动词不定式和动名词的句法功能比较
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动词不定式和动名词的句法功能比较
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动词不定式和动名词的句法功能比较
一,作主语
⒈不定式作主语
动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种:
(1)把不定式置于句首.如:
To get there by bike will take us half anhour.
(2)用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中.如:
①It+be+名词+todo
It's ourduty totake goodcare of the old.
②It takes sb+sometime+to do
Howlong did ittakeyouto finish thework
③It+be+形容词+forsb +to do
It isdifficultfor ustofinishwritingthecomposition inaquarter ofan hour.
④It+be+形容词+of sb+to do
It isstupid of you to write down everythingthe teacher says.
⑤It seems(appears)+形容词+todo
It seemed impossible to save money.
在句型③中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如:difficult,easy, hard,important, impossible, necessary等;在句型④中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish, honest,kind, lazy,nice, right, silly,stupid,wise等表示赞扬或批评的词.在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语.这一句式有时相当于Sbis+形容词+to do句式,如:It'skind ofyou tohelpmewith myEnglish.=You arekind to help me with my English.
⒉动名词作主语
Learningwithout practiceisno good.
动名词作主语时,也常用It句式.如:
①It's +nogood(no use, fun, a pleasure, a waste of time)+doing…
It's nogood reading in dimlight.
It's nouse sitting here waiting.
②It's+形容词+doing
It's dangerous swimminginthe sea inwindydays.
这样用的形容词有expensive, nice,tiring等,但important, necessary则不适用于这种结构,应用不定式代替,如:It's important for you to keep fit.
③There isno+ doing
There isnosayingwhat willhappen next.
在这一结构中,动名词后常带宾语,相当于"It'simpossibleto…"结构.
⒊动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别
①不定式作主语经常表示具体动作,常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起;而动名词作主语经
常表示抽象动作,经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起.如:
It's nogoodeating too muchfat.
It's no good for youto eat so muchfat.
②动名词结构作主语,可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语.如:
It's no use your pretendingthat you didn't know the rules.
二,作宾语
⒈不定式作宾语
①以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语.如:agree, ask,aim,arrange, choose, decide,demand,expect,fail , help,hope,lean,long, manage, offer, pla n, prepare,pretend, promise, refuse, wish等,这些词大部分可接that引导的从句.如:
I decidedto ask formy money back.
I decided that I wouldaskformy money back.
When our visitto the farm was over, weexpectedto start back onfoot.
When ourvisit tothe farm was over, we expectedthatwe would startbackon foot.
②当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即:主语+动词+it+补语+to do句式.如:
We think itquite important forus tolearn a foreign language well.
Hefeels it his duty tohelp the poor.
③介词but, except,besides+todo(do)
在这种句型中,如介词前有动词do,后面应接不带to的不定式;如无do,则接to不定式,即带do不带to,带to不带do.如:
The enemysoldiers had no choicebut to givein.
On Sunday afternoon I hadnothing to dobutwatchTV.
⒉动名词作宾语
①以下动词后,只能接动名词作宾语,如:admit,appreciate, consider,delay,enjoy,finish, keep, imagine,mind, miss, practise, resist,risk,save, su ggest, don't mind, give up,insist,on, put off等.如:
Isuggestspending our summer vacation in a seaside town.
You must giveup smoking,forit does too muchharm to your health.
②动名词作介词的宾语
Ishould go toattend thebirthday celebration insteadof staying
at home.
What aboutinvitingLiJun to make aspeech
动名词前的介词有时可以省略,如:have difficulty(in)doing, have no trouble(in)doing,lose no ti me(in)doing,prevent/stop…(from)doing, there is no use(in)doing等.
⒊部分动词后面,既可接动词不定式,也可接动名词作宾语,意义不变.如:begin, continue, s tart,hat e, like,love, need, require, want等.