实例讲解托福阅读利用因果关系词解题方法
托福阅读逻辑推断题应对方法介绍
托福阅读逻辑推断题应对方法介绍托福阅读逻辑推断题应对方法介绍结合实例教你答题方法。
今天给大家带来了托福阅读不同年龄考生如何备考,希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
托福阅读逻辑推断题应对方法介绍结合实例教你答题方法托福阅读因果关系词介绍托福阅读中的因果关系词其实有两类，一个是表示原因的：as、since、thanks to、as result of、because of、owing to、result from、due to、on account of、by virtue of、in that、attribute to;另一个是表示结果的：as a consequence、thus、hence、so、as a result、result in、contribute to、lead to、cause、breed、trigger.托福阅读推断题如何用因果关系来解题?Paragraph 4: So, in another set of experiment s, Kramer putidentical food boxes around the cage, with food in only one of the boxes. Theboxes were stationary, and the one containing food was always at the same pointof the compass. However, its position with respect to the surroundings could bechanged by revolving either the inner cage containing the birds or the outerwalls, which served as the background. As long as the birds could see the Sun,nomatter how their surroundings were alter ed, they went directly to thecorrect food box. Whether the box appeared in front of the right wall or theleft wall, they showed no signs of confusion. On overcast days, however, thebirds were disoriented and had trouble locating their food box.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 aboutKramer’s reason for filling one food box and leaving the rest empty?A He believed the birds would eat food from only one box.B He wanted to see whether the Sun alone controlled the birdsability to navigate toward the box with food.C He thought that if all the boxes contained food, this woulddistract the birds from following their migratory route.D He needed to test whether the birds preferred having the food atany particular point of the compass.首先，我们来明确一下推断的定义(infer, imply, indicate)，纵使它是推断题，也不是意味着这题是主观臆断，臆想或是联想得出的。
托福写作因果逻辑关系解析
托福写作因果逻辑关系解析托福写作因果逻辑关系解析托福作文是托福考试中非常重要的一部分，同时也是广大考友们必须攻克的一大难关。
以下是yjbys网店铺整理的关于托福写作因果逻辑关系解析，供大家备考。
一. 因果逻辑之表达原因的基本词汇Causes ：due to, because of, owing to, as a result of, on account of, for, on the ground of, through, because, since, as, on the ground that例如：(我们可以做做以下的.翻译练习来帮助我们理解事物的原因，即原因这一概念。
)1.据报道，因为处于这位新领导人管理的目前形势下，残疾人面临抑郁和财政困难。
译文：Disabled people are reported to face depression and financial difficulties owing to the current situation under a new leader's governing.2.由于他亲身父母的对其的放任不管，这个极富天赋的小孩被酒精和毒品给毁了。
Such a gifted child was ruined by alcohol and drugs because of the ignorance of his biological parents.二. 因果逻辑之表达结果的基本词汇effects：therefore, so, as a result, consequently, accordingly, because of, thus, hence, for this reason, result in例如：他不断出现抑郁症状，结果只好咨询心理医生了。
He continued to suffer from depression ,accordingly, and consulted a psychiatrist三. 因果逻辑之表达原因和结果关联的升级词汇(关系是棘手的问题。
提升托福写作技巧,善用因果关系的词组和句式
提升托福写作技巧，善用因果关系的词组和句式前阵子最火的一部剧莫过于《琅琊榜》了，《琅琊榜》这么受大家欢迎，是因为......。
上面这个句式也常常用在英文写作中，只会用"because"、"because of"、"for"以及"as"表示“因为”？本文将给大家总结一下能够用来表达“因果关系”的词组和句式，让大家的写作表达丰富起来。
表示“因为/由于”的单词1.because：因为，由于，后面接句子。
2.as：意义同上，后面接句子。
3.for：意义同上，后面可接名词或名词性短语，也可接句子（连接并列分句，对前面分句进行说明）。
【例句1】The ground is wet because it rained last night.（因为昨天下了雨，所以地很湿。
）【例句2】Surely it rained last night,for the ground is wet.（准是昨天下了雨，因为现在地很湿。
）表示“导致/引起/造成”的单词4.make：引起，导致，后可接名词或名词性短语。
5.let：意义、用法同上。
6.cause：意义、用法同上。
7.produce：意义、用法同上。
8.trigger：意义、用法同上。
【例句3】The medicine produced a violent reaction.（这药物引起了剧烈的反应。
）表示“导致/引起/造成”的短语9.lead to：导致，造成，后接名词或名词性短语。
10.result in：意义、用法同上。
【例句4】This misprint led to great confusion.（这个印刷错误造成很大的困惑。
）表示“由于/因为”的短语11.due to：由于，归功于，后接名词或名词性短语。
12.because of：意义、用法同上。
13.on account of：意义、用法同上。
新托福独立写作 常见论证方式之举例&因果实例
常见论证方式之举例&因果实例1.举例实例：Title: The best way to improve the quality of education is to increase teachers’ salaries.解题思路：disagree让步转折法。
让步段：增加老师工资对于提高教学质量的确有好处，特别是在不发达的地区。
举例论证如下：This point can be confirmed by the example of my friend Li, a teacher i n a small town with a salary of 1,500 yuan a month.In order to make ends meet, he has to do some part-time jobs after work and even on weekends. It is usually the case that when he comes back home in the evening every day, he is too tired to make full preparations for the classes next day. If he had a higher salary, he could spend more time in preparing for his teaching rather than taking so many odd jobs, which would undoubtedly contribute to the improvement of the education quality in the long run.2.因果实例：More and more people are spending money on their pets, even though there can be other good ways to spend money.解题思路：让步转折。
托福阅读难点题型解题思路实例分析
托福阅读难点题型解题思路实例分析托福阅读难点题型解题思路实例分析句子简化题做法介绍托福阅读句子简化题怎么做?托福阅读的句子简化题要求考生快速地把文章段落中打上阴影的一个长难句简化成一个意思不变的同义句。
解答句子简化题其实有一个规律，那就是：原句的核心信息在正确选项中一定被同义改写了，但是句子中的重要的逻辑关系是不会变的。
知道这个规律，解开这道题就变得简单了。
托福阅读句子简化题解题技巧实例讲解下面，我们来看官方真题Official3Desertification这篇文章的句子简化题：The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendousnumbers of people affected, as well as from thegreat difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.A Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects largeareas of land and great numbers of people.B Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread overlarge areas of land.C The spread of deserts is considered a very seriousproblem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countriesare involved in the effort.D Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless thepopulation is reduced in the vast areas affected.很多托福考生在做句子简化题时，习惯性地把待简化的句子翻译成中文，那样做其实不仅慢，而且很容易乱。
托福阅读利用因果逻辑词解题
托福阅读利用因果逻辑词解题托福阅读实际上有许多做题技巧的，利用因果逻辑词解题就是其中一种，下面小编给大家分享一下具体操作方法，希望对你们有所帮助。
托福阅读如何利用因果逻辑词快速定位解题?审题首先通过审题，利用因果逻辑词能确定是因果类事实信息题，比如下面的题干：1. According to paragraph 6, why might the puzzling questions about the paintings never be answered?2. According to paragraph 2, sculptors in the Italian Renaissance stopped using cannonballs in bronze statues of horses because3. According to the passage, which of the following is one of the reasons that tunas are in constant motion?4. According to paragraph 5, which of the following is a factor responsible for the greater air turbulence in urban environments?通过why, because, reasons, response for这些词(短语)，可以确定原文中会有相应的因果逻辑句(群)的表述。
接下来我们只需要从原文中找出因句果逻辑表述的句(群)，通过分析逻辑承接对象，匹配选项找出正确答案。
实战练习例1.(tpo23p1q5)Paragraph 3The burning of fuel, such as by cars, is not the only source of this increased heat. Two other factors contribute to the higher overall temperature in cities. The first is the heat capacity of the materials that constitute the city, which is typically dominated by concrete and asphalt. During the day, heat from the Sun can be conducted into these materials and stored—to be released atnight. But in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat capacity because a vegetative blanket prevents heat from easily flowing into and out of the ground. The second factor is that radiant heat coming into the city from the Sun is trapped in two ways: (1) by a continuing series of reflection among the numerous vertical surfaces that buildings present and (2) by the dust dome, the cloudlike layer of polluted air that most cities produce. Shortwave radiation from the Sun passes through the pollution dome more easily than outgoing longwave radiation does; the latter is absorbed by the gaseous pollutants of the dome and reradiated back to the urban surface.5. According to paragraph 3, why do materials in the countryside have a lower heat capacity than materials in cities do?○ The countryside in the Sun is the only important source of heat.○ Construction materials in the city are not as good at keeping buildings warm as they are in the countryside.○ In the countryside the solar heat that flows into the ground flows out again quickly.○ Countryside vegetation prevents heat from being trapped in the ground.· 分析通过原文找出因果逻辑词我们发现有两处：第一处“Two other factors contribute to the higher overall temperature in cities.”第二处“But in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat capacity because a vegetative blanket prevents heat from easily flowing into and out of the ground.”细节题陷阱中有一种叫做偷换概念，需要考生们仔细审题，题干问的是“why do materials in the countryside have a lower heatcapacity than materials in cities do?第一处表达的是“the higher overall temperature in cities”的原因，显然不是我们要找的答案;第二处说的是“in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat capacity”，很明显答案在第二处，匹配选项答案是 D.实战练习例2.(OG: Lascaux Cave Painting)Paragraph 6Perhaps so much time has passed that there will never be satisfactory answers to the cave images, but their mystique only adds to their importance. Certainly a great art exists, and by its existence reveals that ancient human beings were not without intelligence, skill, and sensitivity.11. According to paragraph 6, why might the puzzling questions about the paintings never be answered?○ Keeping the paintings a mystery will increase their importance.○ The artists hid their tools with great intelligence and skill.○ Too many years have gone by since the images were painted.○ Answering the questions is not very important to scholars.· 分析这道细节题本身不难，但是出错率很高，很多学生选择A，为什么?因为C选项和原文“but their mystique only adds to their importance.”表达的意思一样。
托福阅读中因果关系的推理题
托福阅读中因果关系的推理题托福阅读里的因果关系推理题，那可真是个让人又爱又恨的“小调皮”！你想想看，就像我们在生活中，一件事情的发生总有它的前因后果。
比如说，你今天上班迟到了，原因可能是路上堵车，也可能是闹钟没响。
托福阅读里的因果关系推理题也是这么个理儿。
这种题常常会藏在一大段文字里，等着你去发现那关键的因果链条。
它可不会明晃晃地告诉你“这就是原因，那就是结果”，而是需要你自己去抽丝剥茧，找出其中的门道。
比如说，文章里提到某种现象，然后后面跟着一大串解释，这时候你就得瞪大眼睛，分辨出到底哪个才是真正导致这个现象的原因。
这就好比你在一堆水果里找那颗最甜的苹果，得有耐心，还得有眼力劲儿。
有时候，它会给你一些看似相关的信息来迷惑你。
就像你走在路上，有人给你指了好几条路，有的看似能到目的地，其实是弯路。
你得保持清醒，别被这些干扰项带偏了。
那怎么才能搞定这些“小调皮”呢？首先，你得把文章读懂，这是最基本的。
就像你要盖房子，得先有牢固的地基一样。
要是文章都没读明白，还谈什么找因果关系呢？然后，要学会抓关键词。
什么是关键词？就像是在黑暗中闪烁的星星，能给你指引方向。
比如“because”“as a result”“due to”等等，看到这些词，你就得打起精神，重点关注后面的内容。
还有啊，要善于推理和判断。
别看到一点信息就觉得是答案，得多想想，多分析。
这就像破案一样，得把各种线索综合起来，才能找出真正的“凶手”。
比如说有一篇文章讲了某种动物数量减少，然后提到了环境变化、天敌增多、食物短缺等因素。
这时候你就得好好琢磨琢磨，到底哪个才是最关键的原因，是环境变化让它们的栖息地变小了，还是天敌增多让它们无处可逃，或者是食物短缺让它们生存艰难？总之，托福阅读中的因果关系推理题并不可怕，只要你有耐心，有方法，多练习，就一定能把它们拿下！相信自己，你可以的！加油吧！。
托福独立写作段落拓展-因果推理法
托福独立写作段落拓展-因果推理法为了帮助大家掌握到托福写作段落拓展的技巧，下面小编给大家带来托福独立写作段落拓展- 因果推理法，希望大家可以灵活运用到自己的写作中！托福独立写作段落拓展 - 因果推理法独立写作主要由同意反对、选择较优等题型组成。
看似简单的独立写作题目，想拿高分却不是易事。
成功的写作不外乎满足以下一些条件：观点合理、论点适宜、用词用句准确且多样化、各种修饰部分交替使用等。
那么今天我来和大家分享下独立写作的一种基本论证方法-因果推理法。
所谓“因果推理法”，就是分析事情来龙去脉、深入探索事物间因果关系的论证方法。
巧妙运用“因果推理法”可以使文章逻辑连贯、论证透彻严密。
我们以下题为例：Do you agree or disagree with the followingstatement?Teachers should be paid according to how much theirstudents learn. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.考生拿到这个题目的第一步就是大概确定一下自己的观点。
大多数学生都会想到反对面更好写一点。
然后经过头脑风暴，大家可以很轻易地得出几个分论点，比如：学生能力不一致、评价学生学到多少很费事等。
那么我们就以“评价学生学到多少很费事”这段文字为例，进行讨论和展开：|关于“段落中心句”段落分论点很容易想，但是要使论证得到阅卷人的信服却不是一件容易的事情。
论证段第一步经常是表明支撑自己观点的分论点，但前面说到的写长难句，并不代表“段落中心句”也应该写的很“曲折”，很“修饰”;相反，要直接明确地表明考生立场，如：It isvery difficult and low efficient to decide how much students have learnt.但要注意一点，独立写作评分标准当中有用词造句一项，因此大家可以把一些用到烂大街的difficult，decide之类的单词“华丽变身”一下，再把句型稍加调整，加一点修饰部分，就可得到如下“段落中心句”：T o start with, the low efficiency in standardizing the evaluation methodsof teachers’incomes would be another formidable obstacle.王老师小贴士针对很多学生遇到的，不会写“高大上”词汇的问题，大家在练习的时候完全可以输入中文，然后记下对应的各种同义英文，累积之后，就能慢慢熟练运用啦。
托福阅读题型应对技巧实例分析之infer推理题答题思路精讲
托福阅读题型应对技巧实例分析之infer推理题答题思路精讲托福阅读题型较多，因此在解题时面对不同题型不能一概而论用相同方式解答，这样解题效率往往是比较低的。
今日我给大家带来了托福阅读题型应对技巧实例分析infer推理题答题思路精讲，盼望可以关心到大家，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
托福阅读题型应对技巧实例分析infer推理题答题思路精讲托福阅读推理题题型介绍托福阅读推理题可分为两类：有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。
依据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。
一般来说，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。
对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排解法，即依据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排解法得出正确答案。
返回原文找信息点，采纳排解法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。
托福阅读推理题解题信息点讲解托福阅读解题需要留意这些信息点：1. 日期和数字2. 各类关键词表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词：may, can , could…;表示过去的：used to be , was, were , at onetime, previously ;表示不是唯一的：not only ,not exclusively等。
托福阅读推理题3种详细解题思路分析1、一般对比推理：依据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。
2、时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。
当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。
3、集合概念推理：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的削减。
反之，相同。
托福阅读推理题解题思路实例讲解上面说的可能比较抽象，我们来看一个例子：例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.文中指出：非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。
托福阅读难点题型解题思路实例讲解
托福阅读难点题型解题思路实例讲解托福阅读难点题型解题思路实例讲解, 推断题正确解答案例分析。
今天给大家带来托福阅读难点题型解题思路实例讲解,希望可以帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
托福阅读难点题型解题思路实例讲解推断题正确解答案例分析托福阅读因果关系词介绍托福阅读中的因果关系词其实有两类，一个是表示原因的：as、since、thanks to、as result of、because of、owing to、result from、due to、on account of、by virtue of、in that、attribute to;另一个是表示结果的：as a consequence、thus、hence、so、as a result、result in、contribute to、lead to、cause、breed、trigger.托福阅读推断题如何用因果关系来解题?Paragraph 4: So, in another set of experiments, Kramer putidentical food boxes around the cage, with food in only one of the boxes. Theboxes were stationary, and the one containing food was always at the same pointof the compass. However, its positionwith respect to the surroundings could bechanged by revolving either the inner cage containing the birds or the outerwalls, which served as the background. As long as the birds could see the Sun,no matter how their surroundings were altered, they went directly to thecorrect food box. Whether the box appeared in front of the right wall or theleft wall, they showed no signs of confusion. On overcast days, however, thebirds were disoriented and had trouble locating their food box.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 aboutKramer’s reason for filling one food box and leaving the rest empty?A He believed the birds would eat food from only one box.B He wanted to see whether the Sun alone controlled the birdsability to navigate toward the box with food.C He thought that if all the boxes contained food, this woulddistract the birds from following their migratory route.D He needed to test whether the birds preferred having the food atany particular point of the compass.首先，我们来明确一下推断的定义(infer, imply, indicate)，纵使它是推断题，也不是意味着这题是主观臆断，臆想或是联想得出的。
托福阅读“因为”“所以”解题策略
托福阅读“因为”“所以”解题策略托福阅读中有很多的逻辑关系。
正是逻辑使得长长的托福阅读文章可以紧密“成团”，因为逻辑，ETS有更多的题目可以带给考生。
明确ETS如何利用逻辑出题，并由此确定我们可以怎样用逻辑解题，这是很高难度的一步。
今天，小编拿出因果逻辑来告诉大家，托福阅读中还有“因为”、“所以”解题策略。
因果关系从一些词汇中可以明显识别出来，比如because(of), since, for, as, due to, owing to, In that, so(that), therefore, thus, hence, as a result, consequently...等等，当然，如果是什么“导致”了什么，什么“来源于”什么，这也可以看做是隐藏着的因果联系。
正是因为这些词语，我们可以将两个或者更多相关句子当做一个意群来分析。
托福阅读“因为”、“所以”解题策略适用于哪些题目呢?来看一下例题吧!例1：原句：The frequency with which certain simple motifs appear in these oldest sites has led rock-art researchers to adopt a descriptive term—the Panaramitee style—a label which takes its name from the extensive rock pavements at Panaramitee North in desert South Australia, which are covered with motifs pecked into the surface.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave ways or leave out essential information.○The oldest rock art sites have simpler motifs than the best known sites of Panaramitee North.○Because motifs primarily associated with the Panaramitee region are common in the oldest sites the term Panaramitee style has become the general term for rock art of this type.○Because the Panaramitee style is so common in the older sites, researchers have described it most extensively.○The motifs carved in the rocky surface of the Panaramitee region make up the oldest form of rock art discovered in Australia.解析：句子的主干是：The frequency has led rock-art researchers to adopt a descriptive term。
实例解析托福阅读解题方法
实例解析托福阅读解题方法实例解析托福阅读解题方法逻辑解题法，顾名思义就是通过对句子进行分析，在了解句子结构的基础上，分析句子的主要逻辑结构，找到句子所要表达的核心内容，然后对应答案，选出内容逻辑都符合的正确选项。
句子简化题简化的是内容，但不是逻辑，所以通过逻辑解题法我们可以快速锁定正确答案范围。
托福阅读逻辑解题法主要有以下三个步骤：通读原句，分析句子结构，找到句子主干及句子所表达的主要逻辑关系查看选项，排除非主干逻辑的选项根据句子内容，对应逻辑关系的具体对象，选出正确答案实例1：例: The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.上面这句话就是一个高亮的句子，我们来看一下对应的 4 个选项：A. Desertification is a significant problem because it is sohard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.B. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.C. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.D. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.按照逻辑解题法的步骤，首先我们先分析一下原句，找到主干逻辑。
托福阅读句间的因果关系该如何掌握
托福阅读句间的因果关系该如何掌握该如何把握托福阅读句间的因果关系呢,一起来学习学习吧，下面我就和大家共享，来欣赏一下吧。
托福阅读句间的因果关系该如何把握句子间关系1——因果关系(托福阅读问题包括：详情/修辞问题/推理/句子插入问题)整个托福阅读中的因果关系特殊高;有一个统计数据显示，在TOEFL的官方实践问题中，详情中的因果关系比例高达三分之一。
因此，无论是从考试的角度，还是为了提高阅读力本身，把握句子之间因果关系的表现是特殊重要的。
以许多学生熟识的“剧院的起源”为例。
有一个详情问题，询问候选人为什么会在那时慢慢放弃“仪式”;在定位词出现的句子中，我们很简洁看到句子开头有一个短语叫“作为结果”;根据标题要求，答案来源应在前一句中。
只要你能识别“分别”这个词，候选人照旧可以更顺利地选择正确的答案。
有许多短语带有因果线索，例如“作为结果”，并且在写作时它们可以派上用场，所以提示候选人他们必需做得很好。
例如，短语“属性X到Y”在官方练习题中出现了三次，并且是确定候选人是否可以阅读该文章的基本词汇。
同样，在推理问题中，我们也可以使用共同的因果关联词来找到推理的方向;官方教学大纲还明确指出，推理问题将“给出结论，让候选人推理推理结论”。
在官方演习中，题为“恐龙的灭亡”的文章有一个特殊典型的推理问题。
根据该段最终一句开头的“So”，候选人可以解释问题的突破并将其锁定在前一句中。
当然，推理问题与具体问题有本质区分，需要根据文章进行适当扩展。
当然，推理问题也可以让候选人在文本中发布某些信息的影响，但是“推动结果”的比例没有“推动理由”，所以有必要在合理的时间内支配时间预备。
因果关系在修辞学的话题中有明确的修辞模式。
候选人必需学会用同理心思索。
为什么要解释段落中的“缘由”?没有什么只是解释相应的事情。
相反，为什么要提到“结果”，以便告知读者相关事物的影响。
此外，还有一个不容忽视的信号。
在最新的官方演习中，因果关系在修辞问题中越来越隐含。
托福阅读句子简化题中的因果关系
托福阅读句子简化题中的因果关系ETS偏爱托福阅读句子简化题是由于表示因果的逻辑词很丰富，而且因果的大逻辑当中又可以插入其他逻辑混淆考生。
希望大家锻炼出火眼金睛的能力先找出因果大关系，和小编一起来看看托福阅读句子简化题中的因果关系。
句子简化题中的因果逻辑首先，请大家牢记以下表示因果的逻辑词包括表示因为的because，since，as，for，表示所以的so，therefore，as a result，in consequence，后面加名词的due to，because of和result from，后面加结果的lead to， result in， cause这些重点逻辑词。
还有隐形因果词比如explain， account for都是前因后果。
题目当中遇到这些词一定要敏感因果逻辑和谁是因谁是果。
如果大逻辑是因果，选项是必然体现因果关系不能省略的。
比如：Perhaps，like many contemporary peoples，Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury，and if that were indeed their belief，it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art.6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage？Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Upper Paleolithic people，like many contemporary peoples， believed that if they drew a human image in their cave art， it would cause death or injury.○Many contemporary people believe that the drawing of a human image can cause death or injury， so they， like Upper Paleolithic people， rarely depicted human figures in their cave art.○If Upper Paleoli thic people，like many contemporary peoples，believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury，this belief might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art.○Although many contemporary peoples believe that the drawing of a human image can cause death or injury，researchers cannot explain why Upper Paleolithic people rarely depicted human figures in their cave art.我们会发现这句里面有明显因果信号词explain why和一个cause：Perhaps，like many contemporary peoples，Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury，and if that were indeed their belief，it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art.所以大因果关系是原因：the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury；结果：human figures are rarely depicted in cave art （因为旧石器时代人们相信画人物会导致死亡或者伤害，这可能会解释为什么岩壁艺术中很少出现人物形象）。
托福阅读-事实信息题中的因果逻辑题
托福阅读-事实信息题中的因果逻辑题事实信息题是托福阅读中考查比重最大的题型之一。
毫不夸张地说，对于任何一个分数段的学生来说，事实信息题的完成情况，就决定了阅读的得分情况。
下面小编给大家带来托福阅读-事实信息题中的因果逻辑题。
托福阅读-事实信息题中的因果逻辑题笔者结合自己的教学经验先来说一下学生在做事实信息题过程中出现过一些“状态”：1. 做题时间长。
中国的考生遇到了事实信息题，不喜欢定位，而是喜欢习惯性的把相应的段落的从头至尾地读一次。
阅读的信息较多，阅读时间长。
而一场阅读托福考试的阅读量对于那些原本阅读速度就慢的学生来说，用这种思路做题，很有可能是做不完的。
如例1：OG: Applied Arts and Fine Arts…Sculptures must, for example, be stable,which requires an understanding of the properties of mass ,weight distribution , and stress .Paintings must have rigid stretchers so that the canvas will be taut, and the paint must not deteriorate, crack, or discolor. These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work. For example, in the early Italian Renaissance, bronze statues of horses with a raised foreleg usually had a cannonball under that hoof. This was done because the cannonball was needed to support the weight of the leg. In other words, the demands of the laws of physics,not the sculptor’s aesthetic intentions, placed the ball there. That this device was a necessary structural compromise is clear from the fact that the cannonball quickly disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces(iron being much stronger than bronze) …According to paragraph 2, sculptors in the Italian Renaissance stopped using cannonballs in bronze statues of horses becauseA. they began using a material that made the statues weigh lessB. they found a way to strengthen the statues internallyC. the aesthetic tastes of the public had changed over timeD. the cannonballs added too much weight to the statues在做这题时，学生要么从段首读到段尾，要么就从“For example, in the early Italian Renaissance”读到最后，事实上这样都读到了过多的信息，做题时间过长。
托福阅读词汇题一定注意因果关系
360教育集团为大家带来了托福阅读词汇题应对技巧，供考生们参考使用。
1. 并列信息Example: OG Practice Set 5, question 3Passage 3: …Absenteeism and lateness hurt productivity and since work was specialized, disrupted the regular factory routine. Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change in the way work was organized; it transformed the very nature of work.The word disrupted in the passage is closest in meaning to○ prolonged○ established○ followed○ upset解析：disrupt在的文章句子中出现and连接的并列信息hurt, 根据这一并列信息，我们可以得出disrupt在此句中的意思为upset。
2. 因果关系Example: OG Practice Set 6, question 1Passage 1: …Feeding, courtship, preproduction, and even “rest” are carried out while in constant motion. As a result, practically every aspect of the body form and function of these swimming “machines” is adapted to enhance their ability to swim.The word enhance in the passage is closest in meaning to○ use○ improve○ counteract○ balance解析：enhance在的文章句子中出现表示因果关系的短语as a result, 根据前一句中的原因，我们可以得出enhance在此句中的意思为improve。
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实例讲解托福阅读利用因果关系词解题方法说到托福考试阅读部分中的因果关系词，绝大部分的考生都不陌生，信手拈来也能说上三五个相关词，如：because、so、since、result from、due to、therefore、as a consequence，而这些逻辑关系如何在托福阅读中帮助我们解题的呢？今天点课台就协助大家一一攻克。
首先，因果关系词，其实有两类，一个是表示原因的：as、since、thanks to、as result of、because of、owing to、result from、due to、on account of、by virtue of、in that、attribute to；另一个是表示结果的：as a consequence、thus、hence、so、as a result、result in、contribute to、lead to、cause、breed、trigger紧接着，我们来看托福阅读的句子简化题。
这道题要求考生快速地把文章段落中打上阴影的一个长难句简化成一个意思不变的同义句。
专家们发现一个规律，那就是：原句的核心信息在正确选项中一定被同义改写了，但是句子中的重要的逻辑关系是不会变的。
知道这个规律，解开这道题就变得简单了。
下面，我们来看TPO3 Desertification这篇文章的句子简化题：The extreme seriousness of desertification results fromthe vast areas of landand the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as fromthe greatdifficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.ADesertification is a significant problem becauseit is so hard to reverse andaffects large areas of land and great numbers of people.ASlowing down the process of desertification is difficult because ofpopulationgrowth that has spread over large areas of land.BThe spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solvedonly if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.CDesertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced inthe vast areas affected.很多托福考生在做句子简化题时，习惯性地把待简化的句子翻译成中文，那样做其实不仅慢，而且很容易乱。
正确的做法是：1.找出句子的主谓宾，也就是谁做了什么，然后关注句子的逻辑关系。
例题的主语是：seriousness of desertification，逻辑关系词是表示原因的：result from，所以我们可以优先看有表示原因的选项，他们中若有正确答案，那么剩下的选项就无需过问了。
这样做不仅快，而且效率高。
我们不难发现：A选项中有because；B选项中有because of；所以我们先看这两个选项。
2.我们还发现原因用as well as相连，说明是两个原因，一个是影响land和people，一个是reverse和slow the process很难。
A选项正确表达了句意，而B选项把原文中并列的两个原因变成了因果关系，很明显是错的。
下面再带领大家看一道托福阅读最难的题型：推断题，我们好好分析一下因果关系词在托福阅读中是怎么运用的。
Paragraph 4: So, in another set of experiments, Kramer put identical foodboxes around the cage, with food in only one of the boxes. The boxes werestationary, and the one containing food was always at the same point of thecompass. However, its position with respect to the surroundings could bechanged by revolving either the inner cage containing the birds or the outerwalls, which served as the background. As long as the birds could see theSun, no matter how their surroundings were altered, they went directly tothe correct food box. Whether the box appeared in front of the right wall orthe left wall, they showed no signs of confusion. On overcast days, however,the birds were disoriented and had trouble locating their food box.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 about Kramer’s reasonfor filling one food box and leaving the rest empty?AHe believed the birds would eat food from only one box.BHe wanted to see whether the Sun alone controlled the birds’ ability tonavigate toward the box with food.CHe thought that if all the boxes contained food, this would distract thebirds from following their migratory route.DHe needed to test whether the birds preferred having the food at anyparticular point of the compass.首先，我们来明确一下推断的定义（infer, imply, indicate），纵使它是推断题，也不是意味着这题是主观臆断，臆想或是联想得出的。
这道题也是要通过提取题干中的关键词到文章中的明确位置，然后文中没有平铺直叙地告诉你答案，需要我们根据一些线索找到答案。
接下来我们来看一下这道题，题干中出现Kramer, filling one food box and leaving the rest empty定位在第四段第一句：with food in only one of the boxes，而解开这道题的重点就在于：reason。
我们看到第一句话一开始说到，so, in another set of experiments，很明显，答案并不在这一段，而是上一段的最后。
所以答案是B。
最后，专家来分析一道句子插入题。
句子插入题解题核心就在于要把待插入句子放在方框内，使得它能和上下文衔接得当。
如何做到上下文衔接得当？其一：句意。
其二：逻辑。
如果待插入句子中出现代词加名词短语，我们一定在原文中找到这个代词的指代；如果文中只有一处合适，答案就是那句话的后面；如果有两处以上符合，那么我们就观察一下这句话中有没有逻辑关系词，我们一定要确定这句话和上文逻辑关系正确。
Paragraph 6: Because they are always swimming, tunas simply have to open their mouthsand water is forced in and over their gills. Accordingly, they have lost most of the muscles that other fishes use tosuck in water and push it past the gills. In fact, tunas must swim to breathe. They must also keep swimming to keep from sinking, since most have largelyor completely lost the swim bladder, the gas-filled sac that helps most otherfish remain buoyant.Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Consequently, tunas do not need to suck in water.Where would the sentence best fit?带插入句子中出现名词：tuna，我们不难发现，这段就是围绕tuna来写的，所以考虑逻辑关系词：consequently，表明上文提到了原因，下文应该是吞拿鱼不吸水的后果。
我们在第二个方框后看到accordingly，这个词也是表示结果，后面说到“他们丢失了大部分用于吸水的肌肉”，所以这道题很好做了，逻辑简单，肯定是不吸水在先，然后才会丢失肌肉，所以答案是B。