动词不定式和动名词的句法功能比较

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动词不定式和动名词的句法功能比较

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动词不定式和动名词的句法功能比较

一,作主语

⒈不定式作主语

动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种:

(1)把不定式置于句首.如:

To get there by bike will take us half anhour.

(2)用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中.如:

①It+be+名词+todo

It's ourduty totake goodcare of the old.

②It takes sb+sometime+to do

Howlong did ittakeyouto finish thework

③It+be+形容词+forsb +to do

It isdifficultfor ustofinishwritingthecomposition inaquarter ofan hour.

④It+be+形容词+of sb+to do

It isstupid of you to write down everythingthe teacher says.

⑤It seems(appears)+形容词+todo

It seemed impossible to save money.

在句型③中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如:difficult,easy, hard,important, impossible, necessary等;在句型④中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish, honest,kind, lazy,nice, right, silly,stupid,wise等表示赞扬或批评的词.在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语.这一句式有时相当于Sbis+形容词+to do句式,如:It'skind ofyou tohelpmewith myEnglish.=You arekind to help me with my English.

⒉动名词作主语

Learningwithout practiceisno good.

动名词作主语时,也常用It句式.如:

①It's +nogood(no use, fun, a pleasure, a waste of time)+doing…

It's nogood reading in dimlight.

It's nouse sitting here waiting.

②It's+形容词+doing

It's dangerous swimminginthe sea inwindydays.

这样用的形容词有expensive, nice,tiring等,但important, necessary则不适用于这种结构,应用不定式代替,如:It's important for you to keep fit.

③There isno+ doing

There isnosayingwhat willhappen next.

在这一结构中,动名词后常带宾语,相当于"It'simpossibleto…"结构.

⒊动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别

①不定式作主语经常表示具体动作,常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起;而动名词作主语经

常表示抽象动作,经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起.如:

It's nogoodeating too muchfat.

It's no good for youto eat so muchfat.

②动名词结构作主语,可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语.如:

It's no use your pretendingthat you didn't know the rules.

二,作宾语

⒈不定式作宾语

①以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语.如:agree, ask,aim,arrange, choose, decide,demand,expect,fail , help,hope,lean,long, manage, offer, pla n, prepare,pretend, promise, refuse, wish等,这些词大部分可接that引导的从句.如:

I decidedto ask formy money back.

I decided that I wouldaskformy money back.

When our visitto the farm was over, weexpectedto start back onfoot.

When ourvisit tothe farm was over, we expectedthatwe would startbackon foot.

②当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即:主语+动词+it+补语+to do句式.如:

We think itquite important forus tolearn a foreign language well.

Hefeels it his duty tohelp the poor.

③介词but, except,besides+todo(do)

在这种句型中,如介词前有动词do,后面应接不带to的不定式;如无do,则接to不定式,即带do不带to,带to不带do.如:

The enemysoldiers had no choicebut to givein.

On Sunday afternoon I hadnothing to dobutwatchTV.

⒉动名词作宾语

①以下动词后,只能接动名词作宾语,如:admit,appreciate, consider,delay,enjoy,finish, keep, imagine,mind, miss, practise, resist,risk,save, su ggest, don't mind, give up,insist,on, put off等.如:

Isuggestspending our summer vacation in a seaside town.

You must giveup smoking,forit does too muchharm to your health.

②动名词作介词的宾语

Ishould go toattend thebirthday celebration insteadof staying

at home.

What aboutinvitingLiJun to make aspeech

动名词前的介词有时可以省略,如:have difficulty(in)doing, have no trouble(in)doing,lose no ti me(in)doing,prevent/stop…(from)doing, there is no use(in)doing等.

⒊部分动词后面,既可接动词不定式,也可接动名词作宾语,意义不变.如:begin, continue, s tart,hat e, like,love, need, require, want等.

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