生化英译汉
生化检验复习题
习题集（教材：《生物化学检验》，李萍主编，人民卫生出版社，2002年第2版）一、名词解释1、抗凝剂2、决定性方法3、参考方法4、常规方法5、标准品6、一级标准品7、二级标准品8、控制物9、实验误差 10系统误差 11、随机误差 12、精密度 13、准确度 14、特异度 15、干扰 16、检测能力 17、回收试验 18、回收率 19、允许分析误差 20、参考值 21、参考范围 22、医学决定水平 23、金标准 24、ROC曲线 25、质量控制26、质控品 27、实验室认可 28、光谱分析 29、酶活性 30、酶活性单位 31、酶活性国际单位 32、延滞期 33、线性期 34、偏离线性期35、固定时间法 36、连续监测法 37、工具酶 38、心肌酶 39、急性时相反应蛋白 40、Lowry改良法 41、糖尿病 42、酮血症 43、OGTT 44、脂蛋白受体 45、清道夫受体46、残粒受体 47、高脂蛋白血症 48、脱水 49、高渗性脱水 50、等渗性脱水 51、低渗性脱水 52、水肿 53、血氧饱和度 54、Bohr效应 55、二氧化碳分压 56、氧分压 57、二氧化碳总量 58、实际碳酸氢盐 59、标准碳酸氢盐 60、缓冲碱 61、碱剩余 62、阴离子隙 63、微量元素 64、δ-胆红素 65、生物转化 66、卡门氏单位 67、肾小管重吸收 68、假肌酐 69、AMI 70、心脏标志物二、填空1、英译汉：NCCLS的中文全称是；IFCC的中文全称是。
2、IQC、 TRF、 APR、 GFR的中文全称依次为、、、。
3、BE的中文全称为，AG为，AB为，BB为。
4、生化检验常用的体液标本有、、和等，其中以标本最为常用。
5、生化检验中，是最常用的血液标本，是最常用的采血方法6、生化检验中常用的抗凝剂有、等。
7、血气分析多使用血。
8、离子交换法得到的纯水的纯度（高于/低于）蒸馏法得到的纯水的纯度。
9、临床实验室用水，一般选用级水，级水用于特殊实验，级水用作仪器的自来水清洁后冲洗。
四级英译汉
Translating1.Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive(认知的)areas such as attention and memory.2.And someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into old age more cognitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind.3.Too often we believe what accounts for others' success is some special secret or a lucky break(机遇). But rarely is success so mysterious.4.The latter ignores the higher cost of providing full services to a scattered community and the cost in both money and time of journeys to work for the suburban resident.5.For the population as a whole, we must be more concerned with the delayed effects of absorbing small amounts of the pesticides that invisibly pollute our world.6.An alternative to the market system is administrative control by some agency over all transactions. This agency will issue edictsor commands as to how much of each kind of goods and service should be produced, exchanged, and consumed by each economic unit.7.Aristotle,for example, whose natural science dominated western thought for two thousand years, believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principles.8.He still has the Purple Heart awarded him after he was wounded, although he has had a difficult time keeping it. His girlfriends, explains the bachelor, have wanted to wear it.9.In the developing country where a vastly expanded population is pressing hard upon the limits of food, space and natural resources, it will be the first concern of government to place a limit on the birth rate, whatever the consequences maybe.10.That was before we entered the permissive period in education in which we decided it was all right not to push our children to achieve their best in school.11.A second difference in male and female roles in that within marriage many decisions and responsibilities are shared. The husband and wife may choose to have children, or they may not. If they have children, the man may take care of them some of time, all of the time or not at all.12.Often however, the ambitions that parents have for their children are another cause of the division between them. Often they discover that they have very little in common with each other.13.These souvenir collectors chip off pieces of stone when the guards are not looking. This activity seems to be tolerated by other tourists standing nearby, as few complaints are ever recorded.14.It finds it in those other plats which, having received theirs free from the sun, relinquish it at some point in their cycle either to other animals or to fungi.15.Good sense is the most equitably distributed thing in the world, for each man considers himself so well provided with it that even those who are most difficult to satisfy in everything else do not usually wish to have more of it than they have already.答案:1.研究人员证实人们在动脑筋时，头脑里会产生生化变化，使头脑在注意力和记忆力这类认知领域中更加有效地活动。
生化英汉互译-名词解释
肽peptide 糖异生gluconeogenesis甘油三酯triglyceride 信号肽signal peptide磷脂phospholipid 翻译translation胆固醇cholesterol 遗传密码genetic codon脂蛋白lipoprotein 生物转化biotransformation脂肪酸fatty acid 胆汁酸bile acid乳糜微粒chylomicra CM 蛋白激酶protein kinase PK酮体ketone bodies 结构域domain极低密度脂蛋白very low density lipoprotein 变性denaturation低密度脂蛋白low density lipoprotein 碱基base高密度脂蛋白high density lipoprotein 双螺旋double helix转氨基作用transamination 酶enzyme关键酶key enzyme 核酶ribozyme半保留复制semiconservative replication 酶原zymogen端粒telomere 同工酶isoenzyme逆转录酶reverse transcriptase 变构调节allosteric编码链coding strand 共价修饰调节covalent modification 外显子exon 呼吸链respiratory chain内含子intron 氧化磷酸化oxidative phosphorylation 剪接cleavage splicing 葡萄糖glucose启动子promoter 反密码子anticodon有氧氧化aerobic oxidation 脂类lipids糖酵解glycolysis 柠檬酸循环citrate cycle三羧酸循环tricarboxylic acid cycle 糖原glycogen磷酸戊糖途径pentose phosphate pathway 血糖blood sugar生化名词解释1、结构域：指一些较大的蛋白质分子，其三级结构中具有两个或多个在空间上可明显区别的局部区域。
复试生化试题
天津医科大学2000年生物化学（基础）（硕士）一、名词解释：（30分）1.多核糖体循环2.联合脱氨基作用3.苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭4.限制性内切核酸酶5.支链氨基酸6. point mutation7. semi-conservative replication8. sodium pump9. Protein kinase 10.Hognees box二、简答题1. 说明下列物质在代谢中的重要性：（10分）⑴腺苷酸环化酶⑵加单氧酶⑶激素受体⑷酮体⑸外显子2.肝中葡萄糖-6-磷酸可能有哪些代谢途径。
（5分）3.试比较体内两种氨基甲酰磷酸合成酶在亚细胞定位及作用等方面的区别。
（5分）4.简述G蛋白Gs及Gi在激素信号传递过程中的作用机理。
5.试述糖原合成及分解的主要过程，并说明激素对它的调节。
6.HDL和VLDL在代谢上有何联系？（5分）7.合成血红素的原料是什么？限速酶是？如何调节？写出血红素合成过程中五个重要中间产物的名称。
（5分）三、论述题1.参与大肠杆菌DNA合成的酶及蛋白因子有哪些？各起什么作用？2. 试述糖、脂肪和蛋白质代谢之间有何联系？天津医科大学2000生物化学（专业）（硕士）一、名词解释：（30分）1.癌基因2.次级胆汁酸3.第二信使4.多功能酶5.信号肽6.semi-conservative replication7.homone receptor 8.antisense strand 9.Hognees box 10.oxidative phosphorylation二、简答题1. 写出下列化合物的分子式或结构式：（5分）⑴胸腺嘧啶⑵乙酰乙酸⑶天冬氨酸2.每molG彻底氧化净生成的ATPmol数为什么不是固定值，而是36或38？说明其机理和简要过程。
（10分）3.简述体内ATP是如何生成的？（5分）4.写出柠檬酸如何在体内彻底氧化CO2和水的简要过程。
（10分）5.完成下列酶催化的反应（可用文字或符号表达，可以不写结构式）。
第一章 生物化学绪论
生物化学不仅是一门对生命科学有着指导性的基础
理论学科，也是一门对国民经济有着重要意义之一的应用
学科，主要表现在以下几个方面：
（1）生物化学在工业上的应用
生物化学是食品发酵工业理论基础。
例如：食品工业制酱、酿酒、制醋；纺织工业上棉布浆化； 制革业上的毛皮毛脱脂；
（2）生物化学在农业上应用
生物化学也是农业的基础课。农作物的代谢都离不开生物 化学，以及农作物病虫防治等等。
Biochemistry 或 Biological Chemistry
现译为“生物化学”，简称“生化”。 实用文档
2、生物化学发展与起源
生物化学在18世纪开始萌芽，19世纪
初步发展，20世纪初才成为独立的学科。
首先，起源于法国，由法国传之于德
国，由德国而传到美国和英国。在20世纪
后，再由上述国家流传于其他各国。大约
生物化学
BIOCHEMISTRY
主讲：生物与制药工程学院 申 宁 实用文档
第一章 绪 论
生命与生物化学
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一 、生命的定义
具有复制的能力 具有催化的能力 具有突变的能力
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地球充满着生物，从最简单的病毒到菌 藻树草，从鱼虫鸟兽到最复杂的人类， 千姿百态。不同的生物，其形态、生理 特征和对环境的适应能力各不相同，都 经历着生长、发育、衰老、死亡的变化， 都具有繁殖后代的能力。
真核细胞中含有被核膜包着的核
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真核细胞的结构
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植物细胞的结构
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原核生物：地球上数量最多、分 布最广。代谢系多样性能适应各种 环境。 真核生物：一般为原核细胞的上千 倍～上万倍，有核，其构造与机能 均比原核生物复杂。
生化简答题
答案仅供参考10生工1班英译汉：糖酵解（EMP）磷酸果糖激酶（PFK）磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸（PEP）乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）三羧酸循环(TCA) 焦磷酸硫胺素（TPP）尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖（UDPG）磷酸戊糖途径（HMS）尿苷三磷酸（UTP）羟甲基戊二酸（HMG）脂酰基载体蛋白（ACP）甲羟戊酸（MV A）开放阅读框架（ORF）起始因子（原核IF/真核eIF）延长因子（EF）终止因子（RF）核糖体释放因子（RRF）三磷酸脱氧核苷（dNTP）核糖核苷二磷酸（NDP）单链结合蛋白（SSB）DNA聚合酶（DNA-pol）谷丙转氨酶（GPT）谷草转氨酶（GOT）苯丙酮尿症（PKU症）γ-氨基丁酸(GABA) 5-羟色胺（5-HT）多巴胺（DA）5-氟尿嘧啶（5-FU）5-磷酸核糖焦磷酸（PRPP）黄嘌呤核苷酸（XMP）次黄嘌呤核苷酸（IMP）黄素单核苷酸（FMN）黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸（FAD）CoI(NAD) CoⅡ(NADP)简答题1、简述在物质代谢中TCA循环的枢纽作用。
三羧酸循环是糖，脂肪和蛋白质三种主要有机物在体内彻底氧化的共同代谢途径，三羧酸循环的起始物乙酰-CoA，不但是糖氧化分解产物，它也可来自脂肪的甘油、脂肪酸和来自蛋白质的某些氨基酸代谢，因此三羧酸循环实际上是三种主要有机物在体内氧化供能的共同通路。
三羧酸循环也是体内三种主要有机物互变的联结机构，因糖和甘油在体内代谢可生成α-酮戊二酸及草酰乙酸等三羧酸循环的中间产物，这些中间产物可以转变成为某些氨基酸；而有些氨基酸又可通过不同途径变成α-酮戊二酸和草酰乙酸，再经糖异生的途径生成糖或转变成甘油，因此三羧酸循环起着枢纽作用。
2、简述氨中毒的机理。
高浓度氨与α-酮戊二酸形成谷氨酸，是大脑中的α-酮戊二酸大量减少，导致TCA循环无法正常进行，从而引起脑功能受损。
3、从生化的角度简述溶血性贫血的机理。
NADPH水平的降低，是蛋白质发生变化，使脂类发生过氧化作用，使红细胞产生高血红素，这些变化都使红细胞膜变弱，导致红细胞对损伤敏感，易破坏，常常发生溶血，引发溶血性贫血症。
往年考研生化真题
北京大学◇１９８８年生物化学一、选择题1.用茚三酮试剂确定氨基酸是靠它与下面()功能集团起作用。
2.影响酶催化效率的因素是()。
3.在适当条件下，盐酸胍变性球蛋白的可逆性，可证明()。
4.蛋白质中形成肽键平面的原因是()。
5.三个氨基酸(Asp，Leu，Lys)的混合物，经过一个sulphonotedpolysturene阳离子交换树脂粒，用PH5的缓冲液洗脱，洗脱液中氨基酸出现的顺序是()。
6.溶液A的PH为7.0，溶液B的PH为6.0的两个溶液的体积相等，则其H+的含量关()。
7.0.01N醋酸的PH为3.4,0.01NHCl的PH是2，用0.01NNaOH分别去中和15mL的以上醋酸和盐酸，试问需用()NaOH。
8.酶活性的国际单位(I.U.)定义为在30。
C下，将底物转化为产物，在()速度时的酶量。
9.在PH5.0的经DEAE-纤维素柱纯化酶，此酶的比活从2.2U/mg提高到303U/mg，表明()。
10.10-5毫克分子的乳酸脱氢酶，每秒催化10微克分子丙酮酸的生成，此酶的turnovernumber是()。
11.胰凝乳蛋白酶中电荷延迟系统是指()。
12.在整体代谢的调节环节调节中，别构效应可调节()。
13.A因子存在时，一个酶的初速度对底物浓度曲线为S形，而当A因子浓度增高时，此线左移，说明A因子是()。
14.一个酶的Km为3×10-5M，Vmax为转化8000克分子底物/分/克分子酶，底物浓度为3×10-5M时，初速度是()。
15.在一个2底物-2产物酶反应系统中，对其中一个底物的Km值是()。
16.一氧化碳有毒是因为()。
17.胶原蛋白的特性是()。
18.a螺旋与折叠的区别()。
19.促进酶分子催化反应的机制是()。
20.酶可以改变()。
21.转化丁二酸根为反丁二烯酸根所需要的酶是()。
22.激素17 -雌二醇发挥效应的位置在()。
23.3'-5'cAMP的性质是()。
专业名称 英译
专业名称对应英文翻译理学Natural Science数学Mathematics基础数学Fundamental Mathematics计算数学Computational Mathematics概率论与数理统计Probability and Mathematical Statistics应用数学Applied mathematics运筹学与控制论Operational Research and Cybernetics物理学Physics理论物理Theoretical Physics粒子物理与原子核物理Particle Physics and Nuclear Physics原子与分子物理Atomic and Molecular Physics等离子体物理Plasma Physics凝聚态物理Condensed Matter Physics声学Acoustics光学Optics无线电物理Radio Physics化学Chemistry无机化学Inorganic Chemistry分析化学Analytical Chemistry有机化学Organic Chemistry物理化学（含化学物理）Physical Chemistry (including Chemical Physics) 高分子化学与物理Chemistry and Physics of Polymers天文学Astronomy天体物理Astrophysics天体测量与天体力学Astrometry and Celestial Mechanics地理学Geography自然地理学Physical Geography人文地理学Human Geography地图学与地理信息系统Cartography and Geographic Information System 大气科学Atmospheric Sciences气象学Meteorology大气物理学与大气环境Atmospheric Physics and Atmospheric Environment 海洋科学Marine Sciences物理海洋学Physical Oceanography海洋化学Marine Chemistry海洋生理学Marine Biology海洋地质学Marine Geology地球物理学Geophysics固体地球物理学Solid Earth Physics空间物理学Space Physics地质学Geology矿物学、岩石学、矿床学Mineralogy, Petrology, Mineral Deposit Geology地球化学Geochemistry古生物学与地层学（含古人类学）Paleontology and Stratigraphy (includingPaleoanthropology)构造地质学Structural Geology第四纪地质学Quaternary Geology生物学Biology植物学Botany动物学Zoology生理学Physiology水生生物学Hydrobiology微生物学Microbiology神经生物学Neurobiology遗传学Genetics发育生物学Developmental Biology细胞生物学Cell Biology生物化学与分子生物学Biochemistry and Molecular Biology生物物理学Biophysics生态学Ecology系统科学Systems Science系统理论Systems Theory系统分析与集成Systems Analysis and Integration科学技术史History of Science and Technology农业科学农学Agriculture作物学Crop Science作物栽培学与耕作学Crop Cultivation and Farming System作物遗传育种学Crop Genetics and Breeding园艺学Horticulture果树学Pomology蔬菜学Olericulture茶学Tea Science农业资源利用学Utilization Science of Agricultural Resources土壤学Soil Science植物营养学Plant Nutrition植物保护学Plant Protection植物病理学Plant Pathology农业昆虫与害虫防治Agricultural Entomology and Pest Control农药学Pesticide Science畜牧学Animal Science动物遗传育种与繁殖Animal Genetics, Breeding and ReproductionScience动物营养与饲料科学Animal Nutrition and Feed Science草业科学Practaculture Science特种经济动物饲养学（含蚕、蜂等）The Rearing of Special-type EconomicAnimals (including Silkworm, Honeybees, etc.)兽医学V eterinary Medic ine基础兽医学Basic V eterinary Medicine预防兽医学Preventive V eterinary Medicine临床兽医学Clinical V eterinary Medicine林学Forestry林木遗传育种学Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding森林培育学Silviculture森林保护学Forest Protection森林经理学Forest Management野生动植物保护与利用Wildlife Conservation and Utilization园林植物与观赏园艺Ornamental Plants and Horticulture水土保持与荒漠化防治Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating水产学Fisheries Science水产养殖学Aquaculture Science捕捞学Fishing Science渔业资源学Science of Fisheries Resources医药科学医学Medicine基础医学Basic Medicine人体解剖与组织胚胎学Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology免疫学Immunology病原生物学Pathogenic Organisms病理学与病理生理学Pathology and Pathophysiology法医学Forensic Medicine放射医学Radiation Medicine航空航天与航海医学Aerospace and Nautical medicine临床医学Clinical Medic ine内科学（含心血管病学、血液病学、呼吸系病学、消化系病学、内分泌与代谢病学、肾脏病学、风湿病学、传染病学）Internal medicine (including Cardiology, Hematology, Respiratory, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nephrology, Rheuma-tology, Infectious Diseases)儿科学Pediatrics老年医学Geriatrics神经病学Neurology精神病与精神卫生学Psychiatry and Mental Health皮肤病与性病学Dermatology and V enereology影像医学与核医学Imaging and Nuclear Medicine临床检验诊断学Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics护理学Nursing外科学（含普通外科学、骨外科学、泌尿外科学、胸心血管外科学、神经外科学、整形外科学、烧伤外科学、野战外科学）Surgery (General Surgery, Orthopedics, Urology, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Neurosurgery, Plastic Surgery, Burn Surgery, Field Surgery)妇产科学Obstetrics and Gynecology眼科学Ophthalmic Specialty耳鼻咽喉科学Otolaryngology肿瘤学Oncology康复医学与理疗学Rehabilitation Medic ine & Physical Therapy运动医学Sports Medicine麻醉学Anesthesiology急诊医学Emergency Medicine口腔医学Stomatology口腔基础医学Basic Science of Stomatology口腔临床医学Clinical Science of Stomatology公共卫生与预防医学Public Health and Preventive Medicine流行病与卫生统计学Epidemiology and Health Statistics劳动卫生与环境卫生学Occupational and Environmental Health营养与食品卫生学Nutrition and Food Hygiene儿少卫生与妇幼保健学Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health卫生毒理学Hygiene Toxicology军事预防医学Military Preventive Medic ine中医学Chinese Medicine中医基础理论Basic Theories of Chinese Medicine中医临床基础Clinical Foundation of Chinese Medicine中医医史文献History and Literature of Chinese Medicine方剂学Formulas of Chinese Medicine中医诊断学Diagnostics of Chinese Medicine中医内科学Chinese Internal Medicine中医外科学Surgery of Chinese Medicine中医骨伤科学Orthopedics of Chinese Medicine中医妇科学Gynecology of Chinese Medicine中医儿科学Pediatrics of Chinese Medicine中医五官科学Ophthalmology and Otolaryngoloy of Chinese Medicine针灸推拿学Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Tuina of Chinese medicine民族医学Ethnomedicine中西医结合医学Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine中西医结合基础医学Basic Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative中西医结合临床医学Clinical Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine药学Pharmaceutical Science药物化学Medicinal Chemistry药剂学Pharmaceutics生药学Pharmacognosy药物分析学Pharmaceutical Analysis微生物与生化药学Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy药理学Pharmacology中药学Science of Chinese Pharmacology工程与技术科学工学Engineering力学Mechanics一般力学与力学基础General and Fundamental Mechanics固体力学Solid Mechanics流体力学Fluid Mechanics工程力学Engineering Mechanics机械工程Mechanical Engineering机械制造及其自动化Mechanical Manufacture and Automation机械电子工程Mechatronic Engineering机械设计与理论Mechanical Design and Theory车辆工程V ehicle Engineering光学工程Optical Engineering仪器科学与技术Instrument Science and Technology精密仪器及机械Precision Instrument and Machinery测试计量技术及仪器Measuring and Testing Technologies and Instruments 材料科学与工程Materials Science and Engineering材料物理与化学Materials Physics and Chemistry材料学Materialogy材料加工工程Materials Processing Engineering冶金工程Metallurgical Engineering冶金物理化学Physical Chemistry of Metallurgy钢铁冶金Ferrous Metallurgy有色金属冶金Non-ferrous Metallurgy动力工程及工程热物理Power Engineering and Engineering Thermophysics 工程热物理Engineering Thermophysics热能工程Thermal Power Engineering动力机械及工程Power Machinery and Engineering流体机械及工程Fluid Machinery and Engineering制冷及低温工程Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering化工过程机械Chemical Process Equipment电气工程Electrical Engineering电机与电器Electric Machines and Electric Apparatus电力系统及其自动化Power System and its Automation高电压与绝缘技术High V oltage and Insulation Technology电力电子与电力传动Power Electronics and Power Drives电工理论与新技术Theory and New Technology of Electrical Engineering 电子科学与技术Electronics Science and Technology物理电子学Physical Electronics电路与系统Circuits and Systems微电子学与固体电子学Microelectronics and Solid State Electronics电磁场与微波技术Electromagnetic Field and Microwave Technology信息与通信工程Information and Communication Engineering通信与信息系统Communication and Information Systems信号与信息处理Signal and Information Processing控制科学与工程Control Science and Engineering控制理论与控制工程Control Theory and Control Engineering检测技术与自动化装置Detection Technology and Automatic Equipment系统工程Systems Engineering模式识别与智能系统Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems导航、制导与控制Navigation, Guidance and Control计算机科学与技术Computer Science and Technology计算机软件与理论Computer Software and Theory计算机系统结构Computer Systems Organization计算机应用技术Computer Applied Technology建筑学Architecture建筑历史与理论Architectural History and Theory建筑设计及其理论Architectural Design and Theory城市规划与设计（含风景园林规划与设计）Urban Planning and Design (including Landscape Planning and Design)建筑技术科学Building Technology Science土木工程Civil Engineering岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering结构工程Structural Engineering市政工程Municipal Engineering供热、供燃气、通风及空调工程Heating, Gas Supply, V entilating and Air Conditioning Engineering防灾减灾工程及防护工程Disaster Prevention and Reduction Engineering and Protective Engineering桥梁与隧道工程Bridge and Tunnel Engineering水利工程Hydraulic Engineering水文学及水资源Hydrology and Water Resources水力学及河流动力学Hydraulics and River Dynamics水工结构工程Hydraulic Structure Engineering水利水电工程Hydraulic and Hydro-Power Engineering港口、海岸及近海工程Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering测绘科学与技术Surveying and Mapping大地测量学与测量工程Geodesy and Survey Engineering摄影测量与遥感Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing地图制图学与地理信息工程Cartography and Geographic Information Engineering化学工程与技术Chemical Engineering and Technology化学工程Chemical Engineering化学工艺Chemical Technology生物化工Biochemical Engineering应用化学Applied Chemistry工业催化Industrial Catalysis地质资源与地质工程Geological Resources and Geological Engineering矿产普查与勘探Mineral Resource Prospecting and Exploration地球探测与信息技术Geodetection and Information Technology地质工程Geological Engineering矿业工程Mineral Engineering采矿工程Mining Engineering矿物加工工程Mineral Processing Engineering安全技术及工程Safety Technology and Engineering石油与天然气工程Oil and Natural Gas Engineering油气井工程Oil-Gas Well Engineering油气田开发工程Oil-Gas Field Development Engineering油气储运工程Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Engineering纺织科学与工程Textile Science and Engineering纺织工程Textile Engineering纺织材料与纺织品设计Textile Material and Textiles Design纺织化学与染整工程Textile Chemistry and Dyeing and Finishing Engineering服装设计与工程Clothing Design and Engineering轻工技术与工程The Light Industry Technology and Engineering制浆造纸工程Pulp and Paper Engineering制糖工程Sugar Engineering发酵工程Fermentation Engineering皮革化学与工程Leather Chemistry and Engineering交通运输工程Communication and Transportation Engineering道路与铁道工程Highway and Railway Engineering交通信息工程及控制Traffic Information Engineering & Control交通运输规划与管理Transportation Planning and Management载运工具运用工程V ehicle Operation Engineering船舶与海洋工程Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering船舶与海洋结构物设计制造Design and Construction of Naval Architecture and Ocean Structure轮机工程Marine Engine Engineering水声工程Underwater Acoustics Engineering航空宇航科学与技术Aeronautical and Astronautical Science and Technology飞行器设计Flight V ehic le Design航空宇航推进理论与工程Aerospace Propulsion Theory and Engineering航空宇航器制造工程Manufacturing Engineering of Aerospace V ehicle人机与环境工程Man-Machine and Environmental Engineering兵器科学与技术Armament Science and Technology武器系统与运用工程Weapon Systems and Utilization Engineering兵器发射理论与技术Armament Launch Theory and Technology火炮、自动武器与弹药工程Artillery, Automatic Gun and Ammunition Engineering军事化学与烟火技术Military Chemistry and Pyrotechnics核科学与技术Nuclear Science and Technology核能科学与工程Nuclear Energy Science and Engineering核燃料循环与材料Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials核技术及应用Nuclear Technology and Applications辐射防护及环境保护Radiation and Environmental Protection农业工程Agricultural Engineering农业机械化工程Agricultural Mechanization Engineering农业水土工程Agricultural Water-Soil Engineering农业生物环境与能源工程Agricultural Biological Environmental and Energy Engineering 农业电气化与自动化Agricultural Electrification and Automation林业工程Forestry Engineering森林工程Forest Engineering木材科学与技术Wood Science and Technology林产化学加工工程Chemical Processing Engineering of Forest Products环境科学与工程Environmental Science and Engineering环境科学Environmental Science环境工程Environmental Engineering生物医学工程Biomedical Engineering食品科学与工程Food Science and Engineering食品科学Food Science粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程Cereals, Oils and V egetable Protein Engineering农产品加工及贮藏工程Processing and Storage of Agriculture Products水产品加工及贮藏工程Processing and Storage of Aquatic Products人文与社会科学哲学Philosophy马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism中国哲学Chinese Philosophy外国哲学Foreign Philosophies逻辑学Logic伦理学Ethics美学Aesthetics宗教学Science of Religion科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology经济学Economics理论经济学Theoretical Economics政治经济学Political Economy经济思想史History of Economic Thought经济史History of Economic西方经济学Western Economics世界经济World Economics人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics应用经济学Applied Economics国民经济学National Economics区域经济学Regional Economics财政学（含税收学）Public Finance (including Taxation)金融学（含保险学）Finance (including Insurance)产业经济学Industrial Economics国际贸易学International Trade劳动经济学Labor Economics统计学Statistics数量经济学Quantitative Economics国防经济学National Defense Economics法学Law法学Science of Law法学理论Jurisprudence法律史Legal History宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law刑法学Criminal Jurisprudence民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学) Civil Law and Commercial Law (including Science of Labour Law and Science of Social Security Law )诉讼法学Science of Procedure Laws经济法学Science of Economic Law环境与资源保护法学Science of Environment and Natural Resources Protection Law国际法学(含国际公法学、国际私法学、国际经济法学、) International law (including International Public law, International Private Law and International Economic Law)军事法学Science of Military Law政治学Political Science政治学理论Political Theory中外政治制度Chinese and Foreign Political Institution科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动Scientific Socialism and InternationalCommunist Movement中共党史(含党的学说与党的建设) History of the Communist Party of China(including the Doctrine of China Party and Party Building)马克思主义理论与思想政治教育Education of Marxist Theory and Education in Ideology and Politics国际政治学International Politics国际关系学International Relations外交学Diplomacy社会学Sociology社会学Sociology人口学Demography人类学Anthropology民俗学(含中国民间文学) Folklore (including Chinese Folk Literature)民族学Ethnology民族学Ethnology马克思主义民族理论与政策Marxist Ethnic Theory and Policy中国少数民族经济Chinese Ethnic Economics中国少数民族史Chinese Ethnic History中国少数民族艺术Chinese Ethnic Art教育学Education教育学Education Science教育学原理Educational Principle课程与教学论Curriculum and Teaching Methodology教育史History of Education比较教育学Comparative Education学前教育学Pre-school Education高等教育学Higher Education成人教育学Adult Education职业技术教育学V ocational and Technical Education特殊教育学Special Education教育技术学Education Technology心理学Psychology基础心理学Basic Psychology发展与心理学Developmental and Educational Psychology应用心理学Applied Psychology体育学Science of Physical Culture and Sports体育人文社会学Humane and Sociological Science of Sports运动人体科学Human Movement Science体育教育训练学Theory of Sports Pedagogy and Training民族传统体育学Science of Ethnic Traditional Sports文学Literature中国语言文学Chinese Literature文艺学Theory of Literature and Art语言学及应用语言学Linguistics and Applied Linguistics汉语言文字学Chinese Philology中国古典文献学Study of Chinese Classical Text中国古代文学Ancient Chinese Literature中国现当代文学Modern and Contemporary Chinese Literature中国少数民族语言文学Chinese Ethnic Language and Literature比较文学与世界文学Comparative Literature and World Literature 外国语言文学Foreign Languages and Literatures英语语言文学English Language and Literature俄语语言文学Russian Language and Literature法语语言文学French Language and Literature德语语言文学German Language and Literature日语语言文学Japanese Language and Literature印度语言文学Indian Language and Literature西班牙语语言文学Spanish Language and Literature阿拉伯语语言文学Arabic Language and Literature欧洲语言文学European Language and Literature亚非语言文学Asian-African Language and Literature外国语言学及应用语言学Linguistics and Applied Linguistics inForeign Languages新闻传播学Journalism and Communication新闻学Journalism传播学Communication艺术学Art艺术学Art Theory音乐学Music美术学Fine Arts设计艺术学Artistic Design戏剧戏曲学Theater and Chinese Traditional Opera电影学Film广播电视艺术学Radio and television Art舞蹈学Dance历史学History历史学History史学理论及史学史Historical Theories and History of Historical Science考古学及博物馆学Archaeology and Museology历史地理学Historical Geography历史文献学(含敦煌学、古文字学) Studies of Historical Literature (includingPaleography and Studies of Dunhuang)专门史History of Particular Subjects中国古代史Ancient Chinese History中国近现代史Modern and Contemporary Chinese History世界史World History军事学Military Science军事思想学及军事历史学Military Thought and Military History军事思想学Military Thought军事历史学Military History战略学Science of Strategy军事战略学Military Strategy战争动员学War Mobilization战役学Science of Operations联合战役学Joint Operation军种战役学（含第二炮兵战役学）Armed Service Operation (including Operation of Strategic Missile Force)战术学Science of Tactics合同战术学Combined-Arms Tactics兵种战术学Branch Tactics军队指挥学Science of Command作战指挥学Combat Command军事运筹学Military Operation Research军事通信学Military Communication军事情报学Military Intelligence密码学Cryptography军事教育训练学（含军事体育学）Military Education and Training (including Military Physical Training)军制学Science of Military System军事组织编制学Military Organizational System军队管理学Military Management军队政治工作学Science of Military Political Work军事后勤学与军事装备学Science of Military Logistics and Military Equipment军事后勤学Military Logistics后方专业勤务Rear Special Service军事装备学Military Equipment管理学Management Science管理科学与工程Management Science and Engineering工商管理学Science of Business Administration会计学Accounting企业管理学（含财务管理、市场营销学、人力资源管理学）Corporate Management (including Financial Management, Marketing, and Human Resources Management)旅游管理学Tourist Management技术经济及管理学Technology Economy and Management农林经济管理学Agricultural and Forestry Economics & Management农业经济管理学Agricultural Economics & Management林业经济管理学Forestry Economics & Management公共管理学Science of Public Management行政管理学Administration Management社会医学与卫生事业管理学Social Medicine and Health Management教育经济与管理学Educational Economy and Management社会保障学Social Security土地资源管理学Land Resource Management图书馆、情报与档案学Science of Library, Information and Archival图书馆学Library Science情报学Information Science档案学Archival Science。
药学英译短语
Unit One Vitamins1维生素vitamin2水溶性维生素water-soluble vitamin3脂溶性维生素fat-soluble vitamin4复合维生素compound vitamins5维生素以字母命名V itamins are named by the letters of the alphabet.6预防坏血病的维生素C scurvy –preventing vitamin C7治疗脚气病的维生素B1 vitamin B1 for curing beriberi8维生素A与生长、发育vitamin A and growth and development9维生素A缺乏与眼疾vitamin A deficiency and eye disease10维生素D缺乏与佝偻病lack of vitamin A and rickets11维生素B2与皮肤、眼睛和毛发vitamin B2 and the skin, eye and hair12有机营养物organic nutrients13维生素为生长、健康所必需V itamins are essential for growth and good health14维生素含量高high vitamin content15维生素缺乏症vitamin deficiency syndrome16新鲜水果、蔬菜、蛋、奶、鱼肝油、米糠、豆子、谷类等富含多种维生素Fresh fruits, vegetables, eggs, milk, fish liver oil, rice husks beans, cereals, etc. are rich in vitamins.Unit 3 Anesthetics1麻醉剂和镇静药anesthetic and sedative2针刺麻醉acupuncture anesthesia3在脂肪和水中的溶解度solubility in fats and water4作用于神经having effect on the nerves5物理和化学性质physical and chemical property6对痛不敏感insensitive to pain7无信号通过神经传至大脑No message are transmitted to the brain through nerves8通过呼吸道给麻醉药administration through respiratory tract9注入脊柱射(给药) be injected into spine10麻醉作用anesthetic action11过多地破坏脂肪和神经组织destruction of too much fatty and nerve tissue12不同麻醉剂的不同生理作用varying physiological effects of the different anesthetics13吸入乙醚inhalation of ether14深度松弛deep relaxation15失去知觉，术后恢复知觉loss of consciousness/ unconscious, to regain consciousness afteroperation16无术后恶心症状free from postoperative nauseaUnit 4 How does the human body fight diseases?1肺炎、肺结核pneumonia and tuberculosis2 细菌释放毒素germs giving off a toxin3皮肤和粘膜skin and mucous membranes4炎症inflammation5聚集在感染部位gather at the place of infection6红、肿、热、痛redness, swelling, heat and pain7抗感染fight against infection8吞噬、消化微生物engulf and digest microbes9淋巴管lymph vessels10抗体、抗原antibody and antigen11抗毒素antitoxin12人工免疫artificial immunityUnit 5 Green pharmacy —herbal medicine1绿色药物--草药green pharmacy – herbal medicine2中草药Chinese material medica3中医、中药traditional Chinese medicine and Chinese medic inals4开处方write a prescription5药店销售的处方药、非处方药prescribed drug and OTC drug ( over-the –counter drug) 6心脏病药cardiac drug7止痛药pain killer8抗疟疾药anti-malarial9抗炎药anti-inflammatory drug10标准化的化学药物 a standardized chemical medicine11药物成分medical constituents12病机disease mechanism13疗效therapeutic effect / effect / efficacy14植物药plant-derived drugs15合成的衍生物和变异体synthetic derivatives and variants16植物的生物活性成分biologically-active plant constituents17粉剂、浓缩剂和冲剂power, extract and infusion18分离、提取有效成分isolate and abstract active constituents19高血压、失眠、精神疾病hypertension, insomnia and mental disease20特有的药性characteristic pharmacological properties21民间医学folk medicineUnit Six Introduction to organic chemistry1有机、无机化学organic and inorganic chemistry2物理化学physical chemistry3生物化学biochemistry4化学符号和结构式chemical symbols and formulas5电子、离子、原子、分子electron, iron, atom and molecule6分子量molecular weights7元素周期表periodic table8运用符号和概念的方法methods of manipulating symbols and concepts9化学反应chemical reaction10有机化合物organic compounds11二氧化碳carbon dioxide12含有碳元素的物质substance containing carbon13合成物质synthetic materials14大量的原料abundant raw materials15品质更佳、用途更广、优势独特superior qualities, greater versatility, and unique advantages Lesson 8 Development of New Drugs (I)1生产特效药to produce the novel therapeutic agents2由天然植物资源提取to extract from natural plants and animal sources3化学合成药 a drug synthesized chemically4人工生产药物agents produced artificially5药物的特异作用及毒性specificity of action and toxicity6 基因工程的发展development of genetic engineering7 单克隆抗体monoclonal antibody 8 beta受体阻断剂beta receptor blocker9实验药理学experimental pharmacology10几种模型包括：细胞培养或细菌培养，部分提取酶或亚细胞间质，分离的组织，灌注的器官完整的动物several models include: cell culture or bacteria, partially purified enzymes or subcellular particles, isolated tissues , perfused organs, intact animals11慢性毒性实验chronic toxicity testing 12代谢方法patterns of metabolism13疗程duration of treatment14 实验组、对照组、安慰剂组、空白组、the experimental group ，control group, placebo group and untreated group15 临床指症clinical indication 16 生化药理学biochemical pharmacology17 FDA Food and Drug AdministrationLesson 8 Development of New Drugs (II)1 临床评价clinical evaluation / assessment2 毒理研究toxicological studies3 化学纯度和药物稳定性chemical purity and pharmaceutical stability4 罕见的疾病、威胁生命、不治之症rare diseases, life-threatening and untreatable diseases5 无严重症状与毒性without serious symptoms or toxicity6 药物剂量的研究dose-ranging studies7 施药（给药）drug administration / administration of drugs8 临床试验许可证CTC clinical trial certificate9 单盲或双盲试验single blind or double blind experiment10 副作用adverse effect, side-effect, unhealthy effect11 促销marketing and promotion12 医药代表representative of the pharmaceutical manufacturerUnit 10 Minimum information for sensible use of self-prescribed medicines1最有效地用药use medicine to the best effect2非处方药（自用药）self-prescribed medicine3药品说明书package leaflet, insert, directions4提醒使用者所有可能的有害作用warning the user about all the possible harmful effects5常见的、严重的、罕见的副作用common, serious and rare side-effect6药理学家、临床药剂师pharmacologist and clinical pharmacist7标准的专利名、非专利名standard proprietary names and non-proprietary names8用于缓解轻度疼痛症状for symptomatic relief of minor aches and pains9消炎to relieve inflammation10（止痛）的首选量、推荐量preferred dose or recommended dose for pain11成人剂量的一半one-half adult dose12将药片碾碎或溶于水crush or dissolve tablets in water13如可能，同奶一起服用（用奶送服）或饭后服Take with milk if possible, or after food 14胃不适、烧心、胃出血stomach discomfort, heart burn, stomach bleeding15耳鸣、眩晕ringing in the ears and dizziness药品说明书【药品名称】Drug Name通用名称：Generic Name商品名:Trade Name化学名（Chemical Name）英语名：English Name汉语拼音：Hanyu Pinyin【成份】Composition【性状】Description【功能主治】Actions and Indications／【适应症】Indications【规格】Specification【用法用量】Administration and Dosage【不良反应】Unwanted Effects/ Adverse/ Side Effects【禁忌】Contraindications【注意事项】Warning/ Caution【孕妇及哺乳期妇女用药】 Women in pregnancy and lactation【儿童用药】 Children【老年用药】 The Elderly【药物相互作用】Interaction【临床试验】Clinical Experiment【药理毒理】Pharmacological Toxicology【药代动力学】Pharmacokinetics【贮藏】Storage【包装】Package【有效期】Validity【执行标准】The Implementation of Standards【批准文号】Approval Number【生产企业】Manufacturer企业名称：生产地址：Address邮政编码：Code电话号码：Tel传真号码：Fax注册地址：Registered Address网址：Website中医方剂剂型常用的英译表述如下：1）汤剂 decoction 2) 散剂 powder 3）丸剂 bolus( 大丸), pill（小丸）4）油膏剂 paste, ointment, plaster 流浸膏 liquid extract 浸膏extract 煎膏 decocted paste 软膏 ointment, paste 硬膏 plaster 5）药露 syrup 6）锭剂 troche, lozenge 7）糖浆剂 syrup8）片剂 tablet 9）冲服剂 granule 10）针剂 injection 11）栓剂 suppository Lesson 11 The Scope of Pharmacology1 药物的物化性质physical and chemical properties2 化合及生化生理作用compounding, biochemical and physical effects3 作用机理mechanism of action4 具有广博的植物学知识have a broad botanical knowledge5 药物制剂medicinal preparation6 生药学，药理学pharmacognosy, pharmacology7 剂型dosage form8药物动力学研究药物吸收、分布、生化和排泄。
内地、香港、台湾三地电影片名英译各具特色
内地、香港、台湾三地电影片名英译各具特色目前，欧美英文电影牢牢占据着中国电影市场的半壁江山，深受年轻人的推崇。
每逢欧美商业大片上映期间，各大电影院的上座率几乎都在85%以上。
这其中，颇吸引人眼球的电影片名功不可没。
据了解，内地、香港、台湾三地目前各自独立进行英文电影片名的中文翻译工作，已形成三足鼎立之势。
由于三地地域、文化、历史背景、语言学习习惯各不相同，同一部英文片名的中文译名常常天差地远、各具风格。
内地：忠于原作，直译为先传统的电影翻译理论认为，保留原片的原汁原味、原封原貌的直译是最佳译法。
因此，内地对于国外影片片名的翻译多以直译为主，注重形式的完整，稍有忽略意义或内容的表达。
例如Brokenback Mountain译作《断背山》，The Lord of the Ring直译为《指环王》。
香港：语不惊人死不休香港地区的译名在表述上带有区域性语言的特点，常常使用一些诸如“终极”“雷霆”“魔鬼”“战警”“情陷”“疯狂”“激情”等吸引人眼球的字眼。
香港译者通常不会采取直译的方式，具有较强的创作性，常常对原作进行必要的再加工和再创作。
例如The Lord of the Ring被译作《魔戒》；Mr. and Mrs. Sm ith加工成《史密夫决战史密妻》；Moulin Rouge则译作带有爱情色彩的《情陷红磨坊》。
台湾：传统文化的坚守者台湾译名兼有内地和香港译名的特点，文字风格接近内地译名，但仍以内容为中心。
相比较而言，台湾译名比香港译名要“安静”得多，在片名的选词和表述上，台湾译名常能体现出中国传统文化的特点和思维方式。
例如，Meet The Parents译作《门当父不对》（体现中国传统的门第观念）；Traffi c 被译为《天人交战》；As good as it gets意译成《爱在心里口难开》；A Knights Tale被翻译成《骑士风云录》。
而内地译名在注重内容方面比台湾稍有逊色。
不过，受到商业化浪潮的冲击，近年来台湾译名越来越过“激”。
生化英汉互译-名词解释
肽peptide 糖异生gluconeogenesis甘油三酯triglyceride 信号肽signal peptide磷脂phospholipid 翻译translation胆固醇cholesterol 遗传密码genetic codon脂蛋白lipoprotein 生物转化biotransformation脂肪酸fatty acid 胆汁酸bile acid乳糜微粒chylomicra CM 蛋白激酶protein kinase PK酮体ketone bodies 结构域domain极低密度脂蛋白very low density lipoprotein 变性denaturation低密度脂蛋白low density lipoprotein 碱基base高密度脂蛋白high density lipoprotein 双螺旋double helix转氨基作用transamination 酶enzyme关键酶key enzyme 核酶ribozyme半保留复制semiconservative replication 酶原zymogen端粒telomere 同工酶isoenzyme逆转录酶reverse transcriptase 变构调节allosteric编码链coding strand 共价修饰调节covalent modification 外显子exon 呼吸链respiratory chain内含子intron 氧化磷酸化oxidative phosphorylation 剪接cleavage splicing 葡萄糖glucose启动子promoter 反密码子anticodon有氧氧化aerobic oxidation 脂类lipids糖酵解glycolysis 柠檬酸循环citrate cycle三羧酸循环tricarboxylic acid cycle 糖原glycogen磷酸戊糖途径pentose phosphate pathway 血糖blood sugar生化名词解释1、结构域：指一些较大的蛋白质分子，其三级结构中具有两个或多个在空间上可明显区别的局部区域。
生化英译汉
20个氨基酸中文名三字符合一字符号1.非极性脂肪族氨基酸：甘氨酸Gly G丙氨酸Ala A缬氨酸Val V亮氨酸Leu L异亮氨酸Ile I脯氨酸Pro P 2.极性中性氨基酸丝氨酸Ser S半胱氨酸Cys C蛋氨酸Met M天冬酰胺Asn N谷氨酰胺Gln Q苏氨酸Thr T 3.芳香族氨基酸苯丙氨酸Phe F色氨酸Trp W酪氨酸Tyr Y 4.酸性氨基酸天冬氨酸Asp D谷氨酸Glu E 5.碱性氨基酸赖氨酸Lys K精氨酸Arg R组氨酸His H cDNA文库：cDNA library DNA印迹：DNA blotDNA变性：DNA denature GTP 酶超家族：GTPase supurfamliy G蛋白偶联受体：G protein-coupled receptor Klenow片段：Klenow fragment LDL受体：LDL receptor RNA复制：RNA replicationRNA干涉：RNA interference，RNAi RNA剪接：RNA splicingRNA剪切：RNA cleavage RNA聚合酶：RNA polymerase RNA印迹：RNA blot SH2结构域：SH2 domaina-螺旋：a-helix β-氧化：β-oxidation半保留复制：semiconservative replication 半寿期：half-life必需脂酸：essential fatty acid 变构调节：allosteric effector不对称转录：asymmetric transcription 层析：chromatography层粘连蛋白：laminin 初级胆汁酸：primary bile acids初级转录物：primary transcript 次级胆汁酸：secondary bile acids单顺反子：monocistron 蛋白激酶：protein kinase蛋白聚糖：proteoglycans 蛋白质靶向输送：protein targeting 蛋白质相互作用结构域：protein interaction domain 蛋白质变性：protein denature蛋白质等电点：isoelectric point，pI 氮平衡：nitrogen balance第二信使：second messenger 端粒：telomeres多胺：polyamine 多聚核蛋白体：polysome翻译后修饰：posttranslational modification 翻译：translation反式作用因子：trans-acting factor 泛素：ubiquitin非蛋白氮：non protein nitrogen，NPN 分子伴侣：molecular chaperon冈崎片段：Okazaki fragments 共价修饰：covalent modification固醇类：sterols 管家基因：housekeeping gene核蛋白体循环：ribosomal cycle 核酶：ribozyme核酸分子杂交：nucleic acid hybridization 核小RNA：small nuclear RNA，snRNA 黑色素：melanin 化学渗透假说：chemiosmotic hypothesis 黄疸：jaundice 基因：gene基因表达：gene expression 基因剔除：gene knock out基因芯片：gene chip 基因诊断：gene diagnosis基因治疗：gene therapy 基因组：genome基因组DNA文库：genomic DNA library 基因组印记：genomic imprinting剪接体：spliceosome 结合胆红素：conjugated bilirubin聚合酶链反应：polymerase chain reaction，PCR 解偶联剂：uncoupler开放阅读框架：open reading frame，ORF 空间特异性：spatial specificity框架突变：frame shift mutation 磷脂：phospholipid磷脂酶：phospholipase 螺旋-环-螺旋：helix-loop-helix酶偶联受体：enzyme-linked receptor 密码子：codon免疫印迹：immunoblot 模体：motif膜受体激素：membrane receptor hormone 内含子：intron内源性途径：intrinsic pathway 逆转录：reverse transcription逆转录PCR：reverse transcription PCR,RT-PCR 鸟氨酸循环：ornithine cycle鸟苷酸结合蛋白：guanine nucleotide binding protein，G protein配体-门控受体型离子通道：ligand-gated receptor channel启动子上游元件：upstream promoter elements 启动子：promoter切除修复：excision repair 乳糜微粒：chylomicron，CM乳糖操纵子：lac operon 生物转化：biotransformation时间特异性：temporal specificity 实时PCR：really-time PCR顺式作用元件：cis-acting element 肽键：peptide bond探针：probe 糖胺聚糖：glycosaminoglycan糖蛋白：glycoprotein 糖复合物：glycoconjugate糖基化：glycosylation 糖基转移酶：glycosyltransferase糖生物学：glycobiology 糖脂：glycolipid铁蛋白：ferritin 酮体：ketone bodies退火：annealing 外显子：exon外源性途径：extrinsic pathway 微量元素：microelement微小RNA：microRNA,miRNA 维生素：vitamin维生素C：vitamin C 未结合胆红素：unconjugated bilirubin 细胞色素P450单加氧酶：cytochrome P450 monooxygenase 细胞色素：cytochrome细胞外基质：extracellular matrix 纤溶酶：plasmin纤连蛋白：fibronectin 酰基载体蛋白:acyl carrier protein小干扰RNA：small interfering RNA，siRNA 限速酶：rate-limiting enzymes信号肽识别颗粒：signal recognition particles，SRP 锌指结构：zinc fingers信号序列：signal sequence 信号转导：signal transduction氧化呼吸链：oxidative respiratory chain 氧化磷酸化：oxidative phosphorylation引发体：primosome 载脂蛋白：apolipoprotein，apo增强子：enhancer 增色效应：hyperchromic effect脂蛋白：lipoprotein 脂蛋白脂酶：lipoprotein lipase，LPL 脂肪动员：fat mobilization 脂酶：lipase转氨酶：transaminase 转基因动物：transgenic animal转录后加工：post-transcriptional processing 转录：transcription转录因子：transcription factor 自身磷酸化：autophosphrylation组成性基因表达：constitutive gene expression 阻遏蛋白：repressors。
生化英译汉及名词解释
生化英译汉及名词解释英译汉：peptide bond......... ................肽键subunit................. .................亚基/亚单位nucleotide.............. ................核苷酸nucleoside............. .................核苷enzyme.................. .................酶coenzyme............... ................辅酶；activator................ .................激活剂zymogen................ .................酶原inhibitor.................. ................酶抑制剂competitive inhibition........... 竞争性抑制noncompetitive inhibition........非竞争性抑制uncompetitive inhibition..........反竞争性抑制starch........................ ...............淀粉；maltose..................... ...............麦芽糖；lactate....................... ...............乳酸；glycolysis.................. ..............糖酵解；pyruvate..................... ............丙酮酸lipoprotein.................. ...........脂蛋白；apolipoprotein..........................载脂蛋白ubiquitin................... ...............泛素proteasome.................. .............蛋白酶体；protease.................. ..................蛋白酶还有好几个考的没整理到。
中医英语词汇汇总
Lesson One History of Traditional Chinese Medicine 中医术语acupunture and moxibusion 针灸health maintenance 养生drugs cold and cool 寒凉药the schoolof cold and cool 寒凉派diaphoesis emesis purgation 汗吐下the school of purgation 攻下派exagenous pathogenic factors 外邪reinforcing the earth 补土internal impairment of spleen and stomach would bring about vorious diseases 内伤脾胃由生yang is usually redundant ,while yin is frequently deficient. 阳常有余阴常不足nourishing yin 滋阴medicinal herbs 草药blood stagnation 淤血warm and inorgorate the spleen and stomach温养脾胃中国医药学: traditional Chinese medicine 中医基础理论: basic theory of traditional百病Chinese medicine 临床经验: clinical experience 辨证论治: treatment based on syndrome differentiation; pattern identification and treatment 本草: materia medica中药: Chinese materia medica; Chinese medicinals 中草药: Chinese medicinal herbs 四气五味: four properties and five tastes 针灸: acupuncture and moxibustion 各家学说: theories of different schools 汗法: diaphoresis; sweating therapy 下法: purgative therapy; precipitation 吐法: emetic therapy; vomiting therapy 补土派: school of invigorating the earth 病因学说:etiology养生: health cultivation; health improvement; health preservation 医疗实践: medical practice治疗原则: therapeutic principles 寒凉药物: cold and cool medicinals 滋阴降火: nourishing yinto reduce fire 瘀血: blood stasis 正气: healthy qi 病邪: pathogenic factor 整体观念: holism; holistic concept 气血运行: circulation of qi and blood 自然现象: natural phenomenaLess on Two Materialism and Dialectics in Traditi onal Chin ese Medici ne中医术语Materialism 唯物主义dialectics 辩证法celestial qi 天气terrestrial qi 地气the in teract ion betwee n yin and yang 阴阳相互作用the lucid yang asce nds to con stitute the earth 清阳为天qi tran sformati on 气化essenee 精pren atal esse nee 先天之精she n( spirit) 神pathological factor 邪气the oppositi on and un ity of yin and yang 阴阳对立统一the moti on and cha nges of yin and yang 阴阳运动变化organic whole 有机整体Five kinds of visceral qi 五脏之气five emoti onal cha nges 五志excessive rage impairs the liver 怒伤肝excessive joy impairs the heart 喜伤心excessive meditati on impairs the splee n 思伤脾excessive mela ncholy impairs the lung 悲伤肺excessive fright impairs the kid ney 恐伤肾routi ne treatme nt and con tray treatme nt 正治反治tit-for-tat(or blow-for-blow) 正治reinforcing therapy 补法purg ing therapy 泄法differe ntial applicati on and therapeutic methods 异法方宜men tal activity 神志活动the heart is the king orga n resp on sible for the activity of thinking con scious ness心为君主之官主神志意识will 意termed 志thi nki ng 思wisdom 智summer-heat 暑热zhe ngqi ( healthy qi ) 正气Less on Three The Basic Characteristics of TCM materilism and dialectics 唯物论和辨证法the concept of organic whole 整体观念treatment based on syndrone differentian 辨证论治draw ing yin from yang 从阴弓丨阳treati ng the ni ghts for curi ng disease on the left 从右治左treating the same disease with different therapies 同病异治treati ng differ nt disease with the same therapy 异病同治clear away fire in the heart 清心火sprouting occurs in spring ,growth in summer,transformationg in late summer ,reaping in autumn andstoring in win ter春生夏长秋收冬藏the relation between pachogenic factors and healthy qi 正邪关系the four diag no sic methods 四诊purg ing the small in test ine 泻小肠spri ng is usually marked by warrachs , summer by heat ,late summer by damp ness ,autu mnby dryn ess and win ter by cold 春暖夏暑长夏秋燥冬寒the interstitial space are open when one swears clothes in summer 天暑衣厚则奏理开哲学概念：philosophical concept对立统一:opposition and unity相互消长:mutual waning and waxing阴阳属性:nature of yin and yang相互转化:mutual transformation相互联系:interrelation相互制约:mutual restraint动态平衡:dynamic equilibrium阴平阳秘:yin and yang in equilibrium相互依存:interdependence阴阳的互根互用:in terdepe ndence betwee n yin and yang阴阳离绝:dissociation of yin and yang阴阳转化:transformation between yin and yang阳消阴长:yang waning while yin waxing阴胜则阳病:predominance of yin leading to disorder of yang阳胜则热:predo minance of yang gen erat ing heat寒极生热:extreme cold generating heat热极生寒:extreme heat generating cold相反相成:opposite and supplementary to each other生理功能:physiological functions病理变化:pathological changes临床诊断:cli ni cal diag no sis阳胜生外热:exuberanee of yang leading to exterior heat阳中求阴:obtaining yin from yang阳虚则寒:yang deficiency leading to heat阳损及阴：impairment of yang involving yin阴中之阳：yang within yin阴阳两虚:simultaneous deficiency of yin and yang阳虚发热:fever due to yang deficiency阴阳学说：theory of yin and yang症状与病名 stomatitis 口腔炎 dyse ntery 痢疾measles 麻疹 the collapse of zhongqi 中气下陷 Less on Four The Theory of Yin and Yang中医术语相互消长： growth and decli ne betwee n yin and yang阴阳属性： yin and yang properties相互转化：in ter-tra nsformati on相互依存：in terdepe ndence betwee n yin and yang阴阳的无限可分性： the infinite divisibility of yin and yang阴平阳秘： yang steadies while yin calms阳消阴长： waning of yang will lead to waxi ng of yin阳胜则热： predo minance of yang gives rise to heat syn drome寒极生热： extreme cold brings on heat热极生寒： extreme heat brings to cold阴中之阴：yin within yin阳中之阳： yang with in yang阴中之阳： yin withi n yang阳中之阴： yang within yin阴阳互根：in terdepe ndence betwee n yin and yang阴阳自和： n atural harm ony of yin and yang春生 sprouting in spring夏长 growing in summer秋收 reaping in autumn冬藏 stori ng in win ter相互制约： mutual oppositi on and restrict ion betwee n yin and yang动静升降出入 motion and quiescence ,ascending and descending exiting and entering孤阳不升，孤阴不长 if only yang exists ,there will be no birth,if only yin exists,there will be no growth .动态平衡 dyn amic equilibrium阴胜则热 excess of yang causing heat阴阳失调 :imbalance between yin and yang阴阳两虚 deficie ncy of both yin and yangdual vacuity of yin and yang 阴阳乖戾 dysequilibrium betwee n yin and yang 阴阳离决 separati on of yin and yangwhile yin is (exubera nt)prevails, there is cold wisema n 02proctoptosis 脱肛hysteroptosis 子宫脱垂ulcer 溃疡yin-yang disharm ony wiseman 02/ 谢竹藩 04wisema n 02yin g-ya ng imbala nce 谢竹藩04阳胜则热whe n yang prevails, there is heat wisema n 02阳胜则阴病when yang prevails, yin ails wiseman 02阴胜则阳病whe n yin prevails, yang ails wisema n02阳虚则外寒whe n yang is vacuous, there isexter nal c old wisema n02阴虚则内热whe n yin is is vacuous, there i s i nternal heat wisema n02阴损及阳detrime nt to yang affects yin wisema n02阳损及阴exubera nt yin repelli ng yang wisema n02阴虚火盛exubera nt yin vacuity fire wisema n02exuberanee of fire/due to yin-deficiency 简明汉英中医词典2002 李照国阴虚火旺effulge nt yin vacuity fire wisema n 02yin vacuity fire effulge nt wisema n 02yin deficiency with effulgent fire 中医药常用名词术语英译2004。
中医常用词汇(英汉译)
中医常用词汇Terms Commonly Used in TCM中国医药学Traditional Chinese Medicine治未病prevention of disease中医基础理论Basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine 脏腑zang-organs and fu-organs, viscera临床经验clinical experience功能活动functional activities辨证论治treatment based on syndrome differentiation形神统一unity of the body and spirit本草materia medica, herbs阴阳失调imbalance of yin and yang中药Chinese materia medica, Chinese medicinal herbs条达舒畅free development四气五味four properties and five tastes延年益寿prolonging life, promising longevity针灸acupuncture and moxibustion, acumox养生防病cultivating health to prevent disease各家学说theories of different schools正气healthy qi, vital qi汗法diaphoresis, sweating therapy病邪pathogenic factor下法purgative therapy, purgation整体观念concept of holism吐法emetic therapy, vomiting therapy疾病的本质与现象nature and manifestations of disease补土派school of invigorating the earth阴阳的相对平衡relative balance between yin and yang病因学说etiology疾病的发生与发展occurrence and development of disease 养生health-cultivation,同病异治treating the same disease with different therapies 医疗实践medical practice异病同治treating different diseases with the same therapy 治疗原则therapeutic principles五脏five zang-organs, five zang-viscera寒凉药物herbs of cold and cool nature, cold-natured herbs 六腑six fu-organs, six fu-viscera滋阴降火nourishing yin to lower/reduce fire经络系统system of meridians and collaterals滋水涵木enriching water to nourish wood余热未尽incomplete abatement of heat瘀血致泻disease caused by blood stasis有机整体organic wholeness/integrity先天之精congenital essence表里关系exterior and interior relation形与神俱inseparability of the body and spirit开窍opening into开胃promoting appetite自然现象natural phenomena脉象pulse conditions, pulse pattern哲学概念philosophical concept邪正关系states of pathogenic factors and healthy qi对立统一unity of opposites发热恶寒fever and aversion to cold相互消长mutual waning and waxing头身疼痛headache and body pain相互转化mutual transformation久痢脱肛proctoptosis due to prolonged dysentery阴阳属性nature of yin and yang养阴清热nourishing yin and clearing away heat相互联系interrelation清肺热clear away lung-heat相互制约mutual restraint, mutual restriction/interaction 湿邪犯肺pathogenic dampness invading the lung动态平衡dynamic equilibrium清热泻火clearing away heat and reducing fire阴平阳秘yin and yang in equilibrium腠理muscular interstices, striae, interstitial space阴阳的互根互用interdependence of yin and yang水湿停滞retention of water and dampness, water retention 相互依存interdependence癃闭retention of urine阴阳离绝separation of yin and yang气血运行circulation/flow of qi and blood相反相成opposite and supplementary to each阴阳转化transformation between yin and yang生理功能physiological functions阳消阴长yang waning and yin waxing病理变化pathological changes阴胜则阳病predominance of yin leading to disorder of yang 临床诊断clinical diagnosis阴胜则阳病an excess of yin leads to deficiency of yang阳胜生外热exuberance of yang leading to exterior heat阳胜则热predominance of yang generating heat阳中求阴obtaining yang from yin寒极生热extreme cold generating heat绝对偏盛absolute predominance热极生寒extreme heat generating cold阳虚则寒yang deficiency leading to cold阳损及阴impairment of yang involving yin阴阳俱损simultaneous consumption of yin and yang阴液不足insufficiency of yin-fluid阴阳两虚simultaneous deficiency of both yin and yang病机总纲general principle of pathogenesis阳虚发热fever due to yang deficiency病机pathomechanism, pathological mechanism阴阳自和natural harmony between yin and yang阴阳胜复alternative predominance of yin and yang木乘土the wood over-restrains the earth虚寒证deficiency-cold syndrome木火刑金wood-fire impairs the metal扶阳退阴strengthening yang to reduce yin金水相生generation between the metal and water祛风散寒expelling/eliminating wind to dispersing cold生克制化interrelationship between generation and restriction 消导积滞promoting digestion and removing food retention制则生化restriction ensuring generation潜阳熄风suppressing yang to quench wind母病及子disease of the mother-organ affecting the child-organ五行学说theory of five elements传变transmission of disease, progress of disease运动变化motion and variation子病犯母disease of the child-organ affecting the mother-organ正邪相争struggle/combat between healthy qi and pathogenic factors 肝肾精血不足insufficiency of liver and kidney essence and blood 相生相克mutual generation and restriction肝阳上亢hyperactivity of liver yang生我，我生to be generated and to generate心肝血虚asthenia / deficiency of heart and liver blood克我，我克to be restricted and to restrict心肝火旺exuberance of heart and liver fire生中有制restriction within generation心火亢盛hyperactivity/exuberance of heart fire克中有生generation within restriction滋肾养肝nourishing the kidney and liver木曰曲直wood is characterized by growing freely and peripherally 方位配五行correspondence of the directions to the five elements 火曰炎上fire is characterized by flaming up温肾健脾warming the kidney and strengthening the spleen土爰稼穑earth is characterized by cultivation and reaping肾阳式微declination of kidney yang金曰从革metal is characterized by change脾阳不振inactivation of spleen yang病缓起gradual onset of disease脾胃虚弱hypofunction/weakness of the spleen and stomach 肝阴不足insufficiency of liver yin地道不通menopause相乘相侮over-restriction and reverse restriction平肝和胃soothing the liver and harmonizing the stomach 水湿停聚retention of water-dampness水火不济discordance between water and fire肾阴不足insufficiency of kidney yin藏象学说theory of visceral manifestations心肾不交disharmony between the heart and kidney奇恒之腑extraordinary fu-organs宣通水道dredging water passage水谷精微cereal nutrients, essence of water and food通调水道dredging and regulating water passage传化水谷transmission and transformation of food行气利水activating qi to excrete water贮藏精气storage of essence水液停滞retention of fluid治疗效果curative / therapeutic effect后天之本postnatal / acquired base of life藏而不泻storage without excretion调畅气机regulating qi activity泻而不藏excretion without storage肝气上逆upward flow of liver qi表热里寒exterior heat and interior cold水曰润下water is characterized by moistening and downward flowing肝旺脾虚hyperfunction of the liver and weakness of the spleen医.学.全.在线.网.站.提供脾主运化the spleen governing transportation and transformation大肉陷下obvious emaciation and muscular atrophy, extreme emaciation肝气郁结stagnation of liver qi面色红润ruddy complexion, rosy cheeks胆虚证gallbladder deficiency syndrome胆虚不得眠insomnia due to gallbladder asthenia腐熟水谷digesting food导便法laxation食欲不振poor appetite跌打损伤traumatic injury脘腹胀闷epigastric distension and depression动静结合integration of motion and quietness/stillness嗳气酸腐eructation with fetid odor定喘relieving asthma泌别清浊separating the clear from the turbid心主血脉the heart controlling blood and vessels食物残渣residue of food心气充沛abundance of heart qi大肠主传导the large intestine governing transmission and transportation 防御外邪入侵preventing the invasion of exogenous pathogenic factor 癃闭dysuria, retention of urine, anuria and dysuria血液充盈plenty of blood面黄肌瘦emaciation with sallow complexion脉道不利unsmoothness of vessels止珠偏斜strabismus, squint, ocular deviation面色无华lusterless complexion调节水液regulation of water脉象细弱thin and weak pulse排泄糟粕excretion of waste material面色萎黄sallow complexion髓海不足insufficiency of marrow-sea汗血同源sweat and blood sharing the same origin精神委靡dispiritedness, listlessness, lower spirit升降出入ascending, descending, coming in and going out月经不调irregular menstruation气为血帅qi serves as the commander of the blood冲任不固weakness of thoroughfare and conception vessels 气血凝滞stagnation of qi and blood经期延长prolonged menstruation血瘀blood stasis小肠实热sthenia-heat in the small intestine气滞腰痛lumbago due to qi stagnation气机调畅smooth activity of qi气虚滑胎habitual abortion due to qi asthenia气化不利dysfunction of qi in transformation畏寒喜热aversion to cold and preference for heat气分热盛excessive heat at qi phase气郁化热stagnation of qi transforming into heat温养脏腑warming and nourishing the viscera瘀血阻络blood stasis obstructing the collaterals清肺润燥clearing the lung and moistening dryness破瘀通经breaking blood stasis to promote menstruation 内伤头疼headache due to internal injury祛瘀eliminating stasis, expelling stasis逆传心包reverse transmission into the pericardium气不摄血failure of qi to check the blood宁心安神calming the heart and tranquilizing the mind血液循行circulation of the blood惊悸不安palpitation due to fright气的运动形式the moving styles of qi血液生成不足insufficient production of the blood平肝止血soothing the liver to stop bleeding血液亏虚deficiency of the blood离经之血abnormal flow of the blood津液的形状、功能与分布form, function, and distribution of the body fluid气血生化之源source for the production and transformation of qi and blood脉细无力thin and weak pulse肌肤干燥dry skin肌肤甲错squamous and dry skin血脉调和流畅smooth and normal flow of the blood脏腑火热炽盛exuberant fire and heat in the viscera机体正常水液normal fluid inside the body热迫血分heat invading the blood phase气滞津停retention of fluid due to stagnation of qi寒凝气滞stagnation of cold and qi身倦乏力lassitude气滞血瘀qi stagnation and blood stasis伤津脱液consumption and loss of the body fluid津液的营养和滋润作用the nourishing and moistening functions of the body fluid津液的生成、输布和排泄production, distribution, and excretion of the body fluid 腹痛拒按unpalpable abdominal pain脾的“散精”功能the function of the spleen to “dissipate essence”津液不足insufficiency of the body fluid水液停聚retention of water奇经八脉eight extraordinary vessels, eight extraordinary meridians胃的“游溢精气”the function of the stomach to “distribute essence”津液生化匮乏scanty production of the body fluid津液的代谢平衡the metabolic balance of the body fluid热盛耗伤津液consumption of the body fluid due to excessive heat风为百病之长wind is the leading factor in causing various diseases水液代谢障碍disturbance of water metabolism气随津脱exhaustion of qi due to loss of body fluid水湿困脾dampness encumbering the spleen濡养肌肤moistening and nourishing the skin湿邪内盛exuberance of interior dampness经脉之海sea of meridians脾虚水肿edema due to spleen deficiency滋养脏腑moistening and nourishing the viscera运行全身气血transporting qi and blood in the whole body十二经别twelve branches of meridians联络脏腑肢节connecting with viscera, limbs and joints经别divergent meridians循行路线running route经气meridian qi十二正经twelve regular meridians十二皮部twelve skin areas, twelve skin regions/divisions 经隧阻滞blockage of meridians十二经筋twelve meridian tendons经穴meridian acupoints, Jing-River acupoint饮食劳倦improper diet and overstrain经络辨证syndrome differentiation according to meridians 风寒感冒common cold due to wind-cold经络感传meridian conduction, channel transmission湿热泄泻diarrhea due to damp-heat经络现象meridian phenomena内生五邪five endogenous pathogenic factors经络阻滞blockage of meridians风邪外袭pathogenic wind attacking the superficies舒筋活络relaxing tendons and activating collaterals游走性关节疼痛migratory arthralgias刺血疗法blood-pricking therapy阳气衰退decline of yang-qi外感六淫attacked by six climate pathogenic factors六淫six climatic evils感受寒邪attacked by pathogenic cold经闭发肿amenorrhea with edema虚实夹杂deficiency complicated with excess, asthenia complicated with sthenia 邪正盛衰predominance or decline of pathogenic factors and healthy qi寒性凝滞cold tending to stagnate by nature病症的虚实变化asthenia and sthenia changes of disease腠理闭塞blockage of muscular interstices机体的抗病能力body resistance经脉拘急收引contraction of tendons五心烦热feverish sensation over the five centers湿邪困脾pathogenic dampness encumbering the spleen五心five centers (palms, soles and chest)疾病的发生、发展与变化occurrence, development and changes of disease生津安神promoting the production of body fluid and tranquilizing the mind体质强弱conditions of constitution蓄血发黄jaundice due to blood accumulation气血功能紊乱dysfunction of qi and blood脾阳不振inactivation of spleen yang阴阳偏盛大relative predominance of yin and yang阴虚生内热yin deficiency generating interior heat五志过极extreme changes of emotions热极生风extreme heat producing wind精气夺则虚depletion of essence causing deficiency七情内伤internal injury due to emotional disorder阴阳互损mutual consumption of yin and yang饮食不节improper diet真热假寒true heat and false cold暴饮暴食craputence气机郁滞不畅stagnation of qi activity神昏谵语coma and delirium津液代谢失常disorder of fluid metabolism四诊合参combined use of the four diagnostic methods 寒热往来alternate attacks of chill and fever精神活动mental activities津伤化燥consumption of fluid transforming into dryness 面部表情facial expressions风火胁痛hypochondriac pain due to wind-fire精充气足sufficient essence and abundant qi口眼歪斜wry mouth with distorted eyes, facial distortion 预后良好favorable prognosis湿浊内生endogenous turbid dampness表情淡漠apathetic facial expressions虚火上炎flaming of asthenia-fire精神不振dispiritedness邪气内陷internal invasion of pathogenic factors神志不清unconsciousness大肠热结retention of heat in the large intestine轻宣润燥dispersing lung qi and moistening dryness心脉瘀阻blood stasis in the heart vessels四肢抽搐convulsion of the limbs镜面舌mirror-like tongue脏腑辨证syndrome differentiation of viscera饥不欲食hunger without desire for food病位与病性location and nature of disease脉有胃气pulse with stomach qi表里同病disease involving both the exterior and interior清里泄热clearing away heat in the interior风热眩晕vertigo due to wind-heat寒证化热cold syndrome transforming into heat syndrome寒热错杂simultaneous occurrence of cold and heat舌淡苔白而润滑light-colored tongue with white and slippery coating表邪入里invasion of the exterior pathogenic factors into the interior祛风解痉expelling wind to relieve convulsion外感胃脘痛stomachache due to exogenous pathogenic factors医.学全.在.线网站恶寒与恶热aversion to cold and aversion to heat潮热盗汗tidal fever and night sweating口干唇裂dry mouth with cracked lips高热谵妄high fever with delirium脉数无力rapid and weak pulse和血止痛regulating blood to alleviate pain寒邪郁而化热stagnation of pathogenic cold changing into heat寒因寒用treating pseudo-cold syndrome with herbs of cold nature 未病先防preventing measures taken before the occurrence of disease 热因热用treating pseudo-heat syndrome with herbs of heat nature 补气健脾invigorating qi and strengthening the spleen塞因塞用treating obstructive syndrome with tonifying therapy补血养心enriching blood to nourish the heart发汗解表relieving exterior syndrome by diaphoresis水气凌心water attacking the heart风热乳蛾tonsillitis due to wind-heat心悸多梦palpitation and dreaminess痰饮咳嗽cough due to fluid retention血为气母the blood serving as the mother of qi实热蕴结accumulation of sthenia-heat调摄精神regulating mental states舒肝和胃soothing the liver and harmonizing the stomach血脉流畅smooth circulation of blood清热泻火clearing away heat and reducing fire关节通利smooth movement of joints疏风泄热dispelling wind and reducing heat气机调畅free activity of qi行气消瘀activating qi to resolve stagnation益寿延年promoting longevity养血润肠nourishing the blood and moistening the intestine治病求本treatment of disease must concentrate on the principle cause of disease因时、因地、因人制宜applying proper therapeutic measure in line with season, local conditions and individuality急则治其标relieving the secondary symptoms first in treating acute disease缓则治其本relieving the primary symptoms in treating chronic disease通腑泄热purging fu-organs to eliminate heat燥湿化痰drying dampness and resolving phlegm标本兼治treatment focusing on relieving both the secondary and primary symptoms正虚邪实asthenia of healthy qi and sthenia of pathogenic factors痰湿壅肺accumulation of phlegm-dampness in the lung血枯经闭amenorrhea due to blood exhaustion祛虫消积removing parasites to eliminate accumulation中草药Chinese medicinal herbs炮制processing四气五味four properties and five tastes清除杂质eliminating impurity入药部分the part used for medical purpose作用和缓mild effect药物采集collection of herbs发散解表relieving exterior syndrome by dispersion收敛astringency方剂学science of prescriptions软坚散结softening hardness to dissipate stagnation配伍关系compatibility燥湿健脾drying dampness and strengthening the spleen组成规律prescription-formulating principle升降沉浮ascending, descending, sinking and floating方剂的加减modification of prescriptions归经meridian tropism剂型和剂量drug form and dosage用药禁忌contraindication in using herbs君臣佐使monarch, minister, assistant and guide药物用量dosage药物毒性toxicity of medicinal herbs辛温解表药relieving exterior syndrome with herbs pungent in taste and warm in nature 十八反与十九畏eighteen incompatible herbs and nineteen herbs of mutual antagonism 袪风湿药herbs for expelling wind and dampness调和诸药moderating the property of herbs胸痛彻背thoracic pain involving the back温经散寒warming meridians to dissipate cold清热凉血药herbs for clearing away heat and cooling blood 宣肺平喘disperse lung qi to stop asthma引经报使guiding action灵活化裁flexible modification针灸疗法acupuncture and moxibustion therapy, acumox 清散郁热clearing away and dispersing stagnant heat针刺补泻reinforcing and reducing techniques for needling 随症加减modification according to symptoms针刺手法needling techniques, manipulation药物饮片processed herbs进针手法methods for inserting the needle内服散剂powder for oral taking针刺止痛alleviating pain with acupuncture外用膏剂medicinal extract for exterior application针刺麻醉acupuncture anesthesia, acu-anesthesia开水冲服mixing in boiled water for oral taking针感needling sensation浓缩浸膏condensed extract皮内针intradermal needle耳针疗法ear acupuncture treatment针刺的角度与深度angle and depth of needling提插捻转lifting, thrusting, swirling and rotating双手进针法insertion of needle with double hands水针疗法hydro-acupuncture therapy行针manipulating the needle头针疗法scalp-acupuncture therapy化脓灸blistering moxibustion推拿手法manipulations for tuina, manipulating techniques瘢痕灸scarring moxibustion减轻疼痛alleviating pain艾炷灸moxibustion with moxa cone功法训练exercise for practicing tuina灯火灸lamp moxibustion放松肌肉relaxing muscles温针灸warm needling method解除肌肉紧张relieving muscular tension一指禅推法pushing manipulation with one finger活动受限confined activity点按法point-pressing manipulation关节脱位dislocation of joint大鱼际揉法kneading manipulation with the large thenar医.学全.在.线网站腰椎间盘突出protrusion of lumbar vertebral disc交替搓揉alternative rubbing and kneading旋转复位rotating reduction腰肌劳损injury of lumbar muscles软组织损伤injury of soft tissues解除痉挛relieving spasm关节粘连僵硬adhesion and stiffness of joint外感发热exogenous fever滑利关节lubricating joint脉象浮紧floating and tense pulse手法补泻reinforcing and reducing manipulations寒邪束表pathogenic cold hampering the exterior拇指平推法horizontal pushing with the thumb邪热入里interior invasion of pathogenic heat午后潮热afternoon tidal fever四肢厥冷cold limbs热扰神明heat disturbing mind阳气不振inactivation of yang-qi形体消瘦emaciation少气懒言lack of qi and no desire to speak祛痰止咳药herbs for eliminating phlegm and stopping cough。
英语翻译-各单元必会英汉互译词组
英语翻译－各单元必会英汉互译词组Lesson 11. fellow countrymen 同胞2. average height 中等身材3. gleaming eyes 闪光的眼睛4. in his middle twenties 二十多岁5. to be seated 招呼坐下6. stand squarely 端端正正地站着7. more than ten years his junior 比他年轻十几岁8. revolutionary road 革命道路9. Chinese communist Party 中国共产党10. full member 正式成员11. membership 党籍12. keep a secret 保密Lesson 21. immeasurable contrast 迥然不同2. to and fro 走来走去3. upturn face 仰着脸4. sweet spring 芬芳的春天5. anger and bitterness 又气愤又苦恼6. dense fog 大雾7. tense and anxious 紧张而焦急8. 五一的下午on the afternoon of May 1st9. 无言的呼唤wordless cry10. 探测绳sounding-lineLesson 31. 各种流派的different schools2. 前两天a few days ago3. 受限制be restricted/be subjected to4. 传统观念traditional thinking5. 不合理的制度irrational system6. 最高境界the highest state7. 浓妆艳抹heavy make up8. 主人公chief character/principal character9. 花言巧语flowery language10. 社会进步和人性发展social progress and human developmentLesson 41. 工业革命Industrial Revolution2. 多功能的机器multi-purpose machine3. 出于自愿和兴趣on one’s own account, out of interest4. 新兴城市the rising town5. 大胆的举止in a bolder manner6. 实干家practical man7. 交通动脉arteries of communication8. in the air 传说中，酝酿中9. source of power 能源10. outstanding feature 突出特点Lesson 51. 极西地带far west2. 山区mountainous regions3. 永久定居permanent settlement4. 为…打下基础lay foundations for5. 专门从事devote exclusively to6. 合法手续legal title7. establish communities 建立村镇8. stock-raising 养殖畜牧业9. open public domain 开放的公共地带10. regular event 常事11. high plains 高原12. criss-crossed 纵横交错Lesson 61. 新民主主义new democracy2. 五四运动the May 4th Movement3. 辛亥革命the Revolution of 19114. 革命知识分子revolutionary intellectuals5. 帝国主义imperialist6. 无产阶级proletariat7. 在…的号召下at the call of8. 小资产阶级知识分子petty-bourgeois intellectuals9. 统一战线的革命运动the revolutionary movement of a united front10. 平民文学literature for the common people11. 北伐战争the Northern Expedition12. 右翼the rightwingLesson 71. life-giving 赋予生命2. everlastingly 无穷无尽的3. the Nile Delta 尼罗河三角洲4. freshly harvested 刚割的5. Mediterranean 地中海6. the Pyramids 金字塔7. negative effects 不良的后果8. a ghost town 鬼城；被遗弃的荒芜的城镇9. brightly painted 颜色鲜艳的10. member of a team 队员11. 河流入海口the mouth of the river12. 水坝发电power generated by the dam Lesson 81. Mt. Lofty Ranges 洛夫蒂岭山2. average annual rainfall 平均年降雨量3. surveyor general 测量总监4. business district 商业区5. residential section 住宅区6. municipal government 自治政府7. lord mayoralty 市长的职位8. mineral deposit 矿藏9. marketing centre 贸易中心10. automobile components 汽车部件11. 地中海型气候Mediterranean climate12. 文艺节Festival of ArtsLesson 91. Palace Museum 故宫博物院2. walled courtyard 带围墙的院子3. watchtower 更楼4. complete group o f ancient buildings 完整的古代建筑群5. ravages of time 时间的摧残6. ancient Chinese architecture古代中国建筑7. historical sites 历史遗址8. cobbled roadway 鹅卵石路9. Golden Water Bridge 金水桥10. typical masterpiece 具有代表意义的杰作Lesson 101. global economy 全球性的经济2. sovereign nation 主权国家3. mutual prosperity 共同繁荣4. sum total 总数，总额5. foreign investment 外国投资6. per capita GNP 人均国民生产总值7. 沿海地区coastal areas8. 平均率average rate9. 电力生产electrical production10. 双边贸易two way trade11. 外汇foreign exchange12. 生活水平standard of livingLesson 111. marine insurance 海事保险2. flows of capital资本流动3. foreign exchange dealing 外汇交易4. outward investor 对外投资者5. Pacific region 太平洋地区6. the right climate for 良好的环境7. vast size and resources 地大物博8. to take a real interest in sth. 密切关注某事9. coastal city 沿海城市10. international community 国际社会11. entrepreneurial spirit 进取精神12. 对外开放政策the policy of opening to the outside world13. 世界投资体系world investment system14. 经济改革economic reformsLesson 121. 基本方针basic principle2. 自给自足self-sufficiency3. 客观有利因素favorable objective factors4. 生产条件production condition5. 耕地cultivated land6. 中、低产田medium-and-low-yield land7. 灌溉面积irrigated areas8. 宜农荒地arable land9. 复种指数multiple crop index10. 水利工程water-control projects11. 单位面积产量the yield per unit area12. 粮食总产量目标total grain output target Lesson 131. agonizing flashback 痛苦的回忆2. come and go 霎时即去3. property damage 财产损失4. monotonous 单调的，枯燥的5. flash-flooding 暴雨成灾6. to imprint on one’s mind 印在某人的脑海里7. scare tactic 吓唬人的办法8. power of nature 大自然的力量9. river bed 河床10. to give sth. much thought 仔细想某事11. 无情的relentless12. 雨季rainy seasonLesson 141. maternal grandfather 外祖父2. the flower of one’s youth 风华正茂3. popular science 科普读物4. undue absorption in the past 过分地怀念过去5. sucking vigor 汲取力量6. live one’s own life 独立生活7. the founder of Girton College 戈登学院的创办人8. clinging to youth 与年轻人呆在一起9. 过去的好时光the good old days10. 高等教育higher educationLesson 151. 旧梦重温going through old dreams2. 儿童出版社Children press3. 散文集collection of essays4. 丝绸之路the Silk Road5. 历史古迹the historic sites6. 大英博物馆the British Museum7. 简单的早餐simple breakfast8. 花坛flower bed9. 斗兽场arena10. 教皇PopeLesson 161. market-day 赶集的日子2.Sir John约翰爵士3.the renowned knight 著名的武士4.county history郡志5. lineal representative of the ancient family 古老世家的嫡派子孙Lesson 171. drug store 杂货店2. meticulously dressed 精心打扮，穿着讲究，一点不马虎3. tentative and uncertain manner 试探和踌躇的举止4.sb.’s face suddenly brighten 某人的脸上突然露出喜色Lesson 181. 初冬early winter2. 做中间人的；做中人的the go-between3. 月白色的pale green4. 祥林嫂Xianglin’s wife5. 试工期trial period6. 严厉的婆婆strict mother-in-law7. 打柴cut wood8. 熬夜to sit up9. 福礼sacrificial meat10.不惜力气not sparing oneself Lesson 191. a narrow swale 狭长的洼地2. the birth and death of the day 每一天的诞生和死亡3. the range of mountain 山脉4. mind and twist 蜿蜒5. a kind of invitation 殷勤邀请6. a beloved mother 亲爱的母亲7. dread of畏惧8. canyon峡谷9. sand bank 沙案10. part-time river 季节性河流Lesson 201. a far cry from 完全不同2. self-assurance 自信3. sober-faced 沉静的；镇静的4. odd-shaped 怪样子的5. well-mannered silence 规规矩矩，一声不响6. sailor suit 水手服7. the ice was broken 打破了僵局8. in unison 齐声；一致9. stare at sb. 凝视某人10. all of a sudden 突然11. resonant voice 洪亮的声音Lesson 211. 拉家带口be saddled with big family2. 拉排字车pull a hand cart3. 腊月二十三the twenty-third of the twelfth lunar month4. 前台front stage5. 小买卖人a peddler6. 养家to support the family7. 喊嗓子to practice singing8. 零工odd jobs9. 排队queue up10. 落汤鸡a drowned rat11. it rains cats and dogs 瓢泼大雨12. no show, no pay 不响锣，不给钱Lesson 221. mineral oil 矿物油2. onboard ship 在船上3. on shore 在岸上4. at chemist’s 在药店5. internal combustion engine 内燃机6. carriage drawn by the horse 马车7. be superior to 优于；好于8. in this respect 在这方面9. a thin file of oil 薄薄的一层油10. oil-burning lamp 油灯Lesson 231. superhighway 高速公路2. applied entomology 应用昆虫学3. living organisms 生物体4. an insect-free world 无昆虫的世界5. now and again 有时6. right to know 知情权7. science of biotic controls 生物控制学8. turn one’s back on 拒绝；冷眼相看9. entomologist 昆虫学家10. geneticist 遗传学家Lesson 241. 自然资源natural resources2. 人均per capita3. 淡水资源freshwater resources4. 长期的long-term5. 国民经济national economy6. 战略任务strategic task7. 大陆架continental shelves8. 专属经济区遣exclusive economic zones9. 海洋生物sea creature10. 低纬度low latitude11. 沉积盆地sedimentation basin12. 海洋旅游业marine tourismLesson 251. environmental law 环保法2. noise pollution 噪声污染3. public concerns 公众关注4. industrial pollutions 工业污染5. federal law 联邦法6. vaguely worded 措辞含糊7. court of appeals 上诉法院8. to grant a license 颁发许可证9. natural beauty 自然美10. Federal power Commission 联邦电力委员会Lesson 261. The Contracting States 成员国；缔约国2. copyright 版权3. universal convention 世界公约4. international understanding 国际间的了解5. domestic legislation 国内立法6. as follows如下7. unpublished works 未出版的作品8. works of the human mind 人类精神产品Lesson 271. 中外合资经营企业Chinese -Foreign Equity Joint Venture2. 经济合作economic cooperation3. 技术交流technological exchange4. 平等互利的原则principle of equality and mutual benefit5. 公共利益public interest6. 有限责任公司a limited liability company7. 注册资本. Registered capital8. 工业产权industrial property rights9. 先进技术advanced technology10. 董事会board of directors11. 总会计师treasurer12. 审计师auditor13. 储备基金reserve fund14. 外汇账户foreign exchange account Lesson 281. toast 祝酒词2. common ground 共同点3. differences 分歧4. magnificent dinner 盛大晚宴5．Compromise 妥协；让步6．Welcoming banquet 欢迎宴会7．Telecommunicate 电讯8．Prime minister 总理Lesson 291. full diplomatic relations 正式外交关系2. the Long March 长征3. the policies of reform and opening to the outside world 改革和对外开放政策4. Sino-American relationship 中美关系5. historically significant experiment 具有历史意义的尝试6. developing country 发展中国家7．Developed country 发达国家8．International affairs 国际事务9．Scientific exchange 科学交流10．National security policy 国家安全政策Lesson 301. 金秋时节golden fall2. 学术交流academic exchange3. 加强合作to promote cooperation4. 历史文化传统historical and cultural traditions5. 深刻的影响a profound impact6. 生化方式way of life7. 民族团结ethnic harmony; ethnic solidarity8. 区域自治regional autonomy 9. 民族精神national spirit10. 周边环境neighboring environment11. 和平共处peaceful coexistence12.互相尊重mutual respect13.平等互利equality and mutual benefit14.互不干涉内政non-interference15.振兴中华rejuvenation of China。
2001年复旦大学硕士入学细胞生物学试题
2001年复旦大学硕士入学细胞生物学试题一. 名词解释和区别1. telomere, centromere2. unit membrane, biological membrane3. mitosis, meiosis4. protein kinase A, protein kinase C5. 细胞表面，细胞外被6. 细胞系，细胞株二. 问答题1. 细胞运输的方法。
2. 什么是核骨架，其作用是什么？3. 说明内质网在蛋白质合成过程中的作用。
4. 细胞信号是如何从细胞外传递到细胞内的？5. 什么是细胞同步化，如何实现，有什么应用价值？hym1_02003-10-16 23:27北京大学的生化考试题1991年生物化学一．名词解释拼接体复制子反馈调节别构效应抗体酶二．英译汉THF ddTPP ACTH Hbs tRNAm micRNA ACP NADPH ΔGo\' Cot1/2三．填空1.NAD+和NADP+还原时在--------增加一个吸收峰.2.常用的DNA超螺旋结构的嵌合剂是--------3.在癌变过程中同工酶谱发生--------4.哺乳动物的必须脂肪酸为--------和--------5.某些蛋白质前体都具有它的--------肽,它们大都相当于--------左右氨基酸的长度.残基侧链一般是--------,位于肽链的--------末端.6.糖蛋白中糖基与蛋白质肽链之间可通过酰糖苷键相结合,即--------和--------7.DNA序列的末端终止法所用的工具酶是--------8.E.ColiRNA聚合酶的亚基组成为--------,没有--------亚基的酶称为核心酶,该亚基的功能为--------9,线粒体DNA的复制为--------方式,大肠杆菌染色体的复制为--------方式,ΦX174环状染色体和噬菌体λDNA后期复制为--------方式,真核生物染色体DNA复制为--------方式10,呼吸链电子传递速度受--------浓度控制的现象称为--------11,胆固醇合成的限速酶是--------,--------浓度升高其活性下降12,嘧啶环由--------和--------合成的13,丙酮脱氢酶系统受--------和--------.--------三种调节控制14,神经递质5-羟色胺是由--------衍生而成15,乙酰辅酶A进入三羧酸循环,还是形成酮体,由细胞中--------浓度决定16,生物固氮是微生物利用--------转变成氨的作用四,是非题1,编码区的翻译效率彼此不同( )2,酶的Kcat型抑制剂比Ks型抑制剂专一性更强( )3,紫外线照射可使DNA互补双链间形成T^T( )4,一个氨基酸残基就是一个肽单元( )5,DNA复制需要RNA引物,RNA复制则不需要引物( )6,蛋白质进化过程中构象是易变的( )7,由于遗传的密码兼并性,一个氨基酸可以有几种tRNA,但常只有一种氨酰-tRNA合成酶( )8,蛋白质在热力学上最稳定的构象是自由能最低的结构( )9,当一种大肠杆菌突变型为DNA聚合酶III的3\'-5\'外切酶缺陷时,该突变型表现的特征为对紫外线敏感( )10,在酸性条件下,DNA分子上的嘌呤不稳定,易被水解下来( )11,严重糖尿病患者因其糖异生作用加强血酮症( )12,杀鼠药氟乙酸的毒性是由于其抑制了顺乌头酸酶从而阻断了三羧酸循环( )13,无糖膳食中用含有奇数碳脂肪酸比含有偶数脂肪酸作为食物更好( )14,高胆固醇血患者因服用β-谷固醇而引起血浆胆固醇水平升高,增加动脉硬化危险( ) 15,若amytal和抗霉素A阻断呼吸链的抑制百分数相同,amytal的毒性更大( )五,分析与计算1,当谷氨酸C3上标记C14,氨基标记15N,在肝脏中氧化降解,同位素将出现在下列代谢物的哪个原子上, (1),琥珀酸,(2),天冬氨酸,(3),精氨酸,(4),尿素2,今有以下四种蛋白质的混合物1)分子量为15,000,pI=10;(2),分子量为62,000,pI=4;(3),分子量为28,000,pI=8; (4),分子量为9,000,pI=6;若不考虑其它因素,当(A)用CM-纤维素层析柱分离时,(用Sephadex G50凝胶层析柱分离时,试写出这些蛋白的洗脱顺序3,在以下修饰碱基中,何者在形成双链时氢键结合的性质不同于和它相关的普通碱基(1)2-甲基腺嘌呤(2)5-甲基胞嘧啶(3)5-羟甲基胞嘧啶(4)1-甲基鸟嘌呤4,假定下面的DNA双链分子是从右向左进行转录,写出RNA转录产物的序列5\'----ATTCGCTTAAGCAA----3\'3\'----TAAGCGAATTCGTT----5\'5,某酶制剂的比活力为42单位/mg蛋白质,每ml含12mg蛋白质,(1) 计算1ml反应液中含5μl酶制剂时的反应初速度(2) 若1ml反应液内含5μl酶制剂,在10分钟内消耗底物多少?为保证测定酶的初速度,所需要的最低底物浓度是多少?6,有一酶分子使其变性后,用溴化氰降解,在降解产物种得到一个未知氨基酸顺序的九肽,试根据以下实验结果,推断出此九肽的氨基酸顺序(1) 氨基酸分析表明,它含有Ala,Arg,Cys,Glu,Lys,Met,Pro,Phe,(2) 用Edman法降解得到一个Pro的衍生物(3) 用胰蛋白酶水解得到一个游离Arg,一个二肽和一个六肽,此六肽在PH6.4时呈电中性状态(4) 用胰凝乳蛋白酶降解得到一个二肽,一个三肽和一个四肽A,二肽在PH6.4时呈负电荷B,分析三肽发现里面含有硫C,在PH6.4时分析四肽，静电荷为+2，在280nm分析表明不含有芳香氨基酸六．第一题非生化专业，第二题生化专业。
英语英译汉
Pathology is the study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and tissues of a healthy body -- the basis of normal anatomy and physiology -- change to these of a sick person. The study of pathology therefore provides an understanding of the disease processes encountered, their causes, and their clinical effects.
通常可以采用技巧从直接观察到的现象推断出内在的情况。
Over the last two hundred years, the use of vaccination against smallpox has led to the eradication of naturally occurring cases of this disease.
微生物学主要研究肉眼无法直接看到的生物体，包括细菌、真菌、病毒、原生生物和蓝绿藻。这些微小生物统称为微生物，如果致病则称为病原体或病菌。应该注意的是绝大多数微生物并不致病。
Often it takes skillful detective work to deduce what is happening internally from what can be observed directly.
临床药学研究药物如何发挥作用，如何与其他药物相互作用，药物的作用如何改变疾病进程，以及疾病如何改变药物作用。
生化英汉互译
关键酶：key enzyme 化学修饰调节：chemical modification变构调节：allosteric regulation 应激：stress反馈抑制：feedback inhibition 代谢组学：metabolomics生物转化：biotransformation 加单氧酶：monooxygenase尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸：UDPGA 3'-磷酸腺苷5'-磷酸硫酸：PAPS胆汁酸：bile acid 结合胆红素：conjugated bilirulin非蛋白氮：non protein nitrogen 2,3-二磷酸甘油酸：2,3-diphosphoglycerate（2,3-BPG）促红细胞生成素：erythropoietin，EPO 血红素：heme卟啉症：porphyria 复制：replication半保留复制：semiconservative replication 双向复制：bidirectional replication半不连续复制：semidiscontinuous replication 复制子：replicon复制起始点：replication origin 岗崎片段：Okazaki fragment模板：template 引物: primerDNA聚合酶：DNA polymerase Klenow片段：klenow fragment解链酶：helicase 拓扑异构酶：topoisomeraseDNA连接酶：DNA ligase 引物酶：primase端粒：telomere 端粒酶：telomerase逆转录：reverse transcription 逆转录酶：reverse transcriptase切除修复:excision repairing 突变：mutation点突变：point mutation 框移突变：frame shift mutation。
生化名解及翻译
生化名解：1.协同效应：一个亚基与其配体结合后，能影响蛋白质分子中另一亚基与配体结合能力的效应。
2.变构效应（别构效应）：蛋白质分子与其他小分子物质结合后，构象发生改变，其功能也随之改变的现象。
3.氧化呼吸链：在生物氧化过程中，代谢物上脱下的氢经过一系列的按一定顺序序列的氢传递体和电子传递体的传递，最后传递给分子氧并生成水，这种氢和电子的传递体系称为呼吸链，又称为电子传递链。
4.生物氧化：营养物质（糖、脂、蛋白质等）在活细胞内氧化分解，最终生成CO2和水并释放能量的过程。
5操纵子:由若干个结构基因及其上游的调控序列构成，作为转录和调控的基本单位。
6.断裂基因：真核生物的结构基因，由若干个编码区和非编码区互相间隔但又相互连接镶嵌而成，去除非编码区再连接后，可译出由连续氨基酸组成的完整蛋白质，这些基因称为断裂基因。
7.半保留复制：是DNA的复制方式，DNA复制时，两个子代DNA分别保留了一条亲代DNA链，各自与新合成的互补链形成双链分子。
8.冈崎片段：随从链中不连续复制产生的DNA小片段。
9..外显子：断裂基因中的编码序列。
10..内含子：断裂基因中的非编码序列。
11.顺式作用元件：与基因表达调控有关的DNA非编码序列。
12.反式作用因子：能直接或间接辨认，结合顺式作用元件，从而调节基因表达的一类蛋白质因子。
13.转录因子：一般指能直接或间接与RNA聚合酶结合的反式作用因子。
14.基因：是遗传的基本单位，是负载着特定遗传信息的DNA片段。
其结构包括DNA编码序列、非编码调节序列和内含子组成的DNA区域。
15.基因组：一个生命个体，细胞或病毒所携带的全部遗传信息，又称基因体。
基因组包括基因和非编码DNA。
16.组成性表达：生物基因组中的某些基因，较少受外界环境因素影响，以相对稳定的速率表达，这种基因表达的方式成为组成性表达。
17.管家基因：采取组成性方式表达的基因。
18.变构调节：变构酶的酶分子活性中心外的某一部位可以与体内一些代谢物可逆地结合，使酶发生变构而改变其催化活性的调节方式。
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A acetone丙酮acyl carrier protein酰基载体蛋白acyl carrier protein ACP脂酰基载体蛋白adenine腺嘌呤aerobic oxidation有氧氧化alanine-glucose cycle丙氨酸-葡萄糖循环albumin清蛋白allosteric regulation别构调节amino acid氨基酸antioncogene抗癌基因aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase氨基酰tRNA合成酶annealing 退火anticodon反密码子apolipoprotein载脂蛋白ascorbic acid抗坏血酸asymmetric transcription不对称转录
B biotin生物熟biological oxidation生物氧化blunt end冲结束biotransformation生物转化bile胆汁bile pigment胆汁色素
C catalase过氧化物酶Catecholamine 儿茶酚胺chemical modification 化学修饰
cholestetol胆固醇coding strand编码链coenzyme辅酶competitive inhibition竞争性抑制configuration构型conformation构象consensus sequence 共同序列cytochrome细胞色素covalent modification共价修饰cytosin胞嘧啶cis-acting element顺式作用元件
catabolite gene activation protein CAP分解代谢物基因激活蛋白coding sequence编码序列cosmid vector粘性向量cohesive end黏性末端calcitriol骨化三醇calmodulin钙调节蛋白
D decarboxylation脱羧基作用degeneracy简并性denaturation变性de nove synthesis从头合成deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸dipeptide二肽domain 结合域,
direct react bilirubin直接反应胆红素
E enzyme 酶essential group 必须基因exonuclease 核酸外切酶exon 内含子eryrhropoitin EPO 促红细胞生成素enhancer增强子enterohepatic circulation肝-肠循环
F folic acid 叶酸feed back 反馈
G genetic code基因密码子gene mutation基因突变globulin球蛋白glucagon胰高血糖素glycolysis糖酵解glycogen storage disease糖原累积症glycogenolysis糖原分解gluconeogenesis 糖异生guanine 鸟嘌呤genome基因组genetic engineering基因工程genetic library基因库gene therapy基因治疗
H HMG-CoA reductase 羟甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶house-keeping gene管家基因hormone sensitive lipase HSL激素敏感脂肪酶hormone response element 激素反应元件helicase 解链酶hemoglobin 血红蛋白human genome project HGP人类基因组计划
I isoelectric point等电点isoenzyme 同工酶insulin 胰岛素IMP次黄嘌呤核苷一磷酸intron 外显子
J jaundice黄疸
K ketone bodies 酮体key enzymes 关键酶
L lipoprotein脂蛋白lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase LCAT卵磷脂胆固醇脂酰基转移酶lipoprotein lipase LPL脂蛋白脂肪酶ligase连接酶leading strand前导链lariat套索lagging strand随从链
M motif 模序methionine cycle 甲硫氨酸循环molecular disease 分子病
molecular cloning分子克隆
N nucleotide核苷酸nitrogen balance 氮平衡nutritional essential amino acid 营养必需氨基酸non-protein nitrogen 非蛋白氮nonocistron单顺反子
O oxidative phosphorylation 氧化磷酸化one carbon unit 一碳单位循环operon操纵子okazaki fragment 冈崎片段oncogen致癌基因operator操纵基因ossifiction骨化
P peptide bond 肽键protein蛋白质prion朊病毒pyrimidine 嘧啶purine 嘌呤
pentose phosphate pathway磷酸戊糖途径Peptidyl site 肽位Perioxidase 过氧化氢酶phospholipids磷脂plasma血浆polymerase聚合酶post-transcriptional modification转录后修饰primase引物酶primer引物proenzyme酶原promoter启动子primary transcript初级转录产物protein kinase 蛋白激酶proviramin A 维生素A原PRPP 5-磷酸核糖-1-焦磷酸
poycistron多顺反子parathyroid hormone PTH甲状旁腺激素
R ribonucleic acid 核糖核酸ribozyme 核酶retinol 视黄醇riboflavin 核黄素respiratory chain 呼吸链revese trascriptase 逆转录酶replication fork 复制叉reverse transcription 反转录作用recombinant DNA technology重组DNA技术
restriction endonuclease限制性内切核酸酶rickets软骨病
S superoxide dismutase 超氧化物歧化酶salvage pathway 补救合成途径semiconservation replication 半保留复制single strand binding protein SSB 单链结合蛋白small nuclear RNA 小核RNA splicesome 剪接体serum 血清
T transaminase 转氨酶template 模板telomerase 端粒酶topoisomerase 拓扑异构酶telomere 端粒transcription factor 转录因子translation 翻译transferrin 运铁蛋白trans-acting factors反式作用因子target DNA目标DNA transformation转化
U uncoupler 接偶联剂urea 尿素uric acid 尿酸ubiquitin 泛素
V vitamin 维生素vector向量
W wobble base pair 不稳定碱基配对
X xanthine oxidase 黄嘌呤氧化酶
Z zwitte iron兼性离子zymogen 酶原
αketoacid α酮酸
βhydroxyl butyrate β羟丁酸
DNA保证复制高保真：严格配对聚合酶选择校读修复原核DNA聚合酶Ⅰ水解引物Ⅱ不详修复Ⅲ合成前导链冈崎逆转录酶三活性端粒线形末端蛋白结合重复序列维持稳定性复制完整性端粒酶RNA+蛋白质（逆转录酶活性）爬行合成解决5末端缩短问题参与DNA复制6解拓单引聚连。