重庆医科大学外科学(骨外科)2013--2018年考博真题
(完整word版)全国外科学考博试题总结,推荐文档
全国外科学考博试题总结名词解释：1.高钾血症；2.心脏按摩；3.中心静脉压；4.非少尿型急性肾功能衰竭；5.呼吸性酸中毒；6.肠源性感染；7.脓毒症（sepsis）；8.Superinfection；9.ARDS；10.过继免疫疗法；11.CARS12.GVHR；13.SIADH；14．基因诊断；15.条件性感染；16.SIADH；17.SIRS；18. 预存式自体输血；19．休克抑制期；20. 痈；21.海绵状血管瘤；22.负氮平衡；23. 脑再灌注损伤；24.中厚皮片；25. 脓血症26.烧伤面积的中国九分法；27.systemic inflammatory response syndrome ；28.功能性细胞外液；29.心肺复苏；30.MSOF；31.ARF；32.ARDS；33.ICU；34.休克指数；35.MODS；36.条件感染；37.载体和重组质粒；38.MAC；39.导向复苏40.精准医疗论述题：1、较广泛的或剧烈的创伤性炎症对机体可引起哪些不利影响？（10 分）2、成人呼吸窘迫综合症的临床表现和分期（15 分）。
3.输血适应症4.外科抗菌药应用原则5.理想手术切口应具备的条件6.肾替代疗法应达到的指标7.DIC 的临床表现8.创伤治愈的分期、处理原则9.理想的肿瘤标志物应具备的特点10. 肾在体内酸碱平衡调节的机制11. 肠外营养的适应证和并发症12. 自体输血的方式和禁忌证13.试述肠内营养适应证14.试述自体输血的适应证与禁忌症15.分输血的种类和适应症16.肠源性感染的发病机制17.代谢性酸中毒的分型及常见原因18.创伤的检查与诊断步骤（13）19.脑复苏的现代观念及主要方法20.灭菌与消毒有何区别？21.高钾血症的原因和诊断处理？22.肠外营养有哪些常见并发症如何处理23.简述外科如何选择和使用抗菌药物？24..创伤后组织修复分几个阶段？简述其修复过程？25.创伤后组织修复过程分为哪几个阶段？各阶段的主要特点是什么？26.试述肿瘤浸润与转移过程中的相关因素？27.试述创伤的代谢变化及其临床意义？28.溶血反应的发病机理及病理变化？29.感染性休克病理生理变化过程中血流动力学改变有何特征？治疗要点是什么？30.全胃肠外营养的并发症31..肠细菌移位的发生机制32.腹部外科术后心力衰竭的紧急处理，应从哪些方面着手？33.有哪些腹部外科疾病与病毒感染有关？如何预防和治疗。
重庆医科大学临床检验诊断学2018年考博真题试卷
4.血红蛋白概念以及临床意义。
5.比较cTn和Mb诊断急性心肌损伤的异同。
三、论述题
1.参考值以及怎么确定正常的参考值区间。
2.监测基因突变有哪些技术。
四、病例分析题
有既往病史以及查体结果还有实验室血常规，肾功结果，尿常规结果。
大概如下:
11岁孩子，血尿，进行性少尿，水肿，既往扁桃体感染史，一个月前。
重庆医科大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
重庆医科大学
2Hale Waihona Puke 18年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：临床检验诊断学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
SAA D
二聚体
CTC
MRSA
蛋白质组学
二、简答题
1.POCT的概念并举例其应用特点。
2.不确定度的概念。
本次查体:扁桃体肿大，有分泌物，结膜苍白，水肿，触诊肝脾未肿大，有肠鸣音。
实验室检查:
血常规显示:
数值我不记得了，只是写一下异常结果，血红蛋白，红细胞降低，中度贫血，白细胞增加。
肾功结果:血尿素，肌酐大大增加，ASO显著增加。
尿常规显示:尿蛋白++尿中红细胞十几个以上
问题:
1.初步诊断以及诊断依据
2.进一步应做的检查
历年骨外科学副高级职称考试真题
一、选择题1.关于股骨头缺血性坏死的常见原因，下列哪项描述不准确？A.长期使用糖皮质激素B.髋关节脱位后处理不当C.股骨颈骨折D.髋关节骨关节炎E.酗酒2.男性患者，45岁，因车祸导致右股骨颈骨折，Garden分型为Ⅲ型。
首选的治疗方法是？A.手法复位，石膏固定B.切开复位内固定C.髋关节置换术D.牵引治疗E.绝对卧床休息3.下列哪项不是脊柱侧凸的常见病因？A.特发性脊柱侧凸B.先天性脊柱侧凸C.神经纤维瘤病D.骨关节炎E.马方综合征4.关于腰椎间盘突出的治疗，下列哪项叙述是错误的？A.初次发病者，首先考虑非手术治疗B.绝对卧床休息是重要的治疗措施C.骨盆牵引是常用的非手术治疗方法D.药物治疗主要是使用抗生素E.手术治疗适用于非手术治疗无效者5.男性患者，60岁，右股骨颈骨折，Garden分型为Ⅳ型。
最可能出现的并发症是？A.骨折不愈合B.腓总神经损伤C.坐骨神经损伤D.髋内翻畸形E.股骨头缺血性坏死6.骨折的愈合过程中，哪一阶段标志着原始骨痂的形成？A.血肿机化演进期B.原始骨痂形成期C.骨痂改造塑形期D.骨折愈合期E.骨折康复期7.关于骨折的AO分型，以下哪项描述是错误的？A.是一种全面的骨折分类系统B.分为A（关节内骨折）、B（部分关节内骨折）、C（干骺端骨折）三型C.适用于四肢骨折D.旨在指导临床治疗和预后评估E.强调了骨折的解剖位置、损伤机制和稳定性8.下列哪种骨折类型最易发生脂肪栓塞综合征？A.股骨颈骨折B.肱骨外科颈骨折C.胫骨平台骨折D.锁骨骨折E.掌骨骨折9.关于膝关节交叉韧带损伤，下列哪项描述是错误的？A.前交叉韧带损伤常合并内侧副韧带损伤B.后交叉韧带损伤可合并腘血管损伤C.膝关节抽屉试验是检查前交叉韧带损伤的重要方法chman试验是检查后交叉韧带损伤的重要方法E.交叉韧带损伤均应尽早手术治疗10.下列哪项不是肩关节脱位的典型体征？A.方肩畸形B.Dugas征阳性C.肘后三角关系改变D.肩胛盂空虚E.肩关节活动受限。
四川大学华西医学院外科学(骨科)骨科学2004,2013--2014,2016--2018年考博真题
2014年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（骨科）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、20个外科总论单选（20’）
二、名词解释（全部是英文，4’*5=20’）
Bohler sign（侧方应力试验，注意不是bohler角）
Bragard sign
4、胸椎T8、T9结核，后凸畸形，椎旁脓肿，合并不全瘫，已做好术前抗结核准备，拟行胸椎前路病灶清除术+植骨融合内固定术，问术前谈话应涉及哪些方面？那几点是应向患者家属重点强调的？
5、病例题，男性患者，36岁，无明显诱因右侧膝关节的红肿、皮温高、活动障碍，白细胞值处于临界上线，X线片未见骨质破坏，抽检关节液淡黄色，问还需要询问的病史？还应进行的辅助检查？可能患的病有哪些？
⒌骨关节结核与慢性骨关节化脓性感染的异同？请简述两者治疗方法的特点？
⒍病案分析
男性，30岁，伤后8小时入院，双下肢活动障碍，双骶髂关节部肿胀疼痛。X光片下示耻骨联合分离3Cm，双侧骶髂关节脱位，骶骨骨折。请给出治疗方案并说明理由。
四川大学华西医院
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（骨科）
医学考博
历年真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
四川大学华西医院
2004年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：骨科学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
Tissue engineering
Colles’ fracture
Bone-fascia compartment syndrome
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
解放军医学院(301医院)实用骨科学2013,2016,2017,2019年考博初试真题
解放军医学院（301医院）
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：实用骨科学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
选择题
1.下列哪个肌力描述的不对？
A时屈膝内侧间隙紧张，松解哪部分？
3.食指切割伤2小时，可自主伸屈，固定中节指骨，远端无法伸屈，问损伤哪部分？
问答题（100分）
1.骨科大手术后深静脉血栓的预防措施？
2.全膝关节置换的手术原则？
3.骨科损伤控制概念以及如何进行损伤控制？
脊髓损伤分级？
5.髋臼骨折X线表现及分型？
6.穿支皮瓣及优点缺点。
7.骨折愈合的形式。
8.发育性髋关节脱位的诊断和治疗。
解放军医学院（301医院）
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
2.扣锁机制
3.骨科损伤控制学
4.Vater-Pacinian Corpuscle
5.诱发电位
6.骨间前综合征
7.漂浮肩
8.步态周期
9.Risser征
10.lipoma。
四、简答题（4×10＝40分）
1.膝关节韧带的常见损伤机制
2.OPLL影像学分类测量指标（X线和CT）
3.多发伤伤情特点和漏诊原因
4.骨血管瘤的病例。
5.骨科常见的异常步态_,_,__,_。
6.腕关节不稳定的类型。
7.DVT发生持续多久，凝血过程持续多久，危险性持续多久。
8.桡腕关是_，主要运动有_。
9.股骨颈骨折和粗隆间骨折的共同体征_,_,_。
10.交叉韧带自体移植物_,_,_。
三、名词解释（3×10＝30分）
1.powers比率测量法
重庆医科大学2013年博士研究生入学考试（英语）真题
重庆医科大学2013年博士研究生入学考试（英语）真题重庆医科大学2013年博士研究生入学考试（英语）真题Despite Denmark's manifest virtues, Danes never talk abouthow proud they are to be Danes. This would sound weird in Danish. When Danestalk to foreigners about Denmark, they always begin by commenting on itstininess, its unimportance, the difficulty of its language, the generalsmall-mindedness and self-indulgence of their countrymen and the high taxes. NoDane would look you in the eye and say, “Denmark is a great country.” You'resupposed to figure this out for yourself.It is the land of the silk safety net, where almost half thenational budget goes toward smoothing out life's inequalities, and there isplenty of money for schools, day care, retraining programmes, jobseminars—Danes love seminars: three days at a study centre hearing about wastemanagement is almost as good as a ski trip. It is a culture bombarded byEnglish, in advertising, pop music, the Internet, and despite all the Englishthat Danish absorbs—there is no Danish Academy to defend against it—olddialects persist in Jutland that can barely be understood by Copenhageners. Itis the land where, as the saying goes, “ Few have too much and fewer have toolittle,” and a foreigner is struck by the sweet egalitarianism that prevails,where the lowliest clerk gives you a level gaze, where Sir and Madame havedisappeared from common usage, even Mr. and Mrs. It's a nation of recyclers—about55% of Danish garbage gets made into something new—and no nuclear power plants.It's a nation of tireless planners. Trains run on time. Things operate well ingeneral.Such a nation of overachievers—a brochure from theMinistryof Business and Industry says, “Denmark is one of the world's cleanest and mostorganized countries, with virtually no pollution, crime, or poverty. Denmark isthe most corruption-f ree society in the Northern Hemisphere.” So, of course,one's heart lifts at any sighting of Danish sleaze: skinhead graffiti onbuildings (“Foreigners Out of Denmark!”), broken beer bottles in the gutters,drunken teenagers slumped in the park. Nonetheless, it is an orderly land. You drive through aDanish town, it comes to an end at a stone wall, and on the other side is afield of barley, a nice clean line: town here, country there. It is not anation of jaywalkers. People stand on the curb and wait for the red light tochange, even if it's 2 a.m. and there's not a car in sight. However, Danes don'tthink of themselves as a waiting-at-2-a.m.-for-the-green-light people—that'show they see Swedes and Germans. Danes see themselves as jazzy people,improvisers, more free spirited than Swedes, but the truth is (though oneshould not say it) that Danes are very much like Germans and Swedes.Orderliness is a main selling point. Denmark has few natural resources, limitedmanufacturing capability; its future in Europe will be as a broker, banker, anddistributor of goods. You send your goods by container ship to Copenhagen, andthese bright, young,English-speaking, utterly honest, highly disciplinedpeople will get your goods around to Scandinavia, the Baltic States, andRussia. Airports, seaports, highways, and rail lines are ultramodern andwell-maintained.The orderliness of the society doesn't mean that Danishlives are less messy or lonely than yours or mine, and no Dane would tell youso. You can hear plenty about bitter family feuds and the sorrows of alcoholismand about perfectly sensible people whowent off one day and killed themselves.An orderly society can not exempt its members from the hazards of life.But there is a sense of entitlement and security that Danesgrow up with. Certain things are yours by virtue of citizenship, and youshouldn't feel bad for taking what you're entitled to, you're as good as anyoneelse. The rules of the welfare system are clear to everyone, the benefits youget if you lose your job, the steps you take to get a new one; and theorderliness of the system makes it possible for the country to weather highunemployment and social unrest without a sense of crisis.16. The author thinks that Danes adopt a ________ attitudetowards their country.A. boastfu lB.modestC. deprecatingD. mysterious17. Which of the following is NOT a Danish characteristiccited in the passage?A. Fondness of foreign culture.B. Equality in society.C. Linguistic tolerance.D. Persistent planning.18. The author's reaction to the statement by the Ministryof Business and Industry is ________.A. disapprovingB. approvingC. noncommittalD. doubtful19. According to the passage, Danish orderliness ________.A. sets the people apart from Germans and SwedesB. spares Danes social troubles besetting other peoplesC. is considered economically essential to the countryD. prevents Danes from acknowledging existing troubles20. At the end of the passage the author states all thefollowing EXCEPT that ________.A. Danes are clearly informed of their social benefitsB. Danes take for granted what is given to themC. the open system helps to tide the country overD. orderliness has alleviated unemploymentCooperative competition. Competitivecooperation. Confused? Airline alliances have travellers scratching their headsover what's going on in the skies. Some folks view alliances as a blessing totravellers, offering seamless travel, reduced fares and enhanced frequent-flyerbenefits. Others see a。
骨科博士入学试题集
骨科博士入学试题集1.名词解释LShenton线：沿闭孔上缘划线并向外侧延伸与股骨颈下缘相连，正常髋关节呈一连续性弧线，如该线中断说明髋臼与股骨头关系异常。
2.McMurray征：患者仰卧，检查者一手拇指及其余四指分别按住膝关节内外侧间隙，一手握住足跟部，极度屈膝。
在伸膝过程中，当小腿内收、外旋时有弹响或合并疼痛，说明内侧半月板损伤；当小腿外展、内旋时有弹响或合并疼痛，说明外侧半月板有病变。
3.Finkelsteintest:患者握拳（拇指埋于拳内），使腕部尺偏，若桡骨茎头处出现疼痛为阳性。
阳性者提示桡骨茎头狭窄性腱鞘炎。
4.Brodieabscess（:慢性局限性骨脓肿）brodie于1836年首先描述，多见于儿童和青年，胫骨上端和下端，股骨、肱骨和桡骨下端为好发部位，偶见于椎体等扁平骨。
一般认为系低毒力细菌感染所致，或因全身抵抗力强而使化脓性骨髓炎局限于骨端的一部分。
X线可见长骨干骺端或骨干皮质骨显示圆形或椭圆形低密度骨质破坏区，边缘较整齐，周围密度增高为骨质硬化区，硬化带与正常骨质间无明确分界。
（分4型，P1245）5.C odman’striangle:长骨骨肉瘤位于干骺端的骨髓腔中央或为偏心性。
一侧或四周的骨皮质被浸润和破坏，其表面的骨外膜被掀起，切面上可见肿瘤上、下两端的骨皮质和掀起的骨外膜之间形成三角形隆起，其间堆积由骨外膜产生的新生骨。
此三角称为Codman三角。
seque’ssign:患者仰卧，屈髋、膝，于屈髋位伸膝时，引起患肢痛或肌肉痉挛者为阳性。
腰椎间盘突出征的表现之一。
7.Charcot’sjoint:夏科氏关节是指由于某些神经系统疾病引起的关节病变，也被称为神经性关节炎。
常见病因有脊髓痨、脊髓空洞症等。
原发的神经病变可以造成关节深部感觉障碍，对于关节的震荡、磨损、挤压、劳倦不能察觉因而也不能自主地保护和避免，而神经营养障碍又可使修复能力低下，使病人在无感觉状态下造成了关节软骨的磨损和破坏，关节囊和韧带松弛无力，易形成关节脱位和连枷关节。
考博用骨科学真题
2010北京大学医学院骨外科考博试题（二）名词解释：（每小题5分）1、股骨距；2、Colles 骨折；3、膝关节损伤三联征；4、Trendelendurg试验；（三）问答题：（每小题10分）1、BO原则和骨折的愈合标准？2、Denis“三柱”和脊髓损伤的Frankel功能分级？2011北医一、名词解释：1、Monteggia骨折2、Risse征3、髌骨软骨软化症4、叩击试验（Tinel征）二、问答题：1、试述脊柱侧弯的8个病因。
2、骨组织工程种子细胞的研究进展。
3、股骨头缺血坏死的X线分期和治疗。
2011年北京大学医学部骨外科考博试题第一部分（40分）一、名词解释（5分每题）1、Thomas征2、Pauwel角3、Monteggia fracture4、Cobb角二、问答题（10分每题）1、试述髋关节结核的分型、诊断及治疗原则2、挤压综合征的诊断及治疗第二部分（60分）一、病例分析（5分每题）较简单。
考第一诊断及进一步确诊与治疗。
1、痛风性关节炎急性发作2、慢性化脓性骨髓炎二、简答题1、脊髓损伤的Frankel分级方法（5分）2、骶骨骨折的Dinel分型及临床意义（5分）3、肌肉骨骼肉瘤的Enneking分期（10分）4、肌肉骨骼肉瘤手术边界分类（10分）5、恶性骨肉瘤保肢手术的适用证与禁忌症（10分）6、试述Ewing肉瘤的特异性融合基因及意义。
四、论述7.桡骨远端骨折的诊断，治疗进展，对手术和非手术治疗的理解。
8.股骨转子间骨折的髓内和髓外固定的选择。
9.小腿骨筋膜室间隔区综合症的诊断、治疗第四军医20111.骨折的二期愈合；2.浮膝损伤；3.Jefferson骨折4.Dugas征5.Mipo二、简答：15*31.股骨颈骨折的Garden分型；2.开放性骨折的Gustilo分型；3.颈椎病的分型；三、问答：30*1骨肌系统肿瘤的外科分期2010北京大学医学院骨外科考博试题（二）名词解释：（每小题5分）1、股骨距；2、Colles 骨折；3、膝关节损伤三联征；4、Trendelendurg试验；（三）问答题：（每小题10分）1、BO原则和骨折的愈合标准？2、Denis“三柱”和脊髓损伤的Frankel功能分级？2011北医一、名词解释：1、Monteggia骨折2、Risse征3、髌骨软骨软化症4、叩击试验（Tinel征）二、问答题：1、试述脊柱侧弯的8个病因。
骨科博士入学试题+答案--名词解释
；
Finkelstein征又称为握拳尺偏试验：患者拇指屈曲握拳,将拇指握于掌心内.然后使腕关节被动尺偏,引起桡骨茎突处明显疼痛为阳性征,主要见于桡骨茎突狭窄性腱鞘炎。
Mills 征）又称为伸肌腱牵拉试验： 嘱患者肘伸直，握拳、屈腕，前臂旋前，发生肘外侧疼痛为阳性，或患者前臂旋前位，作对抗外力的旋后运动，发生肘外侧疼痛为阳性。；
TINEL征；Tinel征 是指叩击神经损伤或神经损害的部位或其远侧，出现其支配 皮区的放电样麻痛感或蚁走感,代表神经再生的水平或神经 损害的部位.
colles；Colles骨折是桡骨远端，距关节面2.5cm以内的骨折，常伴有远侧骨折断端向背侧倾斜，前倾角度减少或呈负角，典型者伤手呈银叉畸形。
Arthrogyposis；
CE angle of wiherg；
Snapping hip；
Osteogenesis imperfecta；
Buttonhole deformity；
Tirol’s sign ；
Brown-sequard syndrome；
Coxa vara ；
Froment征
Schmorl’s nodule
Bryant’s triangle Bryant三角即布瑞安三角，髂前上棘重垂线与经过股骨大转子水平线所形成的三角。
病人仰卧沿髂前一上棘作一垂直线，在从大转子尖端画一水平线，即成一三角形。测其底线，与健侧对比，大转子上移时，此底线较健侧为短。
Volkmann’s contracture
Mucopoly saccharoidosis
；Spondyloschisis；腰椎滑脱
Painful Arc Syndrome；
南方医科大学外科学(泌尿外)2009,2013--2016,2018年考博真题
历年真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
南方医科大学
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（泌尿外）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
第一部分外科学总论（共28分）
一、名词解释（每题2分，共8分）
1、痈2、SIRS 3、三期愈合4、急性肾衰竭
三、简答题
1.局限性前列腺癌和局限性进展性前列腺癌的定义区别？
2.前列腺癌治疗中主动监测和观察等待有何不同？
3.万艾可治疗勃起功能障碍的机制？
4.男性性功能异常常见有哪些？
四、问答题
1.勃起功能障碍的系统性治疗方法？
2.国际泌尿病理协会(ISUP)在2005年和2014年版的前列腺癌病理评分(Gleason评分)的区别。
4、膀胱肿瘤的TNM分期
5、肾移植术前必须做哪些检查，意义如何四、问答题ຫໍສະໝຸດ 每题20分，3题任选2题，共40分）
1、肾脏损伤的诊断和治疗
2、泌尿系梗阻的好发部位……
3、如果让您自己设计博士课题，您的博士课题准备研究的内容，立题依据及技术路线
南方医科大学
2014年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（泌尿外）
外科学总论部分
一、名词解释2分*4=8分
1.急性肾衰
2.ARDS
3.脑疝
4.休克
二、简答题5分*4=20分
1.什么是无菌术，无菌术的内容？灭菌和消毒的区别？
2.简述剖腹探查的指征？
3.少尿期的治疗原则？
4.输血的并发症？
泌尿外科部分
一、简答题8分*4=32分
1. TVT手术？
2.ESWL的禁忌症？
骨科各校考博真题
骨科各校考博真题概述：骨科是医学中的一个重要学科，考博是骨科医生进一步深造的重要途径。
为了更好地帮助考生备考，了解骨科各校考博真题是非常关键的。
本文将针对骨科各校考博真题进行详细介绍，旨在为考生提供参考和指导。
一、北京大学1. 题目：脊柱骨折的分类和治疗原则2. 题目：骨外科手术常见并发症及其处理方法3. 题目：股骨颈骨折的分类和手术治疗4. 题目：骨肿瘤的诊断和治疗进展5. 题目：髋关节置换术后并发症的预防和处理方法二、复旦大学1. 题目：大关节置换术后的康复训练原则2. 题目：骨代谢疾病的常见临床表现和诊断方法3. 题目：关节镜在骨科疾病中的应用和发展趋势4. 题目：肩袖断裂的病因和治疗方案5. 题目：骨关节炎的分型和保守治疗方法三、上海交通大学1. 题目：关节镜下前交叉韧带重建术的手术步骤及注意事项2. 题目：骨折愈合的影响因素及改善方法3. 题目：颅骨外伤的危险因素和治疗原则4. 题目：骨质疏松的预防和治疗策略5. 题目：膝关节置换术的适应症和手术技巧四、中山大学1. 题目：创伤性颈椎骨折的急救处理方法2. 题目：髋关节镜检查的操作步骤和要点3. 题目：股骨头坏死的诊断和分期方法4. 题目：脊柱侧弯的病因和治疗原则5. 题目：骨质疏松性骨折的诊断和治疗进展总结：了解骨科各校考博真题对考生备考具有重要意义。
不同学校的考试内容涵盖了骨科的各个方面，包括骨折分类和治疗原则、手术并发症处理、骨肿瘤的诊断和治疗、关节置换术后康复、骨关节炎的治疗等。
考生可以结合真题进行针对性的复习，提高备考效果。
在备考过程中，建议考生多做题、多练习，熟悉各个学校的考题风格，加强知识点的掌握，提高解题能力。
同时，考生也应该关注骨科领域的最新进展，了解最新的研究成果和临床应用，为考试做好充分准备。
最后，祝愿所有考生取得优异成绩，顺利进入理想的骨科医学研究领域！。
考博外科学——精选推荐
考博外科学外科学总论（共50分）⼀名词解释：1.基因诊断2.⾼温灭菌法3.NHSTR4.GHTRS5.MODS⼆简答题：1 简述外科疾病的分类2 外科⼿术进⾏中的⽆菌原则3 感染性休克的治疗三问答题低渗性缺⽔的定义病因临床表现诊断治疗普外科各论（50分）⼀名词解释mastopathy 原发性腹膜炎strangulated hernia （狂晕刚意识到答成绞窄性肠梗阻了）abdominal compartment syndrome 第五个忘了⾼选择⾏迷⾛神经切断术（英⽂）⼆问答题甲状腺功能亢进症的病因术前术中注意事项⼿术适应症⼿术禁忌症术后常见并发症及处理原则原发性肝癌的病因病理临床表现诊断和鉴别诊断治疗2007年第⼆军医⼤学考博普通外科学⼀、多选题（12题，每题1分）1、腹腔镜⼿术禁忌：2、能叩诊出移动性浊⾳的腹腔积液：A、100ml B、200ml C、300ml D、400ml E、⼤于500ml3、急性胰腺炎⾎淀粉酶的变化：4、胆囊癌最佳的诊断⽅法：B超、CT、ERCP、？、？5、⼩⼉肠扭转病例6、肝脓肿病例7、以下胃、⼗⼆指肠穿孔描述不正确的是：⼆、填空题（8分）1、影响胃癌预后的因素有：（7空）2、下消化道出⾎的诊断⽅法有：（5空）3、下肢深静脉栓塞分为四型：_____型（4空）三、名词解释（6分，每题2分）1、buerger病2、charcot 综合征3、TME四、问答题1、家族性结肠息⾁病的发病原理、诊断、⼿术⽅式、术后随访原则？（20分）2、甲亢术后并发症及处理？（24分）3、肠梗阻按梗阻原因的分类；肠梗阻的治疗原则以及⾮⼿术治疗⽅法？（30分）第三军医⼤学2013博⼠普外专业⼀、名词解释1、richer疝2、倾倒综合征（英⽂）3、布加综合征（英⽂）4、⼆、简答题1、乳腺癌根治术切除范围2、胰腺癌⼿术切除范围3、简述直肠癌超低位保肛术4、chiold分级及其临床意义三、问答题1、急性梗阻性黄疸治疗原则2、论述胃癌外科治疗的最新进展2013南京医科⼤学普外科学（总论+普外）考博真题回忆版简答4分*61、创伤组织修补基本过程？2、30秒内确定⼼搏骤停的⽅法？3、输⾎后常见并发症？4、低钾的常见病因？5、营养⽀持⽅法选择原则？6、⼿术中的⽆菌原则？问答19分*41、胰腺假性囊肿的⼿术指征、⽅式、要点？2、甲状腺⼿术并发症及治疗？3、腹膜后⼗⼆指肠破裂诊断依据及治疗？4、完善的科研设计标志有哪些？第三军医⼤学2013年外科专业基础之⼈体解剖真题名词解释：胸⾻⾓纵隔膜迷路动脉韧带肺段简答脑屏障的主要特点喉的结构，运动及功能的关系胆汁的产⽣，排出的主要特点问答⽪质核束的主要特点内脏传导通路的主要特点迷⾛神经的主要特点腰丛的主要特点2013中⼭⼤学博⼠⽣⼊学考试（普外）1糖⽪质激素外科感染性休克2糖尿病围术期准备要点3开放⽓胸处理原则4影像学在泌尿系结⽯的诊断应⽤5胃癌腹腔镜禁忌6胆管囊性扩张的分型7下肢静脉体格检查名称8外科真菌感染因素和抗真菌药物9切⼝裂开预防10⿊⾊素瘤的临床表现11CEA.AFP.CA199.CA125.PSA，中⽂名称及诊断价值12门脉⾼压⾮⼿术治疗及贲门⾎管离断理由13 低渗性缺⽔的原因14乳腺癌分⼦分型及治疗建议15胃癌根治原则，根治划分，远端胃癌根治切除范围16慢性胰腺炎⼿术指征，⼿术原则，⼿术⽅式。
2012年中国医科大学博士入学考试 外科学(骨科)试卷
2012年中国医科大学博士入学考试外科学(骨科)试卷骨科部分50分一、填空题1、肱骨干三分之一骨折易损伤神经，腓骨颈骨折易损伤神经，髋臼骨折易损伤神经。
2、尤文肉瘤中多见基因表达，滑膜肉瘤中多见基因表达，McCune-Albright中多见基因突变。
3、中国骨科大手术预防下肢深静脉血栓指南中推荐药物为、、和。
4、股骨头坏死冠状面切片，由外向内为A 层、B 层、C 层、D 层。
5、骨髓瘤患者尿中阳性。
二、判断改错1、Garde n分型中Ⅲ、Ⅳ型骨折不愈合率及坏死率差别不大。
2、良性骨肿瘤中骨瘤最为常见。
3、高龄股骨颈骨折中多为基底型。
4、C8损伤时出现屈指萎缩及功能障碍。
5、胫骨下三分之一易发生骨折是因为？三、名词解释：1、Trendelenbury试验 2、Galezzi骨折 3、Cobb’s角 4、Dugas征四、简答题1、Gustilo分类2、脊髓圆锥综合征的临床表现3、Seddon分类法五、论述题1、试述肱骨近端骨折Neer分类、手术适应症及常用手术方法。
2、人工关节置换术后感染的早期诊断要点、保守治疗及手术中保留假体的指证。
胸外部分15分一、选择题1、肺炎抗生素治疗后，高热，突然出现呼吸困难、胸痛，抽出脓液，黄色粘稠，治疗应：2、哪种疾病可致纵膈扑动？3、张力性气胸病理生理改变中，下列哪项错误：A.活瓣形成；B.纵膈摆动；D.严重皮下气肿。
4、胸部外伤开胸指证：5、张力性气胸急救原则中首先应：二、填空题闭式胸腔引流术适应症是、、、。
三、名词解释1、纵膈扑动；2、创伤性窒息；3、连枷胸四、简答题1、早期食道癌的症状2、纵膈肿瘤的诊断方法泌尿外部分15分一、选择题1、What in the common cause of continuous incontinence? A. Enterovesical fistula; B. Noncompliantbladder; C. Detrusor hyperreflexia; D. V esicovaginal fistula E. Sphincterce incompetence.2、关于压力流率测定叙述正确的是：3、根据NIADDK定义，哪一项可以排除间质性膀胱炎4、关于前列腺癌哪项叙述不正确？肥胖射精后48小时后PSA基线低于正常水平二、填空题1、储尿期，当膀胱压力超过cmH2O时，输尿管送尿功能受阻，导致上尿路损害。
骨外科考博名词解释与简答题汇总
名词解释大全1、交锁髓内钉：本实用新型交锁髓内钉涉及的是一种髓内钉杆表面具有减压平面的交锁髓内钉，属医疗器械中的骨科内固定器械。
结构具有髓内钉杆，在髓内钉杆近端设有近端锁定螺钉孔，在髓内钉杆表面设置有减压平面。
在髓内钉杆表面设有一条以上呈长条形的减压平面，减压平面可从髓内钉杆近端直至髓内钉杆远端。
在髓内钉杆近端设置有锁紧螺杆定位螺孔、连接套定位槽。
2、脊髓震荡(spinalconcussion)：的定义由Obersteiner于1879年最早提出，系指后发生的一种可逆性功能紊乱。
其特点为损伤平面以下脊髓功能的迅速、完全恢复。
一般认为其恢复时间不超过24～48h。
Obersteiner曾提出“神经元分子紊乱”学说，也有人认为脊髓震荡可能为间接暴力所导致的一种。
目前对其认识还相当肤浅，其原因主要在于脊髓震荡在临床上非常少见，而恢复时间又非常短暂，所以中国骨与关节研究所对其进行深入研究时遇到许多难题。
3、pilon骨折：是指累及胫距关节面的胫骨远端骨折。
胫骨Pilon骨折目前尚没有明确的定义，一般是指胫骨远端1/3波及胫距的骨折，胫骨远端关节面严重粉碎，及远端压缩。
常合并有腓骨下段骨折（约75%～85% )和严重。
Rockwood 等认为，Pilon骨折应包括：（1）和胫骨远端的骨折，通常伴有踝关节的；（2）内踝骨折；（3）胫骨前缘骨折；（4）胫骨后面横形骨折。
4:、barton骨折：桡骨远端关节面纵斜向断裂、伴有腕关节半脱位者称为Barton骨折，又称巴顿骨折。
视其发生机制及骨折线特点不同，可分为以下两型：背侧型较少见，手掌着地跌倒时，由于手部背伸，以致在桡骨远端背侧缘造成骨折，骨折片多向背侧移位，并伴有腕关节半脱位。
掌侧型较多见，系手背着地跌倒，以致应力方向沿桡骨远端向掌侧走行，骨折片向掌侧移位，腕关节亦出现半脱位。
有人将此型列入史密斯骨折中的一型。
5、病理骨折：指在某些疾病基础上出现的骨折。
最常见的原因是骨的原发性或转移性肿瘤，其他可能导致病理性骨折的因素还有、内分泌紊乱以及骨与软骨的发育障碍性疾病等。
骨科考博试题
一、名词解释：1.Bone-fascia compartment syndrome 骨筋膜室综合征：即由骨、骨间膜、肌间隔和深筋膜形成的骨筋膜室内肌肉和神经因急性缺血而产生的一系列早期症候。
最多见于前臂与小腿，常由创伤骨折的血肿和组织水肿使其室内内容物体积增加或外包扎过紧、局部压迫使骨筋膜室体积减小而导致骨筋膜室内压力增高所致。
当压力达到一定程度可使供应肌肉的小动脉关闭，形成缺血-水肿-缺血的恶性循环。
根据其缺血程度可导致：濒临缺血肌挛缩；缺血肌挛缩、坏疽。
2..V olkmann’s Contracture；缺血性肌挛缩Volkmann’s Contracture（福克曼缺血性挛缩）是骨折严重并发症之一，是骨筋膜室综合征处理不当的严重后果。
由于肢体严重缺血，造成肌肉坏死或挛缩，又因神经缺血和瘢痕压迫，常有神经部分瘫痪，致肢体严重残废。
多发生于上肢肱骨髁上骨折或尺桡骨骨折后，典型的畸形为“爪形手”。
3.挤压综合征（crush syndrome,CS）系肢体、臀部等肌肉丰富的部位受到压榨或长时间重力压迫，致肌肉缺血坏死并引起肢体肿胀、肌红蛋白尿、高血钾为特点的急性肾功能衰竭的综合征。
4.脂肪栓塞综合征：发生于成人，由于骨折处髓腔内血肿张力过大，骨髓被破坏，脂肪滴进入破裂的静脉窦内，引起肺、脑脂肪栓塞。
临床上出现呼吸功能不全、发绀，胸部拍片有广泛肺实变，即暴风雪改变。
动脉血氧低可导致烦躁不安、嗜睡、甚至昏迷死亡。
常见下肢的多发骨折患者。
5.骨化性肌炎：由于关节扭伤、脱位或关节附近骨折，骨膜剥离造成骨膜下血肿，处理不当使血肿扩大，机化并在关节附近软组织内广泛骨化，造成关节活动功能障碍。
特别多见于肘关节和骨盆骨折术后。
6.急性骨萎缩（Sudeck's atrophy),即损伤导致关节附近痛性骨质疏松，亦称反射性交感神经性骨营养不良。
好发于手、足骨折后，典型症状是疼痛和血管舒缩紊乱。
疼痛与损伤程度不一致，随邻近关节活动而加剧，局部有烧灼感。
历年各高校骨科考博试题精选
一、总结的骨科试题问答题脊柱内固定治疗进展〔1999复旦大学外科博士试题〕肱骨髁上骨折的诊治原那么〔2000复旦大学外科博士试题〕肱骨髁上骨折分型及手术适应症〔2004中山医科大学外科博士试题〕骨间后神经嵌压综合征的病因,临床表现,诊断及治疗〔2001复旦大学外科博士试题〕颈椎病的分类〔2002复旦大学外科博士试题〕骨肉瘤的临床及X线表现/分型/治疗进展〔2003复旦大学外科博士试题〕脊柱侧凸的分类,测量及X线判断病变是否稳定〔2004复旦大学外科博士试题〕脊柱侧弯定义分类治疗〔1997中山医科大学外科博士试题〕椎管狭窄症的定义、病因、临床表现、诊断和治疗〔2006复旦大学外科博士试题〕肱骨髁上骨折的治疗原那么〔1995中山医科大学外科博士试题〕全髋关节置换适应症、禁忌症及并发症〔1995中山医科大学外科博士试题〕骨结核好发部位、治疗原那么〔1996中山医科大学外科博士试题〕骨折愈合临床标准〔1996中山医科大学外科博士试题〕L4椎体滑脱的治疗原那么〔1998中山医科大学外科博士试题〕人工关节松动的原因〔1999中山医科大学外科博士试题〕颈椎病手术指征？前后入路选择〔2000中山医科大学外科博士试题〕手急性化脓性腱鞘炎和深部间隙感染与解剖的关系？〔2000中山医科大学外科博士试题〕特发性脊柱侧弯中，结构性侧弯和非结构性侧弯的区别。
〔2001中山医科大学外科博士试题〕膝关节半月板损伤的临床表现及诊断〔2004中山医科大学外科博士试题〕简述股骨头缺血性坏死的Ficat分期〔2006中山大学外科学博士试题〕-骨关节炎的诊断和治疗〔2006中山大学外科学博士试题〕试述人工膝关节置换术后的并发症〔2006中山大学外科学博士试题〕骨组织工程的治疗进展〔2006中南大学湘雅医学院骨科学博士试题〕良性恶性骨肿瘤的鉴别及骨肉瘤的治疗进展〔2006中南大学湘雅医学院骨科学博士试题〕脊髓型颈椎病的诊断标准，手术方案及其依据〔2006中南大学湘雅医学院骨科学博士试题〕手的功能位，手外伤的急救原那么〔2006中南大学湘雅医学院骨科学博士试题〕股骨远端骨折的AO分型，治疗原那么及术前、术中并发症〔2006中南大学湘雅医学院骨科学博士试题〕生物学接骨〔2004上海交大医学院骨科博士试题〕骨性关节炎的治疗〔2004上海交大医学院骨科博士试题〕腰椎滑脱的分级〔2004上海交大医学院骨科博士试题〕胫骨平台骨折的治疗〔2004上海交大医学院骨科博士试题〕二期愈合组织学〔2005上海交大医学院骨科博士考题〕生物学固定机理〔2005上海交大医学院骨科博士考题〕慢性骨髓炎〔2005上海交大医学院骨科博士考题〕良恶性骨肿瘤鉴别〔2005上海交大医学院骨科博士考题〕股骨颈骨折内固定,关节置换适应症〔2005上海交大医学院骨科博士考题〕病例分析:骨筋膜室综合症〔2005上海交大医学院骨科博士考题〕名词解释Nelaton’s line/复旦大学医学院2003年骨科学Vater-Pacinian Corpuscle/复旦大学医学院2003年骨科学Ward’s triangle复旦大学医学院2003年骨科学/2003三军大骨科博士腕管综合症/复旦大学医学院2003年骨科学/2006二军大骨科博士试题肩部撞击症/复旦大学医学院2003年骨科学/2006二军大骨科博士试题手部无人区/1999中山医科大学外科博士试题脊柱侧弯/1999中山医科大学外科博士试题应力缓冲效应/1999中山医科大学外科博士试题BMP /2003、2005二军大骨科博士试题Frank's分型/2003西安医科大骨科博士嗅鞘细胞/2003西安医科大骨科博士Weak up test/2003西安医科大骨科博士新月征/2003西安医科大骨科博士腱鞘巨细胞瘤/2003西安医科大骨科博士张力带固定/2003二军大骨科博士试题肥大型骨不愈/2003二军大骨科博士试题CRAMS评分法/2006二军大骨科博士试题V AS评分法/2006二军大骨科博士试题SCI/2006二军大骨科博士试题artificial gut/2006二军大骨科博士试题perioperative period/2006二军大骨科博士试题V olkman挛缩/2006二军大骨科博士试题Perthes病/2006二军大骨科博士试题OPLL/2006二军大骨科博士试题脊髓震荡/2003二军大骨科博士试题静力锁钉/2003二军大骨科博士试题tutrial cord syndrome/2005二军大骨科博士试题Jefferson fracture/2005二军大骨科博士试题Bohler angle/2005二军大骨科博士试题Brown-Sequard syndrome/2005二军大骨科博士试题Bragd sign/2005二军大骨科博士试题McGarge's line/2006二军大骨科博士试题中央脊髓综合征/2003三军大骨科博士Abbreviation Jnjury Scale/2003三军大骨科博士Contagious */2003三军大骨科博士Bennet 骨折/2003三军大骨科博士骨不连/2004华中科技大骨科博士)骨筋膜室综合征/2004华中科技大骨科博士解剖学复位/2004华中科技大骨科博士骨筋膜室综合征/2004华中科技大骨科博士病理脱位/2004华中科技大骨科博士全关节结核/2004华中科技大骨科博士关节僵硬/2004华中科技大骨科博士解剖学复位/2004华中科技大骨科博士骨筋膜室综合征/2004华中科技大骨科博士病理脱位/2004华中科技大骨科博士全关节结核/2004华中科技大骨科博士关节僵硬/2004华中科技大骨科博士骨筋膜室综合征/2004华中科技大骨科博士解剖学复位/2004华中科技大骨科博士骨筋膜室综合征/2004华中科技大骨科博士病理脱位/2004华中科技大骨科博士全关节结核/2004华中科技大骨科博士关节僵硬/2004华中科技大骨科博士二、骨科名词解释1.高尔夫球肘〔Golfer's elbow〕即肱骨内上髁炎，是由于肘部过度活动引起肘部屈肌附着处疼痛。
重庆医科大学生理学2013,2018年考博真题
医学考博
历年真题试卷
重庆医科大学
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：生理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
1.adequete stimulus
2.antagonist
3.blind spot
4.brain gut peptide
5.ejection fraction
6.internal environment
7.nystagmus
8.reciprocal inhibition
9.referred pain
10.crystal osmotic pressure
二、问答题
1.机体是如何调节体温的？
2.心肌细胞动作电位的特点是什么？
3.胃为何不能消化自身？
4.CO2和低氧对呼吸的调节？
5.
三、论述题
1.大量出汗后少喝水或不喝水导致少尿的机制是什么？
2.何为心力储备，其影响因素有哪些？
重庆医科大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：生理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（6*3=18分）
6.蛙心灌注实验，灌注肾上腺素后出现什么现象？机制？（17分）
7.糖皮质激素不能突然停药，原因？（17分）
1.红细胞悬浮稳定性
2.去皮层僵直
3.心房利尿钠钛
4.稳态
5.生长抑素
二、简答题（82分）
1.心力储备的。（8分）
2.抑制胃液分泌的因素。（8分）
3.影响肾小管集合管重吸收分泌的因素。（8分）
2018年全国医学考博英语试题.doc
2018MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
2.试卷一(Paper One浴案和13c卷二(Paper Two溶案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。
3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B 铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。
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5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。
国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 : Listening comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question aboutwhat is said, The question will be read only once, After you hear thequestion, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose thebest answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET .Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven ' t had a bite all day.Question: What' s the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She was bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let ' s begin with question Number 1.1. A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pintsC. About 4 pintsD. About 7 pints2. A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work.C. Take some sleeping pills.D. Work harder to forget all her troubles.3. A. He has no complaints about the doctor.B.He won't complain anything.C.He is in good condition.D.He couldn't be worse.4. A. She is kidding.B.She will get a raise.C.The man will get a raise.D.The man will get a promotion.5. A. Her daughter likes ball games.B.Her daughter is an exciting child.C.She and her daughter are good friends.D.She and her daughter do nt always understand each other.6. A. She hurt her uncle.B.She hurt her ankle.C.She has a swollen toe.D.She needs a minor surgery.7. A. John likes gambling.8.John is very fond of his new boss.9.John has ups and downs in the new company.10.J ohn has a promising future in the new company.8. A. She will get some advice from the front desk.B.She will undergo some lab tests.C.She will arrange an appointment.D.She will get the test results.9. A. She’ s an odd character.B.She is very picky.C.She is easy-going.D.She likes fashions.10.A. At a street corner.B.In a local shop.C.In a ward.D.In a clinic.11.A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.C. Vegetables and fruits.D. Heavy foods.12.A. He is having a good time.B.He very much likes his old bicycle.C.He will buy a new bicycle right away.D.He would rather buy a new bicycle later.13.A. It is only a cough.B.It ’s a minor illness.C.It started two weeks ago.D.It ’s extremely serious.14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.B.The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.C.The stock market bubble will continue to grow.D.The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.B.The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.C.The white pills should be taken once a day before breakfast.D.The large round pills should be taken three times a day after meals.Section BDirection: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read thefour possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the best answer andmark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET .Dialogue16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.B.Because it was upsetting his stomach.C.Because he was allergic to it.D.Because it was too expensive.17.A. He can’ t play soccer any more.B.He has a serious foot problem.C.He needs an operation.D.He has cancer.18.A. A blood transfusion.B.An allergy test.C. A urine test.D.A biopsy.19.A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see if he has depression.C. To see if he requires surgery.D. To see if he has a food allergyproblem.20.A. Relieved.B.Anxious.C.Angry.D.Depressed.Passage One21.A. The cause of COPD.B.Harmful effects of smoking.C.Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.D.Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.22.A. 954.B.955.C.1909.D.1955.23.A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.C. On May 18 in San Francisco.D. On May 25 in San Francisco.24.A. When smoking exposure is high.B.When smoking exposure is low.C.When the subjects received medication.D.When the subjects stopped smoking.25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.B.Genetic differences between men and women.C.Women’ s active metabolic rate.D.Women’ s smaller airways.Passage Two26.A. About 90,000.B.About 100,000.C.Several hundreds.D.About 5,000.27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.B.Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.C.Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.D.Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.B.Persuading people not to slaughter animals.C.Urging people not to eat animals.D.Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area.29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean.B.The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of the viruses.C.The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.D.The heavy but intermittent rains.30.A. Warning from NASA.B.How to treat Rift Valley fever.C.The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.D.Satellites and global health — remote diagnosis.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D .are given beneath each of them. You are to choose theword or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then mark your answer ontheANSWER SHEET.31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’ s emptying, produce asmoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better __________ brainmetabolism.A. regulateB. activateC. retainD. consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico left my mindin such a _____________ t hat I couldn’ t get to sleep.A. catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD. mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high blood pressure, in theobese, in cigarette smokers, and in those to prolonged emotionaland mental strain.A. sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD. subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then to adults.A. conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD. relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world at the lower end ofthe table of real GDP per capita last year.A. fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD. vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical, even though the concepthas been around since 1900s.A. trialsB. applicationsC. implicationsD. endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time may weaken theimmune system,aging, and cause cancer.A. haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidates personality traits, being modest and generous, people in hisfavor before the election.A. predisposedB. presumedC. presidedD. pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has a strong toa vast multitude of people.A. flavorB. thrillC. appealD. implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be early than even afraction of a minute too late.A. infinitelyB. temporarilyC. comfortablyD. favorablySection BDirections: Each of the following sentenceshas a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence, Choose the word or phrasewhich can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it issubstituted for the underlined part, Mark your answer on the ANSWERSHEET .41.All Nobel Prize winners ' success is a process of long-term accumulation, in whichlasting efforts are indispensable.A. irresistibleB. cherishedC. inseparableD. requisite42.The Queen's presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks reception atBuckingham Palace in London.A. bestowedB. exhibitedC. imposedD. emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest in growing children in theform of mental and physical retardation.A. intensifiedB. apparentC. representativeD. insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances has beenapplied to automatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A. yieldB. amplifyC. adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure of religiouspersecution that exacerbatedtheir conflicts and created the split of the union.A. eradicatedB. deterioratedC. vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate the originalcomposition by painting over it on canvases.A. duplicateB. eliminateC. substituteD. compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored the constructionprogram of a nuclear power station.A. disapprovedB. despisedC. demolishedD. decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards of maritalfidelity.A. loyaltyB. moralityC. qualityD. stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent in not giving him a fullexamination.A. prudentB. ardentC. carelessD. brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning.A. furyB. chaosC. despairD. agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For eachblank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET .For years, scientists have been warning us that the radiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health, without actually having any evidence to back these __51__ up.However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least one positive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer ’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as test subjects.It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is bad foryour health.It ’s thought that walking around with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of your head is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well be true, but I ’d rather wait until it ’s proven before giving up that part of my daily life.But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain. __54__ in this case it was a positive ratherthan negative effect.According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer ’s Disease Research Center conducted a study on 96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phones could affect the onset of Alzheimer ’s.Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains” __55__ they aged. These are a marker of Alzheimer ’s. all 96 mice were then“exposed to the electro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for two one-hourperiods each day for seven to nine months. ” The lucky things.__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposed before the onset of the illness. Their cognitiveabilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to the mice not genetically altered in any way.Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don ’t actually know why exposure to mobile phone radiation has this effect. But it ’s hoped that further study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing and treating Alzheimer ’s disease.Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation.However, the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer ’s means mobile phones __60__ our brainsand bodies in ways not yet explored. And it ’s sure there are negative as well as this one positive.51. A. devicesB.risksC.phenomenaD.claims52. A. at leastB.at mostC.as ifD.as well53. A. blockingB.cookingC.exhaustingD.cooling54. A. ExceptB.EvenC.DespiteD.Besides55. A. untilB.whenC.asD.unless56. A. rangeB.continuumC.spectrumD.field57. A. ReasonablyB.ConsequentlyC.AmazinglyD.Undoubtedly58. A. identicalB.beneficialC.preferableD.susceptible59. A. effortB.methodC.huntD.account60. A. do affectB.did affectC.is affectingD.could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part there are six passages,each of which is followed by fivequestions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B,C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET .Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medical masks.Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights.This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale.Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.One-fifth of the world ’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. WhenI visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day,seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paid?This is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.What can be done? A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices.It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should be extended to laboratory goods.There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.61.From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us .A.the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB.the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.C.the cheapest labor in the developing countries.D.the human misery behind them.62.The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, according to the passage,A.is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.B.could have been even exaggerated.C.is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.D.is prevailing across the world.63.The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy west buy the tools of theirtrade, they should _______________ .A.have the same concern with the developing countries.B.be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC.pursue good bargains in the international market.D.spare a thought for how they were made.64. A proper course of action suggested by the author is ______ .A.to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.B.to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.C.to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.D.to improve the transparency of international contracts.65.By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that .A.the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB.the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.boratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.D.because of science, there is hope for humanity.Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it ’sinaccurate orconfusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in anenvironmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companie’s eco-credentials, some of dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify.The confusion is evident form New Scientist’ s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’ green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered“ green” have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue. In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.Similar problems bedevil “green” labels attached to individual products. Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world ’s leading professional association for technology/Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index” planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then market forces will drive companies to clean up their acts.Let ’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy — and it s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.66.T“he confusion ” at the beginning of the 2 nd paragraph refers to .A.where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB.an array of consumer products to chooseC.a fog of unreliable green informationD.little information on eco-credibility67.From the New Scientist’ s analysis it can be inferred that in many casesA.eco-credibility is abusedB.a green economy is crucialC.an environmental impact is lessenedD.green credentials promote green economy68.From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products, the author argues that ______ .A.eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB.neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC.it is vital to build a green economyD.better information is critical69.To address the issue, the author is crying for _.A.transparent corporate managementB.establishing sustainability indexesC.tough academic-led surveillanceD.strict legal weapons70.Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraph?A.The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.B.It is time for another green revolution.rmation should be free for all.D.No quantity, no quality.Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats — much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does not involve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades.Its advocatespoint out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then” statements.The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools; a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow a rule that specified “if a student is admitted to the good school ”, they must live in the highly taxed district.Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.Cosmides found that when the “supervisors” thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer - looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in the highly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said.“Any cues that it ’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism”.Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’ s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that, ” says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island. “It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience.There’ s no evident that it’s anything innate.”71.The findings of the study were in favor of ______ .A.the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB.the relation between intelligence and evolutionC.the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD.the human innate ability to cheat72.The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at __ .A.spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB.detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC.spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD.detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightly taxed one73.When she says that …that can't be the only thing going on in the mind, Cosmides most probably implies that ________________ .A.cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB.our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC.there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-making systemD.the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionary74.In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that ___ .A.it was of great possibilityB.it could be misleadingC.it was unbelievableD.it ’s acquired75.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A.Cheating at SchoolB.Cheating as the Human NatureC.Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD.Intelligence Evolved to Root Out CheatsPassage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook. This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens and environmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’ t play well with mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like it or not, we now live in the anthropocene 人类世）-an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet s natural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. We cannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institute in Sweden, and colleagues have distilled recent research on how Earth systems work into a list of nine “planetary boundaries” that we must stay within to live sustainably. It ispreliminary work, and many will disagree with where the boundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about our relationship with the environment —a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’ t trashed the place yet.It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’ s 2007 report on climate impacts. Thisreport has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic? Because there is a sense thatthe IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the repor’ ts headline conclusions.Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it. There ’s no room for complacency: Rockstrom ’s analysis shows us that we face real dangers, but exaggerating our problems is not the way to solve them.76.As the first paragraph implies, there is between environmentalists and mainstream society _________________________ .A. a misunderstandingB.a confrontationC. a collaborationD.a consensus77.Within the planetary boundaries, as Rockstrom implies, ______.A.we humans have gone far beyond the limitationsB.our human activities are actually moderate in degreeC. a certain level of human impact is naturally acceptableD.it is urgent to modify our relationship with the environment78.The point, based on Rockstrom ’s investigation, is simply that __ .A.they made the first classification of Earth systemsB.it is not to deny but to manage impacts on the planetC.we are approaching the anthropocene faster than expectedD.human beings are rational and responsible creatures on earth79.Critical of the IPCC ’s 2007 report, the author argues that they .A.missed the most serious problems thereB.were poorly assembled for the missionC.cannot be called scientists at allD.value nature above people80.It can be concluded from the passage that if we are to manage the anthropocene successfully, we ______________________________ .A.must redefine our relationship with the environmentB.should not take it seriously but to take it easyC.need a new way of thinking about natureD.need cooler heads and clearer statisticsPassage Five。
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二、论述题（50分） 1.股骨头坏死分期及治疗。 2.骨不连的原因及骨生长因子的研究进展。 3.脊柱侧弯的分类及治疗。 4.腰椎管狭窄的分类及诊断治疗。
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重庆医科大学
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重庆医科大学
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重庆医科大学
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一、名词解释（4分*5） Tinel sign Risser征 herberden结节 椎间盘造影术（discography） 脊柱失状垂直轴（sagittal vertical axis of spine） 二、简答题（第一个为英文）（10分*5） 1. 化脓性脊柱炎（suppurative spondylitis） 2. 开放性骨折gustlio/anderson分类 3. 脊髓型颈椎病JOA评分 4. 运动系统慢性损伤特点，治疗原则 5. 腰椎动态固定 三、论述题（15分*2） 1. 骨质疏松骨折临床特点与治疗原则 2. 骨与关节手术感染的原因及预防进展措施
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
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重庆医科大学
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
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一、名词解释 股骨矩 polvo比值 骨垢分离 骨质疏松症 骨形态发生蛋白 二、简答 1周围神经损伤的那个五点分型。 2颈椎病的评分表。 3骨折的治疗原则 三、问答 1 gout的诊断治疗临床表现。 2GTM分期及意义。
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重庆医科大学
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试 Nhomakorabea题考试科目：骨外科学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、简答题（50分） 1.骨组织工程级种子细胞的研究进展。 2.髋关节置换术后松动原因。 3.老年人轻微外伤致严重骨折的原因诊断治疗要点。 4.腰椎骨质疏松骨折的临床特点治疗原则。 5.脊柱三柱概念及意义。
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重庆医科大学
2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：骨外科学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释（3分*4=12分） 1.踇外翻（英文） 2.伸肌下支持带（英文） 3. pilon骨折 4.脊髓震荡 二、简答题（7分*4=28分） 1.脊髓休克。 2.骨折切开复位的标准。 3. Neer分类及治疗原则。 4.骨性关节炎病理表现及治疗。 三、论述题（20分*3=60分） 1.椎间盘退变治疗进展。 2.骨转移瘤的治疗进展。 3.慢性骨髓炎治疗进展。