and Ms. McClour” try to inform us?[A] They both prefer making money to education.[B] Colleges do not accept students who are married and have children.[C] Although people are eager to join in the college, life burden may block in the way.[D] None of the above.24. What is the financial outlook for this generation compared with their parents?[A] They have a prosperous outlook compared with the last generation.[B] Their financial situation is not as successful as their parents.[C] It depends on how hard they work and their educational background.[D] Not mentioned in the article.25. What can we infer from the last sentence?[A] The online survey is done nationally.[B] The result of the survey is completely trustworthy.[C] There is more or less inaccuracy of the survey.[D] The survey will have a continuous part coming soon.Passage SixSome 60 years ago, George Orwell wrote an allegorical novel, called Nineteen Eighty-Four, to describe life in a futuristic Britain under a one party police-sate presided over by an all-powerful figure known as Big Brother. One of the fealures of the nasty world described by Orwell was its systematic misuse of language, which went by the name of “Newspeak”. By re-defining words and endlessly repeating them, the Ministry of Truth through the Thought Police was able to control what people thought, and through that, their actions. Language was instrumental in destroying the culture.The same technique is being used by different people today, with similar effects. In all areas of public administration, the words “spouse”, “husband” and “wife” have been replace by the word “partner”, although the words are subtly but substantially different in meaning, and convey different realities. In some schools and university departments, feminist ideologues have dictated that the personal pronoun “he” must not be used, and is replaced by the word “they”, which means something different. The word “homophobic”, which just a few years ago was used to describe a person who supported vigilante action against homosexuals, is now being used to describe anyone who defends the universal definition of marriage.Although the transformation of language is seen most obviously around social issues, it is also being used systematically to shape political debate. So, we are told that the federal government is introducing a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme, which is newspeak for its new carbon tax. The fact is that the new tax is not remotely concerned with “carbon pollution” at all, but rather with emissions of the gas CO2 which is not a pollutant by any credible definition, but rather, an essential building block in every cell in every living plant and creature. By the government’s own admission, it will not lead to any reduction in CO2 levels, either in Australia or globally. And the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme is being introduced in Australia at the same time the government is expanding exports of coal, which is virtually 100 percent carbon, to countries such as China.We live in a society in which the ordinary meaning of words is being systematically manipulated by spin-doctors and ideologues, as a means of changing the way people think, and, more fundamentally, the way they act. Language is an important part of the culture wars. For those of us who see this as a challenge to the foundations of society, it is important that we identify the problem and expose it.It is clearly preferable to avoid using the new debased, transformed language of the politically-correct left, although this can be difficult in situations where constant usage has already normalized it, as has happened with the term “same-sex marriage”. The alternative phrase, “same-sex unions”, has a different meaning. When such terms are used, they should be identified for what they are: a form of linguistic dishonesty, designed toundermine existing institutions and transform them.26. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about George Orwell’s allegorical novel Nineteen Eighty-Four?[A] It describes a story that happens in the future.[B] One of the features in the novel is the misuse of language.[C] It is the most famous detective novel in the world.[D] It was written in the 20th century.27. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of misuse of language?[A] Feminists insist “he” be replaced by “they”.[B] “Partner” has taken the place of “husband” and “wife”.[C] “Homophobic” is now being employed to refer to defend conventional understanding of marriage.[D] The meaning of “literacy” is no longer restricted to the ability to read and write.28. The example of carbon pollution is used to illustrate _______.[A] transformation of language is usually seen in social issues.[B] transformation of language is also tracked in political debate.[C] transformation of language is generated in the age of information.[D] transformation of language is legitimate to a certain extent.29. The underlined word “credible” in Para. 3 means ______.[A] reliable [B] correct[C] beneficial [D] provable30. According to the passage, transformed language serves to _______.[A] make people sound fashionable[B] change the way people think and act[C] eliminate discrimination against minorities[D] None of the aboveII. Vocabulary (10%; 0.5 mark each)31. The town was flooded when the river burst its banks. To make it worse, the storm _____ outside.[A] raided [B]ragged [C] raged [D]reaped32. My new laptop can _____ information much more quickly than my old computer.[A] proceed [B] precede [C] produce [D] process33. The country’s failure to abide by the Kyoto Protocol was _____ in all newspapers.[A] announced [B] denounced [C] renounced [D] trounced34. The company has _____ over three decades into a multi-million dollar organization.[A] evolved [B] revolved [C] involved [D] devolved35. We would like to _____ our customers of the best possible service.[A] assure [B] ensure [C] insure [D] ensue36. The government has promised to offer 10 million of emergency food aid to help ______ the famine in thisregion.[A] release [B] relate [C] reveal [D]relieve37. The course _____ two year s’ training into six intensive months.[A] impresses [B] compresses [C] depresses [D] represses38. Make sure you pour the juice into the glass without _____ it.[A] splitting [B] spilling [C] spinning [D] spitting39. The vast majority of people in any culture _____ to the established standard of that culture.[A] confine [B] conform [C] confront [D] confirm40. Tom pointed out that the living standard of urban and _____ people continued to improve.[A] remote [B] municipal [C] rural [D] provincial41. The Egyptians _____ an area almost equal to France and Spain combined.[A] dwell [B] settle [C] reside [D] inhabit42. I’m going to have to take these clothes off, for I’m _____ to the skin![A] dipped [B] soaked [C] immersed [D] submerged43. The WHO has to come up with new and effective measures to _____ his next move in the game.[A] limit [B] cut [C] curb [D] keep44. My grandfather sat back in his chair for a few minutes to _____ his next move in the game.[A] think [B] ponder [C] reflect [D] dwell45. At this school we aim to _____ the minds of all the students by reading.[A] cultivate [B] instruct [C] teach [D] coach46. Most doctors _____ on a diet which contains a lot of fat.[A] criticize [B] object [C] oppose [D] frown47. Since you intend to sell your house, how will you _____ of all the furniture?[A] disapprove [B] discard [C] dispose [D] disregard48. The politicians were discussing the best way to _____ democracy and prosperity in their country.[A] hinder [B] foster [C] linger [D] quote49. Only one member of the committee _____ from the final report.[A] dissented [B] crawled [C] whispered [D] redeemed50. We always try to _____ him with financial assistance if necessary.[A] dazzle [B] sanction [C] accommodate [D] terminateIII. Cloze (10%; 0.5 mark each)The term “quality of life”is difficult to define. It (51) a very wide scope such as living environment, health, employment, food, family life, friends, education, material possessions, leisure and recreation, and so on. (52) speaking, the quality of life, especially (53) seen by the individual, is meaningful in terms of the degree (54) which these various areas of life are available or provide (55) for the individual.As activity carried (56) as one thinks fit during on e’s spare time, leisure has the following (57): relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and personal development. The importance of these varies according to the nature of one’s job and one’s life style. (58), people who need to (59) much energy in their work will find relaxation most (60) in leisure. Those with a better education and in professional occupations may (61) more to seek recreation and personal development (e.g.(62) of skills and hobbies) in leisure.The specific use of leisure (63) from individual to individual. (64) the same leisure activity may be used differently by different individuals. Thus, the following are possible uses of television watching, a (65) leisure activity, a change of experience to provide (66) from the stress and strain of work; to learn more about what is happening in one’s environment; to provide an opportunity for understanding oneself by (67) other people’s life experiences as (68) in the programs.Since leisure is basically self-determined, one is able to take (69) his interests and preferences and get (70) in an activity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction.51. [A] composes [B] consists [C] covers [D] constitutes52. [A] Basically [B] Frankly [C] Primarily [D] Generally。

四川大英语试题参考答案与解析

四川大学2004年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷参考答案与解读Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension(略)Part Ⅱ Vocabulary and StructuresSection A16．【答案】B【解读】本题空格处是说现代民主的本质。

B项的essence“本质”符合题意。

其他三项loop“循环”；equivalent“等价物”；velocity“速度，速率”都不正确。

17．【答案】D【解读】本题中，credible的意思是“可信的，可靠的”；undeniable的意思是“不可否认的”；dynamic的意思是“动态的”；tangible的意思是“可触摸的，有形的，切实的”。

四个选项中，只有D项符合题意。

18．【答案】C【解读】本题中，dissection的意思是“剖析”；casualty的意思是“伤亡”；criteria的意思是“标准”；necessity的意思是“必需品”。

只有C项符合题意。

19．【答案】A【解读】本题空格处是说蒙古人和他们亚洲祖先的遗产。

A项的legacy“遗产(祖先、前人或过去传下来的某种东西)”符合题意。

其他三项bequest“遗产，遗赠”；converse“相反的事物”；miracle“奇迹”都不正确。

20．【答案】D【解读】本题中，D项的plausible“似乎有理的”符合题意，如：a plausible excuse(看似有理的借口)。

其他三项stable“稳定的”；absolute“绝对的”；immortal“不朽的”都不正确。

21．【答案】B【解读】本题空格处是说发现了令人信服的证据。

B项的compelling“强制性的，令人信服的，引人注目的”符合题意，如：compelling ambition and egotism(令人信服的志气和自负)。

其他三项incessant“不断的，不停的”；identical“同一的”；problematic“有疑问的”都不正确。

四川大学2013年博士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案

英语2013年试题四川大学2013 年博士研究生入学考试英语试题I. Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each):Direction: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D, Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneOver the past several decades, the U.S., Canada, and Europe have received a great deal of media and even research attention over unusual phenomena and unsolved mysteries. These include UFOs as well as sightings and encounters with "nonhuman creatures" such as Bigfoot and the Loch Ness monster. Only recently has Latin America begun to receive some attention as well. Although the mysteries of the Aztec, Mayan, and Inca civilizations have been known for centuries, now the public is also becoming aware of unusual, paranormal phenomena in countries such as Peru.The Nazca "lines" of Peru Were discovered in the 1930s. These lines are deeply carved into a fiat, stony plain, and form about 300 intricate pictures of animals such as birds, a monkey, and a lizard. Seen at ground level, the designs area jumbled senseless mess. The images are so large that they can only be viewed at a height of 1,000 feet- meaning from an aircraft Yet there were no aircraft in 300 B.C., when it is judged the designs were made. Nor were there then, or are there now, any nearby mountain ranges from which to view them. So how and why did the native people of Nazca create these marvelous designs? One answer appeared in 1969, when the German researcher, and writer Erich yon Daniken proposed that the lines were drawn by extraterrestrials as runways for their aircraft. The scientific community did not take long to scoffat and abandon yon Daniken's theory. Over the years several other theories have been put forth, but none has been accepted by the scientific community.Today there is a new and heightened interest in the Nazca lines. It is a direct result of the creation of the Internet. Currently there are over 60 sites dedicated to this mystery from Latin America's past, and even respected scientists have joined the discussion through e-mail and chat rooms.Will the Intemet help explain these: unsolved mysteries? Perhaps it is a step in the right direction.1．Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?[A] Latin America has long received attention for unusual phenomena.[B] Public attention is now directed towards countries like Peru.[C] Public interest usually focuses on North America and Europe[D] Some ancient civilizations have unsolved mysteries.2．According to the passage, the Nasa lines were found_______[A] in mountains [B] in stones [C] on animals [D] on a plain3．We can infer from the passage that the higher the lines are seen, the______ the images they present.[A] smaller [B] larger [C] clearer [D] brighter4．There has been increasing interest in the Nazca lines mainly because of________.[A] the participation of scientists[B] the emergence of the Intemet[C] the birth of new theories[D] the interest in the Intemet5．The author is _______ about the role of the Intemet in solving mysteries.[A] cautious [B] pessimistic [C] uncertain [D] optimisticPassage TwoSocial circumstances in Early Modem England mostly served to repress women's voices. Patriarchal culture and institutions constructed them as chaste, silent, obedient, and subordinate. At the beginning of 17th century, the ideology of patriarchy, political absolutism, and gender hierarchy were reaffirmed powerfully by King James in The. Trew Law of Free Monarchie and the Basilikon Doron; by that ideology the absolute power of God the supreme patriarch was seen to be imaged in the absolute monarch of the state and in the husband and father of a family. Accordingly, a woman's subjection, first to her father and then to her husband, imaged the subjection of English people to their monarch, and of all Christians to God. Also, the period saw an outpouring of repressive or overtly misogynist sermons, tracts, and plays, detailing women's physical and mental defects, spiritual evils, rebelliousness, shrewishness, and natural inferiority to men.Yet some social and cultural conditions served to empower women. During the Elizabethan era (1558-1603) the culture was dominated by a powerful Queen, who provided an impressive female example though she left scant cultural space for other women Elizabethan women writers began to produce original texts but were occupied chiefly with translation. In the 17th century, however, various circumstances enabled women to write original texts in some numbers. For one thing, some counterweight to patriarchy was provided by female communities -- mothers and daughters, extended kinship networks, close female friends, the separate court of Queen Anne (King James's Consort) and her often oppositional masques and political activities. For another, most of these women had a reasonably good education (modem. languages, history, literature, religion, music, occasionally Latin) and some apparently found in romances and histories more expansive terms for imagining women's lives. Also, representation of vigorous and rebellious female characters in literature and especially on the stage no doubt helped to undermine any monolithic social construct of women's nature and role.Most important, perhaps, was the radical potential inherent in the Protestant insistence on every Christian's immediate relationship with God and primary responsibility to follow his or her individual conscience. There is plenty of support in St Paul's epistles and elsewhere in the Bible for patriarchy and a wife's subjection to her husband, but some texts (notably Galatians 3:28) inscribe a very different politics, promoting women's spiritual equality: "There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye are all one in Jesus Christ." Such texts encouraged some women to claim the support of God the supreme patriarch against the various earthly patriarchs who claimed to stand toward them in his Stead.There is also the gap or slippage between ideology and common experience. English women throughout the 17th century exercised a good deal of actual power: as managers of estates in their husbands' absences at court or on military and diplomatic missions; as members of guilds; as wives and mothers who sometimes dominated their men by sheer force of personality or outright defiance. Their power reached its apex during the English Civil War and Interregnum (1640-60) as the execution of the King and the attendant disruption of social hierarchies led many women-to seize new roles --as preachers, as prophetesses, as deputies for exiled royalist husbands, as writers of religious and political tracts.6．What is the best title for this passage?[A] Women's Position in the 17th Century.[B] Women's Subjection to Patriarchy.[C] Social Circumstances in the 17th Century.[D] Women's Objection in the 17th Century.7．What did the Queen Elizabeth do-for the women in culture?[A] She set an impressive female example to follow.[B] She dominated the culture.[C] She did little.[D] She allowed Women to translate something.8．Which of the following is Not mentioned as a reason to enable women to original texts?[A] Female communities provided some counterweight to patriarchy.[B] Queen Anne's political activities.[C] Most women had a good education.[D] Queen Elizabeth's political activities.9．What did the religion do for the women?[A] It did nothing.[B] It too asked women to be obedient except some texts.[C] It supported women.[D] It appealed to the God.10．What does the word "apex" mean in the last paragraph?[A] the lowest point [B] the end[C] ultimate [D] summitPassage ThreeI am afraid to sleep. I have been afraid to sleep for the last few weeks. I am so tired that, finally, I do sleep, but only for a few minutes. It is not a bad dream that wakes me; it is the reality I took with me into sleep. I try to think of something else.Immediately the woman in the marketplace comes into my mind.I was on my way to dinner last night when I saw her. She was selling skirts. She moved with the same ease and loveliness I often saw in the women of Laos. Her long black hair was as shiny as the black silk of the skirts she was selling. In her hair, she wore three silk ribbons, blue, green, and white. They reminded me of my childhood and how my girlfriends and I used to spend hours braiding ribbons into our hair.I don't know the word for "ribbons", so I put my hand to my own hair and, with three fingers against my head; I looked at her ribbons and said "Beautiful." She lowered her eyes and said nothing. I wasn't sure if she understood me (I don't speak Laotian very well).I looked back down at the skirts. They had designs in them: squares and triangles and circles of pink and green silk. They were very pretty. I decided to buy one of those skirts, and I began to bargain with her over the price. It is the custom to bargain in Asia. In Laos bargaining is done in soft voices and easy moves with the sort of quiet peacefulness.She smiled, more with her eyes than with her lips. She was pleased by the few words I was able to say in her language, although they were mostly numbers, and she saw that I understood something about the soft playfulness of bargaining. We shook our heads in disagreement over the price; then, immediately, we made another offer and then another shake of the head. She was so pleased that unexpectedly, she accepted the last offer I made. But it was too soon. The price was too low. She was being too generous and wouldn't make enough money. I moved quickly and picked up two more skirts and paid for all three at the price set; that way I was able to pay her three times as much before she had a chance to lower the price for the larger purchase. She smiled openly then, and, for the first time in months, my spirit lire& I almost felt happy.The feeling stayed with me while she wrapped the skirts in a newspaper and handed them to me. When I left though, the feeling left, too. It was as though it stayed behind in marketplace. I left tears in my throat. I wanted to cry. I didn't, of course.I have learned to defend myself against what is hard; without knowing it, I have also learned to defend myself against what is soft and what should be easy.I get up, light a candle and want to look at the skirts. They are still in the newspaper that the woman Wrapped them in. I remove the paper, and raise the skirts up to look at them again before I pack them. Something falls to floor. I reach down and feel something cool in my hand. I move close to the candlelight to see what I have. There are five long silk ribbons in my hand, all different colors. The woman in the maketplace! She has given these ribbons to me!There is no defense against a generous spirit, and this time I cry, and very hard, as if I could make up for all the months that I didn't cry.11．Which of the following in NOT correct?[A] The writer was not used to bargaining.[B] People in Asia always bargain when buying things.[C] Bargaining in Laos was quiet and peaceful.[D] The writer was ready to bargain with the woman.12 ．The writer assumed that the woman accepted the last offer mainly becausewoman_______.[A] thought that the last offer was reasonable[B] thought she could still make much money[C] was glad that the writer knew their way of bargaining[D] was fired of bargaining with the writer any more13．Why did the writer finally decide to buy three skirts?[A] The skirts were cheap and pretty.[B] She liked the patterns on the skirts.[C] She wanted to do Something as compensation.[D] She was fed up with further bargaining with the woman.14．When did the writer left the marketplace, she wanted to cry, but did not because_______.[A] she had learned to stay cool and unfeeling[B] she was afraid of crying in public[C] she had learned to face difficulties bravely[D] she had to show in public that she was strong15．Why did the writer cry eventually when she looked at the skirts again?[A] she suddenly felt very sad.[B] she liked the ribbons so much.[C] she was overcome by emotion.[D] She felt sorry for the woman.Passage FourWhen one looks back upon the fifteen hundred years that are the life span of the English language, he should be able to notice a number of significant truths. The history of our language has always been a history of constant change --at times a slow, almost imperceptible change, at other times a violent collision between two languages. Our language has always been a living growing organism, it has never been static. Another significant truth that emerges from such a study is that language at all times has been the possession not of one class or group but of many. At one extreme it has been the property of the common, ignorant folk, who have used it in the daily business of their living, much as they have used their animals or the kitchen pots and pans. At the other extreme it has been the treasure of those who have respected it as an instrument and a sign of civilization, and who have struggled by writing it down to give it some permanence, order, dignity, and if possible, a little beauty.As we consider our changing language, we should note here two developments that are of special and immediate importance to us. One is that since the time of the Anglo-Saxons there has been an almost complete reversal of the different devices for showing the relationship of words in a sentence. Anglo-Saxon (old English) was a language of many inflections. Modem English has few .inflections. We must now depend largely on word order and function words to convey the meanings that the older language did by means of changes in the forms of words. Function words, you should understand, are words such as prepositions, conjunctions, and a few others that are used primarily to show relationships among other words. A few inflections, however, have survived. And when some word inflections come into conflict with word order, there may be trouble for the users of the language, as we shall see later when we turn our attention to such maters as WHO or WHOM and ME or I. The second fact we must consider is that as language itself changes, our attitudes toward language forms change also. The eighteenth century, for example, produced from various sources a tendency to fix the language into patterns not always set in and grew, until at the present time there is a strong tendency to restudy and re-evaluate language practices in terms of the ways in which people speak and write.16．In contrast to the earlier linguists, modern linguists tend to_______.[A] attempt to continue the standardization of the language[B] evaluate language practices in terms of current speech rather than standards or proper patterns[C] be more concerned about the improvement of the language than its analysis or history[D] be more aware of the roles of the language usage17．Choose the appropriate meaning for the word "inflection" used in paragraph 2:______[A] changes in the forms of words.[B] changes in sentence structures.[C] changes in spelling roles.[D] words that have similar meanings.18．Which of the following statements is Not mentioned in the passage?[A] It is generally believed that the year 1500 can be set as the beginning of the modem English language.[B] Some other languages had great influence on the English language at some stages of its development.[C] The English language has been and still in a state of relatively constant change.[D] Many classes or groups have contributed to the development of the English language. 19．The author of these paragraphs is probably a (an)_______.[A] historian [B] philosopher [C] anthropologist [D] linguist20．Which of the following can be best used as the title of the passage?[A] The history of the English language.[B] Our changing attitude towards the English language.[C] Our changing language.[D] Some characteristics of modem English.Passage FiveWe know very little about pain and what we don't know makes it hut all the more. Indeed, no form of illiteracy in the United States is so widespread or costly as ignorance about pain what it is, what causes it, how to deal with it without panic. Almost everyone can rattle off tile names of at least a dozen drugs that can deaden pain from every conceivable cause all the way from headaches to hemorrhoids.There is far less knowledge about the fact that about 90 percent of pain is self limiting, that it is not always an indication of poor health, and that, most frequently, it is the result of tension, stress, worry, idleness, boredom, frustration, suppressed rage, insufficient sleep, overeating, poorly balanced diet, smoking, excessive drinking, inadequate exercise, stale air, or any of the other abuses encountered by the human body in modem society.The most ignored fact of all about pain is that the best way to eliminate it is to eliminate the abuse. Instead, many people reach almost instinctively for the painkillers -- aspirins, barbiturates, codeines, tranquilizers, sleeping pills, and dozens of other analgesics or desensitizing drugs.Most doctors are profoundly troubled over the extent to which the medical profession today is taking on the trappings of a pain-killing industry. Their offices are overloaded with people who are morbidly but mistakenly convinced that something dreadful is about to happen to them. It is all too evident that the campaign to get people to run for a doctor at the first sign of pain has boomeranged. Physicians find it difficult to give adequate attention to patients genuinely in need of expert diagnosis and treatment because their time is soaked up by people who have nothing wrong with them except a temporary indisposition or a psychogenic ache.Patients tend to feel indignant, and insulted if the physician tells them he can find no organic cause for the pain. They tend to interpret the term "psychogenic" to mean that they are complaining of nonexistent symptoms. They need to be educated about the fact that many cases of pain have no underlying physical cause but are the result, as mentioned earlier, of tension, stress, or hostile factors in the general environment. Sometimes a pain may be a manifestation of "conversion hysteria", the name given by Jean Charcot to physical symptoms that have their origins in emotional disturbances.Obviously, it is folly for an individual to ignore symptoms that could be a warning of a potentially serious illness. Some people are so terrified of getting bad news from a doctor that they allow their malaise to worsen, sometimes past the point of no return. Total neglect is not the answer to hypochondria. They only answer has to be increased education about the way the human body works, so that more people will be able to steer an intelligent course between promiscuous pill popping and irresponsible disregard of genuine symptoms.Of all forms of pain, none is more important for the individual to understand than the "threshold" variety. Almost everyone has a telltale, ache that is triggered whenever tension or fatigue reaches a certain point, it can take the form of a migraine type headache or a squeezing pain deep in the abdomen or cramps or even pain in the joints. The individual who has learned how to make the correlation between such threshold pains, And their cause doesn't panic when they occur; he or she does something about relieving the stress and tension.If the pain persists despite the absence of apparent Catlse, the individual will telephone the doctor.21．What does the sentence "It is all too evident..." (Paragraph 4) mean?[A] It is obviously true that people should consult a doctor as soon as they feel pain.[B] It is useless to ask people to seek advice from doctors the minute they feel painful.[C] The suggestion that people go to see a doctor immediately if they feel pain has some bad effect.[D] The campaign against pain will be lost if people don't go to see a doctor when theyfeel pain.22．A hypochondria is someone who________.[A] ignores doctor's advice and warnings[B] is afraid of going to see doctors[C] always complain about having symptoms that don't actually exist[D] always telltales pain-killers23．It can be concluded from the passage that ________.[A] most cares of pain are caused by hysteria[B] if a pain isn't organic, it's very likely to be psychogenic[C] pain-killing industry won't be encouraged in the future[D] doctors seldom prescribe pain-killers to patients24．They author wrote this article to ________.[A] explain how pain-killers work[B] call for understanding between doctors and patients[C] illustrate the harm of taking too much pain-killers[D] teach the right attitude to pain25．What does the word "telltale" (Paragraph 7) mean?[A] not obvious [B] scary. [C] not precise [D] gorgeousPassage SixAldous Huxley was a most unfortunate man. When he died in 1963 he must have expired in the confident belief that the event would be given wide coverage in the press the next day. After all, his career had not been without distinction. Where he made his big mistake was in dying on the same day that John F. Kennedy was assassinated. As a result Huxley got about three column inches at the bottom of page 27.In the same way the death of Victor Farris has gone widely unnoticed because he foolishly shuffled off this mortal coil at the same time as Mr. Konstantin Cherenkov. Now, as you all know, Victor Farris was the chap who invented the paper clip. The paper milk carton too. And paper clips and milk cartons will be in use long. after everyone has forgotten the name of the comrade who came between Andropov and whatever this new bloke is called.The same goes for the inventor of the supermarket trolley who died in Switzerland a few months ago. Fell off his trolley, so to speak. For all I know, he may be a household name in his own canton and they are putting up a statue of home wheeling his trolley, and are going to commemorate him on one of those ever-so-tasteful Swiss postage stamps we used to collect when we were younger and wiser, but I doubt if his name will be remembered outside the borders of his small country. Personally I forgot it within minutes of reading of his decease.Not that it matters. Somehow it is hard to imagine things like paper clips and supermarket trolleys having had a named inventor. It's like discovering that at a particular moment of history a particular person invented the spoon, or the chair, or socks. One assumes that these everyday objects just happened, or evolved through natural selection.It isn't necessarily so. I read only the other day that Richard II invented the handkerchief. Almost everything else was invented either by Leonardo da Vinci (scissors, bicycles, helicopters, and probably spoons, socks and the Rubik cube as well) or by Benjamin Franklin (lightning-conductor, rocking-chair, bifocals) or else by Joseph Stalin (television).It's quite possible that Leonardo or Benjamin Franklin or Stalin also invented the supermarket trolley. Certainly it has been invented more than once. Hardly was Herr Edelweiss (or whatever the Swiss chap was called) in his grave, than news came of the death of Sylvan N. Goodman at the age of 86. Sylvan also invented the supermarket trolley or, as the Los Angeles Times report calls it, the shopping cart.Be that as it may, Herr Edelweiss or Sylvan Goodman, or both, did a grand job and made supermarket shopping far less hellish than it would otherwise be. The next step will be to get the trolleys out of the shops and into the streets. You could put an engine in the front and call it a car. Or give it big wheels and a canopy and call it a pram. The possibilities are endless.26．It can be inferred from the passage that Herr Edelweiss_______[A] was remembered by the people all over world[B] made a lot of money from his invention[C] was not very famous[D] was a business partner of Sylvan Goodman27．The author writes this article in order to illustrate that_______ .[A] the names of the people who invented the most useful things are usually forgotten[B] everyday objects are invented and evolve through natural selection[C] many everyday objects are invented more than once[D] many famous people have passed away without being noticed28．Who probably invented spoons?[A] Leonardo da Vinci. [B] Benjamin Franklin. [C] Victor Farris. [D] A person unknown. 29．By stating that Leonardo da Vinci invented helicopters, the author means______[A] he really did it[B] he is a military scientist[C] he painted in one of his masterpieces a helicopters[D] people turn to ascribe inventions to him but they are wrong.30．What can be inferred about Aldous Huxley?[A] His death Was not reported by the press.[B] He was a famous inventor.[C] He made a very. big mistake in his late years.[D] He died on the same day as John F. Kennedy.II. Vocabulary ( 10%: 0.5 mark each)31．_______ the sight of the police officers, the men ran off.[A] In [B] At [C] on [D] With32．_______the wall, we decided that we should need three tins of paint.[Al Making up [B] Doing up [C] Putting up [D] Sizing up33．_______ the whole, early American city planning was excellent.[A] In [B] From [C] On [D] Above34．_______ we are having these days![A] What a lovely weather [B] What lovely weathers[C] What lovely weather [D] What lovely a weather35．________, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.[A] Other things being equal [B] Were other things equal[C] To be equal to other things [D] Other things to be equal36．________, he does not love her.[A] As he likes her very much [B] Though much he likes her[C] Much although he likes her [B] Much though he likes her37．A drunk man walked in, ________ in appearance.[A] repulsive [B] reluctant [C] reproachful [D] reputed38．A good many houses, ________ knocked down by the earthquake.[A] was [B] were [C] is [D] are39．A good teacher must know how to ________ his ideas.[A] convey [B] display [C] consult [D] confront40．A large part of human activity, particularly in relation to the environment, is ___conditions or events.[A] in response to [B] in favor of [C] in contrast to [D] in excess of41．Due to personality________, the two colleagues never got on well in work.[A] contradiction [B] conflict [C] confrontation [D] competition42．During the summer vacation, kids are often seen hanging ________ in the streets.[A] about [B] on [C] over [D] out43．There were 150________ at the international conference this summer.[A] spectators [B] viewers [C] participants [D] onlookers44．School started on a ________ cold day in February.[A] severe [B] bitter [C] such [D] frozen45．In the face of unexpected difficulties, he demonstrated a talent for quick, ________ action.[A] determining [B] defensive [C] demanding [D] decisive46．The team has been working overtime on the research project________.[A] lately [B] just now [C] late [D] long ago47．Because of the economic crisis, industrial output in the region remained ________.[A] motionless [B] inactive [C] stagnant [D] immobile48．The police had difficulty in ________ the fans from rushing on to the stage to take photos with the singer.[A] limiting [B] restraining [C] confining [D] restricting49．Joan is in the dorm, putting the final _______ to her speech.[A] details [B] remarks [C] comments [D] touches50．His ________ in gambling has eventually brought about his min.[A] indulgence [B] habit [C] action [D] engagement。

华慧四川大学考博英语阅读理解题型分析及专项训练

四川大学考博英语阅读理解，共30分四川大学阅读理解有六篇短文，三十个选择题，1分1个，共30分。

主要测试考生在规定时间内通过阅读获取相关信息的能力。

考生须完成1800～2200词汇的阅读量。

题目从四个选项中选出最佳答案。

四川大学考博英语阅读理解专项训练 Well, for a fortnight it was a splendid party. Now for the Olympic bills-and that hangover will last for years. The Greek Olympic committee reckons it can break even: half of its $2.3 billion budget for running the games will come, via the International Olympic Committee, from broadcasters, most of the rest from commercial sponsors, ticket sales and merchandising. But what about the taxpayer? Overall, Greek and （modestly） other European Union taxpayers have spent $300m helping to run the games, nearly $1.5 billion keeping them secure, and some $7 billion preparing facilities for them. In all, that means near 5% of 2003 Greek GDP, roughly $800 for every single inhabitant, pensioner or babe, taxpayer or not. Top-level sport is a business, albeit not, in the Olympic version, one aiming for profit-nor answerable to outside shareholders. Should it be subsidized to this extent? Most Greeks think so. They were told the games would be costly. Few can have doubted the costs would go wildly over budget; in the event, by about 50%. That figure of $800 per head was not put flatly to them, but if the opinion polls are any guide, four Greeks in five welcomed the games-and probably still do: their country rebutted the sneers thatnothing would be ready, it ran the show well, it has had a terrific time and weeks of exposure to the world's cameras, and it is left with some durable improvements to its infrastructure. Anyway, these Greeks can say, an elected government, backed by public opinion, is entitled to do what it likes: others send men into space, we run the Olympics-as we should have been allowed to do in 1996, centenary of their first modern celebration. That is true. But democratic governments can do damn-fool things; sending men into space, for example. Was the Greeks' spending wise? Prestige, publicity and proud memories are not to be ignored. But what else is left? A magnificent stadium and its accompanying public park in Athens, plus various other venues in the city or nearby; four big provincial stadiums; some cheap housing in the capital; better roads there, a bigger and better metro system, a new suburban rail line and a new tramway to the southern beaches. As one Athenian version puts it, 20 years' infrastructure improvements in five. Actually, that is not what they got. Less than $1.5 billion of the money spent has gone into the EU-subsidised transport improvements, sensible as they may be. Two weeks of security apart, most of the rest has gone into the new sports facilities. Some of these will be useful in the future, some less so. It is a fair bet that all will lose money, unless Greece can somehow achieve that rich and sports-mad Australia, with its inheritance from the Sydney games of 2000, has not. Thatseems unlikely. Granted, sports facilities can be a public good, and one that most voters approve of. But are world-class sports facilities really the public good on which the hugely indebted government of a small and not very rich country such as Greece should rush to spend over $5.5 billion? What about schools and hospitals, or the roads and other bits of infrastructure that might generate business investment, and so produce genuine economic growth, rather than mere prestige? In this context, the Greek government's claim that “oh, we'll cut spending in other ways” is hardly persuasive or even to the point. If public spending ought to be or can readily be cut, cut it anyway. If you need better public infrastructure, invest in what you need, not in what suits the International Olympic Committee. 31.The majority of Greeks, according to the text, are supportive_____. [A] preparing a splendid of horticultural party [B] abiding by the Olympic chapter [C] manufacturing commercial facilities for world expo [D] overfunding the 2003 Olympic Games 32.It is implied in the second paragraph that Greeks stilldoubt_____. [A] the comment made IOC members [B] centenary of their first national anniversary [C] the hosting right of 1996 Olympic Games [D] the 2003 failure of the International Olympic Committee 33.“Sending men into space” is quoted to_____. [A] exemplify absurd conducts [B] prove the strength of an average nation [C] report the rapid development of aeronautical science [D] survey the current exploitation of the extraterritorial conditions 34.The author's attitude toward the official assertionis_____. [A] approval [B] ambivalence [C] denial [D] confusion 35.Which of the following could be the best title of text? [A] Great sport, great feat. [B] Greek Sport Events. [C] Pity about the misspent billions. [D] Money can make the mare go. 参考答案：31. D 32. C 33. A 34. C 35. C四川大学考博英语备考专题2016年四川大学考博英语VIP保过班-全程1对1辅导考川大更轻松！2016年四川大学考博英语协议全程班-5次1对1辅导考川大更轻松！2016年四川大学考博英语系统全程班-考川大更轻松！华慧四川大学川大考博英语一本通含独家历年试题答案解析四川大学/川大考博英语历年真题汇总四川大学考博英语复习资料：《四川大学考博英语一本通》-华慧考博网《四川大学考博英语历年试题及参考答案解析》-华慧书城《华慧考博英语10000词汇详解》-天猫商城：华慧旗舰店《华慧考博英语阅读220篇》-天猫商城：华慧旗舰店《华慧考博英语完形专项训练》-华慧书城《华慧考博英语写作专项训练》-华慧书城《华慧考博英语翻译专项训练》-华慧书城华慧考博网四川大学考博英语辅导班：四川大学考博英语VIP保过班-全程1对1辅导四川大学考博英语系统全程班-赠《华慧考博英语一本通》四川大学考博英语协议全程班-5次1对1辅导四川大学考博英语真题班-近三年四川大学考博英语真题详解。

川大学2008年博士研究生入学考试英语试题

四川大学2008年博士研究生入学考试基础英语试题考试注意事项1、本试题共12页，考试时间180分钟。

2、1-70题答案请填在机读卡上相应处，否则不给分。

3、翻译和作文写在答题纸上，写在试题上无效。

中、英文翻译应做到字迹清晰、书写工整。

I.Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each):Passage OneThe period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood,may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence was frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial society with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one’s life. Fuethermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are disappearence of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal difinitions of status, roles, rights, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has pay full fare for train, ariplane, theater and moive tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privilleges without gaining significant adult right. At the age of sixteen the adolescence is granted certain adult rights which increase his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver’s license; lie can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights. The yong man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as anadult. He now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter into finacial contacts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after maturity status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what points adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.1.The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because _____.A.the definition of maturity has changedB.the industrialized society is more developedC.more education is provided and laws against child labor are madeD.ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolicsignificance2.Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to_____.A.graduations from schools and collegesB.social recognitionC.socio-economic statusD.certain behavioral changes3.No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood priviledges until he is _____.A.eleven years oldB.sixteen years oldC.twenty-one years oldD.between twelve and twenty-one years old4.Starting from 22 _____.A.one will obtain more basic rightsB.the older one becomes, the more basic rights he will haveC.one won’t get more basic rights than when he is 21D.one will enjoy more right granted by society5.According to this passage, it is TURE that_____.A.in the late 19th century in the United States the dividing line between adolescenceand adulthood no longer existedB.no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age of twenty-oneC.one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a driver’s licenseD.one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join the armyPassage TwoAt home Theodore Roosevelt had affection, not compliments, whether these were unintentional and sincere or were thinly disguised flattery. And affection was what he most craved from his family and nearest friends, and what he gave to them without stint. As I have said, he allowed nothing to interrupt the hours set apart for his wife and children while he was at the White House; and at Oyster Bay there was always time for them. A typical story is told of the boys coming in upon him during a conference with some important visitor, and saying reproachfully, “it’s long after four o’clock, and you promised to go with us at four.”“So I did.”said Roosevelt. And hequickly hinished his business with the visitor and went. When the children were yong, he usually saw them at supper and into bed, and he talked of the famous pillow fights they had with him. House guests at the White House some times unexpectedly caught sight of him crawling in the entry near the children’s rooms, with two or three children riding on his back. Roosevelt ‘s days were seldom less than fifteen hours long, and we can guess how he regarded the laboring men of today who clamor for eight and six, and even fewer hours, as the normal period for a day’s work. He got up ar half past seven and always finished breakfast by nine,when what many might call tile real work of his day began.The unimaginative laborer probably supposes that most of the duties which fall to an industrious President are not strictly work at all; but if any one had to meet for an hour and a half every forenoon such Congressmen and Senators as chose to call on him, he would understand that that was a job involving real work, hard work. They came every day with a grievance, or an appeal, or a suggestion, or a favor to ask, and he had to treat each one, not only politely, but more or less differently. Early in his Administration, I heard it said that he offended some Congressmen by denying their requests in so loud a voice that others in the room could hear him, and this seemed to some a humiliation. President Mckinley, on the other hand, they said, lowered his voice, and spoke so softly and sweetly that even his refusal did not jar on his visitor, and was not heard at all by the bystanders.if this happened, I suspect it was bacause Roosevelt spoke rather explosively and had a habit of emphasis, and not because he wished in any way to send his petitioner’s rebuff through the room.Nor was the hour which followed this, when he received general callers, less wearing. As these persons came from all parts of the Union, so they were of all sorts and temperaments. Here was a worthy citizen from Colorado Who, on the strength of having once heard the President make a public speech in Denver, claimed immediate friendship with him. Then might come an old lady from Georgia, who remembered his mother’s people there, or the lady from Jacksonville, Florida, of whom I have already spoken. Once a little boy, who was almost lost in the crush of grown-up visitors, managed to reach to the President, “What can I do for you?”the President asked; and the boy told how his father had died leaving his mother with a large family and no money, and how he was selling typewriters to help support her. His mother, he said, would be most grateful if the President would accept a typewriter from her as a gift. So the President told the little fellow to go and sit down until the other visitors had passed, and then he would attend to him. Np doubt, the boy left the White House well contended—and richer.6.From the stories which exemplify Roosevelt’s affection for his family members,we can infer that _____.A.he was not flexible with his scheduleB.the President tried to fulfill his promise to themC.he would stopped whatever he was doing for themD.the President apologized to them when he could not stay with them7.According to the author, theodore Roosevelt ______.A.was a hard-working PresidentB.tried to reduce the length of his workdayC.really appreciated the idea of eight or six hours per workdayD.wished to work with the laboring men of today8.What might an unimaginative laborer think of the President’s duties?A.Those duties were nothing for President Roosevelt.B.What the President did was to meet Congressmen and Senators.C.Many Congressmen and Senators liked to meet the President.D.The President thought his duties involved real and hard work.9.How was President Roosevelt’s offending denial of some Congressmen’s requestsexplained?A.The Congressmen fell humiliated.B.The President was easy to lose his temper.C.President Mckinley helped to change the embarrassing situations.D.President Roosevelt had a rather forceful speaking manner.10.How did the President treat the boy who had lost his father.A.He asked the boy to leave immediately.B.He accepted a typewriter as a gift from the boy’s mother.C.He would rather stay alone with the boy.D.He would help the boy and the poor family.Passage ThreeWoild Trade Organization Director-general Renato Ruggiers predicted that the WTO would boost global incomes by $ 1 trillion in the next ten years. The pact paves the way for more foreign investment and competition in telecom makers. Many governments are making telecom deregulation a priority and making it easier for outsiders to enter the telecommunication business.The pace varies widely. The U.S. and Britain are well ahead of the pack, while Thailand won’t fully open until 2006. only 20% of the $ 601 billion world market is currently open to competition. That should jump to about 75% in a couple of years—largely due to the Telecom Act in the U.S. last year that deregulated local markets, the opening up of the European Union’s markets from Jan. 1, 1998 and the deregulation in Japan. The WTO deal now provides a forum for the inevitable disputes along the way. It is also symbolic: the first major trade agreement of the post-industrial age. Instead of being obsessed with textile quotas, the WTO pact is proof that governments are realizing that in an imformation age, telecom is the oil and steel of economies in the future. Businesses around the world are already spending more in total on telecom services than they do on oil.Consumers, meanwhile, can look forward to a future of lower prices— by some estimates, international calling rates should drop 80% over several years—and better service. Thanks in part to the vastly increased call volume carded by the fiber-optic cables that span the globe today, calling half a world away already costs little more than telephoning next door. The monopolies can no longer srt high prices for international calls in many countries. In the U.S., the world’d most fiercelycompetitive long distance market, frequent callers since last year have been paying about 12 cents a minute to call Britain, a price not much more than domestic rates.The new competitive environment on the horizon means more opportunities for companies from the U.S. and U.K. in particular because they have plenty of practice at the rough-and-tumble of free markets. The U.S. lobbied hard for the WTO deal, confident that its firms would be big beneficiaries of more open markets. Britain has been deregulated since 1984 but will see even more competition than before; in December, the government issued 45 new international licenses to join Britain Telecom so that it will become a strong competitor in the international market. However, the once-cosseted industry will get rougher worldwide. Returns on capital will come down. Risks will go up. That is how free markets work. It will look like any business.11.Which of the following statements can best describe the main theme of thepassage?A.There is a great potential in the world telecom market.B.The WTO pact has boosted a rapid development of telecom all over the world.C.The WTO pact has opened up bigger telecom markets to competition.ernments have realized the importance of telecommunication.12.What does “well ahead of the pack” mean in respect of the U.S. and Britain?A.Their telecom technology is much more advanced.B.Their telecom markets are much more open.C.They have more money invested in foreign telecom business.D.They have more competition in the telecom markets.13.We can reasonably conclude from the passage that _____.A.the world telecom market has been fully explored since the signing of the WTOpactB.telecom companies of the U.S. and U.K. will undoubtedly dominate the worldtelecom marketC.many governments have granted a great investment in their telecom businessD.the WTO pact means tougher competition for telecom companies and gentler pricefor callers14.In last paragraph, the word “lobby” probably means “_____”.A. persuadeB.ApproveC. SeparateD. imitate15.The tone of this passage can be described as _____.A. informative and neutralB. serious and cautiousC. enthusiastic and optimisticD. analytical and worriedPassage FourFor me, scientific knowledge is divided into mathematical sciences, natural sciences or sciences dealing with the natural world (physical and biological sciences), and sciences dealing with mankind (psychology, sociology, all the sciences of cultural achievements, every kind of historical knowledge). Apart from these sciences in philosophy about which we will talk shortly.In the first place, all this is pure or theoritical knowledge, sought only for the purpose of understanding, in order to fulfill the need to understand what is essential and substantial to man. What distinguishes man from animal is that he knows and needs to know. If man did not know that the world existed, and the world was of a certain kind, that he was in the world and that he himself was a certain kind, he wouldn’t be man. The technical aspects of applications of knowledge are equally necessary for man and are of the greatest importance, because they also contribute to defining him as man and permit him to pursur a life increasingly more truly human.But even while enjoying the results of technical progress, he must defend the primacy and independence of pure knowledge. Knowledge sought directly for its practical applications will have immediate and foreseeable success, but not the kind of important result whose revolutionary acope is in large part unforeseen, except by the imagination of the Utopians. Let me recall a well-known example. If the Greek mathematicians had not applied themselves to the investigation of conic sections, zealously and without the least suspicion that it someday be useful, it would not have been possible centuries later to navigate far from shore. The first men to study the nature of electricity could not imagine that their experiments, carried on because of mere intellectual curiosity, would eventually lead to modern electrical technology, without which we can scarcely conceive of contemporary life. Pure knowledge is valuable for its own sake, because the human spirit cannot resign itself to ignorance. But, in addition, it is the foundation for practical results that would not have been reached if this knowledge had not been sought disinterestedly.16.In the author’s opinion, _____.A.both social and natural sciences are aimed at understanding onlyB.both pure knowledge and its applications are equally essencial ti manC.philosophy is totally independent of the sciences referred to in the textD.the revolutionary results of pure science can hardly be imagined by Utopians17.The most important advances made by man come from _____.A.technical applicationsB.apparently useless informationC.the natural sciencesD.the study of philosophy18.The Greeks who studied conic sections _____.A.invented modern mathematical applicationsB.were interested in navigationsC.were unware of the value of their studiesD.were forced to resign themselves to failure19.The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is _____.A.The Importance of Technical ProgressB. A Little Learning Is a Dangerous ThingC.Learning For Its Own SakeD.Man’s Distinguishing Characteristics20.It can be inferred from the passage that man’s need to know is chiefly important inthat it _____.A.allows the human race to progress technically.prises both the physical and social sciencesC.demonstrates human adaptabilityD.defines his essential humanityPassage FiveOne of the good things for men in women’s liberation is hat men no longer have to pay women the old-fashioned courtesies.In an article on the new manners, Mrs Holmes says that a perfectly able woman no longer has to act helplessly in public as if she were a model. For example, she doesn’t need help getting in and out of cars. “Women get in and out of ears twenty times a day with babies and dogs. Surely the can get out by themselves at night just as easily.”She also says there is no reason why a man should walk on the outside of a woman on the sidewalk. “Historically, the man walked on the inside so he caught the garbage thrown out of a window. Today a man is supposed to walk on the outside. A man should walk where he wants to. So should a woman. If, out of love and respect, he actually wants to take the blows, he should walk on the inside—because that’s where attackers are all hiding these days.As far as manners are concerned, I suppose I have always been a suppoter of women’s liberation. Over the years, out of a sense of respect, I imagine, I have refused to trouble women with outdated courtesies.It is usually easier to follow rules of social behavior than to depend on one’s own taste. But rules may he safely broken, of course, by those of us with the gift of natural grace. For example, when a man and a woman are led to their table in a restaurant and the waiter pulls out a chair, the woman is expected to sit in the chair. That is according to Ms. Ann Clark. I have always done it the other way, according to my life.It came up only the other night. I followed the hostess to the table, and when she pulled the chair out I sat on it, quite naturally, since it happened to be the chair I wanted to sit in.“Well,” my wife said, when the hostess had gone, “you did it again.”“Did what?” I asked, utterly confused.“Took the chair.”Actually, since I’d walked through the restaurant ahead of my life, it would have been awkward, I should think, not to have taken the chair. I had got there first, after all.Also, it has always been my custom to get in a car first, and let the woman get in by herself. This is courtesy I insist on as the stronger sex, out of love and respect. In times like these, there might be attackers hidden about. It would be unsuitable to put a woman in a car and then shut the door on her, leaving her at the mercy of some had fellow who might be hiding in the back seat.21.It can be concluded from the passage that _____.A.it can break rules of social behaviorsB.in women’s liberation men are also liberatedC.women are becoming more competent than beforeD.men should walk on the outside of a pavement22.What’s the author’s attitude about the whole question of manners and women’sliberation?A. SeriousB.CriticalC.JokingD.Satirical23.Ms. Ann Clark would most probably agree that _____.A.Ms. Holmes’s opinions on the new manners are justifiedB.the author is a man with the gift of natural graceC.one should follow social custom instead of his own tasteD.men and women are equal in most of the social events24.By saying “you did it again” (Para.7), the author’s wife means that _____.A.the author should have shown his politeness by pulling out the chair for herB.the author should not have sat down before she didC.the author should not have sat in the chair pulled out by the waitressD.the author should have walked behind her25.Which of the following is NOT the reason why the author gets into a car before awoman?A.He intends to be polite to the woman.B.He does that by force of habit.C.He wants to protect the woman from hidden danger.D.He thinks women nowadays are as capable as men.Passage Six“Youth”and “culture”have been a rather more familiar pairing within sociology than “old age”and “culture”. Young people’s spending on clothes, stereo equipment and cosmetics meant that the “teenager”became a vitally important consumer of leisure goods and services. These features of young people’s experiences, along with their increasing proportion within the total population, inevitably caught the attention of serveral influential sociologists who went on to describe and analyze the phenomenon of “youth culture”. In recent decades, the situation has changed somewhat. With the aging of the population, it is older people who represent an incasing proportion within the total population, some of whom enjoy relative affluence with high levels of disposable income. Consequently, it is older people, rather than young people, who are increasingly regarded as important consumers of leisure goods and services. Serveral sociologists have begun to analyze the cultural implications of population aging. Andrew Blaikie in his book first addressed the phenomenon of “gray culture” at length.Blaikie focuses in particular on the change in styles of growing old embodied in notion of the third Age. This is the stage of the life course after retirement from paid work, where activity, leisure and pleasure are enjoyed before the onset of old age proper brings social dependency, physical imfirmities and death. Blailie’s book is notabout how individuals with an accumulation of chronological years actually experience later life, but is instead an examination of the changing discourses of growing old as these are expressed in popular culture.Blailie’s analysis is sensitive to issues raised by the reconstruction of old age as a “leisure and pleasure” filled life course stage, including its meaningfulness to those without the financial or other resources necessary to enjoy it. Importantly, he also discusses what the cultural reconstruction of the post-retirement phase of life course means for our understandings and representations of “deep old age”and biological inevitability of death.For a book so concerned with the analyses of visual representations of later life, there are few actual illustrations. This must be regarded as a weakness. More often than not, the reader is wholly reliant on Blaikie’s own description of visual sources and his interpretation of how these represent later life. The reproduction of a greater number of cartoons or photographs would have greatly improved the persuasiveness of his analysis. Nevertheless, this is a timely book which makes an important contribution to the literature on the cultural reconstruction of later life.26.According to the first sentence of the article, you can conclude that _____.A.youth are more familiar with sociology than elderlyB.the elderly are more familiar with sociology than youthC.there are more researches on behaviors and life styles of youth than those of theelderly within sociology.D.there are more researches on behaviors and life styles of the elderly than youthwithin sociology27.What are the main contents of Blaikie’s book?A.The problems raised by the aging of population.B.The change in styles of growing old.C.The consuming tendency of the older people.D.The analysis of visual description of later life.28.What caused the appearance of the “gray culture” phenomenon?A.An increasing proportion of older people within the total population.B.Older people are regarded as important consumers of leisure goods and services.C.Some sociologists have begun to study the cultural implications of an agingpopulation.D.All of the above.29.Which of the following statements about the Third Age in paragraph 2 is true?A.The elderly can’t work in this stage.B.The elderly’s lives are full of pleasure during the whole stage.C.For the elderly, depending on society and death are inevitably finally.D.The elderly are afraid of death very much.30.The significance of the cultural reconstruction of old age mainly lies in _____.A.helping old people in financial difficulties to enjoy their livesB.helping the elderly to communicate with youth easilyC.helping the elderly to improve their life standardsD.helping us to understand the elders and deathII.Vocabulary(10%; 0.5 mark each):31.By Christmas _____ I in this office for ten years.A.will workB.will be workingC.will have been workingD.will have worked32.The individual TV viewer invariably senses that he or she is _____ anonymous,statistically insignificant part of a huge and diverse audience.A.everything exceptB.anything butC.no less thanD.nothing more than33.Apart from an interesting-looking carved dagger, he box was full of crockery,much of it _____.A.breakB.to breakC.breakingD.broken34.Jim's score on the test is the highest; he _____hard.A.should have studiedB.could have studiedC.must have studiedD.could study35.The newspapers in my hometown don't have as many pages as they _____ here.A.areB.doC.haveD.can be36."That English fellow's songs are very portic." "_____ the words to the songs, buthe also composes the music."A. He also writeB. Although he writesC. Not only does he writeD. It is not all that he writes37._____ a research student, I would at least master two foreign languages.A. Should I becomeB. I should becomeC. Would I becomeD. Have I become38.When the stranger walked towards him, he fled, the door _____behind him.A.slammedB.to slamC.slantD.slamming39.It is important that an undergraduate _____ a grade point average of B in hismajor field.A.maintainsB.maintainC.will maintainD.shall maintain40.The farmer out up iron fences around the flower _____ garden neighbor's sheepshould break in.A.on condition thatB.now thatC.lestD.but41.She agreed to take the naughty boy along _____ he behaved himself.A.whetherB.thatC.providedD.in case42._____ more important, not only the lost cities were recovered, but the new citieswere built.A. That isB. It isC. BecauseD. What is43.She bought a knife from the shop _____ to peel an apple.A.whichB.with thatC.with whichD.at which44.If it hadn't been for the doctor's care, I _____ speaking to you now.A.would not beB.would not have beenC.will not beD.will not have been45.To a highly imaginative writer, _____ is a pad of paper and a pen.A.all are requiredB.all which is requiredC.all is requiredD.all that is required46.In November 1987 the government _____ a public debate on the future directionof the official sports policy.A.initiatedB.designedC.inducedD.promoted47.It is unfortunate that the members of the committee do not _____ in opinion.A.coincideB.conformplyD.collaborate48.All draughts must be _____ from the room.A.ejectedB.expelledC.excludedD.exiled49.Planning our vocation we must take the frequent _____ of the weather intoconsideration.A.transformationB.transmissionC.transactionD.transitionA is one of the Powers in the world, but it's a(n) _____ that in such a richcountry there should be so many poor people.A.paradoxB.prejudiceC.dilemmaD. ConflictIII.Cloze(10%;0.5 mark each):There are three separate sources of hazard (51) _____ to the use of nuclear reaction to supply us with energy. Firstly, the radioactive material must travel from its place of manufacture to the power station (52) _____ the power stations themselves are solidly built, the container used for transport of the material are not. Unfortunately, there are (53) _____ only two methods of transport available, (54) _____ road or rail, and both of these (55) _____ close contact with the general public, (56) _____ routes are (57) _____ to pass near, or even through, (58) _____ populated areas.Secondly, there is a problem of wasters. All nuclear power stations produce wastes which (59) _____ will remain radioactive for thousands of years. It is (60) _____ to de-active these wastes, and so they must be stored (61) _____ one of the ingenious but cumbersome ways that scientists have invented. For example, they must be buried under the ground (62) _____ sunk in the sea. However, these (63) _____ do not solve the problem completely, they merely store it, since an earth-quake could (64) _____ open the containers like nuts.Thirdly, there is the problem of accidental exposure (65)_____ to a leak or an explosion at the power station. (66)_____ with the other two hazards, this is not very likely and does not provide a serious (67)_____ to the nuclear program, (68) _____ it can happen, as the inhabitants of Harrisburg will tell you.Separately, and during short periods, these three types of risk are no great cause for concern. (69)_____, though, and especially (70) _____ much longer periods, the probability of a disaster is extremely high.51.A.related B.connected C.associated D.affiliated52.A. Hence B. Although C. Therefore D. However53.A.regularly B.typically C.normally monly54.A.such as B.for example C.for instance ly55.A.concern B.involve C.include D.contain56.A.since B.although C.while D.so。

四川大学2013年博士研究生入学考试英语真题

四川大学2013年博士研究生入学考试英语真题Part I: Reading Comprehension (30%)Direction：Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosingA，B，C or D. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage 1Over the past several decades, the U. S.，Canada, and Europe have received a great deal of media and even research attention over unusual phenomena and unsolvedmysteries. These include UFOs as well as sightings and encounters with “nonhuman crea-turessuch as Bigfoot and the Loch Ness monster. Only recently has Latin America begunto receive some attention as well. Although the mysteries of the Aztec, Mayan, and Incacivilizations have been known for centuries, now the public is also becoming aware of unu-sual, paranormal phenomena in countries such as Peru.The Nazca “lines” of Peru were discovered in the 1930s. These lines are deeply carved into a flat, stony plain, and form about 300 intricate pictures of animals such as birds, a monkey, and a lizard. Seen at ground level, the designs are a jumbled senselessmess. The images are so large that they can only be viewed at a height of 1，000 feel—meaning from an aircraft. Yet there were no aircraft in 300 B. C. ，when it is judged the designs were made. Nor were there then, or are there now，any nearby mountain rangesfrom which to view them. So how and why did the native people of Nazca create these marvelous designs? One answer appeared in 1969, when the German researcher and writ-er Erich von Daniken proposed that the lines were drawn by extraterrestrials as runways fortheir aircraft. The scientific community did not take long to scoff at and abandon von Daniken’s theory. Over the years several other theories have been put fort h, but none hasbeen accepted by the scientific community.Today there is a new and heightened interest in the Nazca lines. It is direct result ofthe creation of the Internet. Currently there are over 60 sites dedicated to this mystery fromLatin America^ past, and even respected scientists have joined the discussion through e-mail and chat rooms.Will the Internet help explain these unsolved mysteries? Perhaps it is a step in the rightdirection.1. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A. Latin America has long received attention for unusual phenomena.巳.Public attention is now directed towards countries like Peru.0. Public interest usually focuses on North America and Europe.D. Some ancient civilizations have unsolved mysteries.2. According to the passage, the Nazca lines were found ______________ .A. in mountains 巳.Pin stones C. on animals D. on a plain3. We can infer from the passage that the higher the lines are seen, the _____________ the images they present.A. smaller 巳.larger C. clearer D.brighter4. There has been increasing interest in the Nazca lines mainly becauseof _________ .A. the participation of scientistsB. the emergence of the Internet0. the birth of new theoriesD. the interest in the Internet5. The author is _________ about the role of the Internet in solving mysteries.A. cautious.B. pessimistic 0. uncertain D.optimisticPassage 2Social circumstances in Early Modern England mostly served to repress women’svoices. Patriarchal culture and institutions constructed them as chaste, silent, obedient,and subordinate. At the beginning of 17th century, the ideology of patriarchy, politicalab-solutism, and gender hierarchy were reaffirmed powerfully by King James in The TrewLawof Free Monarchie and the Basilikon Doron；by that ideology the absolute power ofGod thesupreme patriarch was seen to be imaged in the absolute monarch of the state and inthehusband and father of a family. Accordingly, a woman’s subjection, first to her fatherandthen to her husband, imaged the subjection of English people to their monarch, and ofallChristians to God. Also, the period saw an outpouring of repressive or overtly misogynistsermons, tracts, and plays, detailing women’s physical and mental defects, spiritual evils,rebelliousness, shrewishness, and natural inferiority to men.Yet some social and cultural conditions served to empower women. During the Eliza-bethan era (1558——1603) the culture was dominated by a powerful Queen, who providedan impressive female example though she left scant cultural space for other women. Eliza-bethan women writers began to produce original texts but were occupied chiefly with trans-lation. In the 17th century, however, various circumstances enabled women to write origi-nal texts in some numbers. For one thing, some counterweight to patriarchy was providedby female communities —mothers and daughters, extended kinship networks, close fe-male friends, the separate court of Queen Anne (King James’consort) and her often op-positional masques and political activities. For another, most of these women had a rea-sonably good education (modern languages, history, literature, religion, music, occasion-ally Latin) and some apparently found in romances and histories more expansive terms forimagining women’s lives. Also, representation of vigorous and rebellious female charactersin literature and especially on the stage no doubt helped to undermine any monolithic socialconstruct of women’s nature and role.Most important, perhaps, was the radical potential inherent in the Protestant insistenceon every Christian’s immediate r elationship with God and primary responsibility to follow hisor her individual conscience. There is plenty of support in St Paul’s epistles and elsewherein the Bible for patriarchy and a wife’s subjection to her husband, but some texts (notablyGalatians 3: 28) inscribe a very different politics, promoting women’s spiritual equality:“There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor fe-male: for ye are all one in Jesus Christ. ” Such texts encouraged some women to claim thesupport of God the supreme patriarch against the various earthly patriarchs who claimed tostand toward them in his stead.There is also the gap or slippage between ideology and common experience. Englishwomen throughout the 17th century exercised a good deal of actual power；as managers ofestates in their husbands’absences at court or on military and diplomatic missions；as members of guilds；as wives and mothers who sometimes dominated their men by sheerforce of personality or outright defiance. Their power reached its apex during the EnglishCivil War and Interregnum (1640—60) as the execution of the King and the attendant dis-ruption of social hierarchies led many women to seize new roles —as preachers, as proph-etesses ,as deputies for exiled royalist husbands, as writers of religious and political tracts.6. What is the best title for this passage?A. Women’s Position in the 17th Century.巳.Women’s Subjection to Patriarchy.C. Social Circumstances in the 17th Century.D. Women’s Objection in the 17t h Century.7. What did the Queen Elizabeth do for the women in culture?A. She set an impressive female example to follow.巳.She dominated the culture.C. She did little.D. She allowed women to translate something.8. Which of the following is not mentioned as a reason to enable women to originaltexts?A. Female communities provided some counterweight to patriarchy.B. Queen Anne’s political activities.C. Most women had a good education.D. Queen Elizabeth’s political activities.9. What did the religion do for the women?A. It did nothing.B. It too asked women to be obedient except some texts.C. It supported women.D. It appealed to the God.10. What does the word “apex” mean in the last paragraph?A. the lowest pointB. the endC. ultimateD. summitPassage 3I am afraid to sleep. I have been afraid to sleep for the last few weeks. I am sotiredthat, finally, I do sleep, but only for a few minutes. It is not a bad dream that wakes me；itis the reality I took with me into sleep. I try to think of something else.Immediately the woman in the marketplace comes into my mind.I was on my way to dinner last night when I saw her. She was selling skirts. She moved with the same ease and loveliness I often saw in the women of Laos. Her long blackhair was as shiny as the black silk of the skirts she was selling. In her hair, she wore threesilk ribbons, blue, green，and white. They reminded me of my childhood and how my girl-friends and I used to spend hours braiding ribbons into our hair.I don’t know the word for “ribbons”，so I put my hand to my own hair and, with threefingers against my head；I looked at her ribbons and said “Beautiful. ” She lowered her eyes and said nothing. I wasn’t sure if she understood me (I don’t speak Laotian very well).I looked back down at the skirts. They had designs in them: squares and triangles andcircles of pink and green silk. They were very pretty. I decided to buy one of those skirts, and I began to bargain with her over the price. It is the custom to bargain in Asia. In Laosbargaining is done in soft voices and easy moves with the sort of quiet peacefulness.She smiled, more with her eyes than with her lips. She was pleased by the few wordsi was able to say in her language, although they were mostly numbers, and she saw that Iunderstood something about the soft playfulness of bargaining. We shook our heads in dis-agreement over the price；then, immediately, we made another offer and then another shake of the head. She was so pleased that unexpectedly, she accepted the last offer Imade. But it was too soon. The price was too low. She was being too generous and wouldn’t make enough money. I moved quickly and picked up two more skirts and paid forall three at the price set；that way i was able to pay her three times as much before shehad a chance to lower the price for the larger purchase. She smiled openly then, and, forthe first time in months, my spirit lifted. I almost felt happy.The feeling stayed with me while she wrapped the skirts in a newspaper and handedthem to me. When I left, though, the feeling left, too. It was as though it stayed behind inmarketplace. I left tears in my throat. I wanted to cry. I didn’t，of course.I have learned to defend myself against what is hard；without knowing, I have alsolearned to defend myself against what is soft and what should be easy.I get up, light a candle and want to look at the skirts. They are still in the newspaperthat the woman wrapped them in. I remove the paper, and raise the skirts up to look at them again before I pack them. Something falls to floor. I reach down and feel somethingcool in my hand. I move close to the candlelight to see what I have. There are five long silkribbons in my hand, all different colors. The woman in the marketplace! She has given these ribbons to me!There is no defense against a generous spirit, and this time I cry, and very hard, as ifI could make up for all the months that I didn’t cry.11. Which of the following in NOT correct?A. The writer was not used to bargaining.B. People in Asia always bargain when buying things.C. Bargaining in Laos was quiet and peaceful.D. The writer was ready to bargain with the woman.12. The writer assumed that the woman accepted the last offer mainly because womanA. thought that the last offer was reasonableB. thought she could still make much moneyC. was glad that the writer knew their way of bargainingD. was tired of bargaining with the writer any more13. Why did the writer finally decide to buy three skirts?A. The skirts were cheap and pretty.B. She liked the patterns on the skirts.C. She wanted to do something as compensation.D. She was fed up with further bargaining with the woman.14. When did the writer left the marketplace, she wanted to cry, but did not because __________ .A. she had learned to stay cool and unfeelingB. she was afraid of crying in publicC. she had learned to face difficulties bravelyD. she had to show in public that she was strong15. Why did the writer cry eventually when she looked at the skirts again?A. she suddenly felt very sad.B. she liked the ribbons so much.C. she was overcome by emotion.D. she felt sorry for the woman.Passage 4When one looks back upon the fifteen hundred years that are the life span of the Eng-lish language, he should be able to notice a number of significant truths. The history of ourlanguage has always been a history of constant change —at times a slow, almost imper-ceptible change, at other times a violent collision between two languages. Our languagehas always been a living growing organism, it has never been static. Another significanttruth that emerges from such a study is that language at all times has been the possessionnot of one class or group but of many. At one extreme it has been the property of the com-mon, ignorant folk, who have used it in the daily business of their living, much as they have used their animals or the kitchen pots and pans. At the other extreme it has been thetreasure of those who have respected it as an instrument and a sign of civilization, and whohave struggled by writing it down to give it some permanence, order, dignity, and if possi-ble, a little beauty.As we consider our changing language, we should note here two developments thatare of special and immediate importance to us. One is that since the time of the Anglo-Sax-ons there has been an almost complete reversal of the different devices for showing the re-lationship of words in a sentence. Anglo-Saxon (old English) was a language of manyin-flections. Modern English has few infections. We must now depend largely on word orderand function words to convey the meanings that the older language did by means of chan-ges in the forms of words. Function words, you should understand, are words such as prepositions, conjunctions, and a few others that are used primarily to show relationshipsamong other words, a few inflections, however, have survived. And when some word in-flections come into conflict with word order, there may be trouble for the users of the lan-guage, as we shall see later when we turn our attention to such matters as WHo or WHOmand Me or I. The second fact we must consiae«r is that as language itself changes, our atti-tudes toward language forms change also. The eighteenth century, for example, pro- duced from various sources a tendency to fix the language into patterns not always set inand grew, until at the present time there is a strong tendency to restudy and re-evaluatelanguage practices in terms of the ways in which people speak and write.16. In contrast to the earlier linguists, modern linguists tend to ______________ .A. attempt to continue the standardization of the languageB. evaluate language practices in terms of current speech rather than standards orproper patternsC. be more concerned about the improvement of the language than its analysis or his-toryD. be more aware of the rules of the language usage17. Choose the appropriate meaning for the word “inflection” used in paragraph2.A. changes in the forms of words.B. changes in sentence structures.C. changes in spelling rules.D. words that have similar meanings.18. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?A. It is generally believed that the year 1500 can be set as the beginning of the mod-ern English language.B. Some other languages had great influence on the English language at some stagesof its development.C. The English language has been and still in a state of relatively constant change.D. Many classes or groups have contributed to the development of the English lan-guage.19. The author of these paragraphs is probably a (an) _____________ .A. historian 巳.philosopher C. anthropologist D. linguist20. Which of the following can be best used as the title of the passage?A. The history of the English language.B. Our changing attitude towards the English language.C. Our changing language.D. Some characteristics of modern English.Passage 5We know very little about pain and what we don’t know makes it hut all the more. In-deed, no form of illiteracy in the United States is so widespread or costly as ignorance a-bout pain what it is, what causes it, how to deal with it without panic. Almost everyone canrattle off names of at least a dozen drugs that can deaden pain from every conceivable cause all the way from headaches to hemorrhoids.There is far less knowledge about the fact that about 90 percent of pain is self-limiting,that it is not always an indication of poor health, and that, most frequently, it is the result oftension, stress, worry, idleness, boredom, frustration, suppressed rage, insufficient sleep, overeating, poorly balanced diet, smoking, excessive drinking, inadequate exer- cise, stale air, or any of the other abuses encountered by the human body in modern soci-ety.The most ignored fact of all about pain is that the best way to eliminate it is to eliminatethe abuse. Instead, many people reach almost instinctively for the painkillers —aspirins,barbiturates, codeines, tranquilizers, sleeping pills, and dozens of other analgesics or de-sensitizing drugs.Most doctors are profoundly troubled over the extent to which the medical professiontoday is taking on the trappings of a pain-killing industry. Their offices are overloaded withpeople who are morbidly but mistakenly convinced that something dreadful is about to hap-pen to them. It is all too evident that the campaign to get people to run for a doctor at thefirst sign of pain has boomeranged. Physicians find it difficult to give adequateattention topatients genuinely in need of expert diagnosis and treatment because their time is soakedup by people who have nothing wrong with them except a temporary indisposition or a psy-chogenic ache.Patients tend to feel indignant, and insulted if the physician tells them he can find noorganic cause for the pain. They tend to interpret the term “psychogenic” to mean that they are complaining of nonexistent symptoms. They need to be educated about the factthat many cases of pain have no underlying physical cause but are the result, as men- tioned earlier, of tension, stress, or hostile factors in the general environment. Sometimesa pain may be a manifestation of “conversion hysteria”，the name given by Jean Charcotto physical symptoms that have their origins in emotional disturbances.Obviously, it is folly for an individual to ignore symptoms that could be a warning of apotentially serious illness. Some people are so terrified of getting bad news from a doctorthat they allow their malaise to worsen, sometimes past the point of no return. Total neglectis not tne answer io hypochondiid. They only answer has to be increased education aboutthe way the human body works, so that more people will be able to steer an intelligent course between promiscuous pill popping and irresponsible disregard of genuine symp-toms.Of all forms of pain, none is more important for the individual to understand than the“threshold” variety. Almost everyone has a telltale ache that is triggered whenever tensionor fatigue reaches a certain point, it can take the form of a migraine type headache or a squeezing pain deep in the abdomen or cramps or even pain in the joints. The individualwho has learned how to make the correlation between such threshold pains and their causedoesn’t panic when they occur, he or she does something about relieving the stress andtension.If the pain persists despite the absence of apparent symptoms, the individual will tele-phone the doctor.21. What does the sentence u It is all too evident…” (Paragraph 4) mean?A. It is obviously true that people should consult a doctor as soon as they feel pain.巳.It is useless to ask people to seek advice from doctors the minute they feel painful.C. The suggestion that people go to see a doctor immediately if they feel pain hassome bad effect.D. The campaign against pain will be lost if people don’t go to see a doctor when theyfeel pain.22. a hypochondria is someone who ___________ .A. ignores doctor’s advice and warningsB. is afraid of going to see doctorsC. always complain about having symptoms that don’t actually existD. always telltales pain-killers23. It can be concluded from the passage that ____________ .A. most cares of pain are caused by hysteriaB. if a pain isn’t organic，it’s very likely to be psychogenicC. pain-kill ing industry won’t be encouraged in the futureD. doctors seldom prescribe pain-killers to patients24. They author wrote this article to ___________ .A. explain how pain-killers workB. call for understanding between doctors and patientsC. illustrate the harm of taking too much pain-killersD. teach the right attitude to pain25. What does the word “telltale” (Paragraph 7) mean?A. not obviousB. scaryC. not preciseD. gorgeousPassage 6Aldous Huxley was a most unfortunate man. When he died in 1963 he must have ex-pired in the confident belief that the event would be given wide coverage in the press thenext day. After all, his career had not been without distinction. Where he made his big mistake was in dying on the same day that John F. Kennedy was assassinated. As a resultHuxley got about three column inches at the bottom of page 27.In the same way the death of Victor Farris has gone widely unnoticed because he fool-ishly shuffled off this mortal coil at the same time as Mr. Konstantin Cherenkov. Now, asyou all know, Victor Farris was the chap who invented the paper clip, the paper milk cartontoo. And paper clips and milk cartons will be in use long after everyone has forgotten thename of the comrade who came between Andropov and whatever this new bloke isThe same goes for the inventor of the supermarket trolley who died in Switzerland a fewmonths ago. Fell off his trolley, so to speak. For all i know, he may be a household namein his own canton and they are putting up a statue of home wheeling his trolley, and are going to commemorate him on one of those ever-so-tasteful Swiss postage stamps we usedto collect when we were younger and wiser, but I doubt if his name will be remembered outside the borders of his small country. Personally i forgot it within minutes of reading ofhis decease.Not that it matters. Somehow it is hard to imagine things like paper clips and super-market trolleys having had a named inventor. It’s like discovering that at a particular mo-ment of history a particular person invented the spoon, or the chair, or socks. One as- sumes that these everyday objects just happened, or evolved through natural selection.It isn’t necessarily so. I read only the other day that Richard li invented the handker-chief. Almost everything else was invented either by Leonardo da Vinci (scissors, bicy- cles, helicopters, and probably spoons, socks and the Rubik cube as well) or by Benja- min Franklin (lightning-conductor, rocking-chair, bifocals) or else by Joseph Stalin (tele-vision).It’s quite possible that Leo nardo or Benjamin Franklin or Stalin also invented the super-market trolley. Certainly it has been invented more than once. Hardly was Herr Edelweiss(or whatever the Swiss chap was called) in his grave than news came of the death ofvan N. Goodman at the age of 86. Sylvan also invented the supermarket trolley or, as theLos Angeles Times report calls it，the shopping cart.Be that as it may, Herr Edelweiss or Sylvan Goodman，or both, did a grand job andmade supermarket shopping far less hellish than it would otherwise be. The next step willbe to get the trolleys out of the shops and into the streets. You could put an engine in thefront and call it a car. Or give it big wheels and a canopy and call it a pram. The possibili-ties are endless.26. It can be inferred from the passage that Herr Edelweiss _____________ .A. was remembered by the people all over worldB. made a lot of money from his inventionC. was not very famousD. was a business partner of Sylvan Goodman27. The author writes this article in order to illustrate that ____________ .A. the names of the people who invented the most useful things are usually forgotten巳.everyday objects are invented and evolve through natural selectionC. many everyday objects are invented more than onceD. many famous people have passed away without being noticed28. Who probably invented spoons?A. Leonardo da Vinci.B. Benjamin Franklin.C. Victor Farris.D. a person unknown.29. By stating that Leonardo da Vinci invented helicopters, the authormeans _________ .A. he really did itB. he is a military scientistC. he painted in one of his masterpieces a helicoptersD. people turn to ascribe inventions to him but they are wrong30. What can be inferred about Aldous Huxley?A. His death was not reported by the press.巳.He was a famous inventor.C. He made a very big mistake in his late years.the sight of the police officers, the men ran off.B. AtC.OnD. Withthe wall, wedecided that we shouldneed three tins of paint.B. Doing upC. Putting upD. Sizing up the whole, early American city planning was excellent. B.FromC. OnD. Abovewe are having these days!A. What a lovely weatherB. What lovely weathersC. What lovely weatherD. What lovely a weather 35. _ _______ ，a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rap-idly than a man whose command oflanguage is poor.A. Other things being equalC. To be equal to other things36. _________ ，he does not love her.A. As he likes her very much C. Much although he likes her37. a drunk man walked in, __________ A. repulsiveB. reluctant38. a good many houses ________ A. was 巳.were39. a good teacher must know how to _______A. convey 巳.displayC. consultD.confront40. a large part of human activity, particularly in relation to the environment, isconditions or events.A. in response toB. in favor ofC. in contrast toD.inexcess ofD. He died on the same day as John F. Kennedy. Part II: Vocabulary (10%) 31. A. In32. _______ A. Making up 33. _______ A. In 34.B. Were other things equal D. Other things to be equal巳.Though much he likes herD. Much though he likes her_ in appearance.C. reproachfulD. reputedknocked down by the earthquake.C. isD. arehis ideas.41. Due to personality __________ ，the two colleagues never got on well inwork.A. contradiction 巳.conflict C. confrontation D.competition42. During the summer vacation, kids are often seen hanging _________________ in the streets.A. aboutB. onC. overD. out43. There were 150 _________ at the international conference this summer.A. spectators 巳.viewers C. participants D.onlookers44. School started on a _________ cold day in February.A. severeB. bitterC. suchD. frozen45. In the face of unexpected difficulties, he demonstrated a talent for quick,action.A. determining 巳.defensive C. demanding D. decisive46. The team has been working overtime on the research project _____________ .A. lately 巳.just now C. late D. longago47. Because of the economic crisis, industrial output in the regionremained _________ .A. motionless 巳.inactive C. stagnant D.immobile48. The police had difficulty in __________ the fans from rushing on to thestage to takephotos with the singer.A. limiting 巳.restraining C. confining D. restricting49. Joan is in the dorm, putting the final ____________to her speech.A. detailsB. remarksC. commentsD. touches50. His ________ in gambling has eventually brought about his ruin.A. indulgence 巳.habit C. action D. engagement。

(推荐)四川大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题

四川大学2005年博士研究生入学英语考试题Passage 1As the horizons of science have expanded, two main groups of scientists have emerged. One is the pure scientist; the other, the applied scientist.The pure or theoretical scientist does original research in order to understand the basic laws of nature that govern our world. The applied scientist adapts this knowledge to practical problems. Neither is more important than the other, however, for the two groups are very much related. Sometimes, however, the applied scientist finds the "problem" for the theoretical scientist to work on. Let's take a particular problem of the aircraft industry: heat-resistant metals. Many of the metals and alloys which perform satisfactorily in a car cannot be used in a jet-propelled plane. New alloys must be used, because the jet engine operates at a much higher temperature than an automobile engine. The turbine wheel in a turbojet must withstand temperatures as high as 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit, so aircraft designers had to turn to the research metallurgist for the development of metals and alloys that would do the job in jet-propelled planes.Dividing scientists into two groups is only one broad way of classifying them, however. When scientific knowledge was very limited, there was no need for men to specialize. Today, with the great body of scientific knowledge, scientistsspecialize in many different fields. Within each field, there is even further subdivision. And, with finer and finer subdivisions, the various sciences have become more and more interrelated until no one branch is entirely independent of the' others. Many new specialties --geophysics and biochemistry, for example -- have resulted from combining the knowledge of two or more sciences.1. The applied scientist ______.A. is not always interested in practical problemsB. provides the basic knowledge for practiceC. applies the results of research to practiceD. does original research to understand the basic laws of nature2. The example given in the passage illustrates how ___.A. pure science operates independently of applied scienceB. the appliedscientist discovers the basic laws of natureC. applied science defines all the areas in which basic research is doneD. applied science suggests problems for the basic scientist3. The problem discussed in the second paragraph called for____.A. selecting the best hear-resistant metal from existing metalsB. developing a turbine wheel capable of generating heat up to 1,600 degrees FahrenheitC. developing metals and alloys that would withstand terrific temperaturesD. causing the jet engine to operate at higher temperatures4. Finer mad finer subdivision in the field of science has resulted in_____.A. greater independence of each scienceB. greater interdependence of all the various sciencesC. the eradication of the need for specialistsD. the need for onlyon classification of scientists5. "The horizons of science have expanded" means that____.A. the horizon changes its size from year to yearB. science has developed more fields of endeavorC. scientists have made great progress in studying the horizonD. scientists can see further out into spacechow Passage 2In The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society, Revised and Enlarged Edition (W. W. Norton) Schlesinger provides deep insights into the crises of nationhood in America. A new chapter assesses the impact both of radical multiculturalism and radical monoculturalism on the Bill of rights. Written with his usual clarity and force, the book brings a noted historian's wisdom and perspective to bear on America's "culture wars".Schlesinger addresses the questions: What holds a nation together? And what does it mean to be an American? Describing the emerging cult of ethnicity, Schlesinger praises its healthy effect on a nation long shamed by a history of prejudice and narrow-mindedness. But he warns against the campaign of multicultural advocates to divide the nation into separate ethnic and racial communities. From the start, he observes, the United States has been a multicultural nation, rich in its diversity but held together by a shared commitment to the democratic process and by the freedom of intermarriage. It was this national talent for assimilation that impressed foreign visitors like Alexis de Tocqueville and James Bryce, and it is this historic goal that Schlesinger champions as the best hope for the future. Schlesinger analyzes whathe sees as grim consequences of identity politics: the widening of differences. Attacks on the First Amendment, he argues, threaten intellectual freedom and, ultimately, the future of the ethnic groups. His criticisms are not limited to the left. As a former target of McCarthyism, he understands that the radical right is even more willing than the radical left to restrict and weaken the Bill of Rights.The author does not minimize the injustices concealed by the "melting pot" dream. The Disuniting of America is both academic and personal, forceful in argument, balanced in judgment. It is a book that will no doubt anger some readers, but it will surely make all of them think again. The winner of Pulitzer Prizes for history and for biography, an authoritative voice ofAmerican liberalism, Schlesinger is uniquely positioned to bring bold answers and healing wisdom to this passionate debate over who we are and what we should become.6. According to Schlesinger, the United States is_____.A. a melting potB. a nation with diverse cultures held together by the democratic processC. a federation of ethnic and racial communitiesD. a nation with various ethnic and racial groups7. We can infer from the passage that Schlesinger______.A. advocates the assimilation of different cultures into one nationhoodB. prefers multiculturalism to monoculturalismC. gives full support to the emerging cult of ethnicityD. holds that each racial group should keep its distinct identity8. The author wants to tell us that America_____.A. is experiencing a crisis of nationhoodB. is trying to restrict the Bill of RightC. has ended its history of racial prejudiceD. has tried to obstruct intellectual freedom9. According to the author, Schlesinger's book will____.A. cause anger among the radical rightB. cause anger among the radical leftC. put an end to the culture wars in AmericaD. provoke thinking among the readers10. This passage is most probably taken from __.A. a history bookB. a book introductionC. a book reviewD. a journal of literary criticismchow Passage 3The El Nino ("little boy" in Spanish) that pounded the globe between the summers of1997 and 1998 was in some measure the most destructive in this century. Worldwide damage estimates exceed ~20 billion --not to mention the human death toll caused by resulting droughts, floods and bushfires. El Nino and La Nina ("little girl") are part of a seesawing of winds and currents in the equatorial Pacific called ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation) that appears every two to eight years. Normally, westward-blowing trade winds caused by the rotation of the earth and conditions in the Tropics push surface water across the Pacific towards Asia. The warm water piles up along the coasts of Indonesia, Australia and the Philippines, raising sea levels more than a foot above those on the South American side of the Pacific. As El Nino builds the normal east-to-west trade winds wane. Like water splashing in a giant bathtub, the elevated pool of warm water washes from Asian shores back towards South America.In last season's cycle, surface temperatures off the west coast of South America soared from a normal high of 23°C degrees to 28°C degrees. This area of warm water, twice the size of the continental US, interacted with the atmosphere, creating storms and displacing high-altitude winds. El Nino brought rain that flooded normally dry coastal areas of Ecuador, Chile and Peru, while droughts struck Australia and Indonesia. Fires destroyed some five million acres of Indonesian forest. The drought, along with the economic crisis, left about five million people desperate for food and water. These conditions helped set the stage for riots that led to the downfall of President Suharto. El Nino also took the blame for extreme temperatures in Texas last summer over 38°C degrees for a record 30 days in a row. In Florida, lush vegetation turned to tinder and bushfires raged. Even Britain has been sweltering with our hottest year on record in 1997.11. As El Sino builds, _____ .A. the normal westward trade winds weakenB. the normal eastward trade winds weakenC. the normal westward trade winds strengthenD. the normal eastward trade winds strengthen12. Which of the following statements is true?A. El Nino results from droughts, floods and bushfires.B. El Nino brought rain to most areas that were affected,C. When El Nino appeared, some of the world's rainforests were attacked by droughts.D. Most areas that were affected by El Nino got droughts.13. Once El Nino even played a role in the political world. What was it?A. President Suharto was overthrown by the drought caused by El Nino.B. El Nino caused riots that led to the downfall of President Suharto.C. President Suharto resigned because of the drought caused by El Nino.D. The drought caused by El Nino together with the economic crisis prevailing in Indonesia helped to overthrow President Suharto.14. The phrase "in a row" in the last paragraph means____.A. continuouslyB. in a lineC. awfullyD. now and then15. The writer of this passage is most likely to be____.A. an Australia observerB. a British nationalC. an American geographerD. an Indonesia journalistchow Passage 4In patients with Huntington's disease, it's the part of the brain called the basal ganglia that's destroyed. While these victims have perfectly intact explicit memory systems, they can't learn new motor skills. An Alzheimer's patient can learn to draw in a mirror but can't remember doing it: a Huntington's patient can't do it but can remember trying to learn. Yet anotherregion of the brain, an almond-size knot of neural tissue seems to be crucial in forming and triggering the recall of a special subclass of memories that is tied to strong emotion, especially fear. These are just some of the major divisions. Within the category implicit memory, for example, lie the subcategories of associative memory –the phenomenon that famously led Parlov's dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell which they had learned to associate with food and of habituation, in which we unconsciously file away unchanging features of the environment so we can pay closer attention to what's new and different upon encountering a new experience.Within explicit, or declarative memory, on the other hand, there are specific subsystems that handle shapes, textures such as faces, names -- even distinct systems to remember nouns vs. verbs. All of these different types of memory are ultimately stored in the brain's cortex, within its deeply furrowed outer layer -- a component of the brain dauntingly more complex than comparable parts in other species. Experts in brain imaging are only beginning to understand what goes where, and how the parts are reassembled into a coherent whole that seems to be a single memory is actually a complex construction. Think of a hammer, and your brain hurriedly retrieves the tool's name, its appearance, its function, its heft and the sound of its clang, each extracted from a different region of the brain. Fail to connect person's name with his or her face, and you experience the breakdown of that assembly process that many of us begin to experience in our 20s and that becomes downrightworrisome when we reach our 50s.It was this weakening of memory and the parallel loss of ability to learn new things easily that led biologist Joe Tsien to the experiments reported last week. "This age-dependent loss of function," he says, "appears in many animals, and it begins with the onset of sexual maturity."What's happening when the brain forms memories -- and what fails with aging, injury and disease -- involves a phenomenon known as "plasticity". It's obvious that something in the brain changes as we learn and remember new things, but it's equally obvious that the organ doesn't change its overall structure or grow new nerve cells wholesale. Instead, it's the connections between new cells -- and particularly the strength of these connections that are altered by experience. Hear a word over and over, and the repeated firing of certain cells in a certain order makes it easier to repeat the firing pattern later on. It is the pattern that represents each specific memory.16. Which of the following symptoms can be observed in a person who suffers from the Huntington's disease?A. He cannot remember what he has done but can remember trying to learn.B. He cannot do something new but he can remember doing it.C. He suffers from a bad memory and lack of motor skills.D. He suffers from a poor basal ganglia and has intact explicit memory.17. According to the passage, which of the following memories has nothing to do with implicit memory?A. Associating a signal with an action.B. Recognizing of new features.C. Focusing on new environment.D. Remembering a familiar face of a friend.18. Which of the following may happen to a patient who suffered from damages tohis explicit memory?A. When he is in a new environment, he is always frightened.B. When he plays football, he cannot learn new tricks.C. When he sees a friend, it's hard for him to remember his name.D. When he finds a hammer, he cannot tell anything about it.19. The word "extract" in the second paragraph means_____.A. obtainB. removeC. pullD. derive20. We can draw a conclusion from the passage that_____.A. Scientists have found the mechanism underlying the memorizing activitiesB. More research must be done to determine the brain structure.C. Some researchers are not content with the findings.D. It is obvious that something in the brain changes as we learn and remember. chow Passage 5Mobility of individual members and family groups tends to split up family relationships. Occasionally the movement of a family away from a situation which has been the source of friction results in greater family organization, but on the whole mobility is disorganizing. Individuals and families are involved in three types of mobility: movement in space, movement up or down in social status, and the movement of ideas. These are termed respectively spatial, vertical and ideational mobility.A great increase in spatial mobility has gone along with improvements in rail and water transportation, the invention and use of the automobile, and the availability of airplane passenger service. Spatial mobility results in a decline in the importance of the traditional home with its emphasis on family continuity and stability. It also means that when individual family members or the family as a whole move away from a community, the person or the family is removed from the pressures of relatives, friends, and community institutions for conventionality and stability. Even more important is the fact that spatial mobility permits some members of a family to come in contact with and possibly adopt attitudes, values, and ways of thinking different from those held by other family members. The presence of different attitudes values, and ways of thinking within a family may, and often does, result in conflict and family disorganization. Potential disorganization is present in thosefamilies in which the husband, wife and children are spatially separated over a long period, or are living together but see each other only briefly because of different work schedules.One index of the increase in vertical mobility is the great increase in the proportion of sons, and to some extent daughters who engage in occupations other than those of the parents. Another index of vertical mobility is the degree of intermarriage between social classes. This occurs almost exclusively between classes which are adjacent to each other. Engaging in a different occupation, or intermarriage, like spatial mobility, allows one to come in contact with ways of behavior different from those of the parental home, and tends to separate parents and their children.The increase in ideational mobility is measured by the increase in publications, such as newspapers, periodicals and books, the increase in the percentage of the population owning radios, and the increase in television sets. All these tend to introduce new ideas into the home. When individual family members are exposed to and adopt the new ideas, the tendency is for conflict to arise and for those in conflict to become psychologically separated from each other.21. What the passage tells us can be summarized by the statement___.A. potential disorganization is present in the American familyB. social development results in a decline in the importance of traditional familiesC. the movement of a family is one of the factors in raising its social statusD. family disorganization is more or less the result of mobility22. According to the passage, those who live in a traditional family ___A. can get more help from their family members if the are in troubleB. will have more freedom of action and thought if they move away from itC. are less likely to quarrel with others because of conventionality and stabilityD. have to depend on their relatives and friends if they do not move away from it23. Potential disorganization exists in those families in which ____A. the family members are subject to social pressuresB. both parents have to work full timeC. the husband, wife and children, and children seldom get togetherD. the husband, wife and children work too hard24. Intermarriage and different occupations play an important role in family disorganization because____.A. they enable the children to travel around without their parentsB. they enable the children to better understand the ways of behavior of their parentsC. they allow one to find a good job and improve one's social statusD. they permit one to come into contact with different ways of behavior and thinking25. This passage suggests that a well-organized family is a family whose members __A. are not psychologically withdrawn from one anotherB. seldom quarrel with each other even when they disagreeC. often help each other with true love and affectionD. are exposed to the same new ideas introduced by books, radios and TV sets chow Passage 6A design for a remotely-controlled fire engine could make long road or rail tunnels safer. It is the brainchild of an Italian fire safety engineer, who claims that his invention -- dubbed Robogat -- could have cut the death toll in the disastrous Mont Blanc tunnel fire in March 1999 which killed 41 people.Most of the people who perished dies within 15 minutes of smoke first being detected. Quick action is needed when fire breaks out in a tunnel. Robogat can travel at about 50 kilometers per hour. The Mont Blanc fire was 5 kilometers from the French end of the tunnel, so a machine could have got there in about six minutes.The Robogat has been designed and patented by Domenico Piatti of the Naples fire department. It runs on a monorail suspended from the roof of the tunnel. When the Robogat reaches a fire, it plugs into a modified water main running along the tunnel and directs its hoses at the base of the fire. It is capable of pumping 3,000 liters of high-pressure water per minute--about the same rate as that from an airport fire tender. Normal fire engines deliver 500 liters per minute. The machine's heat-resistant skin is designed to withstand temperatures of up to 1,000°C. Designed to fight fires in tunnels up to 12 kilometers long, the Robogat will be operated from a control centre outside the tunnel. Ideally, tunnels should have a Robogat stationed at each end, allowing fires to be tackled from both sides.Piatti says that it would be relatively cheap to install the Robogat in new tunnels, with each machine costing around ￡250,000. "That's not expensive," says Stuart Jagger, a British fire-fighting specialist, who adds, "Fire-fighters normally have to approach the blaze from upwind. People have dies if the ventilation is overwhelmed or someone changes the ventilation. If the robot worked remotely it would be an advantage." But this introduces extra problems: the Robogat would have to feed information about the state of the fire back to its controller, and the sensors, like the rest of the machine, would have to be fire-resistant. Piatti is now looking for financial backing to build a prototype.26. The Robogat can quickly get through to the scene of a fire because___.A. it is in position in the middle of the tunnelB. it can move on a monorail suspended from the roof of the tunnelC. it runs on a monorail and can take quick actionD. its modified water main can run along the tunnel quickly27. When fire breaks out in a tunnel, the most important thing is to __A. install a Rogogat quicklyB. detect the smoke quicklyC. change the ventilationD. take quick actions28. The Robogat is designed to pump water____.A. at a speed of 500 liters a minuteB. almost as fast as an airport tenderC. six times faster than an ordinary fire-engineD. at a rate of an airport fire tender29. According to the passage, because temperatures in a tunnel can be very high,____.A. the Robogat has to have a heat-resistant skinB, the Robogat is operated in a control centre outside the tunnelC. the Robogat can only work at the scene of a fire for a limited periodD. a Robogat is stationed at each end30. One problem that has not yet been solved, it seems, is that____A. a prototype has not yet been acceptedB. financial backing is not availableC. the machine will need fire-resistant sensorsD. the machine would not work if the ventilation was overwhelmedChow II. Vocabulary (10%, 0.5 mark each)31. This university offers a wide variety of high-quality courses for both graduate and undergraduate students.A. selectB. choiceC. alternativeD. optional32. ____ your request for a refund, we have referred that matter to our main office.A. On the point ofB. With relationship toC. In the event ofD. Withregard to33.AIDs activists permanently changed and shortened America's __ process for testing and approving new drags of all kinds, for all diseases.A. stagnantB. intricateC. appropriateD. efficient34. Exercise can affect our outlook on life, and it can also help us get rid of tension, anxiety and frustration. So we should take exercise__.A. regularlyB. normallyC. usuallyD. constantly35. Many artists believe that successful imitation, far from being symptomatic of a lack of originality, is the step in learning to be__.A. elegantB. confidentC. creativeD. imaginary36. There is scientific evidence to support our___ that being surrounded by plants is good for health.A. instinctB. implicationC. perceptionD. conception37. Tom plunged into the pond immediately when he saw a boat was sinking and alittle girl in it was___.A. in needB. on the declineC. in disorderD. at stake38. An obvious change of attitude at the top towards women's status in society will___ through the current law system in that country.A. permeateB. violateC. probeD. grope39. All the finished products are stored in a___ of the delivery port and shipping is available at any time.A. warehouseB. capsuleC. garageD. cabinet40. As he walked out the court, he was____ with frustration and rage.A. applauding B, quivering C. paralyzing D. limping41. The Board of Directors decided that more young men who were qualified would be_____ important positions.A. attributed toB. furnished withC. installed inD. inserted into42. There are still some____ for students of science and engineering, but those in arts and humanities have been filled.A. positionsB. vacanciesC. applicationsD. categories43. Wireless waste from cell phones, pocket PCs, and music players__ special problems because they have toxic chemicals in batteries and other components.A. poseB. commitC. transportD. expose44. Although Kerry has had no formal education, he is one of the___ businessmen in the company.A. alertestB. sternestC. nastiestD. shrewdest45. The senior citizen expressed a sentiment which___ profoundly to every Chinese heart.A. drewB. attractC. appealedD. impressed46. ___students should be motivated by a keen interest in theatre and should have some familiarity with plays in production.A. realisticB. responsibleC. ethnicD. prospective47. The accuracy of scientific observations and calculations is always___ the scientist's time-keeping methods.A.at the mercy ofB.in accordance withC.under the guidance ofD. by means of48. Recently a number of cases have been reported of young children ___ a violent act previously seen on television.A. stimulatingB. duplicatingC. modifyingD.accelerating49.The destruction of the Twin Towers in New York City_ shock and anger notonly throughout America but also throughout the wholeworld.A. envelopedB. summonedC. temptedD. provoked50.The secretary went over the table again very carefully for fear of___ any important data.A. overlookingB. slippingC. ignoringD. skimmingchow III. Cloze Test (10%, 0.5 mark each)Researchers who refuse to share data with others may 51 others to withhold results from them, 52 a study by health-policy analysts at Harvard Medical School.The study found that young researchers, those who publish 53 , and investigators seeking patents are most likely to be _54_ access to biomedical data. It also found that researchers who withhold data gain a _55 for this,and have more difficulty in 56 data from others.The study was 57 by a research team led by sociologist Eric Campbell. Theteam surveyed 2,366 58 selected scientists at 117 US medical schools. Overall,12.5 per cent said that they had been denied 59 to other academic investigators' data, 60 article reprints, during the past three years. This 61 with findingsby the team and other groups. But by examining the 62 of data withholding,the team identified those experiencing the most 63 . For junior staff. 64 ,the team found that 13.5 per cent were denied access, 65 5.1 per cent of senior researchers.The 66 between data withholding and researchers' publishing 67 during the68 three years was 69 : 7.7 per cent of those who had published 1-5 articleshad had data withheld from them, but this rose to 28.9 per cent for researcherswho had published more than 20. Campbell warns, "Selectively holding back on information from the most 70 researchers could slow down progress in researchinto the causes and cures of human disease."51. A. suggest B. provoke C. propose D. claim52. A. because of B. in spite of C. according to D. owing to53. A. a lot B. great deal C. regularly D. frequently54. A. sought B. seeking C. being sought D. have sought55. A. depression B. reputation C. infamy D. fame56. A. acquisition B. requiting C. assigning D. obtaining57. A. carried B. conducted C. forged D. identified58. A. randomly B. carefully C. specially D. absolutely59. A. entry B. reach C. access D. use60. A. inclusive B. excluding C. exclusive D. refusing61. A. corresponds B. complies C. compares D. adapts62. A. casualties B. victims C. culprits D. injuries63. A. hardship B. trial C. difficulty. D. errors。

四川大学2016年博士入学英语考试真题与答案解析

四川大学·2016年·博士入学英语考试真题与答案解析————————————————————————————————————————完形填空Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer，that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright. Intelligence，it 5，is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep，burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning—a 7 process—instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn，and one of the things they‘ve apparently learned is when to 8 。

Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence？That’s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we ‘ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise，it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I’ve ever met. Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner，14 ，is running a small cale study in operant conditioning. We believe that 15 animals ran the labs，they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience，our faithfulness，our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 ，not merely how much of it there is. 18 ，they would hope to study a 19 question：Are humans actually aware of the world they live in？20 the results are inconclusive. 1. ［A］Suppose［B］Consider［C］Observe［D］Imagine 2. ［A］tended［B］feared［C］happened［D］threatened 3. ［A］thinner［B］stabler［C］lighter［D］dimmer 4. ［A］tendency［B］advantage［C］inclination［D］priority 5. ［A］insists on［B］sums up［C］turns out［D］puts forward 6. ［A］off ［B］behind［C］over［D］along 7. ［A］incredible［B］spontaneous［C］inevitable［D］gradual 8. ［A］fight［B］doubt［C］stop［D］think 9. ［A］invisible［B］limited［C］indefinite［D］different 10. ［A］upward［B］forward［C］afterward［D］backward 11. ［A］features［B］influences［C］results［D］costs 12. ［A］outside［B］on［C］by［D］across 13. ［A］deliver［B］carry［C］perform［D］apply 14. ［A］by chance［B］in contrast［C］as usual［D］for instance 15. ［A］if［B］unless［C］as［D］lest 16. ［A］moderate［B］overcome［C］determine［D］reach 17. ［A］at［B］for［C］after［D］with 18. ［A］Above all［B］After all［C］However［D］Otherwise 19. ［A］fundamental［B］comprehensive［C］equivalent［D］hostile 20. ［A］By accident［B］In time［C］So far［D］Better stillI am afraid to sleep. I have been afraid to sleep for the last few weeks. I am so tired that, finally, I do sleep, but only for a few minutes. It is not a bad dream that wakes me ; it is the reality I took with me into sleep . I try to think of something else.Immediately the woman in the marketplace comes into my mind.I was on my way to dinner last night when I saw her . She was selling skirts. She moved with the same ease and loveliness I often saw in the women of Laos. Herlong black hair was as shiny as the black silk of the skirts she was selling . In her hair, she wore three silk ribbons, blue ,green, and white. They reminded me of my childhood and how my girlfriends and I used to spend hours braiding ribbons into our hair.I don’t know the word for “ribbons”, so I put my hand to my own hair and , with three fingers against my head , I looked at her ribbons and said “Beautiful.” She lowered her eyes and said nothing. I wasn’t sure if she understood me (I don’t speak Laotian very well).I looked back down at the skirts. They had designs on them: squares and triangles and circles of pink and green silk. They were very pretty. I decided to buy one of those skirts, and I began to bargain with her over the price. It is the custom to bargain in Asia. In Laos bargaining is done in soft voices and easy moves with the sort of quiet peacefulness.She smiled, more with her eyes than with her lips. She was pleased by the few words I was able to say in her language, although they were mostly numbers, and she saw that I understood something about the soft playfulness of bargaining. We shook our heads in disagreement over the price; then, immediately, we made another offer and then another shake of the head. She was so pleased that unexpectedly, she accepted the last offer I made. But it was too soon. The price was too low. She was being too generous and wouldn’t make enough money. I moved quickly and picked up two more skirts and paid for all three at the price set; that way I was able to pay her three times as much before she had a chance to lower the price for the larger purchase. She smiled openly then, and, for the first time in months, my spirit lifted. I almost felt happy.The feeling stayed with me while she wrapped the skirts in a newspaper and handed them to me. When I left, though, the feeling left, too. It was as though it stayed behind in marketplace. I left tears in my throat. I wanted to cry. I didn’t , ofcourse.I have learned to defend myself against what is hard; without knowing it, I have also learned to defend myself against what is soft and what should be easy.I get up, light a candle and want to look at the skirts. They are still in the newspaper that the woman wrapped them in. I remove the paper, and raise the skirts up to look at them again before I pack them. Something falls to floor. I reach down and feel something cool in my hand. I move close to the candlelight to see what I have. There are five long silk ribbons in my hand, all different colors. The woman in the marketplace! She has given these ribbons to me!There is no defense against a generous spirit, and this time I cry, and very hard, as if I could make up for all the months that I didn’t cry.89. According to the writer, the woman in the marketplace ____B____ .A. refused to speak to her.B. was pleasant and attractive.C. was selling skirts and ribbons.D. recognized her immediately.解析：B。

2014年四川大学考博英语真题及-答案

·············2014年四川大学考博英语入学考试试题考生请注意：1．本试题共5大题，共12页，请考生注意检查，考试时间为180分钟。

2．1-70题答案请填写在机读卡相应处，否则不给分。

3．翻译和作文请答在答题纸上，答在试题上不给分。

书写要求字迹清楚、工整。

I．Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each) Directions: Read the following six passages. Answerthe questions below each passage by choosing [A],[B], [C], or [D]. Write your answers on the AnswerSheet.Passage OneIn general, our society is becoming one of giantenterprises directed by a bureaucratic managementin which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in themachinery. The oiling is done with higher wages,Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations”experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact,the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management. ············．·············The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job;they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interesting life.They live and die without ever having confrontedthe fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than thoseof their subordinates. They are even more insecurein some respects. They are in a highly competitiverace. To be promoted or to fall behind is not amatter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, theyare tested for intelligence as well as for theright mixture of submissiveness and independence.From the moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a bigbusiness, and by their superiors, who judge theirbehavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc.This constant need to prove that one is as good asor better than one's fellow-competitor createsconstant anxiety and stress, the very causes ofunhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to thepreindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise”capitalism? Certainly not.Problems the never solved by returning to a stagewhich one has already outgrown. I suggesttransforming our social system form, abureaucratically managed industrialism in which ············．·············maxima, production and consumption are ends in themselves, into a humanist industrialism in whichman and full development of his potentialities-those of all love and of reason-are the aims ofsocial arrangements. Production and consumptionshould serve only as means to this end and shouldbe prevented from ruling man.1. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery”the author intends to deliver the idea that man is ____.[A] a necessary part of the society though eachindividual's function is negligible[B] working in complete harmony with the rest ofthe society[C] an unimportant part in comparison with therest of the society[D] a humble component of the society, especiallywhen working smoothly2. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ____.[A] they are likely to lose their jobs[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interestin life[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence[D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence············．·············3. From the passage we can conclude that real happiness of life belongs to those ____.[A] who are at the bottom of the society[B] who are higher up in their social status[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors[D] who could dip fir away from this competitive world4. To solve the present social problems the author puts forward a suggestion that we should ____. [A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities[D] take the fundamental realities for granted5. The author's attitude towards industrialism mightbest be summarized as one of ____.[A] approval [B] dissatisfaction[D] susceptibility[C] suspicionPassage TwoThe government-run command post in Tunis isstaffed around the clock by military personnel, meteorologists and civilians. On the wall are maps, ············．·············crisscrossed with brightly colors arrows thatpainstakingly track the fearsome path of the enemy.What kind of invader gives rise to such high-level monitoring? Not man, not beast, but the lowlydesert locust（蝗虫）. In recent moths, billions ofthe 3-inch-long winged warriors have descended on Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, blackening thesky and eating up crops and vegetation. The insect invasion, the worst in 30 years, is alreadycreating great destruction in the Middle East andis now treating southern Europe. The current crisisbegan in late 1985 near the Red Sea. Unusuallyrainy weather moistened the sands of the Sudan,making them ideal breeding grounds for the locust,which lays its eggs in the earth. The insectonslaught threatens to create yet another African famine. Each locust can eat its weight (not quite atenth of an ounce) in vegetation every 24 hours. Agood-size swarm of 50 billion insects eats up100,000 tons of grass, trees and crops in a singlenight.All $150 million may be needed this year. The U.S.has provided two spraying planes and about 50,000gal. of pesticide. The European Community hasdonated $3.8 million in aid and the Soviet Union, Canada, Japan and China have provided chemical-spraying aircraft to help wipe out the pests. Butrelief efforts are hampered by the relativemildness of approved pesticides, which quickly losetheir deadly punch and require frequentreplications. The most effective locust killerDieldrin has been linked to cancer and is banned by ············．·············many Western countries and some of the affected African nations. More than 5 million acres have been dusted with locust-killing chemicals; another 5 million will be treated by the end of June.On May 30, representatives of Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Mauritania will meet in Algiers to discuss tactics to wipe out the ravenous swarms. The move is an important step, but whatever plan is devised, the locust plague promised to get worse before the insects can be brought under control.6. The main idea of the first sentence in the passage is that ____.[A] the command post is stationed with people all the time.[B] the command post is crowded with people all the time.[C] there are clocks around the command post.[D] the clock in the command post is taken care of by the staff.7. The favorable breeding ground for the locust is ____.[A] rich soil.[B] wet land[C] spaces covered crops and vegetation[D] the Red Sea8. People are alert at the threat of the locust because ____.············．·············[A] the insects are likely to create another African famine.[B] the insects may blacken the sky.[C] the number of the insects increases drastically.[D] the insects are gathering and moving in great speed.9. Which of the following is true?[A] Once the pesticides are used, locust will die immediately.[B] Relief efforts are proved most fruitful dueto the effectiveness of certain pesticides.[C] Dieldrin, the most effective locust killer,has been widely accepted in many countries.[D] Over 10 million acres of affected area will have been treated with locust-killingchemicals by the end of June.10. The purpose for affected nations to meet in Algiers on May 30 is ____.[A] to devise antilocust plans.[B] to wipe out the swarms in two years.[C] to call out for additional financial aid from other nations.[D] to bring the insects under control before the plague gets worse.············．·············Passage ThreeThe London 2012 sustainability watchdog embroiled in a row over the sports ship of the Olympic Stadium by Dow Chemical is to push the International Olympic Committee to appoint an “ethics champion”for future Games.The Commission for a Sustainable London 2012 has been bruised by criticism over Dow's sponsorship of the wrap that will surround the Olympic stadium, particularly since commissioner Meredith Alexander last month resigned in protest.Campaigners believe that Dow has ongoing liabilities relating to the 1984 Bhopal disasterthat resulted in the deaths of an estimated 20,000 people and the serious injury of tens of thousands more. Dow, which bought the owner of the plant in 2001, insists that all liabilities have beensettled in full.Commission chairman Shaun McCarthy said that its tight sustainability remit did not extend to actingas moral guardian of the Olympic movement but that it would press for such a role to be created when evaluating sponsors for future Games.In addition to sponsoring the 7m pounds wrap that will surround the Olympic Stadium, Dow has a separate 100m dollars sponsorship deal with the IOC that was signed in 2010.But McCarthy also defended the commission's rolein evaluating the Dow deal, after Amnesty ············．·············International wrote to London 2012 chairman Lord Coe to raise the issue.“What has been lost in all of this story is thata really excellent, sustainable product has been procured, we looked at Locog's examination of Dow Chemical's current corporate responsibility policies and, again, Dow achieved that highest score in that evaluation. We verified that.”said McCarthy.“As far as the history is concerned and issues around Bhopal, there is no doubt Bhopal was a terrible disaster and snore injustice was done tothe victims. Who is responsible for that injusticeis a matter for the courts and a matter for others.We have a specific remit and terms of referencethat we operate under and we have operated diligently under those terms.”The commission will on Thursday release its annual review. It finds that “good press”has been made to wands many of Locog's sustainability target,but that “major challenges”remain.In particular, the commission found that therewas no coherent strategy to achieve a 20% reduction in carbon emissions after an earlier scheme to use renewable energy feel through when a wind turbine on the site proved impractical.“We had conversations with Locog over a year ago about this and said they had to demonstrate how they were going to achieve at least 20% carbon reductions through energy conservation if they're not going to do it through renewable energy,”said ············．·············McCarthy. “There are some good initiatives, but quite frankly they just haven't done it.”11. Why was Dow's sponsorship criticized according to the passage?[A] The products are not sustainable.[B] It was related to Bhopal disaster.[C] It bribed the London Olympic committee.[D] It can't reduce 20% of the carbon emission.12. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?[A] Commission's role[B] Commission's achievements[C] Commission's complaints[D] Commission's defense13. Which of the following words can best replace the underlined word “row”(Para. 1)?[A] line [B] argument[D] course[C] boating14. What is one of the challenges of the sustainability target mentioned in the passage?[A] Ethic champion of the games.[B] Reduction in carbon emissions.[C] The wind turbine proved to be impractical.[D] Renewable energy is not available. ············．·············15. Which of the following can best summarize the passage?[A] Commission defends its own role in evaluating controversial.[B] Dow's way to the 2012 London Olympic Games.[C] Campaign against Dow's sponsorship.[D] IOC's review on the controversy.Passage FourAs Facebook dominates the news with its initialpublic offering, activists are seizing the momentto pressure the company to add some estrogen and ethnicity to its white-male board.A women's rights group called Ultraviolet, whichhas been running an online petition that claims tohave attracted more than 50,000 signatures, is escalating its push, posting a new YouTube video called “Do Women Have a Future at Facebook?”. The video shows photos of successful women such as Hillary Clinton getting their heads cropped off the replaced with the smiling face of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.“Facebook has grown off the backs of women, who make up the majority of its users and areresponsible for the majority of sharing and fanactivity on the site,”the group says in a blurbaccompanying the video. An all-male board, the group says, is “not just wrong, it's bad for business”. A related campaign, called Face It, ············．·············criticizes the lack of ethnic diversity on theseven-member board. “seven white men: That's ridiculous,”the group says on its homepage, along side headshots of the men. The campaign, whichlists dozens of human-rights groups and corporate executives as supporters, also has its own YouTube video. Called “Face it, Facebook”, the video cites a recent Zuckerberg letter to investors thatsays:“Facebook was not originally created to be a company. It was built to accomplish a socialmission-to make the world more open and connected.”That message is at odds with the pale-faced board,activists say. Susan Stautberg, co-chairwoman of Women Corporate Directors, an organization for female corporate board members, says Zuckerberg's thinking is flawed. “If you're trying to expand acompany globally, then you want someone on the board who has built a global brand,”she says. “Most of these guys on Facebook's board all have the same skills-they're mostly from Silicon Valley and Washington. You want someone who has worked in China and India and rising markets. You want someone who has marketed to women. When you're putting together a board, you don't want your best friends, you want the best people.”Having zero female directors does not appear tobe a good business plan, research shows. Companies with women on the board perform substantiallybetter than companies with all-mall boards, according to a 2011 study of Fortune 500 companies conducted by the research group Catalyst. The study showed that over the course of four to five years, ············．·············companies with three or more female board members, on average, outperformed companies with no female board members by 84 percent when it came to return on sales and by 60 percent when it came to returnon invested capital.Facebook may secretly be on the lookout for afemale board member, according to a recent Bloomberg report. Citing unnamed sources, Bloomberg said Facebook had enlisted the corporate-recruitment firm Spencer Stuart to help seek somediversity. Spencer Stuary says it does not commenton clients due to confidentiality agreements.16. Which of the following descriptions is CORRECT about the Ultraviolet Group?[A] It is a non-government organization.[B] It is appealing for “more female roles in big corporations like Facebook”through theInternet.[C] It has the support of many female celebritiessuch as Hillary Clinton.[D] It is getting more and more support from the society.17. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about the campaign “Face It”?[A] It pointed out the irrational composition ofFacebook's board of directors.············．·············[B] The campaign has plenty of human-rights supporters.[C] It indicated the original objective of Zuckerberg's establishment of Facebook.[D] It is constantly using other media devices to support Facebook.18. The underlined phrase “at odds with”in the fourth paragraph has the closest meaning of ____. [A] against all odds [B] supported by[C] disagree with[D] waifs and strays19. According to Susan Stauberg, a well-performed business should _____.[A] have a complex system of management.[B] possess the most market globally.[C] have your best and close friends as yourboard members.[D] have a diverse board member in which everyone has his/her own specialties and can contributedifferent skills into the corporation.20. What will probably happen to Facebook?[A] The corporation will turn to Spencer Stuart for recruiting more female board members. [B] The corporation will dominate the news because its worldwide popularity.[C] The corporation will gradually lose its users because it does not have female board members. ············．·············[D] None of the above.Passage FiveFor this generation of young people, the future looks bleak. Only one in six is working full time. Three out of five live with their parents or other relatives. A large majority-73 percent-think they need more education to find a successful career, but only half of those say they will definitely enroll in the next few years. No, they are not the idle youth of Greece or Spain or Egypt. They are the youth of America, the world's richest country,who do not have college degrees and aren't gettingthem anytime soon. Whatever the sob stories aboutrecent college graduates spinning their wheels asbaristas or clerks, the situation for their less-educated peers is far worse. For this group,finding work that pays a living wage and offerssome sense of security has been elusive.Despite the continuing national conversationabout whether college is worth it given the debtburden it entails, most high school graduateswithout college degrees said they believe theywould be unable to get good jobs without moreeducation.Getting it is challenging, though, and not onlybecause of formidable debt levels. Ms. McClour andher husband, Andy, have two daughters under 3 andanother due next month. She said she triedenrolling in college classes, but the workloadbecame too stressful with such young children. Mr. ············．·············McClour works at a gas station. He hates his work and wants to study phlebotomy, but the nearest school is an hour and half away.Many of these young people had been expecting to go to college since they started high school, perhaps anticipating that employers would demand skills high schools do not teach. Just one in ten high school graduates without college degrees said they were “extremely well prepared by their high school to succeed in their job after graduation.”These young people worried about getting left behind and were pessimistic about reaching some of the milestones that make up the American dream. More than half-56 percent-of high school graduates without college diplomas said that their generation would have less financial success than their parents. About the same share believed they would find work that offered health insurance within that time frame. Slightly less than half of respondents said the next few years would bring work with good job security or a job with earnings that were high “enough to lead a comfortable life”. They weresimilarly pessimistic about being able to start a family or buy a home.The online survey was conducted between March 21 and April 2, and covered a nationally representative survey of 544 high school graduates from the classes of 2006-11 who did not have bachelor's degrees. The margin of sampling error was plus or minus 5 percentage points.············．·············21. What does the underlined phrase “spinning their wheels”mean in Paragraph 1?[A] fastening the pace [B] confusing the situation[C] asking for help[D] scooting out22. What will the high school graduates probably do according to the article?[A] Find jobs right after graduation.[B] Receive further study in college.[C] Go to join the national conversation.[D] Pay for the debt.23. What does the story of “Andy and Ms. McClour”try to inform us?[A] They both prefer making money to education.[B] Colleges do not accept students who are married and have children.[C] Although people are eager to join in the college, life burden may block in the way.[D] None of the above.24. What is the financial outlook for thisgeneration compared with their parents?[A] They have a prosperous outlook compared with the last generation.[B] Their financial situation is not assuccessful as their parents.············．·············[C] It depends on how hard they work and their educational background.[D] Not mentioned in the article.25. What can we infer from the last sentence?[A] The online survey is done nationally.[B] The result of the survey is completelytrustworthy.[C] There is more or less inaccuracy of thesurvey.[D] The survey will have a continuous part coming soon.Passage SixSome 60 years ago, George Orwell wrote anallegorical novel, called Nineteen Eighty-Four, to describe life in a futuristic Britain under a oneparty police-sate presided over by an all-powerfulfigure known as Big Brother. One of the fealures ofthe nasty world described by Orwell was itssystematic misuse of language, which went by thename of “Newspeak”. By re-defining words and endlessly repeating them, the Ministry of Truththrough the Thought Police was able to control what people thought, and through that, their actions. Language was instrumental in destroying the culture.The same technique is being used by differentpeople today, with similar effects. In all areas ofpublic administration, the words “spouse”, “husband”············．·············and “wife”have been replace by the word “partner”, although the words are subtly but substantiallydifferent in meaning, and convey differentrealities. In some schools and university departments, feminist ideologues have dictated thatthe personal pronoun “he”must not be used, and is replaced by the word “they”, which means something different. The word “homophobic”, which just a few years ago was used to describe a person whosupported vigilante action against homosexuals, isnow being used to describe anyone who defends the universal definition of marriage.Although the transformation of language is seenmost obviously around social issues, it is alsobeing used systematically to shape political debate.So, we are told that the federal government is introducing a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme,which is newspeak for its new carbon tax. The factis that the new tax is not remotely concerned with “carbon pollution”at all, but rather with emissionsof the gas CO2 which is not a pollutant by any credible definition, but rather, an essential building block in every cell in every living plant and creature. By the government's own admission, it will not lead to any reduction in CO2 levels,either in Australia or globally. And the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme is being introduced in Australia at the same time the government is expanding exports of coal, which is virtually 100 percent carbon, to countries such as China.We live in a society in which the ordinary meaning of words is being systematically ············．·············manipulated by spin-doctors and ideologues, as a means of changing the way people think, and, more fundamentally, the way they act. Language is an important part of the culture wars. For those of us who see this as a challenge to the foundations of society, it is important that we identify the problem and expose it.It is clearly preferable to avoid using the newdebased, transformed language of the politically-correct left, although this can be difficult insituations where constant usage has alreadynormalized it, as has happened with the term “same-sex marriage”. The alternative phrase, “same-sex unions”, has a different meaning. When such termsare used, they should be identified for what theyare: a form of linguistic dishonesty, designed to undermine existing institutions and transform them.26. Which of the following descriptions isINCORRECT about George Orwell's allegorical novel Nineteen Eighty-Four?[A] It describes a story that happens in thefuture.[B] One of the features in the novel is themisuse of language.[C] It is the most famous detective novel in theworld.[D] It was written in the 20th century.············．·············27. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of misuse of language?[A] Feminists insist “he”be replaced by “they”.[B] “Partner”has taken the place of “husband”and “wife”.[C] “Homophobic”is now being employed to refer to defend conventional understanding of marriage.[D] The meaning of “literacy”is no longer restricted to the ability to read and write.28. The example of carbon pollution is used toillustrate _______.[A] transformation of language is usually seen insocial issues.[B] transformation of language is also tracked in political debate.[C] transformation of language is generated inthe age of information.[D] transformation of language is legitimate to acertain extent.29. The underlined word “credible”in Para. 3 means______.[A] reliable [B] correct。

四川大学2017年博士研究生入学考试英语试题

四川大学2017年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠListening Comprehension (10%)(略)Part ⅡVocabulary and Structures (10%)Section ADirections: In this section, there are ten incomplete sentences. Beneath each of the sentences you will see four words or phrases, marked A, B, C and D．Choose the one word or phrase that completes best the sentence, and mark out your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.16．The concept of a loyal opposition—the ______ of modern democracy—rarely prevails and, much more frequently, opposition is equated with treason and ruthlessly suppressed.A．loop B．essence C．equivalent D．velocity17．Timmer is known as a touch manager who demands ______ results.A．credible B．undeniable C．dynamic D．tangible18．He has been plowing through a biography of Lyndon Johnson and a______ of Henry Kissinger.A．casualty B．criteria C．dissection D．necessity19．Now the public has an unprecedented chance to peer over the shoulders of archaeologists and historians and get a firsthand look at the ______ of the Mongols and their Asian predecessors.A．legacy B．bequest C．converse D．miracle20．In the search for solution to seemingly overwhelming problems, it became increasingly ______to include radical, even revolutionary ideas.A．stable B．absolute C．immortal D．plausible21．Researchers at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh announced they had discovered ______evidence that a virus is involved in what used to be called juvenile diabetes.A．incessant B．compelling C．identical D．problematic22．Stephen Schneider, a climatologist at Stanford, notes that unlike greenhouse gases, which ______ rapidly around the globe, the sulfate droplets tend to concentrate over industrialized regions.A．unify B．fragment C．disperse D．shatter23．Now the juries, and ultimately the society they speak for, have to find some way to express ______ at the brutality that women and children face every day.A．aggression B．extenuation C．outrage D．suppression24．It was a type of urban story that continues to ______ big-city dwellers forward each day, a tale of hard work and self-starting initiative, of taking matters into one's own hands to make dreams come true.A．propel B．penetrate C．baffle D．harness25．The primordial fireball would have been a dense roiling stew of radiation and elementary particles condensing out of the ______ energy, annihilating each other, recondensing, then colliding and disappearing all over again.A．colossal B．audacious C．ambient D．autonomousSection BDirections: In this section, each sentence has four underlined words or phrases marked A, B, C and D．Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct, and mark out your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.26．The lecturer made too a long speech, so every listener felt tired of him, and some even went out of the lecture hall without getting the permission from the speaker.A B C D27．It is raining hard outside. Haven't you taken an umbrella with you?A B C D28．If he was to come here this afternoon, I should ask him to go to the party held by student union.A B C D29．He did not like abstract painting at all, so the more he looked at the drawings exhibited in the art gallery, the little he liked them.A B C D30．He is a well-known hardworking and clever student, and he often gets top scores in his class; so all his classmates are sure that he studies very hardly.A B C D31．He looked a little bit nervous, that could be seen from his facial expression.A B C D32．Although the wages for all the members of the working staff increase regularly, so their expenses do; for the prices for everything are increasing dramatically at the same time.A B C D33．Sound waves travel in the air in much the same way like water waves spread on the water.A B C D34．Like any other constant repeated action, speaking has to be learned, but once it is learned, it becomes a generally unconscious and apparently automatic process.A B C D35．More and more old people whose grown - up children pay little attention to them gathered together and organize interesting activities for themselves.A B C DPart ⅢReading Comprehension (25%)Directions:In this section, you will read five passages.Each one is followed by several questions. You are to choose the one best answer to each question, and mark your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneQuestions 36～40 are based on the following passage.Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large. The same problem, on a smaller scale, faces practically every company trying to develop new products and create new jobs. There can be little prospect of raising the sort of sums needed from friends and people we know, and while banks may agree to provide short-term finance, they are generally unwilling to provide money on a permanent basis for long-term projects. So companies run to public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in exchange for a share in future profits. They do this issuing stocks and shares in the business through The Stock Exchange. By doing so, they can put into circulation the savings of individuals and institution, both at home and overseas. When the saver needs his money back, he does not have to go to the company with whom heoriginally placed it. Instead, he sells his shares through a stockbroker to some other saver who is seeking to invest his money.Many of the services needed both by industry and by each of us are provided by the Government or by local authorities. Without hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, railways, this country could not function.All these require continuous spending on new equipment and new development if they are to serve us properly, requiring more money than is raised through taxes alone. The government, local authorities, and nationalized industries therefore frequently needed to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and they, too, come to The Stock Exchange.There is hardly a man or woman in this country whose job or whose standard of living does not depend on the ability of his or her employers to raise money to finance new development. In one way or another, this new money must come from the savings of the country.The Stock Exchange exists to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance.36．Almost all companies involved in new production and development must ______.A．rely on their own financial resourcesB．persuade the banks to provide long-term financeC．borrow large sums of money from friends and people we knowD．depend on the population as a whole for finance37．The money which enables these companies to go ahead with their projects is ______.A．repaid to its original owners as soon as possibleB．raised by the selling of shares in the companiesC．exchanged for part ownership in The Stock ExchangeD．invested in different companies on The Stock Exchange38．When the savers want their money back they ______.A．ask another company to obtain their money for themB．look for other people to borrow money fromC．put their shares in the company back on the marketD．transfer their money to a more successful company39．All the essential services on which we depend are ______.A．run by the Government or our local authoritiesB．in constant need of financial supportC．financed wholly by rates and taxesD．unable to provide for the needs of the population40．The stock exchange makes it possible for the Government, local authorities and nationalized industries ______.A．to borrow as much money as they wishB．to make certain everybody saves moneyC．to raise money to finance new developmentsD．to make certain everybody lends money to themPassage TwoQuestions 41～45 are based on the following passage:The year 1400 opened with more peacefulness than usual in England. Only a few months before, Richard Ⅱ, weak, wicked, and treacherous— had been deposed, and Henry Ⅳ declared king in his stead. But it was only a seeming peacefulness, lasting for but a little while; for though King Henry proved himself a just and a merciful man—as justice and mercy went with the men of iron of those days—and though he did not care to shed blood needlessly, there were many noble families who had been benefited by King Richard during his reign, and who had lost some of their power and prestige from the coming of the new king.Among these were a number of great lords who had been degraded from their former titles and estates, from which degradation King Richard had lifted them.They planned to fall upon King Henry and his followers and to massacre them during a great tournament which was being held at Oxford.And they might have succeeded had not one of their own members betrayed them.But Henry did not appear on the lists; whereupon, knowing that he had been lodging at Windsor with only a few attendants, the conspirators marched there against him. In the meantime, the king had been warned of the plot, so that instead of finding him in the royal castle, they discovered through their scouts that he had hurried to London, and that he was marching against them as the head of a considerable army. So nothing was left but flight. One and another, they were all caught and some killed. Those few who found friends faithful and bold enough to afford them shelter dragged those friends down in their own ruin.41．What does the author seem to think of King Henry?A．He was the best king England had ever had.B．He was unfair and cowardly.C．He was just as evil as King Richard.D．He was a better ruler than King Richard.42．How did King Henry find out about the plot?A．His scouts discovered it.B．He saw the conspirators coming.C．One of the conspirators told him.D．He found a copy of the conspirators' plan.43．How did the conspirators find out that Henry was in London?A．They saw him leave Windsor.B．Henry's attendants told them.C．They saw him at the tournament.D．Their scouts told them.44．Why did the nobles wish to kill Henry?A．Henry had taken away power given to them by Richard.B．Henry was weak, wicked, and treacherous.C．Henry had needlessly killed members of their families.D．Henry had killed King Richard.45．It can be inferred that Richard Ⅱ's reign was ______.A．peaceful B．corrupt C．democratic D．illegalPassage ThreeQuestions 46～50 are based on the following passage.The ballad and the folk song have long been recognized as important keys to the thoughts and feelings of a people, but the dime novel though sought by the collector and referred to in a general way by the social historian, is dismissed with a smile of amusement by almost everyone else. Neither folk songs nor dime novels were actually created by the plain people of America. But in their devotion to these modes of expression, the people made them their own. The dime novel, interested as it was for the great masses and designed to fill the pockets of both author and publisher, quite naturally sought the lowest common denominator: themes that were found to be popular and attitudes that met with the most general approval became stereotyped. Moreover, the dime novel, reflecting a much wider range of attitudes and ideas than the ballad and the folk song, is the nearest thing we have had in this country to a true “proletarian” literature, that is, a literaturewritten for the great masses of people and actually read by them.Although a study of our dime novels alone cannot enable anyone to determine what are the essential characteristics of the American tradition, it can contribute materially to that end. Sooner or later, the industrious researchers who have minded so many obscure lodes of American literary expression will almost certainly turn their attention to these novels and all their kind. Let no one think, however, that the salmon-covered paperbacks once so eagerly devoured by soldiers, lumberjacks trainmen, hired girl, and adolescent boys now make exciting or agreeable even for the historian, much as the social and historical implications may interest him. As for the crowds today who get their sensational thrills from the movies and the tabloids, I fear that they would find these hair-raisers of an earlier age deadly dull.46．The principal intention of the author of a dime novel was to ______.A．explore a segment of American societyB．promote the American political philosophyC．raise the level of intelligence of the great masses of peopleD．make money47．The “lowest common denominator” refers to ______.A．the poorer classesB．themes and attitudes that would be accepted by the greatest number of peopleC．attitudes accepted by the American intellectualsD．the character of the authors of the dime novel48．“Proletarian” literatur e is ______.A．written for and read by the great masses of peopleB．distinguished by its devotion to pornographyC．distinguished by its elegant styleD．written for, but not actually read by, most people49．The author believes that a study of our dime novels ______.A．is a waste of timeB．would be sufficient in itself to determine the essential characteristics of the American traditionC．would be a valuable contribution in determining the essential characteristics of theAmerican traditionD．would be amusing but unimportant50．Which of the followings implied in the passage?A．The attitudes of the masses of people are best expressed by sociology texts.B．The nearest thing we have had to a proletarian literature is the dime novel.C．The study of the formal literature alone will not enable the historian to understand the attitudes and interests of the common people.D．Because the themes in the dime novels were not good, they could no longer be legally distributed.Passage FourQuestions 51～55 are based on the following passage.There are two methods of fighting, the one by law, the other by force; the first method is that of men, the second of beasts; but as the first method is often insufficient, one must have recourse to the second. It is, therefore, necessary for a prince to know how to use both the beast and the man. This was covertly taught to the rulers by ancient writers, who relate how Achiiles and many others of those ancient princes were given Chiron the centaur to be brought up and educated under his discipline.The parable of this semi-animal, semi-human teacher is meant to indicate that a prince must know how to use both natures, and that one without the other is not durable.A prince, being thus obliged to know well how to act as a beast, must imitate the fox, and the lion, for the lion cannot protect himself from traps, and the fox cannot defend himself from wolves. Those that wish to be only lions do not understand this. Therefore, a prudent ruler ought not to keep faith when by doing so it would be against his interest, and the reasons which made him bind himself no longer exist. If men were all good, this percept would not be a good one; but as they are bad, and would not observe their faith with you, so you are not bound to keep faith with them. Nor have legitimate grounds ever failed a prince who wishes to show colorable excuse for the unfulfilment of his promise. Of this one could furnish an infinite number of examples, and also how many times peace has been broken, and how man promises rendered worthless, by the faithlessness of princes, and those that have best been able to imitate the fox have succeeded best. But it is necessary to be able to disguise this character well, and to be a great feigner and dissembler, and men are so simple and so ready to obey present necessities, that the one whodeceives will always find those who allow themselves be to deceived.51．The writer does not believe that ______.A．the truth makes men free B．people can protect themselvesC．princes are human D．leaders have to be consistent52．“Prince” in the passage designates ______.A．anyone in power B．elected officials C．aristocrats D．sons of kings53．The lion represents those who are ______.A．too trusting B．reliant on forceC．strong and powerful D．lacking in intelligence54．The fox, in the passage, is ______.A．admired for his trickery B．no match for the lionC．pitied for his wiles D．considered worthless55．The writer suggests that a successful leader must ______.A．be prudent and faithful B．cheat and lieC．have principle to guide his actions D．follow the truthPassage FiveQuestions 56～60 are based on the following passage.T hese is a new type of advertisement becoming increasingly common in newspaper classified columns.It is sometimes placed among “situations vacant”, although it doesn't offer anyone job, and sometimes it appears “situations wanted”, although it is not placed by someone looking for a job either. What it does is to offer help in applying for a job.“Contact us before writing your application”, or “Make use of our long experience in preparing your curriculum vitae or job history”, is how it is usually expressed. The growth and apparent success of such a specialized service is, of course, a reflection on the current high levels of unemployment, is also an indication of the growing importance of the curriculum vitae, with the suggestion that is may now qualify as an art form in its own right.There was a time when job seeker simply wrote letters of application.“Just put down your name, address, age and whether you have passed any exams”, was about the average level of advice offered to young people applying for their first jobs when I left school.The letter was really just for openers, it was explained, and everything else could and should be saved for theinterview. And in those days of full employment the technique worked. The letter proved that you could write and were available for work. Your eager face and intelligent replies did the rest.Later, as you moved up the ladder, something slightly more sophisticated was called for. The advice then was to put something in the letter, which would distinguish you from the rest. It might be the aggressive approach.“Your search is over.I am the person you are looking for,” was a widely used trick that occasionally succeeded.Or it might be some special feature specially designed for the job in view.There is no doubt, however, that it is the increasing number of applicants with university education at all points in the process of engaging staff that has led to the greater importance of the curriculum vitae.56．The new type of advertisement which is appearing in newspaper columns ______.A．informs job hunters of the opportunities availableB．promises useful advice to those looking for employmentC．divides available jobs into various typesD．informs employer that people are available for work57．Nowadays a demand for this specialized type of service has been created because ______.A．there is a lack of jobs available for artistic peopleB．there are so many top-level jobs availableC．there are so many people out of workD．the job history is considered to be a work of art58．In the past it was expected that first-job hunters would ______.A．write an initial letter giving their life historyB．pass some exams before applying for a jobC．have no qualifications other than being able to read and writeD．keep any detailed information until they obtained an interview59．Later, as one went on to apply for more important jobs, one was advised to include in the letter ______.A．something that would attract attention to one's applicationB．a personal opinion about the organization one was trying to joinC．something that would offend the person reading itD．a lie that one could easily get away with telling60．The job history has become such an important document because ______.A．there has been an increase in the number of jobs advertisedB．there has been an increase in the number of applicants with degreesC．jobs are becoming much more complicated nowadaysD．the other processes of applying for jobs are more complicatedPart ⅣTranslation (40%)Section A (20%)Directions: Translate the following passages into Chinese. Write your Chinese version on the ANSWER SHEET.The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind: it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanations. The difference between the operations and methods of a baker weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist by means of his balance is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion of a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.Section B (20%)Directions: Translate the following sentences into English and write your English version on the ANSWER SHEET.1．荷花居污泥而不染，若为怕泥污而种在旱地上，它早就枯死了。

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