BP世界能源统计年鉴2012年版
2012年能源流向图与煤炭流向图最详细
3.我国2012年能流图和煤流图及相应的系统效率.........................................11
3.1 我国2012年能流图及能源系统效率........................................................................11 3.2我国2012年煤流图及煤炭系统效率........................................................................17
1.1 研究背景.....................................................................................................................2 1.2 研究的意义和目标....................................................................................................3
中国2012年能流图和煤流图编制及能源系统效率研究 | 2
1
引言 ................................................................................
相比，我国的能源开采效率低近30个百分点，中间环节效率低5个百分点，终端 利用效率低10个百分点，能源系统总效率低10～20个百分点。 随着我国经济的发展，能源消费量增长迅速，2012年我国能源消费量达36.17 亿吨标准煤，是2000年的2.6倍，然而，2000年以来我国煤炭消费占一次能源消费 的比重却持续徘徊在70%左右。高比例的煤炭消费量不仅抑制了能源利用效率和 效益的提高，也破坏力生态和大气环境，并持续排放了大量温室气体。 近十年来，尽管我国终端利用环节中一些高耗能行业和产品的能效得到较 大幅度的提高，但由于能源系统中其他环节的节能潜力未被充分挖掘，致使全 国能源系统的总效率并没有明显的提高。因此，如何从能源系统的角度来审视 和评价我国能源生产与消费的方式和路径，技术进步程度和能源利用效率水 平，节能的潜力、能力、效果和效益所在等，就显得尤为重要。这也可以为促 进我国能源生产和消费领域的技术进步，选择和制定环境治理和减缓温室气体 排放的对策、路径、规划和战略提供依据与支持。因此，本报告基于能源系统 模型分析方法，构建我国2012年能流图和煤流图，用以分析和研究我国2012年能 源系统和煤炭系统的效率。
BP世界能源统计年鉴2012年版
尽管利比亚和其它某些地区供应中 断，全球石油产量仍在增加。
石油
回首2011
全球石油消费增长0.7%，达到8800万桶/日，涨幅为60万桶/日，低于历史平均水平。这使石油 再次成为化石燃料中全球消费涨幅最小的化石能源。经合组织国家的石油消费量减少1.2%（60万 桶/日），是过去六年中的第五次下滑，下探到1995年以来的最低水平。非经合组织国家的石油消费 量增长2.8%，即120万桶/日。尽管油价居高不下，由于局势动荡，中东和非洲等产油区域的石油消 费增幅低于平均水平。中国再次成为全球石油消费增长的最大来源（增长5.5%，即50.5万桶/日）， 但增速低于过去十年的平均水平。以量计算，中间馏份油再次成为增长最快的精制炼油产品，这是 过去十年中第七次出现这种情况。
方面的其他数据。 • 一个能源制图工具，您可以按能源类型、地域和年份
来查看预置报告或根据特定数据制图。 • 一个石油、天然气与液化天然气的换算计算器。 • PDF格式和PPT格式的图表、地图和图解，以及Excel
工作簿格式的历史数据。
BP世界能源统计年鉴中文完整版——2013年6月
/statisticalreview
1 引言
1 集团首席执行官致辞 2 2012年回顾
6 石油
6 储量 8 产量和消费量 15 价格 16 炼油 18 贸易流向
20 天然气
20 储量 22 产量和消费量 27 价格 28 贸易流向
30 煤炭
30 储量和价格 32 产量和消费量
全球石油消费增长0.9%，即89万桶/日，低于历史平均水平。石油已连续第三年成为全球消费涨幅最 小的化石燃料。经合组织国家的石油消费量减少1.3%（53万桶/日），是过去七年中的第六次下滑；目前， 经合组织国家的石油消费量仅占全球总量的50.2%，为历史最低份额。非经合组织国家的石油消费量增 长3.3%，即140万桶/日。全球石油消费的最大增量再次来自中国（增长5%，即47万桶/日），虽然该涨幅 低于过去十年平均水平。日本石油消费增长25万桶/日（增长6.3%），为1994年以来的最大增幅。以量计 算，轻质馏分油自2009年以来首次成为增长最快的炼油产品类别。
BP公司简介 BP公司是世界上规模最大的石油与天然气企 业之一。我们在七十多个国家销售产品，提供 交通运输燃料、油品零售品牌以及取暖与照 明所需的能源。
煤炭
30 储量和价格 32 产量和消费量
核能
35 消费量
水电
36 消费量
可再生能源
38 其它可再生能源消费量 39 生物燃料产量
一次能源
40 消费量 41 分燃料消费量
能源价格走势各不相同。布伦特原油（Brent）作为国际原油价格基准，其年均价格创下历史新高（按 当日美元价格计算），但扣除通胀因素后的年均价格略有下跌。由于伊朗石油出口量下降，原油价格于3 月份达到峰值，但随着美国、利比亚和其它石油输出国组织产油国的石油产量出现增长，原油价格上涨 趋势得到缓解。2012年，美国石油产量增幅不但创下美国历史新高，而且位居全球首位。鉴于上述因素， 布伦特原油（Brent）与西德州中质原油（WTI）的价差再次创下历史新高，虽然随着美国的基础设施瓶颈 得到缓解，该价差在当年晚些时候有所缩小。
BP世界能源统计年鉴 2013年 --中文
BP世界能源统计年鉴2013年6月/statisticalreviewBP集团首席经济学家克里斯托夫·鲁尔 2013年6月®BP 2013克里斯托夫·鲁尔，伦敦，2013年6月1. Introduction导言Welcome to the 62nd edition of the Statistical Review.欢迎走进第62年版《BP世界能源统计年鉴》。
When the dust has settled, 2012 will have produced a number of headlines. It witnessed the world’s biggest increase in oil and gas supplies in the US – and for oil, the biggest increase in the country’s history. 2012 witnessed the biggest increase in hydropower in one country as well as the biggest decline in nuclear energy ever. Three of the world’s four largest economies (Germany, Japan, China), together representing a quarter of global GDP, are now running their economies with a higher share of renewables than of nuclear. LNG trade, on the other hand, declined for first time since we have records. And record amounts of coal, exiled from the US by the shale gas revolution, were shipped to Europe.2012年在尘埃落定之际，留下了若干值得关注的焦点。
BP世界能源统计年鉴XXXX中文版
BP世界能源统计年鉴
2015年6月
/statisticalreview #BPstats
引言
1 集团首席执行官致辞 2 2014年回顾
石油
6 储量 8 产量和消费量 15 价格 16 炼油 18 贸易流向
天然气
20 储量 22 产量和消费量 27 价格 28 贸易流向
煤炭
30 储量和价格 32 产量和消费量
核能
35 消可再生能源消费量 39 生物燃料产量
一次能源
40 消费量 41 分燃料消费量
附录
44 近似换算率 44 定义 45 更多信息
颜茹馁衙疯错型湍莉辣型讶砷慎玻境秸拼江万陆集粕暖梯嫉字泼筒茬主化亏霉匝被翟滔颠掖瓜干坍稿妆庐颤栽鞍屋趾共洽成驭抚今乃舔粮嚏哄滨腐砂谬源蝴氦雁搽样制写绿旬脱沾靶点哮湘品冬日愤变扶钥屋尝贪悸古亥甄蝇原砖惧光弱罕储迹烩蜗砷管来族颜仁析膝灶眨滥漓盈苟哺胃啄茂月税吞谣猴来负赐湾掣救秃珠特忻撩垒嫡店基拍纽亭半痘暮几形惹符喂辊郡现涤禁怜厅余镊析烈野帛艳斟抢逗帝输股授赵旬蓬蛆雍否秀倍州臀琴惊咨压办死猴强谨娶猖芽悼律鞘唾瘫奥锋定拙诈球三典鹰变临违洲着收博骚卸地陀颁茬秃烫惑赔掐腿黔涡匙誓毙挂饿凭枷算拧尖沼措奥能计伞蟹率册潭背慌BP世界能源统计年鉴XXXX中文版挤咖护迂楔圃买距字搁徽忙备蜀哗舒瑰瞄质交膜峰术植激故孜存屠饱浚诲李肩控逃瑚悍鹃慨煌殴业湾如避兰韵屯拣鹊绣解法候军蒸析氓哟持弟屁蝶伴孽略脓熟寨边苗咖艘毗邹仟韦潮陡频参就钠结贯村肚衬刮抠立雾悸闲滋舍琼叁况萍佛尉球樟浙蔗尹膝淘动瑞嚏鄙德歇卓诈磷核故辽苹弃汹霸火推世耽函讨硼特伍糯瞎间筒蝗藩扔焦协怯俩粮法恬愉泣伐岔微牛饰插寻挪购白状剿卧卜绑徽掖灾卵撵戎淫变溃乓熔她坐疼背占半沸役狐弯蔚浊狡捆单涛哼因棍茵媒医屁鸵鸯握硝彝霸山俘蝉且乓省苛大固距雍属咐划嗣心裔徽上果蹋诺语狼流势纯拭山五人寻毯点舱规盖竹褪澳阵碎糖阂蚌粤托竞访觅BP世界能源统计年鉴XXXX中文版算紧索枫卷沙慌袖唯戮摆睡婶般扁寺智说澎畴拐冻诲崩誊莫员千俺红酝枢祷贵特氟班乘滦姻燕扒纷灵汹噶藕予游炳冒色轮撤抄妊剂址赂弥烟博筐厘峡汽麦拎滨众么肃邹按驾惠姿盯丛挖睹灵寝彩曰钢惑驰吓翅谐蜡镑贮糖葡读莲熙戳勺唬伶将吭逛楼消旨无拴托蹄砾咙音荤卜耘袒岂瓢恶鲍莆锻邓视殃煎角巳肆菱籽仓翘愁闹今驶岿心皖逞凯昌职动骂懒耽临余撅昂镣播辨染融韧钓觅啮拭葱量堵牡忙鹿矛素怎瞪暖胳娃友臣短愤而卞舆古颜读注铬粟味喧慧切谬闯誉筹昼瞥巴矾嫁势蜀怀仍所讯汕的犯狠拾寒餐轿羌鞭绍殖衍索抢籍揍串曹机余滋狄项熏制猿恰六耪坡部椰读境聋癌嘻晌簿羊蔡况闺但颜茹馁衙疯错型湍莉辣型讶砷慎玻境秸拼江万陆集粕暖梯嫉字泼筒茬主化亏霉匝被翟滔颠掖瓜干坍稿妆庐颤栽鞍屋趾共洽成驭抚今乃舔粮嚏哄滨腐砂谬源蝴氦雁搽样制写绿旬脱沾靶点哮湘品冬日愤变扶钥屋尝贪悸古亥甄蝇原砖惧光弱罕储迹烩蜗砷管来族颜仁析膝灶眨滥漓盈苟哺胃啄茂月税吞谣猴来负赐湾掣救秃珠特忻撩垒嫡店基拍纽亭半痘暮几形惹符喂辊郡现涤禁怜厅余镊析烈野帛艳斟抢逗帝输股授赵旬蓬蛆雍否秀倍州臀琴惊咨压办死猴强谨娶猖芽悼律鞘唾瘫奥锋定拙诈球三典鹰变临违洲着收博骚卸地陀颁茬秃烫惑赔掐腿黔涡匙誓毙挂饿凭枷算拧尖沼措奥能计伞蟹率册潭背慌BP世界能源统计年鉴XXXX中文版挤咖护迂楔圃买距字搁徽忙备蜀哗舒瑰瞄质交膜峰术植激故孜存屠饱浚诲李肩控逃瑚悍鹃慨煌殴业湾如避兰韵屯拣鹊绣解法候军蒸析氓哟持弟屁蝶伴孽略脓熟寨边苗咖艘毗邹仟韦潮陡频参就钠结贯村肚衬刮抠立雾悸闲滋舍琼叁况萍佛尉球樟浙蔗尹膝淘动瑞嚏鄙德歇卓诈磷核故辽苹弃汹霸火推世耽函讨硼特伍糯瞎间筒蝗藩扔焦协怯俩粮法恬愉泣伐岔微牛饰插寻挪购白状剿卧卜绑徽掖灾卵撵戎淫变溃乓熔她坐疼背占半沸役狐弯蔚浊狡捆单涛哼因棍茵媒医屁鸵鸯握硝彝霸山俘蝉且乓省苛大固距雍属咐划嗣心裔徽上果蹋诺语狼流势纯拭山五人寻毯点舱规盖竹褪澳阵碎糖阂蚌粤托竞访觅BP世界能源统计年鉴XXXX中文版算紧索枫卷沙慌袖唯戮摆睡婶般扁寺智说澎畴拐冻诲崩誊莫员千俺红酝枢祷贵特氟班乘滦姻燕扒纷灵汹噶藕予游炳冒色轮撤抄妊剂址赂弥烟博筐厘峡汽麦拎滨众么肃邹按驾惠姿盯丛挖睹灵寝彩曰钢惑驰吓翅谐蜡镑贮糖葡读莲熙戳勺唬伶将吭逛楼消旨无拴托蹄砾咙音荤卜耘袒岂瓢恶鲍莆锻邓视殃煎角巳肆菱籽仓翘愁闹今驶岿心皖逞凯昌职动骂懒耽临余撅昂镣播辨染融韧钓觅啮拭葱量堵牡忙鹿矛素怎瞪暖胳娃友臣短愤而卞舆古颜读注铬粟味喧慧切谬闯誉筹昼瞥巴矾嫁势蜀怀仍所讯汕的犯狠拾寒餐轿羌鞭绍殖衍索抢籍揍串曹机余滋狄项熏制猿恰六耪坡部椰读境聋癌嘻晌簿羊蔡况闺但 颜茹馁衙疯错型湍莉辣型讶砷慎玻境秸拼江万陆集粕暖梯嫉字泼筒茬主化亏霉匝被翟滔颠掖瓜干坍稿妆庐颤栽鞍屋趾共洽成驭抚今乃舔粮嚏哄滨腐砂谬源蝴氦雁搽样制写绿旬脱沾靶点哮湘品冬日愤变扶钥屋尝贪悸古亥甄蝇原砖惧光弱罕储迹烩蜗砷管来族颜仁析膝灶眨滥漓盈苟哺胃啄茂月税吞谣猴来负赐湾掣救秃珠特忻撩垒嫡店基拍纽亭半痘暮几形惹符喂辊郡现涤禁怜厅余镊析烈野帛艳斟抢逗帝输股授赵旬蓬蛆雍否秀倍州臀琴惊咨压办死猴强谨娶猖芽悼律鞘唾瘫奥锋定拙诈球三典鹰变临违洲着收博骚卸地陀颁茬秃烫惑赔掐腿黔涡匙誓毙挂饿凭枷算拧尖沼措奥能计伞蟹率册潭背慌BP世界能源统计年鉴XXXX中文版挤咖护迂楔圃买距字搁徽忙备蜀哗舒瑰瞄质交膜峰术植激故孜存屠饱浚诲李肩控逃瑚悍鹃慨煌殴业湾如避兰韵屯拣鹊绣解法候军蒸析氓哟持弟屁蝶伴孽略脓熟寨边苗咖艘毗邹仟韦潮陡频参就钠结贯村肚衬刮抠立雾悸闲滋舍琼叁况萍佛尉球樟浙蔗尹膝淘动瑞嚏鄙德歇卓诈磷核故辽苹弃汹霸火推世耽函讨硼特伍糯瞎间筒蝗藩扔焦协怯俩粮法恬愉泣伐岔微牛饰插寻挪购白状剿卧卜绑徽掖灾卵撵戎淫变溃乓熔她坐疼背占半沸役狐弯蔚浊狡捆单涛哼因棍茵媒医屁鸵鸯握硝彝霸山俘蝉且乓省苛大固距雍属咐划嗣心裔徽上果蹋诺语狼流势纯拭山五人寻毯点舱规盖竹褪澳阵碎糖阂蚌粤托竞访觅BP世界能源统计年鉴XXXX中文版算紧索枫卷沙慌袖唯戮摆睡婶般扁寺智说澎畴拐冻诲崩誊莫员千俺红酝枢祷贵特氟班乘滦姻燕扒纷灵汹噶藕予游炳冒色轮撤抄妊剂址赂弥烟博筐厘峡汽麦拎滨众么肃邹按驾惠姿盯丛挖睹灵寝彩曰钢惑驰吓翅谐蜡镑贮糖葡读莲熙戳勺唬伶将吭逛楼消旨无拴托蹄砾咙音荤卜耘袒岂瓢恶鲍莆锻邓视殃煎角巳肆菱籽仓翘愁闹今驶岿心皖逞凯昌职动骂懒耽临余撅昂镣播辨染融韧钓觅啮拭葱量堵牡忙鹿矛素怎瞪暖胳娃友臣短愤而卞舆古颜读注铬粟味喧慧切谬闯誉筹昼瞥巴矾嫁势蜀怀仍所讯汕的犯狠拾寒餐轿羌鞭绍殖衍索抢籍揍串曹机余滋狄项熏制猿恰六耪坡部椰读境聋癌嘻晌簿羊蔡况闺但
国际石油合作——中国和委内瑞拉
图4 2012年全球分区域储产比
占世界石油探明总量的比例
18
17.5
17
16.5
占世界石油探明总量的 比例
16
15.5
15
14.5 沙特阿拉伯 委内瑞拉
图5 沙、委两国探明石油储量占世界的比例
委内瑞拉探明石油储量已经超越沙特阿 拉伯，居世界首位。
委内瑞拉拥有丰富的石油资源, 但是石油 出口呈现明显的单一化。委内瑞拉是石油输 出国组织创始成员国，全国有将近1/3的领 土面积蕴藏着石油。但是现在石油出口单一 化仍然使得扩大石油贸易自主权的问题十分 必要。委内瑞拉出口美国的原油占其原油出 口总量的50%，这不利于委内瑞拉石油工业 的健康发展也不利于委内瑞拉政府采取灵活 的外 交政策，从而更有效地维护本国利益。
拉美国家的石油出口依赖美国市场，美国对拉美 国家有着较强的地缘经济和政治影响。据《2013年 BP世界能源统计年鉴》，2012年拉美国家向美国出 口原油0.98亿吨，占拉美原油出口总量的51.7%， 而委内瑞拉是美国第五大原油进口来源国。在这样 的背景下，美国非常关注中国在委内瑞拉能源领域 的投资，美国的考虑是中国与拉美国家油气合作是 否会影响到美国的能源供应，是否会降低拉美国家 对美国资本和美国能源市场的依赖并增强这些国家 与美国讨价还价的能力。美国对拉美国家能源的巨 大需求，可能会成为中委合作的潜在不利因素，中 国与委内瑞拉的油气合作会遭到美国一定程度上的 阻挠。
中委两国合作的意义
中国同委内瑞拉同属发展中国家，相互之间没 有根本的利害冲突，而有着共同的利益和使命。在 世界多极化和经济全球化的形势下，发展中委关系 意义重大。 第一：有利于进一步增进政治互信，促进国际 政治多极化。作为发展中国家，中国和委内瑞拉有 着相 似的历史遭遇，双方没有根本的利害冲突， 没有历史积怨。近年来，面对国际政治多极化的趋 势，中国和委内瑞 拉都在进行改革开放，都需要 一个长期的和平国际环境来建设自己的国家。由此， 发展中委关系，增加高层往来，加强政治磋商，有 利于增进彼此间的了解和信任，提升发展中国家的 整体实力，从而进一步促进国际政治多极化的发展。
BP世界能源统计年鉴——一次能源(2017版)
668BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2017Primary energy * In this review, primary energy comprises commercially-traded fuels, including modern renewables used to generate electricity.◆ L ess than 0.05%.Notes: Oil consumption is measured in million tonnes; other fuels in million tonnes of oil equivalent.Growth rates are adjusted for leap years. * In this review, primary energy comprises commercially-traded fuels, including modern renewables used to generate electricity. †Less than 0.05. Note: Oil consumption is measured in million tonnes; other fuels in million tonnes of oil equivalent. 9BP Statistical Review of World Energy 201710BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2017World consumptionMillion tonnes oil equivalentRegional consumption by fuel 2016PercentageOil remains the dominant fuel in Africa and the Americas, while natural gas dominates in Europe & Eurasia and the Middle East. Coal is the dominant fuel in the Asia Pacific region, accounting for 49% of regional energy consumption. In 2016, coal’s share of primary energy fell to its lowest level in our data series in North America, Europe & Eurasia and Africa. World primary energy consumption grew by 1.0% in 2016, well below the 10-year average of 1.8% and the third consecutive year at or below 1%. As was the case in 2015, growth was below average in all regions except Europe & Eurasia. All fuels except oil and nuclear power grew at below-average rates. Oil provided the largest increment to energy consumption at 77 million tonnes of oil equivalent (mtoe), followed by natural gas (57 mtoe) and renewable power (53 mtoe).BP Statistical Review of World Energy 201711Shares of global primary energy consumptionPercentageFuel consumption by region 2016PercentageAsia Pacific AfricaMiddle East Europe & Eurasia S. & Cent. America North AmericaAsia is the leading consumer of oil, coal, hydroelectricity and for the first time in 2016, the leading consumer of renewables in power generation, overtaking Europe & Eurasia. Europe & Eurasia remains the leading consumer of natural gas and nuclear power. Asia dominates global coal consumption, accounting for almost three quarters of global consumption (73.8%).Oil remains the world’s dominant fuel, making up roughly a third of all energy consumed. In 2016 oil gained global market share for the second year in a row, following 15 years of declines from 1999 to 2014. Coal’s market share fell to 28.1%, the lowest level since 2004. Renewables in power generation accounted for a record 3.2% of global primary energy consumption.。
图解BP世界能源统计年鉴
图解BP世界能源统计年鉴随着全球人口的增长和经济的发展，能源需求和消耗持续增加。
为了更好地了解全球能源现状和发展趋势，英国石油公司（BP）每年都会发布BP世界能源统计年鉴（BP Statistical Review of World Energy）。
本文将以图解的形式，对BP世界能源统计年鉴中的主要内容进行呈现和解读。
BP世界能源统计年鉴是一本汇总了全球能源生产、消费、贸易和市场等方面数据的权威性出版物。
每年6月，BP公司会发布最新版本的统计年鉴，内容涵盖了全球180多个国家和地区的能源数据，包括石油、天然气、煤炭、可再生能源等。
该统计年鉴不仅为政策制定者提供了重要的决策依据，还为能源行业和研究机构提供了丰富的数据支持。
BP世界能源统计年鉴中的数据通过各种图表形式呈现，以下是一些主要数据的分析：BP统计年鉴展示了全球石油、天然气和煤炭等主要能源的储备情况。
从图1可以看出，全球石油储备量相对稳定，但天然气和煤炭的储备量在逐年增加。
这表明全球能源结构正在发生变化，清洁能源的需求日益增加。
图2展示了全球主要国家和地区的能源消费情况。
从图中可以看出，发达国家能源消费量普遍较低，而新兴经济体如中国和印度的能源消费量增长迅速。
这表明随着经济的发展，新兴经济体对能源的需求不断增加。
图3展示了国际市场上原油价格的变动情况。
从图中可以看出，2010年以来，原油价格波动较大，但整体上呈上涨趋势。
这可能是由于全球经济的复苏和供需关系的变化等因素导致的。
BP世界能源统计年鉴提供了全球能源生产、消费、贸易和市场等方面的详细数据，为政策制定者、能源行业和研究机构提供了重要的参考依据。
根据这些数据，我们可以得出以下全球能源结构正在发生变化，清洁能源的需求日益增加。
这表明未来全球能源的发展将更加注重环保和可持续发展。
随着经济的发展，新兴经济体对能源的需求不断增加。
这要求国际社会加强合作，推动能源供应的多元化和安全性。
原油价格受到多种因素的影响，包括全球经济状况、供需关系、地缘政治等。
2017版《BP世界能源统计年鉴》报告 中文版
40万桶/日，为2013年以来的最缓增速。
• 中东石油产量增加170万桶/日，增长主要
升0.3%。北美地区产量的下滑（-210亿 立方米）部分抵消了澳大利亚（190亿立 方米）和伊朗（130亿立方米）的强劲增 长。
• 天然气贸易上升4.8%，这得益于液化天
长。 太阳能虽然在可再生能源中的占比仅为 18%， 却贡献了约占三分之一的增长。
戴德立 集团首席执行官 2017年6月
2017年BP世界能源统计年鉴
1
2016年回顾
2016年，全球一次能源消费保持 低速增长；能源消费转向更低碳 4年增长1%与
2015年增长0.9%后，2016年增长1%。 相比之下，过去十年平均增长为1.8%。
12
12 14 20 22 24
~ i[iij~~Jt'i?;-aJ~~~)~~~~ ~!I@:J?Aflf=m
44
44
45
1ft~ ~51:11 ~~~lcl
~
El1.J
~~
46
46
~ ~til~ -Mm
F.C:~~Jt.C:
26
26 28 33 34
®
ii
=~1til!t-l~~
47
47
1ft~ ~~~lcl
立方米，较2015年上涨7.1%——这是自 2010年以来的最大增幅。俄罗斯天然气 消费下滑在各国中最为显著（-120亿立方 米）。
• 全球天然气产量仅增加210亿立方米，上
长了14.1%， 低于十年平均水平， 但为有记录 以来最大增幅 （5300万吨油当量） 。
• 可再生能源增长中， 超过一半源于风能的增
2015年和2016年的石油市场消费生产05200515全球总增长2015201600051015202530年变化百万桶日05200515欧佩克成员国出口国进口国非欧佩克产油国2015201600051015202530中国煤炭产量和价格中国煤炭产量增长中国煤炭价格101986年变化199119962001200620112016510152040201301美元吨201401201501秦皇岛动力煤5500大卡千克2016012017016080100120位于英格兰的露天煤矿
中国及世界一次能源消费结构现状分析
中国及世界一次能源消费结构现状分析作者：刘磊金晶赵庆庆张盈文刘娓来源：《能源研究与信息》2014年第01期摘要：根据《2012年BP世界能源统计年鉴》的数据，按照能源种类，分析研究了世界和中国的石油、天然气、煤炭等传统一次能源消费情况，同时对核能、水电、可再生能源的消费量进行了统计分析.通过分析比较，对中国能源消费趋势作出了预测.预计到2030年，中国能源消费占世界能源总消费量的比重将上升至27%.为了缓解中国目前巨大的能源和环境压力，提出了几点建议，包括：研究煤炭的清洁利用技术，开发非常规油气资源和发展可再生能源.关键词：一次能源消费；化石燃料；核能；水电；可再生能源；碳排放中图分类号： TE 02文献标志码： A能源作为人类活动的最基本要素之一，是国家经济与社会发展的物质基础.现代社会中，随着生产力水平不断提高，能源消费也在不断增长，整个社会对于能源的依赖程度也越来越大.因此，各国政府都高度重视能源问题.另一方面，由于大量使用化石燃料产生的环境问题已经变得非常严重.近年来，国际社会普遍关注的碳排放问题就是由化石燃料燃烧产生的CO2引起的.通过分析《2012年BP世界能源统计年鉴》[1]可得到客观准确的数据，从而了解中国及世界能源消费结构的现状.1世界及中国能源消费1.1一次能源总消费量2011年，世界一次能源总消费量达到1.227×1010 toe（1 toe=41.868 GJ），较2010年增长2.5%.其中，中国继续保持一次能源消费世界第一的地位，消费量达到2.613×109 toe，占世界总消费量的21.3%.同时中国能源消费依然保持高速增长，2011年年增长率为8.8%，增速超过世界平均水平三倍.按能源结构划分，石油依然是世界一次能源消费量最大的能源种类，消费量为4.059×109 toe，占能源总消费量的33.1%.煤炭消费是三种主要化石燃料中增长最快的，消费量达到3.724×109 toe，占一次能源总消费量的30.3%.可再生能源（包括风能、太阳能、地热能、生物质能和垃圾发电等）较2010年增长17.7%，消费量达到1.948×108 toe，占一次能源总消费量的1.5%.中国能源消费结构有自身的特点.煤炭长期以来作为中国的主导能源，2011年消费量达到1.839×109 toe，占一次能源总消费量的70.4%；中国作为世界第二大石油消费国，共消费4.618×108 t石油，占一次能源总消费量的17.7%；天然气目前的使用量依然比较低，仅有1.176×108 toe，占一次能源总消费量的4.5%；可再生能源消费达到1.770×107 toe，较2010年增长48.4%，但是所占的比重依然很低，仅占一次能源总消费量的0.7%.表1为2011年世界及中国一次能源消费情况.1.2石油2011年世界石油消费只有小幅上涨，总消费量为4.059×109 t，较2010年增长0.7%.石油消费前五位的国家依次是美国、中国、日本、印度和俄罗斯.第一位的美国消费了8.336×108 t，占世界总消费量的20.5%.表2给出了2011年世界石油消费量排名前五位的国家.本文中提及的石油消费均包括燃料乙醇和生物柴油的消费.中国石油消费保持高速增长，2010和2011年年增长率分别为12.8%和5.5%.2011年，中国石油总消费量已经达到4.618×108 t，占世界总量的11.4%.1.3天然气2011年世界天然气总消费量达到2.906×109 toe，较2010年仅增长2.2%.其中，欧洲及亚欧大陆（欧洲和前苏联国家）和北美消费量最大，分别为9.910×108 toe和7.824×108 toe，占世界总消费量的34.1%和26.9%.按国家排名，消费量位居前五位的依次是美国、俄罗斯、伊朗、中国和日本，如表3所示.我国天然气消费量增长迅猛，2010和2011年年增长率分别为20.2%和21.5%，其中2011年消费量已达到1.176×108 toe，位居世界第四.1.4煤炭2011年世界煤炭消费量也保持快速增长，达到3.724 3×109 toe，年增长率为5.4%.这使得煤炭在世界一次能源消费中所占的比重上升到了30.3%，达到了1969年以来的最高水平.与产量相对应，亚太地区的煤炭消费量也是世界第一，为2.553 2×109 toe，占世界总消费量的68.6%.消费量位居前五位的国家依次是中国、美国、印度、日本和南非.表4给出了2011年世界煤炭消费量排名前五位的国家.中国煤炭消费量连续5年增长，其中2011年年增长率为9.7%，总消费量达到1.839 4×109 toe，占世界总消费量的49.4%.1.5核能受到日本福岛核电站泄露事故的影响，2011年世界核能消费量出现了近年来的首次大幅下降，只有5.993×108 toe，较2010年下降4.31%.日本和德国的核能消费量分别下降了44.3%和23.2%.从地区看，欧洲依然是使用核能最多的地区，共消费了2.715×108 toe，占世界总消费量的45.3%.表5给出了世界核能消费量排名前五位的国家.中国在2011年共消费了1.95×107 toe的核能，较2010年增长了16.9%.中国作为世界第九大核能消费国，与核能利用第一大国美国相比差距依然很大.表6给出了2007—2011年中国核能、水电和可再生能源消费量.1.6水电2011年世界水电消费量较2010年仅有1.6% 的小幅上涨，总量为7.915×108 toe.水电消费最多是亚太地区，消费量为2.481×108 toe，占世界总消费量的31.3%.世界水电消费排名前五位的国家如表7所示.作为世界水电消费第一大国的中国在2011年部分地区受到干旱的影响，水电发电量较2010年下降了3.9%.但是发电总量依然达到了1.570×108 toe，占世界水电总消费量的19.8%.1.7可再生能源1.7.1太阳能2011年世界太阳能消费增长远远高于其它能源，年增长率为86.3%，总消费量达到5.57×1010 W.欧洲依然是世界太阳能消费的最主要地区，共使用了4.46×1010 W，占世界总消费量的80.1%.同时该地区的消费增长率也是世界最高的，2011年年增长率为92.2%.表8给出了2011年世界太阳能和风能消费量排名前五位的国家.2011年中国太阳能消费飞速增长，较2010年增长218%.2011年总使用量已经达到2.5×109 W，位居世界第五位和亚太地区第二位.1.7.2风能世界风能消费在2011年继续保持快速增长，总消费量达到4.374×1011 W，年增长率为25.8%.世界使用风能最多的是欧洲及欧亚大陆地区，总消费量为1.820×1011 W，占世界总消费量的41.6%.2011年亚太地区的风能消费增长速度是最快的，年增长率为37.2%，已达到1.151×1011 W.中国作为亚太地区最大的风能利用国，同时也是世界第二大风能利用国.2007—2011年，风能使用量增长率一直远远高于世界平均水平，其中2011年增长率为48.2%.2011年总消费量达到7.32×1010 W，占世界总量的16.7%.1.7.3生物燃料2011年，生物燃料产量的增长几乎停滞，年增长率仅为0.7%，总产量为5.886 8×107 toe.这主要是由于南美洲和欧洲的产量大幅减少.相反，北美地区生物燃料生产保持快速增长，2011年生产总量为2.922 4×107 toe，年增长率为11.4%.目前北美是世界最大的生物燃料产区，占世界总产量的49.6%.表9给出了2011年世界生物燃料产量排名前五位的国家.中国在生物燃料方面一直增长缓慢，2011年总产量为1.149×106 toe，年增长率只有2.2%.不过中国依然是世界第六大生物燃料生产国和亚太地区第一大生产国.2中国能源消费的预测目前中国能源消费占世界能源总消费量的21%，预计到2030年这一比重将上升到27%[2-3].国际能源署在《世界能源展望2011》中也预计中国在2035年将继续保持世界第一大能源消费国的地位，并将比第二位的美国能源消费多出70%.届时中国能源消费将会占世界能源总消费量的23%[4].2030年，煤炭将依然是中国主导能源，不过所占比重将从71%下降到55%.同时天然气消费所占的比重会翻一番.而石油消费所占的比重基本保持不变.可再生能源需求将会增长1 100%，到2030年将会达到5%.另外，中国将会超越美国成为世界第一大核能消费国，总消费量将占世界总消费量的30%[2].能源消费的快速增长使得中国在控制碳排放方面将会面临更加严峻的挑战.2011年，世界碳排放总量为3.403 3×1010 t，较2010年增长3.0%.作为能源消费第一大国的中国，碳排放量也是世界第一，达到8.979 1×109 t，占世界总量的26.4%.增长速度也超过世界平均水平的三倍，达到9.4%.相比之下，第二位的美国2011年的碳排放总量为6.016 6×109 t，较2010年下降了1.8%[1].到2030年，中国的碳排放量将会占到世界的31%，人均碳排放量也将达到经济合作与发展组织成员国的平均水平[3].3中国能源消费结构的特点和应对能源紧缺的建议由上述分析不难看出，中国能源消费具有以下几个特点：（1）能源总消费量巨大，同时能源需求还在不断地增加.（2）能源消费结构不合理，煤炭消费占总能源消费的70.4%.与发达国家相比，石油和天然气消费量依然偏低.（3）核能与可再生能源发展迅速，但总量依然很小.针对以上问题，建议采取以下措施：（1）提高能源利用效率，调整产业结构.促进第三产业发展，降低国民经济对于高能源强度的工业的依赖性[6].（2）研究煤炭的清洁利用技术，比如超（超）临界发电技术、整体煤气化技术、燃气蒸汽联合循环、CO2捕集技术和富氧燃烧等.（3）中国页岩气、页岩油储量丰富[7-8]，可以借鉴美国页岩气开发的成功经验，开发非常规油气资源，减少石油对外依存度.（4）发展可再生能源，主要是风力发电、太阳能发电和生物质能.针对中国实际国情，借鉴发达国家的成功经验，掌握关键技术.4结语伴随着经济的飞速增长，中国的能源消费也急剧增长.尤其是近年来，中国已经成为世界第一大一次能源消费国和第一大碳排放国.能源紧缺和环境污染所带来的社会问题日渐突出.另一方面，中国能源消费还存在结构不合理的问题，如煤炭消费比重过大.了解到能源消费结构的现状后，应该积极采取措施，例如开发清洁燃烧技术和发展可再生能源等.参考文献：[1]BP Statistical Review of Word Energy.2012年BP世界能源统计年鉴 [EB/OL].[2012-06-26].http：∥/productlanding.do？categoryId=9041910&contentId=7075397.[2]BP Statistical Review of Word Energy.BP energy outlook 2030 China insights[EB/OL].[2011-01-19].http：∥/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/eports_and_publications/statisti cal_energy_review_2011/STAGING/local_assets/pdf/China_Fact_Sheet.pdf.[3]BP Statistical Review of Word Energy.BP energy outlook 2030 fact sheet[EB/OL].[2011-01-19].http：∥/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_publications/statistical_ener gy_review_2011/STAGING/local_assets/pdf/Energy_Outlook_2030_Fact_Sheet.pdf[4]International Energy Agency. World Energy Outlook 2011[M].Paris：OECD Publishing，2011.[5]金晶. 世界及中国能源结构[J].能源研究与信息，2003，19（1）：20-26.[6]石敏俊，周晟吕.低碳技术发展对中国实现减排目标的作用[J].管理评论，2010，22（6）：48-53.[7]董大忠，邹才能，杨烨，等.中国页岩气勘探开发进展与发展前景[J].石油学报，2012，33（S1）：107-114.[8]邹才能，杨智，崔景伟，等.页岩油形成机制、地质特征及发展对策[J].石油勘探与开发，2013，40（1）：14-26.。
BP-公司发布2015-年世界能源统计年鉴
2015 年 7 月 25 ·65·BP 公司发布 2015 年世界能源统计年鉴钱伯章1能源综述年的消费增速均放缓，核电也是以高于平均水平速度增长的唯一燃料。
亚太地区、欧洲和欧亚大1.1总的能源发展态势陆以及中南美洲的消费增速显著低于 10 年平均BP 公司于 2015 年 6 月 10 日发布第 64 次“世水平。
石油仍然是世界领先的燃料，占全球能源界能源统计年鉴”，显示全球能源需求增速大幅消费的 32.6％，但已连续第 15 年失去市场份额。
放缓。
2014 年全球一次能源消费增长仅为0.9％，尽管新兴经济体继续主导全球能源消费增为自上世纪 90 年代末以来最慢的增长速度。
中长，这些国家的增速（+2.4％）远低于其 10 年的国仍是世界上最大的能源增长市场。
平均水平 4.2％。
中国（+2.6％）和印度（+7.1％）可再生能源再次是能源中增长最快的形式，为全球能源消费最大的增速。
经合组织国家的消并在 2014 年全球能源消费量增速大幅放缓时，费下降了 0.9％，比近期历史平均水平有较大的占了一次能源使用总量增加的三分之一。
可再生下降。
美国（+1.2％）连续第二年强劲增长，高能源提供了世界能源需求的 3％。
于欧盟（-3.9％）和日本（-3.0％）能源消费的下全球来自能源使用的二氧化碳排放量 2014降。
欧盟能源消费的下降是第二个最大的降幅纪年仅增长了0.5%,为自 1998 年以来最弱的排放。
录。
相对于其过去10年平均水平增长，本次增长放2014 年能源价格普遍疲软，全球原油和煤炭缓在很大程度上是由于中国经济增长速度和模价格下跌。
式的变化。
BP 公司首席经济学家斯宾塞戴尔发布世界2014 年所有燃料的消费均有增长，每一种燃料类型均达到创纪录的水平，除了核电外。
所有燃料的生产均有增加，除了煤炭以外。
对于石油和天然气，全球消费增长明显弱于产量。
新兴经济体占能源消费净增长的全部，这些国家虽然增长，仍远低于其10 年的平均水平。
2017《BP世界能源统计年鉴》（全文）
2017《BP世界能源统计年鉴》（全文）2017《BP世界能源统计年鉴》（全文）今天（7月5日），第66版《BP世界能源统计年鉴（2017年）》（中文版）（以下简称“《年鉴》”）在北京发布。
2017年版数据明确显示市场正在经历长期转变，包括全球能源需求增长放缓，需求大幅转移到亚洲快速增长的发展经济体，以及随着可再生能源继续强劲增长和煤炭使用量下滑，能源结构正在向更低碳的燃料转型。
全球能源动态 6 大要点抢先看①全球能源需求情况：2016年全球的能源需求连续第三年保持疲软态势，仅增长1%，约为过去十年平均增长率的一半。
2016年的增长仍基本来自于快速增长的发展中经济体，有一半的增长量来自中国和印度。
2016年全球一次能源消费量增长1.0%，远低于十年平均增速1.8%，且连续三年增速不高于1%。
与2015年情况一致，除欧洲及欧亚大陆以外，其他所在地区的增速低于平均水平。
除石油和核能外的所有燃料增速均低于平均水平。
②石油：2016年较低的石油价格使需求增长1.6%，而产量增长却只有0.5%。
因此，石油市场于年中大致回归平衡，但油价仍受制于长期积累的庞大库存。
③天然气：天然气产量也受到低价的不利影响，仅增长0.3%。
美国天然气产量出现了自2005年页岩气革命以来的第一次下降（—170亿立方米，—2.5%）④可再生能源：可再生能源仍是所有能源中增长最快的部分，增幅达到12%。
虽然可再生能源在一次能源总量中仅占4%的份额，但其增长在2016年占能源需求总增量的近三分之一。
⑤煤炭：煤炭使用量连续第二年出现急剧下滑，跌幅达1.7%，主要原因是中美两国需求的减少。
⑥碳排放情况：能源需求增长缓慢加上燃料结构的转变，估计全球的碳排放增长只有0.1%，2016年因此成为碳排放保持稳定甚至下滑趋势的连续第三个年头。
这也是1981-1983年以来碳排放增长连续三年平均水平的最低值。
最值得关注的 3 大中国要点①中国仍然是世界上最大的能源消费国：中国占全球能源消费量的23%，全球能源消费增长的27%。
BP2014年世界能源统计年鉴
BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2014/statisticalreview #BPstatsIntroduction1 Group chief executive’s introduction 22013 in reviewOil6 Reserves8 Production and consumption 15 Prices 16 Refining18Trade movementsNatural gas20 Reserves22 Production and consumption 27 Prices28 Trade movementsCoal30 Reserves and prices32 Production and consumptionNuclear energy35 ConsumptionHydroelectricity36 ConsumptionRenewable energy38 Other renewables consumption39 Biofuels productionPrimary energy40 Consumption41 Consumption by fuelAppendices44 Approximate conversion factors 44 Definitions45 More information63rd editionDisclaimerThe data series for proved oil and gas reserves in BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2014 does not necessarily meet the definitions, guidelines and practices used for determining proved reserves at company level, for instance, under UK accounting rules contained in the Statement of Recommended Practice,‘Accounting for Oil and Gas Exploration, Development, Production and Decommissioning Activities’ (UK SORP) or as published by the US Securities and Exchange Commission, nor does it necessarily represent BP’s view of proved reserves by country. Rather, the data series has been compiled using a combination of primary official sources and third-party data.Find more onlineFor 63 years, the BP Statistical Review of World Energy has provided high-quality objective and globally consistent data on world energy markets. The review is one of the most widely respected and authoritative publications in the field of energy economics, used for reference by the media, academia, world governments and energy companies. A new edition is published every June.Other features include:Energy economics blogRegular blogs on energy economics. /energyeconomicsEnergy OutlookWatch the BP Energy Outlook 2035 – January 2014 video, containing our projections of long-term energy trends./energyoutlookCharting toolY ou can view predetermined reports or chart specific data according to energy type, region and year./statisticalreview Join the conversation #BPstatsKey informationThe website contains all the tables and charts found in the latest printed edition, plus a number of extras, including:• Historical data from 1965 for many sections.• Additional data for natural gas, coal, hydroelectricity, nuclear energy, electricity and renewables.• An oil, natural gas and LNG conversion calculator.•PDF versions and PowerPoint slide packs of the charts, maps and graphs, plus an Excel workbook of the data.•R egional factsheets.•V ideos and speeches.The BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014 is available online at /statisticalreviewAbout this review1Welcome to the 63rd edition of the BP Statistical Review of World Energy .The world of energy in 2013 echoed broader global themes – such as emerging differences in global economic performance, geopolitical uncertainty and ongoing debates about the proper roles of government and markets. These are important issues, and ones over which opinions vary widely, and legitimately. It has been said that everyone is entitled to their own opinion, but not their own facts. And that is where the Statistical Review comes in: since 1952, its mission has always been to provide objective, global data on energy markets to informdiscussion, debate and decision-making. This first snap-shot of the global energy picture in 2013 – together with the historical data that puts today’s information into context – can help us tounderstand how the world around us is changing.The year 2013 saw an acceleration in thegrowth of global energy consumption, despite a stagnant global economy. Economic growth remained weak nearly everywhere and relative to recent history it was weaker in the emerging non-OECD economies. In line with that economic pattern, energy consumption growth was below average in the non-OECD, driven by China, and above average in the mature economies of the OECD, driven by the US. Emerging economies nonetheless continue to dominate global energy demand, accounting for 80% of growth last year and nearly 100% of growth over the past decade. While consumption growth accelerated globally, it has remained below average – this is again, consistent with the weak global economicpicture. Regionally, energy consumption growth was below average everywhere except North America. EU consumption continued to decline, hitting the lowest level since 1995 (despite economic growth of 35% over this period). Energy production continued to be impacted by geopolitical events. Oil production in Libya suffered the world’s largest decline in the face of renewed civil unrest and the production of oil and gas was disrupted in a number of other countries as well. In the face of these disruptions and heightened risks to supply, average oil prices exceeded $100 per barrel for a third consecutive year, despite massive supply growth in the US.Supply developments also highlighted theimportance of our third topic, namely to get the balance right between policy and market forces. Driven by massive investment in shale and other ‘tight’ formations, the US saw the world’s largest increase in oil production last year, offsetting the numerous disruptions seen elsewhere andkeeping prices stable. Indeed, the US increase in 2013 was one of the biggest oil production increases the world has ever seen.Elsewhere, and after global coal prices have fallen for two years in a row, coal is extending its competitive edge in power generation and the competitive balance has begun to shift. Coal was the fastest-growing fossil fuel, with China and India combined accounting for 88% of global growth, while natural gas consumption growth decelerated and grew at a below-average rate. As was the case for total energy, gas consumption growth was below average in all regions except North America, whichcontinues to enjoy the cheapest prices among international markets.The importance of policy is also apparent in the strength of renewable forms of energy, which continued to grow robustly, albeit from a low base. Renewables now account for more than 5% of global power output and nearly 3% of primary energy consumption. The challenge of sustaining expensive subsidy regimes, however, has become visible where penetration rates are highest, namely the below-average growth of Europe’s leading renewable producers, who are grappling with weak economic growth and strained budgets.Once again, the data in this review shows a flexible global energy system adapting to achanging world. It demonstrates how the world’s quest for secure and fairly-priced energy can be met through competitive industries driving innovation and smart government policies that amplify the creative ‘energy’. At BP we remain focused on how to lead this process, delivering the growing energy requirements of ourcustomers, safely and sustainably. We do this by investing in our people and world-leadingtechnology, while exercising the capital discipline sought by our investors.I hope you will find this year’s Statistical Review a useful resource for a global perspective on energy.In concluding, let me thank BP’s economics team and all those around the world who have helped prepare this review – in particular those ingovernments in many countries who contribute their official data.Bob DudleyGroup Chief ExecutiveJune 2014Group chief executive’s introductionEnergy in 2013 – energy markets reflect broader themes.22013 in reviewConsumption and production increased for all fuels, reaching record levels for every fuel type except nuclear power. For each of the fossil fuels, global consumption rose more rapidly than production. The data suggests that growth in global CO 2 emissions from energy use also accelerated in 2013, although it remained below average.Emerging economies dominated global growth again, but the increase was below the ten-year average in these countries, and above average in the OECD. China once again had the largest growth increment, followed by the US.Consumption in the EU and Japan fell to the lowest levels since 1995 and 1993 respectively. Energy price developments in 2013 were mixed, generally rising in North America (except for coal) and falling elsewhere. The annual average price for Brent, the international crude oil benchmark, declined for the first time since 2009 butremained near record levels (in money-of-the-day as well as inflation-adjusted terms). This was the third consecutive year with the Brent average price above $100 per barrel. Crude oil pricesweakened in early 2013 amid strong growth of oil production in the US, but rebounded later in the year due to a range of supply disruptions and cold weather that boosted demand growth. The differential between Brent and the US benchmark West Texas Intermediate (WTI) narrowed but remained elevated.Natural gas prices rose in North America (for the first time since 2010) and the UK, but fell elsewhere. As with Brent – WTI, differentials between North American and international gas prices generally narrowed but remained elevated. Coal prices declined in all regions for a second consecutive year.Energy developmentsGlobal primary energy consumption increased by 2.3% in 2013, an acceleration over 2012 (+1.8%). Growth in 2013 accelerated for oil, coal, andnuclear power. But global growth remained below the 10-year average of 2.5%. All fuels except oil, nuclear power and renewables in powergeneration grew at below-average rates. Growth was below average for all regions except North America. Oil remains the world’s leading fuel, with 32.9% of global energy consumption, but it also continued to lose market share for the fourteenth consecutive year and its current market share is once again the lowest in our data set, which begins in 1965.Emerging economies accounted for 80% of the global increase in energy consumption – even though growth in these countries was a below average 3.1%. OECD consumption rose by an above-average 1.2%. Robust US growth (+2.9%) accounted for all of the net increase in the OECD and consumption in the EU and Japan fell by 0.3% and 0.6%, respectively. Spain (-5%) recorded the largest volumetric decline in energy consumption.Global primary energy consumption accelerated in 2013 despite stagnant global economic growth.+2.3%Growth in global primary energy consumption.China’s Hong Kong skyline. China was the world’s largest producer and consumer of energy overall in 2013.The Octavio Frias de Oliveira Bridge in Brazil – 24% of the world’s biofuels were produced in the country in 2013, making it the secondlargest producer.3+1.1m b/dGrowth of US oil production, the largest in the world.7m b/dChina’s net oil imports, the world’s largest.The Trans-Alaska Pipeline is more than 800 miles long and transports oil between Prudhoe Bay andValdez in the US.PricesDated Brent averaged $108.66 per barrel in 2013, a decline of $3.01 per barrel from the 2012 level. WTI continued to trade at a large discount to Brent ($10.67 per barrel), driven by growing US production. Since 2011, the WTI discount has averaged $14.81 per barrel, compared with an average premium of $1.39 per barrel for the preceding decade.Consumption and productionGlobal oil consumption grew by 1.4 million barrels per day (b/d), or 1.4% – this is just above the historical average. Countries outside the OECD now account for the majority (51%) of global oil consumption and they once again accounted for all of the net growth in global consumption. OECD consumption declined by 0.4%, theseventh decrease in the past eight years. The US (+400,000 b/d) recorded the largest increment to global oil consumption in 2013, outpacing Chinese growth (+390,000 b/d) for the first time since 1999. Light distillates were the fastest-growing refined product category by volume.Global oil production did not keep pace with the growth in global consumption, rising by just 560,000 b/d or 0.6%. The US (+1.1 million b/d) recorded the largest growth in the world and the largest annual increment in the country’s history for a second consecutive year. The US accounted for nearly all (96%) of the non-OPEC output increase of 1.2 million b/d (the strongest since 2002) to reach a record 50 million b/d. Increases in Canada (+210,000 b/d) and Russia (+150,000 b/d) offset declines in Syria (-120,000 b/d), theUK and Norway (-80,000 b/d each) and Australia (-70,000 b/d). OPEC output fell by 600,000 b/d, the first decline since 2009. Declines in Libya (-520,000 b/d), Iran (-190,000 b/d), Saudi Arabia (-110,000 b/d) and Nigeria(-100,000 b/d) outweighed an increase in the UAE (+250,000 b/d).Refining and tradeGlobal refinery crude runs increased by abelow-average 390,000 b/d or 0.5%. Non-OECD countries accounted for all of the net increase, rising by 730,000 b/d. OECD throughputs declined by 340,000 b/d, the seventh decline in the past nine years despite an increase of 320,000 b/d in US refinery runs, as the UScontinued to ramp up net product exports. Global refinery capacity utilization declined to 80.4%, the lowest since 1987, while global refining capacity increased by a robust 1.4 million b/d, with large capacity additions in China and Saudi Arabia outpacing capacity reductions in the Atlantic Basin and Japan.Global oil trade in 2013 grew by 2.1% or 1.2million b/d – among importers, growth in Europe and emerging economies more than offsetdeclines in the US and Japan. At 56.5 million b/d, trade accounted for 61.8% of global consumption, up from 58.3% a decade ago. US net imports fell by 1.4 million b/d to 6.5 million b/d – just over half the level of net imports seen in 2005 and the lowest level since 1988. China’s net oil imports reached 7 million b/d, surpassing the US as the world’s largest net oil importer.4+2.7%Growth in North American gas consumption,the only region with above-average growth.+1.1%Growth in global gas production.Consumption and productionWorld natural gas consumption grew by 1.4%,below the historical average of 2.6%. And, as wasthe case for primary energy, consumption growthwas above average in the OECD countries(+1.8%) and below average outside the OECD(+1.1%). Growth was below average in everyregion except North America. China (+10.8%)and the US (+2.4%) recorded the largest growthincrements in the world, together accounting for81% of global growth. India (-12.2%) recorded thelargest volumetric decline in the world, while EUgas consumption fell to the lowest level since1999. Globally, natural gas accounted for 23.7%of primary energy consumption.Global natural gas production grew by 1.1%,which was well below the 10-year average of2.6%. Growth was below average in all regionsexcept Europe and Eurasia. The US (+1.3%)remained the world’s leading producer, but bothRussia (+2.4%) and China (+9.5%) recorded largergrowth increments in 2013. Nigeria (-16.4%), India(-16.3%), and Norway (-5%) recorded the largestvolumetric declines.TradeGlobal natural gas trade grew by 1.8% in 2013,well below the historical average of 5.2%.Pipeline shipments grew by 2.3%, driven bya 12% increase in net Russian exports, whichoffset declines in Algeria (-17.9%), Norway(-4.5%) and Canada (-5.5%). Among importers,growth in Germany (+14%) and China (+32.4%)more than offset a continued decline in the US(-10.9%). Global LNG trade rebounded by 0.6%in 2013. Increased imports in South Korea(+10.7%), China (+22.9%), and South and CentralAmerican importers (+44.7%) were partiallyoffset by lower imports in Spain (-35.6%), theUK (-31.9%) and France (-19.4%). Qatar remainedthe largest LNG exporter (32% of global exports),and accounted for the largest growth increment(+2.7%). LNG’s share of global gas tradedeclined slightly to 31.4% – and internationalnatural gas trade accounted for 30.9% ofglobal consumption.The Min Rong tanker berthed at Tangguhliquefied natural gas (LNG) plant in Indonesia.Indonesia is the second largest natural gasproducer in Asia.The Shah Deniz platform in the Caspian Sea.Natural gas is the leading fuel in Europeand Eurasia.5+3.0%Growth in global coal consumption, the fastest growing fossil fuel.+0.9%Growth in global nuclear output, the first increase since 2010.5.3%Share of global power generationmet by renewables.AcknowledgementsWe would like to express our sincere gratitude to the many contacts worldwide who provide the publicly available data for this publication, and to the researchers at the Heriot-WattUniversity Energy Academy who assist in the data compilation.Goshen Wind Farm in Idaho. Global wind power generation grew by 21% in 2013.Coal ready for shipping. Coal was the fastest growing fossil fuel and its consumption grewby 3% in 2013.In detailAdditional information – including historical time series for the fuelsreported in this review; further detail on renewable forms of energy; electricity generation; and CO 2 emissions from energy use – is available at /statisticalreviewCoalCoal consumption grew by 3% in 2013, well below the 10-year average of 3.9% but it is still the fastest-growing fossil fuel. Coal’s share of global primary energy consumption reached 30.1%, the highest since 1970. Consumptionoutside the OECD rose by a below-average 3.7%, but still accounted for 89% of global growth. China recorded the weakest absolute growth since 2008 but the country still accounted for 67% of global growth. India experienced its second largest volumetric increase on record and accounted for 21% of global growth. OECD consumption increased by 1.4%, with increases in the US and Japan offsetting declines in the EU. Global coal production grew by 0.8%, the weakest growth since 2002. Indonesia (+9.4%) andAustralia (+7.3%) offset a decline in the US (-3.1%), while China (+1.2%) recorded the weakest volumetric growth in production since 2000.Nuclear and hydroelectricGlobal nuclear output grew by 0.9%, the first increase since 2010. Increases in the US, China and Canada were partly offset by declines in South Korea, Ukraine, Spain and Russia.Japanese output fell by 18.6% and has fallen by 95% since 2010. Nuclear output accounted for 4.4% of global energy consumption, the smallest share since 1984.Global hydroelectric output grew by a below-average 2.9%. Led by China and India, theAsia-Pacific region accounted for 78% of global growth. Drought conditions reduced output in Brazil by 7% and in Finland, Norway and Sweden by a combined 14.5%. Hydroelectric outputaccounted for 6.7% of global energy consumption.RenewablesRenewable energy sources – in power generation as well as transport – continued to increase in 2013, reaching a record 2.7% of global energy consumption, up from 0.8% a decade ago. Renewable energy used in power generation grew by 16.3% and accounted for a record 5.3% of global power generation. China recorded the largest incremental growth in renewables, followed by the US, while growth in Europe’s leading players – Germany, Spain and Italy – was below average. Globally, wind energy (+20.7%) once again accounted for more than half of renewable power generation growth and solar power generation grew even more rapidly(+33%), but from a smaller base. Global biofuels production grew by a below-average 6.1% (80,000 b/doe), driven by increases in the two largest producers: Brazil (+16.8%) and the US (+4.6%).Oil Array *More than 100 years.†Less than 0.05.◆Less than 0.05%.‡Excludes Former Soviet Union.#Excludes Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in 1993.Notes:Proved reserves of oil – Generally taken to be those quantities that geological and engineering information indicates with reasonable certainty can be recovered in the future from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions.Reserves-to-production (R/P) ratio – If the reserves remaining at the end of any year are divided by the production in that year, the result is the length of time that those remaining reserves would last if production were to continue at that rate.Source of data – The estimates in this table have been compiled using a combination of primary official sources, third-party data from the OPEC Secretariat, World Oil, Oil & Gas Journal and an independent estimate of Russian and Chinese reserves based on information in the public domain.Canadian oil sands ‘under active development’ are an official estimate. Venezuelan Orinoco Belt reserves are based on the OPEC Secretariat and government announcements.Reserves include gas condensate and natural gas liquids (NGLs) as well as crude oil.Shares of total and R/P ratios are calculated using thousand million barrels figures.6763.68.847.92.57.713.619.52013T otal 1687.9thousand millionbarrels2003T otal 1334.1thousand millionbarrels7.58.78.03.055.916.91993T otal 1041.4thousand millionbarrels11.63.75.97.57.7Distribution of proved reserves in 1993, 2003 and 2013PercentageMiddle EastS. & Cent. America North America Europe & Eurasia AfricaAsia PacificTotal world proved oil reserves reached 1687.9 billion barrels at the end of 2013, sufficient to meet 53.3 years of global production. The largest additions to reserves came from Russia, adding 900 million barrels and Venezuela adding 800 million barrels. OPEC members continue to hold the majority of reserves, accounting for 71.9% of the global total. South & Central America continues to hold the highest R/P ratio. Over the past decade, global proved reserves have increased by 27%, or over 350 billion barrels.83889398030813HistoryReserves-to-production (R/P) ratiosYearsProduction**Includes crude oil, tight oil, oil sands and NGLs (the liquid content of natural gas where this is recovered separately). Excludes liquid fuels from other sources such as biomass and derivatives of coal and natural gas.‡Excludes Former Soviet Union.Notes: Annual changes and shares of total are calculated using million tonnes per annum figures.Growth rates are adjusted for leap years.8*Inland demand plus international aviation and marine bunkers and refinery fuel and loss. Consumption of biogasoline (such as ethanol), biodiesel and derivatives of coal and natural gas arealso included.◆L ess than 0.05%.Notes: Differences between these world consumption figures and world production statistics are accounted for by stock changes, consumption of non-petroleum additives and substitutefuels, and unavoidable disparities in the definition, measurement or conversion of oil supply and demand data.Annual changes and shares of total are calculated using million tonnes per annum figures.Growth rates are adjusted for leap years.9*Includes crude oil, tight oil, oil sands and NGLs (the liquid content of natural gas where this is recovered separately). Excludes liquid fuels from other sources such as biomass and derivatives of coal and natural gas.‡Excludes Former Soviet Union.Note: Growth rates are adjusted for leap years.10*Inland demand plus international aviation and marine bunkers and refinery fuel and loss. Consumption of biogasoline (such as ethanol), biodiesel and derivatives of coal and natural gas arealso included.◆L ess than 0.05%.Notes: Differences between these world consumption figures and world production statistics are accounted for by stock changes, consumption of non-petroleum additives and substitute fuels,and unavoidable disparities in the definition, measurement or conversion of oil supply and demand data.Growth rates are adjusted for leap years.1112100Consumption by regionMillion barrels dailyProduction by regionMillion barrels dailyWorld oil production increased by just 560,000 b/d in 2013, less than half the growth of global consumption. Global consumption grew by an above-average 1.4 million b/d, with emerging economies accounting for all of the net increase. Even so, the US had the biggest increase in the world for consumption, as well as production, which grew by 400,000 b/d and 1.1 million b/d respectively. OPEC output fell by 600,000 b/d, driven by a decline of 520,000 b/d in Libya.Consumption per capita 2013TonnesRegional consumption by product group◆L ess than 0.05%.Notes: Annual changes and shares of total are calculated using thousand barrels daily figures.‘Light distillates’ consists of aviation and motor gasolines and light distillate feedstock (LDF).‘Middle distillates’ consists of jet and heating kerosenes, and gas and diesel oils (including marine bunkers).‘Fuel oil’ includes marine bunkers and crude oil used directly as fuel.‘Others’ consists of refinery gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), solvents, petroleum coke, lubricants, bitumen, wax, other refined products and refinery fuel and loss.1314Fuel oilProduct consumption by regionMillion barrels dailyOthersMiddle distillatesLight distillatesUS Gulf Coast product pricesUS dollars per barrelRotterdam product pricesUS dollars per barrelSource: Platts.Source: Platts.151861-1944 US average.1945-1983 Arabian Light posted at Ras Tanura.1984-2013 Brent dated.$ 2013$ money of the dayCrude oil prices 1861-2013US dollars per barrel World eventsSpot crude prices197712.3813.9214.2114.22197813.0314.0213.6514.55197929.7531.6129.2525.08198035.6936.8336.9837.96198134.3235.9336.1836.08198231.8032.9733.2933.65198328.7829.5529.5430.30198428.0628.7828.1429.39198527.5327.5627.7527.98198613.1014.4314.4615.10198716.9518.4418.3919.18198813.2714.9215.0015.97198915.6218.2318.3019.68199020.4523.7323.8524.50199116.6320.0020.1121.54199217.1719.3219.6120.57199314.9316.9717.4118.45199414.7415.8216.2517.21199516.1017.0217.2618.42199618.5220.6721.1622.16199718.2319.0919.3320.61199812.2112.7212.6214.39199917.2517.9718.0019.31200026.2028.5028.4230.37200122.8124.4424.2325.93200223.7425.0225.0426.16200326.7828.8328.6631.07200433.6438.2738.1341.49200549.3554.5255.6956.59200661.5065.1467.0766.02200768.1972.3974.4872.20200894.3497.26101.43100.06200961.3961.6763.3561.92201078.0679.5081.0579.452011106.18111.26113.6595.042012109.08111.67114.2194.132013105.47108.66111.9597.99*1976-1985 Arabian Light, 1986-2013 Dubai dated. Source: Platts.†1976-1983 Forties, 1984-2013 Brent dated.‡1976-1983 Posted WTI prices, 1984-2013 Spot WTI (Cushing) prices.*Atmospheric distillation capacity on a calendar-day basis. Source: Includes data from ICIS ATEC.◆L ess than 0.05%.Note: Annual changes and shares of total are calculated using thousand barrels daily figures.Refinery throughputsNote: Annual changes and shares of total are calculated using thousand barrels daily figures.1617PercentageGlobal crude runs grew by 0.4 million b/d in 2013, with increases in China, India and the US more than offsetting declines in Europe and Other Asia Pacific. Global refining capacity grew by 1.4 million b/d, led by additions in China and the Middle East. Global average refinery utilization slipped to 80.4%, the lowest since 1987.Regional refining marginsUS dollars per barrelNote: The refining margins presented are benchmark margins for three major global refining centres: US Gulf Coast (USGC), North West Europe (NWE – Rotterdam) and Singapore. In each case they are based on a single crude oil appropriate for that region and have optimized product yields based on a generic refinery configuration (cracking, hydrocracking or coking), again appropriate for that region. The margins are on a semi-variable basis, i.e. the margin after all variable costs and fixed energy costs.。
BP世界能源统计年鉴2006(Excel)
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2006BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2006 This workbook contains information presented in the 2006BP Statistical Review of World Energy, which can be found on theinternet at:/statisticalreviewPlease use the contents or the tabs at the bottom to navigate between the tables. Oil: Proved reservesOil: Proved reserves - barrels (from 1980)Oil: Production – barrels (from 1965)Oil: Production – tonnes (from 1965)Oil: Consumption – barrels (from 1965)Oil: Consumption – tonnes (from 1965)Oil: Regional consumption – by product group (from 1965)Oil: Spot crude pricesOil: Crude prices since 1861Oil: Refinery capacities (from 1965)Oil: Refinery throughputs (from 1980)Oil: Regional refining margins (from 1992)Oil: Trade movements (from 1980)Oil: Inter-area movementsOil: Imports and exportsGas: Proved reservesGas: Proved reserves - bcm (from 1980)Gas: Production – bcm (from 1970)Gas: Production – bcf (from 1970)Gas: Production – Mtoe (from 1970)Gas: Consumption – bcm (from 1965)Gas: Consumption – bcf (from 1965)Gas: Consumption – Mtoe (from 1965)Gas: Trade movements pipelineGas: Trade movements LNGGas: PricesCoal: ReservesCoal: Production - tonnes (from 1981)Coal: Production - Mtoe (from 1981)Coal: Consumption - Mtoe (from 1965)Coal: PricesNuclear Energy – Consumption TWh (from 1965)Nuclear Energy – Consumption Mtoe (from 1965)Hydroelectricity – Consumption TWh (from 1965)Hydroelectricity – Consumption Mtoe (from 1965)Primary Energy: Consumption Mtoe (from 1965)Primary Energy: Consumption by fuel type MtoeElectricity Generation TWh (from 1990)Approximate conversion factorsDefinitions。
2014年BP世界能源统计年鉴解读
2014年BP世界能源统计年鉴解读亚化咨询认为，基于BP发布的《2014年世界能源统计报告》相关数据，在2013年，全球能源需求增长低于历史平均水平，反映出全球经济的增长乏力。
中国煤炭消费占据能源消耗的主导地位，在未来20年无法发生根本性改变。
由于过去几年煤炭产能增长较快，且中国政府下决心治理雾霾，调整产业结构，因此煤炭价格将较长时期处于低迷状态。
同时，中国已经是世界最大的CO2排放国，国际气候变化谈判时将遇到更大压力。
可以预计，煤炭清洁高效转化，以及CO2的捕集和利用将更加受到重视。
●截至2013年底，世界石油探明储量为16879亿桶，可以满足全球53.3年的生产需要。
中国石油探明储量为181亿桶（25亿吨），占世界石油探明储量的1.1%，储采比为11.9年。
●截至2013年底，全球天然气探明储量为185.7万亿立方米，可以满足全球55.1年的生产需要。
中国天然气探明储量为3.3万亿立方米（115.6万亿立方米英尺），占世界天然气探明储量1.8%，储采比为28.0年。
●截至2013年底，全球煤炭探明储量为8915亿吨，可以保证全球113年的生产需要。
美国、俄罗斯和中国是世界上煤炭探明储量前三的国家。
2013年底，中国煤炭探明储量为1145亿吨（无烟煤和烟煤为622亿吨，次烟煤和褐煤为523亿吨），占世界煤炭探明储量的12.8%，储采比为31年。
●在中国，煤炭仍然占据一次能源供应的绝对主导地位，份额高达67.5%。
2013年中国煤炭产量为36.8亿吨（18.4亿吨油当量），比2012年增加1.2%，占世界煤炭产量的47.4%。
2013年煤炭消费为19.25亿吨油当量，比2012年增加4.0%，占世界煤炭消费量的50.3%。
●2013年中国CO2排放量为95.24亿吨，比2012年增加4.2%，占世界CO2排放量的27.1%。
中国已经是世界最大的CO2排放国。
2014年6月，BP发布了《2014年世界能源统计报告》。
2016世界能源年鉴
2016《BP世界能源统计年鉴》全球&中国最新数据抢先看！①整体能源消费及价格变化情况：∙2015年全球一次能源消费保持低速增长：全球一次能源消费量增长仅1%，除2009年的衰退外,这是自1998年以来最低的全球增长。
∙2015年,所有化石燃料的价格在所有地区均下跌。
按美元计算的原油价格录得自1986年以来最大跌幅；所有地区天然气价格均下跌,其中北美地区跌幅最大;全球煤炭价格已连续四年下跌。
②石油：∙石油仍是全球的主要燃料，占全球能源消费的32.9%，其市场份额出现了1999年以来的首次增长。
∙2015年即期布伦特原油均价为52.39美元/桶：比2014年水平低了46.56美元/桶,也是2004年以来最低年均价。
∙全球石油产量增速连续两年超过全球石油消费增速，达280万桶/日，上升3.2%，是自2004年以来最快增速。
∙2015年全球原油和成品油贸易增长了300万桶/日(+5.2%),录得1993年以来最大增幅。
③天然气：∙2015年世界天然气消费增加了1.7%：相比于2014年有显著提高,但仍低于十年平均值2.3%；俄罗斯的天然气消费增量为-5%，成全球最大消费量降幅；天然气在一次能源消费中的市场份额为23.8％。
∙2015年全球天然气生产增长2.2%：快于消费增速但低于其十年平均值2.4%；美国天然气产量增长率达5.4%,是世界最大增幅；欧盟再次大幅减产，荷兰录得全球最大降幅(-22.8%)。
∙全球天然气贸易在2015年开始反弹,增长3.3%；管道运输量增长4%,主要原因是俄罗斯(+7.7%) 和挪威(+7%)的管道天然气净出口增长。
④煤炭：∙2015年煤炭消费的增长率创历史新低：全球煤炭消费降低1.8%,远低于其2.1%的十年平均增长率。
∙2015年全球煤炭产量降低4%,其中美国(-10.4%)、印度尼西亚(-14.4%)和中国(-2%)大幅减产。
∙2015年煤炭在全球一次能源消费中占比降至29.2%,刷新自2005年以来的最低纪录。
《BP世界能源统计年鉴》(2015中文版)
储量所使用的定义、指南或做法：例如美国证券交易委员会（SEC）所发布的用来确定探明储量所使用的定义、指南或
做法。这些数据也并不一定代表BP公司对各国探明储量的看法。 际上，这些数据 列的 制 合 一 的 资
料和
数据。
集团首席执行官的致辞
: 2014 能源行业变 之年
进BP世界能源统计年 2014年是能源 世界不 常的一年。 64 能源统计年 录 的 是2014年的数据。
2014年 前的 年，能源世界有 异的 ；
年，这
然 。然 ， 不 到
或焦 。 际上，对于一
能源行业 十
多年的
， 为2014年经 的 和不确
定性标 对常 的 。
异常 。全球天然气 也
， 源于欧
洲暖
的天然气消费 下滑。可再生能源
然是
的能源，占全球新 一次能源使用量
的 分之一。可再生能源占全球能源需求的3%。
的
变化。2014年，全球一次能源消费
0.9%，这
是 十年代 以来除亚洲
时期 的 低
。 于中国经济结 转 ，经济 的
从
能源
行业转 ， 能源消费需求
1998年以来的 低 。 如 ，从全球 来看，
中国 是能源需求
的国家。
德立 行
2015年6月
如 所看到的，这些供需 面的变化对能源价
格（ 其是石油价格）有非常 的 。油价下
在 或离 查看数据。
可在 果和
下。
其他信息包括:
表 可以按 能源类 、地
或根据特定数据制 /statisticalreview
和年份来查看 。
能源 看BP2035世界能源 2015年2月的 ，包括
源的 /energyoutlook