手机火车汉字发展史英文版
手机的发展史英语作文80词
手机的发展史英语作文80词1In the vast expanse of technological progress, the development of mobile phones stands as a remarkable testament to human ingenuity and the insatiable pursuit of convenience and connectivity. The journey began with the clunky and cumbersome brick-like devices known as "cellular phones" or the infamous "big brothers". These early models were huge in size and had very basic functions, mainly allowing for simple voice calls.As time marched on, we witnessed the emergence of flip phones and slider phones. Their appearance became more compact and sleek, no longer the bulky giants of yesteryears. These phones offered not only improved portability but also added features such as text messaging and rudimentary games.Fast forward to the present day, and we are now in the era of smartphones. These revolutionary devices boast powerful operating systems that act as gateways to a world of possibilities. With an array of sophisticated applications at our fingertips, smartphones have transformed the way we communicate, work, entertain ourselves, and access information. We can now video chat with loved ones across the globe in real-time, manage our finances, capture precious moments with high-resolution cameras, and explore endless knowledge through the internet.The development of mobile phones is not just a story of technological advancements; it is a narrative of how our lives have been shaped and enhanced by these remarkable devices. They have become an integral part of our existence, connecting us to the world and enabling us to do things that were once unimaginable. As we look forward to the future, one can only wonder what further innovations and breakthroughs await in the realm of mobile technology.2The development of mobile phones has had a profound and far-reaching impact on our lives. In the past, communication was mainly achieved through letters or fixed-line telephones, which were often limited by time and space. However, with the advent and continuous evolution of mobile phones, this situation has undergone a dramatic transformation. Now, people can contact each other instantly regardless of distance, making communication more convenient and efficient.The changes brought about by mobile phones are not limited to communication. They have also revolutionized the way we socialize. Online social platforms enabled by mobile phones have allowed us to connect with friends and strangers from all over the world, expanding our social circles and facilitating the exchange of ideas and information.In terms of work, mobile phones have become indispensable tools. They enable us to handle business affairs anytime and anywhere, accessimportant documents and data, and stay in touch with colleagues and clients. This has greatly improved work efficiency and flexibility.In the field of learning, mobile phones provide us with abundant educational resources. We can download various learning apps, watch online courses, and search for information to enhance our knowledge and skills.When it comes to entertainment, mobile phones offer a wide range of options such as games, videos, and music. They have become an important source of relaxation and enjoyment in our busy lives.In conclusion, the development of mobile phones has brought about numerous benefits and conveniences, shaping our lives in ways that were once unimaginable. However, while enjoying these advantages, we also need to be aware of the potential problems such as excessive reliance and information overload, and strive to use mobile phones in a rational and healthy manner.3The development of mobile phones has been a remarkable journey, filled with numerous technological breakthroughs that have transformed our lives in profound ways. One of the key advancements was the shift from analog to digital signals. This transition significantly improved the clarity and reliability of communication, allowing for more accurate and stable connections.The evolution of network technologies from 2G to 5G has been nothing short of revolutionary. 2G provided basic voice calls and text messaging, but with the arrival of 3G, data transmission became faster, enabling web browsing and simple app usage. 4G brought high-speed data, making video streaming and online gaming a common experience. And now, 5G is ushering in an era of ultra-low latency and massive connectivity, facilitating applications such as autonomous vehicles and smart cities.The continuous innovation in screen technology has also been a driving force. From the early small, low-resolution screens to the large, high-definition, and touch-sensitive displays we have today, the visual experience has been enhanced dramatically. Screens have become more vibrant, with better color reproduction and contrast ratios, providing users with a more immersive and enjoyable viewing experience.These technological leaps have not only changed the way we communicate but also reshaped the way we work, learn, and entertain ourselves. Mobile phones have become indispensable tools that empower us to access information, connect with people around the world, and perform various tasks with ease. The future holds even more promise as research and development continue to push the boundaries of what is possible, making our lives more convenient and connected than ever before.4The development of mobile phones has been an astonishing journey.In the past, mobile phones were merely used for making and receiving calls and sending simple text messages. However, with the rapid advancement of technology, they have evolved into powerful devices that have revolutionized the way we communicate, work, and live.Today, we witness remarkable features such as high-resolution cameras that rival professional cameras, advanced operating systems that support a multitude of applications, and powerful processors that enable seamless multitasking. The introduction of 5G technology has further enhanced data transfer speeds, facilitating real-time video streaming and efficient downloads.Looking into the future, the possibilities seem endless. We can anticipate more powerful artificial intelligence applications integrated into mobile phones. Imagine having a virtual assistant that not only understands your voice commands but also anticipates your needs and preferences based on your behavioral patterns. Foldable screen technology is likely to become more widespread, offering larger displays in a more compact form factor. This would provide users with a more immersive viewing experience for multimedia content and enhanced productivity when working on the go.Moreover, seamless connection with other smart devices will become the norm. Mobile phones will act as central hubs, controlling and interacting with smart home appliances, wearable devices, and evenautomotive systems. This integration will create a unified and interconnected ecosystem that simplifies our daily lives.In conclusion, the future of mobile phones holds great promise. As technology continues to advance at an unprecedented pace, we can expect mobile phones to play an even more integral role in shaping our lives and transforming the way we interact with the world around us.5The development of mobile phones has been a remarkable journey that has profoundly transformed our society and the way we live. In the early days, mobile phones were large, clunky devices with basic calling and texting functions. They were primarily used for emergency communication and were a luxury rather than a necessity.However, as technology advanced at an astonishing pace, mobile phones evolved into sophisticated devices that are now an integral part of our daily lives. They have not only made communication instantaneous and effortless but have also significantly accelerated the speed of information dissemination. We can now access news, knowledge, and entertainment at the click of a button, anywhere and anytime.This rapid access to information has undoubtedly changed the pace of our lives. We are constantly connected, always on the go, and expected to respond promptly. While this has increased productivity and efficiency in many ways, it has also led to a sense of constant busyness and stress.Moreover, the proliferation of mobile phones has raised concerns about privacy. With the amount of personal data we store on these devices and the constant tracking and monitoring by various apps and services, protecting our privacy has become a crucial issue.In conclusion, the history of mobile phones is a testament to human innovation and technological progress. But as we enjoy the convenience and benefits they bring, we must also reflect on the challenges and implications they pose to our society and individual lives. We need to strike a balance between embracing technology and safeguarding our well-being and privacy.。
手机的发展历史简介英语作文
手机的发展历史简介英语作文英文回答：History of Mobile Phone Development.The concept of mobile communication has been around for centuries, with early forms including the telegraph and radio. However, the development of the modern mobile phone as we know it began in the 1970s.1973: Motorola DynaTAC 8000X.The first truly portable mobile phone, the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X, was introduced in 1973. It weighed over 2 pounds and had a talk time of just 30 minutes.1983: Commercial Mobile Phone Launch.In 1983, the first commercial mobile phone network was launched in Japan by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT).The phones used in this network were analog and bulky, but they paved the way for future developments.1990s: Digital Mobile Phones.The 1990s saw the introduction of digital mobile phones, which offered better sound quality, longer battery life,and more features than analog phones. The first digital mobile phone standard, GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications), was launched in 1991.2000s: Smartphones and 3G Networks.The early 2000s marked the advent of smartphones, which combined the functionality of a mobile phone with the capabilities of a personal computer. In 2002, Research In Motion (RIM) released the BlackBerry 9500, one of the first smartphones.Around the same time, 3G (third-generation) mobile networks were introduced, offering faster data speeds and improved mobile broadband capabilities.2010s: 4G and 5G Networks.The 2010s witnessed the development and deployment of4G (fourth-generation) mobile networks, which provided even faster data speeds and expanded the possibilities formobile applications and services.In recent years, 5G (fifth-generation) mobile networks have emerged, promising ultra-fast data speeds, low latency, and enhanced connectivity for a wide range of devices.Current State of Mobile Phone Development.Today, mobile phones are an indispensable part of modern life. They offer a wide range of features and functionalities, including voice calls, text messaging, internet access, social media, and location-based services.The mobile phone industry is constantly evolving, with new technologies and innovations emerging all the time. As mobile networks continue to improve and the capabilities ofmobile devices expand, we can expect to see even more transformative applications and services in the years to come.中文回答：手机发展历史。
手机火车汉字发展史英文版
手机火车汉字发展史英文版手机发展史英文版The history of mobile phones begins with early efforts to develop radio telephone technology and from two-way radios in vehicles and continues through emergence of modern mobile phones and associated services.Radiophones have a long and varied history going back to Reginald Fessenden's invention and shore-to-ship demonstration of radio telephony, through the Second World War with military use of radio telephony links and civil services in the 1950s, while hand-held mobile radio devices have been available since 1973. Mobile phone history is often divided into generations (first, second, third and so on) to mark significant step changes in capabilities as the technology improved over the years.Contents [hide]1 Pioneers of radio telephony2 Emergence of commercial mobile phone services3 First generation: Cellular networks4 Second generation: Digital networks5 Third generation: High speed IP data networks6 Growth of mobile broadband and the emergence of 4G7 Patents8 See also9 Notes10 References11 External links[edit] Pioneers of radio telephonyIn 1908, U.S. Patent 887,357 for a wireless telephone was issued to Nathan B. Stubblefield of Murray, Kentucky. He applied this patent to "cave radio" telephones and not directly to cellular telephony as the term is currently understood.[1]In 1910 Lars Magnus Ericsson installed a telephone in his car, although this was not a radio telephone. While travelling across the country, he would stop at a place where telephone lines were accessible and using a pair of long electric wires he could connect to the national telephone network.[2]In Europe, radio telephony was first used on the first-class passenger trains between Berlin and Hamburg in 1926. At the same time, radio telephony was introduced on passenger airplanes for air traffic security. Later radio telephony was introduced on a large scale in German tanks during the Second World War. After the war German police in the British zone of occupation first used disused tank telephony equipment to run the first radio patrol cars.[citation needed] In all of these cases the service was confined to specialists that weretrained to use the equipment. In the early 1950s ships on the Rhine were among the first to use radio telephony with an untrained end customer as a user.Two-way radios (known as mobile rigs) were used in vehicles such as taxicabs, police cruisers, and ambulances, but were not mobile phones because they were not normally connected to the telephone network. Users could not dial phone numbers from their vehicles. A large community of mobile radio users, known as the mobileers, popularized the technology that would eventually give way to the mobile phone. Originally, mobile two-way radios were permanently installed in vehicles, but later versions such as the so-called transportables or "bag phones" were equipped with a cigarette lighter plug so that they could also be carried, and thus could be used as either mobile or as portable two-way radios. During the early 1940s, Motorola developed a backpacked two-way radio, the Walkie-Talkie and later developed a large hand-held two-way radio for the US military. This battery powered "Handie-Talkie" (HT) was about the size of a man's forearm.In 1946 soviet engineers G. Shapiro and I. Zaharchenko successfully tested their version of a radio mobile phone mounted inside a car. The device could connect to local telephone network with a range of up to 20 kilometers.Top of cellular telephone towerIn December 1947, Douglas H. Ring and W. Rae Young, Bell Labs engineers, proposed hexagonal cells for mobile phones in vehicles.[3] Philip T. Porter, also of Bell Labs, proposed that the cell towers be at the corners of the hexagons rather than the centers and have directional antennas that wouldtransmit/receive in three directions (see picture at right) into three adjacent hexagon cells.[4] The technology did not exist then and the frequencies had not yet been allocated. Cellular technology was undeveloped until the 1960s, when Richard H. Frenkiel and Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs developed the electronics.During the 1950s the experiments of the pioneers started to appear as usable services across society, both commercially and culturally. In the 1954 movie Sabrina, the businessman Linus Larrabee (played by Humphrey Bogart) makes a call from the phone in the back of his limousine.In 1958, Kupriyanovich resized his "radiophone" to "pocket" version. The weight of improved "light" handset was about 500 grams.In 1967, each mobile phone had to stay within the cell area serviced by one base station throughout the phone call. This did not provide continuity of automatic telephone service to mobile phones moving through several cell areas.In 1969, a patent for a wireless phone using an acoustic coupler for incoming calls was issued in US Patent Number 3,449,750 to George Sweigert of Euclid, Ohio on June 10, 1969. Dialing a number for outgoing calls was not provided.The concepts of frequency reuse and handoff, as well as a number of other concepts that formed the basis of modern cell phone technology, were described in the 1970s. In 1970 Amos E. Joel, Jr., another Bell Labs engineer,[6] invented an automatic "call handoff" system to allow mobile phones to move through several cell areas during a single conversation without loss of conversation. Also Fluhr and Nussbaum,[7] Hachenburg et al.[8] , and U.S. Patent 4,152,647, issued May 1, 1979 to Charles A. Gladden and Martin H. Parelman, both of Las Vegas, Nevada and assigned by them to the United States Government.汉字发展史英文版In the last 50 or so years, inscriptions have been found on pottery in a variety of locations in China such as Bànpō near Xī'ān, as well as on bone and bone marrows at Hualouzi, Chang'an County near Xi'an. These simple, often geometric marks have been frequently compared to some of the earliest known Chinese characters, on the oracle bones, and some have taken them to mean that the history of Chinese writing extends back over six millennia.However, because these marks occur singly, without any context to imply, and because they are generally extremely crude and simple, Qiú Xīguī (2000, p. 31) concluded that "we do not have any basis for stating that these constituted writing, nor is there reason to conclude that they were ancestral to Shang dynasty Chinese characters." Isolated graphs and pictures continue to be found periodically, frequently accompanied by media reports pushing back the purported beginnings of Chinese writing a few thousand years. For example, at Damaidi in Ningxia, 3,172 pictorial cliff carvings dating to 6000–5000 BC have been discovered, leading to headlines such as "Chinese writing '8,000 years old.'"[6] Similarly, archaeologists report finding a few inscribed symbols on tortoise shells at the Neolithic site of Jiahu in Henan, dated to around 6,600–6,200 BCE, leading to headlines of "'Earliest writing' found in China.[7]In his comment released to the BBC, Professor David Keightley urged caution in the latter instance, pointing to the lack of any direct cultural connecti on to Shāng culture, combined with gaps between them of many millennia. However, in the same BBC article, a supporting argument is provided by Dr Garman Harbottle, of the Brookhaven National Laboratory in New York, US, who collaborated with a team of archaeologists at the University of Science and Technology of China, in Anhui province in the discovery. Dr Harbottle points to thepersistence of sign use at different sites along the Yellow River throughout the Neolithic and up to the Shāng period, when a com plex writing system appears.[7]One group of sites of interest is the Dàwènkǒu culture sites (2800–2500 BCE, only one millennium earlier than the early Shāng culture sites, and positioned so as to be plausibly albeit indirectly ancestral to the Shāng). The re, a few inscribed pottery and jade pieces have been found,[8] one of which combines pictorial elements (resembling, according to some, a sun, moon or clouds, and fire or a mountain) in a stack which brings to mind the compounding of elements in Chinese characters. Major scholars are divided in their interpretation of such inscribed symbols. Some, such as Yú Xǐngwú,[9] Táng Lán[10] and Lǐ Xuéqín,[11] have identified these with specific Chinese characters. Others such as Wang Ningsheng[12] interpret them as pictorial symbols such as clan insignia, rather than writing. But in the view of Wang Ningsheng, "True writing begins when it represents sounds and consists of symbols that are able to record language. The few isolated figures found on pottery still cannot substantiate this point."[13]火车发展史的英文介绍+汉译China Railway began in the late Qing Dynasty. However, the Qing government corruption, conservative, authoritarian, but regulation of ancestors from, refused to accept new things. They built railways, the application of steam as a "淫巧often associated with", that will repair the railway "I lost dangers, harm I Tin House, hindered my feng shui", which stubbornly refused to build the railway.July 3, 1876, from Britain, the United States of collusion by British agents in China - Jardines - ostensibly carrying the construction of the Qing government to Shanghai from Wusong an "unusual road," the land without permission in China China built the first business of the railway line is completed, the opening of the Shanghai Wusong the. Subsequently, the Qing government of the two silver 285000, at 3 times the redemption payment and the removal of the railway.1879, Westernization Group leader Li order to Tangshan Kaiping coal mine to Tianjin, Tangshan奏请to the construction of the railway Beitang. The Qing government to railway locomotive "smoke禾稼injury, vibration sleep hills," he decided to shorten the rail, only repair a section of the Tangshan Coal to Xu, Xu芦台Coal to inter-cut canal, connecting蓟运河to achieve Beitang Haikou; sleep in order to avoid rolling hills shock decision by horse traction vehicles.However, using horse traction vehicles can not play should be the effectiveness of the railway, in 1881 the opening of the railway Tang Xu, the Chinese workers, then an engineer with the British payment of the several design drawings, the boiler and the mine shaft lifting frame the trough of the old iron and other materials, the success of a trial-type 0-3-0 steam locomotive. This is the history of China's first locomotive manufacturing.Another argument is that China's first train a Tang Xu then Chief Engineer of the British rail thin model with the wife of George Stevenson of the famous British-made steam "No. rocket" and caused by, and It is named "China's No. rocket." But the Chinese workers in locomotive engraved on both sides of the one-stop, so they call it "The Dragon" Train.Because photos can clearly see the Rocket of China (Chinese rockets) and long word mark, so future generations have been identified this is the first Chinese-made motorcycles. However, left over from the picture we can see that this locomotive design specifications, manufacturing well, how can and from the waste material to create a "monster", etc. view?In 2003, the British study of Chinese railway彼得克拉什Jindal found a "China No. rocket" group photo. By comparison, one can see this photo on the "China No. rocket" and the picture kept on "China'sNo. rockets" are obviously different: the chimney of a small locomotive and the rates high, a thick and short; locomotive both sides of the tank before a shoe-shaped block, a; driver's cab, a tag is the № 1, a circular marker is ... ... as a result of old age, lack of information, the first Chinese-made motorcycles mystery remains uncertain and can not be the truth.China Railway Museum a collection of Taiwan and China's oldest locomotive, since it has a great body of the "0" character, it is then it is referred to as the "0" Train. Research experts concluded that after the opening of the railway Tang Xu, "in 1882, and from the United Kingdom to purchase two small 0-2-0 type (only two pairs of drive wheels) locomotive (called 0), and to participate in running." Were considered to be China The first imports of a motorcycle.Since 1881, Tang Xu railway built in 1911 to the fall of the Qing government for 30 years, is the first stage of China's railway. This stage, the Qing government and internally as a result of Westernization Group recommends that people with lofty ideals and promote the continuous, not only changing the construction of the railway will "lose my dangers, harm I Tin House, hindered my feng shui" of understanding, but accept the lessons of the war a failure and further strengthening the understanding of Haiphong to the "opening of the railway may be the remedy for the military" finally determinethe policy of railway construction, the establishment of the railway company, began planning to build a railway. 30 years, China's 18 provinces and cities in the construction of the railway of 9137.2 kilometers. Some of these government-run railway, some commercial, some government officials and businessmen co-organized, there is a part of Sino-foreign joint, or simply repair is a foreigner.The wheel of history to enter the Republic of China, the railway construction has changed the situation. Interim government in Nanjing in the early days of its establishment with the Ministry of Communications, also has set up the Chinese Railway Association and China National Railway Company. In 1928 from the beginning of the ruling KMT government in Nanjing, in his long rule of more than 20 years, although the development of a large-scale development of the railway project and the Ministry of Railways had set up the national railway undertaking unified management, but does not build the railway. Lack of the national railway branch less dry conditions, poor people in the country decline, the case of years of war has not changed. In 1949, the Chinese locomotive may have the 4069 Statistics of Taiwan, respectively, from nine countries, more than 30 factories, as many as 198 kinds of motorcycle models, it is no wonder China is known as a "locomotive State Museum." According to the information availablenow, with imports from the United Kingdom in 1892 to create the Double, Bershire type (type than Shell) and other locomotive.翻译：中国有铁路始于清朝末期。
汉字演变史英文版
Regelschrift（楷书） produced in the han dynasty and wei dynasty, popular in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, mature in tang dynasty, is still used today. It completely remove the official seal of the influence of oases, formed the perfect stroke system. Regelschrift features are: form founder, placing, stroke. It has become Chinese general font. Look from the calligraphy art in tang dynasty, the famous calligrapher are Yu Shi Na, Yan Zhen Qing, etc.
Bronzeinschriften（金文） prevailed in the Zhou dynasty. It is cast bronze on the text. Bronzeinschriften form and structure is similar with Orakelknochen, because of the word is engraved on its casting mold and make out.
Siegelschrift（小篆） is given with the text books when the policy of unified font practiced in Qin Dynasty, Because it is a formal written unified font, after finishing, simplify the variant forms, so reduce the amount of different style characters, and laid a finite figure, it establish the Chinese characters "square shape" basis. Siegelschrift is more symmetrical strokes, more circle line thicknesses, symbolic enhanced greatly, the phenomenon that characters like a picture that disappeareis of stroke turn round, figure: size uniform, pictographic decreased, the word of improved styling, but still more different style character.
手机发展过程英文作文
手机发展过程英文作文英文：The development of mobile phones has been a fascinating journey over the past few decades. From the first mobile phone invented by Martin Cooper in 1973 to the sleek smartphones we use today, mobile phones have come a long way.In the early days, mobile phones were bulky and expensive, and were only used by a select few. However, as technology advanced, mobile phones became smaller and more affordable, and soon became a must-have accessory for people all over the world.One of the major milestones in the development of mobile phones was the introduction of the first smartphone in 1993. This device, known as the IBM Simon, had a touch screen and could send and receive faxes and emails. It was a game-changer in the mobile phone industry and paved theway for the smartphones we use today.Another major development in the mobile phone industry was the introduction of 3G technology in the early 2000s. This allowed for faster internet speeds and the ability to stream videos and music on our mobile devices. It was a huge step forward in the way we use our phones and opened up a whole new world of possibilities.Today, smartphones are an essential part of our daily lives. We use them to stay connected with friends and family, to work, to shop, and to entertain ourselves. With the introduction of 5G technology, the possibilities for mobile phones are endless, and we can only imagine what the future will bring.中文：手机的发展历程是一个令人着迷的旅程，从马丁·库珀在1973年发明的第一部手机到我们今天使用的时尚智能手机，手机已经走过了漫长的道路。
手机的发明历史作文英语
手机的发明历史作文英语The invention of the mobile phone marks a significant milestone in the history of communication technology. Its evolution traces back to the early 20th century when the concept of wireless communication first emerged. Here, we delve into the fascinating journey of the mobile phone's invention and its transformation over the years.The roots of the mobile phone can be traced back to the pioneering work of inventors such as Nikola Tesla and Guglielmo Marconi in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They laid the groundwork for wireless communication through their experiments with radio waves. However, it wasn'tuntil the mid-20th century that the concept of a handheld mobile device began to take shape.One of the earliest precursors to the modern mobile phone was the car phone, which emerged in the 1940s and1950s. These devices were bulky and installed in vehicles, allowing users to make calls while on the move. However,they were limited in functionality and accessibility.The true breakthrough came in the 1970s and 1980s with the development of cellular networks and the introduction of the first handheld mobile phones. In 1973, Motorola engineer Martin Cooper made history by placing the first-ever cellular phone call on a handheld device. This event marked the birth of the modern mobile phone.The 1980s witnessed rapid advancements in mobile phone technology, with the introduction of devices such as the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X, which became the first commercially available handheld mobile phone. However, these early models were expensive and bulky, limiting their widespread adoption.Throughout the 1990s, mobile phone technology continued to evolve, with the introduction of smaller and more affordable devices. The launch of the Nokia 1011 in 1992 marked a significant milestone, becoming the first mass-produced GSM mobile phone. This paved the way for the global expansion of mobile phone usage.The turn of the 21st century saw the convergence of mobile phones with other technologies, such as the internet and digital cameras. The introduction of smartphones revolutionized the way we communicate, work, and interact with the world around us. Devices like the BlackBerry, introduced in 2003, and the iPhone, launched in 2007, redefined the capabilities of mobile phones, turning them into powerful pocket-sized computers.In recent years, the mobile phone industry has continued to innovate, with advancements in areas such as5G technology, artificial intelligence, and augmented reality. Today, mobile phones are more than just communication devices; they are integral parts of our daily lives, serving as tools for entertainment, productivity, and connectivity.In conclusion, the invention of the mobile phone has transformed the way we communicate and interact with the world. From its humble beginnings as a bulky car phone to the sleek and powerful smartphones of today, the mobilephone has come a long way. Its evolution continues unabated, promising even more exciting developments in the years to come.。
汉字的发展(英文版介绍)Chinese__character
The oldest Chinese inscriptions are the Oracle bone script 甲骨文 (BC.14-11). Most of Oracle Bone Inscription are divination records, engraved on the tortoise shells or animal bones. Now we have been found more than 4600 oracles, including about 1000 recognized. Oracle is carved with a knife, very little is written, because words have not unified, many words can write, write back, strokes simplified differ, Chinese character component is not fixed, and so many variant characters（异体字）.
Seal Script（篆书） can also be called as “Script of Qin”, including “Dazhuan（大篆）”and “Xiaozhuan（小篆）”. At the beginning of the Qin Dynasty, The First Emperor contended the idea that the written script should be standardized in form because the character forms were different from area to area in Zhou times. It was said that Li Si（李斯）compiled and The Script emerged finally.
汉字的发展(英文版介绍)Chinese__character
Regular script（楷书）
It’s said that the Regular script （楷书）emerged in the Later Han period. It is a kind of more beautiful and simpler form and could set an good example for writing. So it is called “Kaishu” in Chinese because “Kai” means good examples.
手机的发展史(英文版)
The world's first mobile phone
—DynaTAC 8000X
• October 13, 1983, Ameritech company executives Bob Barnett stopped his car at the Chicago Soldier Field outside the stadium, called the United States the first ever commercial mobile phone, its model DynaTAC 8000X is composed of Motorola production, weighs 2 pounds, talk time of half an hour, the sales pric手e机o的发f 展$史3(9英9文版5)。
手机的发展史(英文版)
The first antenna monoblock mobile phone
• The first antenna monoblock mobile phone is the Nokia 3210. In 1999, it appears that Nokia straight machine it is the domestic firm footing, but also for the 2000 Nokia 8210 huge success laid a solid foundation for the market.
The first flip type mobile phone
Motorola 8900
• Motorola 8900 commonly known as the " brick", 80 time end begins to enter the Chinese market of mobile communication of the first generation of new mobile phone, can also be used for selfdefense. Though ugly in one's appearance, but it is the first lid type mobile phone. As the belt cover, in your pocket will not accidentally touched a key the starting signal Motorola Company and later, in the early 90's introduced a successor to the 8900 products in 9900, because of its small size, lightweight and durable, was the female whitecollar 's pet. But it and type 8900, the nickel cadmium battery, power is too small. Before 1995, has been leading the mobile phone fashion, the highestБайду номын сангаасprice ever amounted to 20000 yuan.
中国铁路历史及发展英语作文
中国铁路历史及发展英语作文The History and Development of China's RailwaysChina's railway history dates back to the late 19th century, when the first foreign-built railway, the Wuhan-Huangpu Railway, was completed in 1876. This marked the beginning of a long journey for China's railway industry, which has since grown to become one of the largest and most advanced in the world.The early decades of railway development in China were fraught with challenges. The technology was new and foreign, and there were significant financial and logistical hurdles to overcome. However, with the support of the government and the dedication of railway engineers, the industry began to take shape.By the 20th century, China's railway network had expanded significantly, connecting major cities and driving economic growth. This period also saw the introduction of new railway technologies, such as electric locomotives, which further accelerated the development of the industry.In recent decades, China's railway industry has undergone remarkable transformation. The country has invested heavily in modernizing its railway infrastructure, introducing high-speed rail (HSR) and other advanced technologies. The result is a railway network that is not only extensive but also efficient and technologically advanced.Today, China's high-speed rail network is one of the most impressive in the world. It has revolutionized travel, reducing journey times and connecting cities that were once far apart. The HSR has also become a symbol of China's economic rise and technological prowess.Beyond high-speed rail, China is also actively exploring new railway technologies, such as magnetic levitation trains and intelligent transportation systems. These innovations are expected to further enhance the efficiency and sustainability of China's railway industry in the future.In conclusion, the history of China's railways is a story of perseverance, innovation, and transformative growth. From its humble beginnings as a fledgling industry, China's railways have come to play a pivotal role in the country's economic development and cultural exchange. As the industry continues to evolve and embrace new technologies, it remains a vital driver of progress and prosperity in China.。
火车进化史英语作文初中
火车进化史英语作文初中The Evolution of Trains。
Trains have come a long way since their invention in the early 19th century. From steam-powered locomotives to high-speed electric trains, the evolution of trains has revolutionized transportation and shaped the world we live in today.The first steam-powered locomotive was invented by George Stephenson in 1814. It was called the "Blucher" and was used to transport coal from mines to nearby towns. This invention paved the way for the development of railways, which quickly became the preferred mode of transportation for both people and goods.In the mid-19th century, trains became faster and more efficient thanks to the invention of the steam engine. This allowed trains to travel longer distances and at higher speeds, making them even more popular. The firsttranscontinental railroad in the United States was completed in 1869, connecting the east and west coasts ofthe country and opening up new opportunities for trade and commerce.In the early 20th century, trains began to be electrified. This meant that they no longer needed to rely on steam engines, which were expensive to maintain and produced a lot of pollution. Electric trains were faster, quieter, and more efficient, making them the preferred choice for many cities around the world.The 1950s and 60s saw the rise of diesel-powered trains. These trains were even more efficient than electric trains and could travel longer distances without needing to stopfor refueling. They also produced less pollution than steam engines, making them a more environmentally friendly option.Today, high-speed trains are the latest development in the evolution of trains. These trains can travel at speedsof up to 300 km/h and are used in many countries around the world, including Japan, France, and China. They offer afast, comfortable, and eco-friendly way to travel, and are becoming increasingly popular as people look for ways to reduce their carbon footprint.In conclusion, the evolution of trains has been a remarkable journey that has transformed the way we live, work, and travel. From the steam-powered locomotives of the 19th century to the high-speed trains of today, trains have come a long way and will continue to play an important role in shaping our future.。
中国火车的发展英语作文
中国火车的发展英语作文China's railway system has undergone rapid development in recent years. With the construction of high-speed rail lines and the expansion of existing networks, traveling by train has become more convenient and efficient.The introduction of new technologies, such as automatic train control systems and magnetic levitation technology, has greatly improved the safety and speed of train travelin China.The government's investment in railway infrastructure has played a crucial role in the development of thecountry's rail network. This investment has not only improved transportation options for citizens but also boosted economic growth by facilitating the movement of goods and people.The popularity of train travel in China continues to grow, with more and more people opting for this mode oftransportation over air or road travel. The comfort and affordability of train tickets, combined with the convenience of high-speed rail, make it an attractive choice for many travelers.Overall, the development of China's railway system has had a significant impact on the country's economy and society. As the network continues to expand and improve, train travel will likely remain a popular and important mode of transportation for years to come.。
中国汉字演变过程英语作文
中国汉字演变过程英语作文The evolution of Chinese characters is a fascinating process that reflects the rich history and culture of China. Each character has its own unique story and has undergone various changes over the centuries. From ancient pictograms to the complex characters used today, the evolution of Chinese characters is a testament to the creativity and ingenuity of the Chinese people.The earliest Chinese characters were simple pictograms that represented objects or ideas. Over time, these pictograms evolved into more abstract and stylized forms, making them easier to write and understand. This gradual transformation allowed Chinese characters to be more widely used and understood by a larger population.As Chinese characters continued to evolve, they became more standardized and uniform, making it easier for people from different regions to communicate with each other. This standardization also helped to preserve the integrity andbeauty of the characters, ensuring that they remained a vital part of Chinese culture and identity.In modern times, the evolution of Chinese characters has been influenced by technological advancements, such as the invention of the printing press and the rise of digital communication. These developments have led to changes in the way Chinese characters are written and displayed, but they have also helped to preserve and promote the use of characters in a rapidly changing world.Despite these changes, the essence of Chinese characters remains unchanged. They continue to be a source of pride and identity for the Chinese people, and their evolution is a testament to the enduring power and beauty of this ancient writing system.。
手机的发展历程作文英文
手机的发展历程作文英文英文：The development of mobile phones has been a remarkable journey. From the first mobile phone invented in 1973 by Motorola, which weighed 2.5 pounds and cost $3,995, to the sleek and powerful smartphones we have today, it's been an incredible transformation.In the early days, mobile phones were seen as a luxury item and were only affordable to the wealthy. They were also quite large and bulky, making them inconvenient to carry around. However, as technology improved and competition increased in the market, mobile phones became more affordable and smaller in size. This led to an increase in demand for mobile phones, and they soon became a necessity for people from all walks of life.The introduction of smartphones in the early 2000s marked a turning point in the history of mobile phones.These devices were not just for making calls and sending text messages, but also for browsing the internet, taking photos, playing games, and much more. Smartphones have become an integral part of our lives, and we rely on them for communication, entertainment, and even work.The development of mobile phones has also had a significant impact on industries such as banking, healthcare, and education. Mobile banking has made it easier for people to manage their finances, while mobile health apps have made it easier for people to monitor their health and fitness. In education, mobile phones have become a valuable tool for learning, with many educational apps and resources available for students of all ages.In conclusion, the development of mobile phones has been a remarkable journey, and it's exciting to think about what the future holds for these devices. As technology continues to advance, we can expect to see even more innovative features and capabilities in our mobile phones.中文：手机的发展历程是一个非常值得关注的话题。
介绍中国文字的发展史英语作文
介绍中国文字的发展史英语作文The evolution of Chinese characters is a fascinating journey that spans thousands of years. Originating from oracle bone inscriptions, these early forms of writing were used to divine and record events in the Shang Dynasty.As time progressed, the script evolved into various forms such as bronze inscriptions, which were more standardized and used for official records and inscriptions on ritual vessels. The emergence of Seal Script during the Qin Dynasty marked a significant shift towards a more unified and simplified writing system.The Han Dynasty saw the rise of Clerical Script, which was more fluid and easier to write, making it popular among scholars and officials. With the invention of paper, the spread of writing became more accessible, leading to the development of Regular Script, which is the most common form of Chinese characters used today.The introduction of printing technology during the Tang Dynasty further standardized the script, making it easier to reproduce and distribute written works. This innovation greatly contributed to the preservation and dissemination of Chinese literature and culture.Despite the digital age, the art of calligraphy remains a revered practice in China, where the beauty of Chinesecharacters is celebrated. The characters themselves are not just a means of communication but also a reflection of the rich history and philosophy of the Chinese civilization.In modern times, the integration of Chinese characters into digital platforms has ensured their continued relevance. With the use of predictive text and input methods, the ancient script has adapted to meet the demands of the digital world.The development of Chinese characters is a testament to the adaptability and resilience of Chinese culture. It is a living history that continues to evolve, reflecting the dynamic nature of language and its role in shaping human experience.。
英语介绍汉字发展史
英语介绍汉字发展史1Chinese characters have an incredibly long and fascinating history! They originated thousands of years ago, and their development is a story full of wonders and changes.The earliest form of Chinese characters was Oracle Bone Script. Can you imagine how people inscribed those mysterious symbols on bones and turtle shells? They were used for divination and record-keeping. What a remarkable start!Then came the Seal Script, which brought more regularity and uniformity. Wasn't it a great step towards standardization? It made the characters more recognizable and consistent.After that, Clerical Script emerged, simplifying the structure of characters. Oh, how this change must have facilitated communication and writing!The evolution didn't stop there. Regular Script followed, known for its elegance and clarity. Isn't it amazing how each stage of development had its unique charm and purpose?These various stages of Chinese characters not only reflected the changes in society and culture but also had a profound impact on people's lives. They allowed for the preservation and transmission of knowledge,thoughts, and emotions. How could we underestimate the power and significance of such a wonderful writing system?The history of Chinese characters is like a long river, flowing continuously and bringing endless wisdom and beauty to the world.2Oh, dear readers! Let's embark on an extraordinary journey to explore the fascinating history of Chinese characters. Can you imagine a world without these beautiful and mysterious symbols?The story of Chinese characters begins in ancient times. Legend has it that Cangjie, an ancient sage, was inspired by the footprints of birds and animals to create the first characters. Isn't that amazing? These early characters were simple and crude, but they were the seeds of a great language system.As time went on, the development of Chinese characters continued. Calligraphers played a crucial role in this process. Wang Xizhi, for instance, was renowned for his elegant and artistic calligraphy. His works not only added charm to the characters but also influenced their evolution.During different dynasties, Chinese characters underwent various changes in form and structure. They became more refined and diverse. From the ancient oracle bone inscriptions to the modern simplified characters, each stage reflects the wisdom and creativity of the Chinese people.So, why are Chinese characters so special? How have they managed to survive and thrive throughout history? The answer lies in their deep roots in Chinese culture and the unwavering dedication of generations.Isn't it wonderful to discover the hidden treasures within the history of Chinese characters? Let's keep exploring and uncovering more of their secrets!3Chinese characters have a long and remarkable history! They originated thousands of years ago and have undergone significant changes and developments over time.In ancient times, characters were carved on bones and shells. This was a laborious process, but it marked the beginning of written communication. Later, the invention of brush and ink allowed for more fluid and expressive writing.The invention of printing in China was a major breakthrough! It made it possible to reproduce texts in large quantities, spreading the knowledge encoded in Chinese characters far and wide. How amazing it was to think that this technology enabled the mass dissemination of ideas and information!In the modern era, the advent of computers brought new challenges and opportunities. The innovation of Chinese character input methods was crucial. It allowed for efficient digital communication, ensuring thatChinese characters remained relevant in the digital age.Today, Chinese characters continue to evolve and adapt to the changing needs of society. They not only carry the wisdom of the past but also serve as a bridge to the future. Isn't it fascinating to think about how these characters have persisted and thrived throughout history? They are truly a testament to the ingenuity and perseverance of the Chinese people!4Oh my goodness! The history of Chinese characters is truly a remarkable journey. Let's take a deep dive into it and explore the astonishing changes over time.In ancient times, Chinese characters were carved or written on bamboo slips. They were used mainly for recording important events, philosophical thoughts, and literary works. But how different they were from the characters we see today on modern electronic screens!As time went by, the forms and uses of Chinese characters continued to evolve. The invention of paper brought about a more convenient medium for writing, allowing for more widespread dissemination of knowledge and ideas. And with the advancement of printing technology, the reproduction and sharing of written materials became even more efficient.Now, in this digital age, Chinese characters have taken on a whole new form on electronic screens. We can type them quickly, send them instantly across the world, and access a vast amount of information relatedto them with just a few clicks. Hasn't technology worked wonders for the development of Chinese characters?It's truly fascinating to think about how these changes have shaped our communication and understanding. From the humble bamboo slips to the high-tech electronic screens, the story of Chinese characters is one of constant adaptation and progress. So, isn't it amazing how far we've come?5Chinese characters, what a remarkable heritage! They have a long and complex history that is deeply intertwined with the cultural and social fabric of China. How fascinating is that?The development of Chinese characters can be traced back thousands of years. They have played a crucial role in maintaining the unity of the Chinese nation. Imagine a country as vast as China, where people from different regions speak various dialects. But Chinese characters have served as a common bond, enabling communication and fostering a sense of unity. Isn't it amazing?In different dynasties, the political systems had a significant impact on the standardization of Chinese characters. For instance, during the Qin Dynasty, the unification of writing systems helped consolidate the central authority and promote efficient governance. Why was this so important? It was because a standardized writing system facilitated the dissemination of laws, orders, and knowledge throughout the empire.Chinese characters have also been the vessel for carrying forward the rich cultural traditions of China. They record history, philosophy, literature, and various aspects of life. How could we understand the wisdom of our ancestors without these characters?In conclusion, the development of Chinese characters is not just a matter of language evolution, but a reflection of the cultural and social changes over time. They are the precious treasures of the Chinese nation, and we should cherish and continue to explore their profound meanings!。
手机发展史英语作文初三
手机发展史英语作文初三英文回答：The history of mobile phones can be traced back to the early days of the 20th century, when the first attempts were made to develop wireless communication devices. In 1908, the American inventor Nathan Stubblefield invented a wireless telephone that could transmit voice over a distance of about 20 miles (32 kilometers). However, this device was not practical for commercial use, as it was too large and bulky to be portable.In the 1940s, the development of transistors led to the miniaturization of electronic devices, making it possible to develop portable wireless telephones. In 1954, the first commercial mobile phone was introduced by Motorola. This phone was called the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X, and it weighed about 2.5 pounds (1.1 kilograms). The DynaTAC 8000X was a brick-like device with a limited battery life and a range of about 30 miles (48 kilometers).In the 1980s, the development of cellular networks led to the widespread adoption of mobile phones. Cellular networks divided geographic areas into small cells, each of which was served by a base station. This allowed mobile phones to connect to the network and communicate with each other, even when they were moving.In the 1990s, the introduction of digital cellular networks led to a further improvement in mobile phone technology. Digital networks allowed for more efficient use of the available spectrum, which increased the capacity of the network and reduced the cost of calls.In the 2000s, the development of smartphones led to a revolution in mobile phone technology. Smartphones are mobile phones that are equipped with powerful processors, large displays, and a wide range of features, including internet access, email, and GPS navigation.In recent years, the development of 4G and 5G cellular networks has led to further improvements in mobile phonetechnology. 4G networks offer faster data speeds and lower latency, while 5G networks offer even faster speeds and lower latency. These advances have made it possible to use mobile phones for a wide range of applications, including video streaming, gaming, and virtual reality.中文回答：手机发展史。
英语演讲之手机的发展历史
• The first camera phone 第一部照相手机 • The first color screen phone 第一部彩屏手机 • The first sybian smart phone 第一部塞班智能手机
Since then
Symbian OS
Windows Mobile
BlackBerry
摩托罗拉DynaTAC 8000X
Motorola StarTAC
第一款翻盖手机
The first slide phone(第一款滑盖手机)
西门子 SL10
The first bar phone第一款直板手机
Nokia 8210
And then,in 2002,
a revolutionary phone called NOKIA 7650 was born.
立体投影
Here is the video
The history of
cell phone
Between 1983—2013
As we know, mobile phone into our life has been for a long time.And as we can see,it has changed our life greatly:with a mobile phone,we can call for others,send emails,play games…… Further more,with a mobile phone,we can also do something more.For example……
Imitated by many, surpassed by none.
一直被模仿，从未被超越
火车进化史英语作文高中
火车进化史英语作文高中The Evolutionary History of Trains。
Trains have been an integral part of human transportation for centuries, evolving from simple steam engines to sleek high-speed locomotives. The history of trains reflects the progress of civilization, marking milestones in technological advancement and societal development. Let us embark on a journey through the evolutionary history of trains.1. The Steam Era:The story of trains begins in the early 19th century with the invention of the steam engine. In 1804, Richard Trevithick built the first steam-powered locomotive, ushering in a new era of transportation. Steam engines quickly gained popularity due to their ability to haul heavy loads over long distances. The development of steam locomotives paved the way for the expansion of railways,connecting cities and facilitating trade.2. The Age of Iron and Steel:During the 19th and early 20th centuries, trains underwent significant advancements in design and construction. The introduction of iron and steel revolutionized train manufacturing, making locomotives stronger, faster, and more efficient. Innovations such as the steam turbine and the use of electricity further propelled the evolution of trains, enabling them to reach unprecedented speeds.3. The Diesel Revolution:The mid-20th century witnessed another leap forward in train technology with the widespread adoption of diesel engines. Diesel locomotives offered several advantages over their steam-powered counterparts, including lower operating costs and reduced emissions. This transition marked a significant shift in the railway industry, paving the way for the modernization of train systems around the world.4. The Era of High-Speed Rail:In recent decades, there has been a renewed focus on high-speed rail as a sustainable mode of transportation. Countries such as Japan, France, and China have led the way in developing state-of-the-art high-speed train networks, capable of traveling at speeds exceeding 300 kilometers per hour. These trains offer passengers a fast, reliable, and environmentally friendly alternative to air travel, reshaping the future of intercity transportation.5. Towards the Future:As we look ahead, the evolution of trains shows no signs of slowing down. Emerging technologies such as maglev trains, hyperloop systems, and autonomous vehicles promise to revolutionize the way we travel. Maglev trains, which use magnetic levitation to propel themselves forward, offer the potential for even greater speeds and efficiency. Similarly, hyperloop systems, envisioned by innovators like Elon Musk, could drastically reduce travel times betweenmajor cities, creating a new era of interconnectedness.In conclusion, the evolutionary history of trains is a testament to human ingenuity and innovation. From humble steam engines to futuristic high-speed rail systems, trains have continuously evolved to meet the changing needs of society. As we embrace new technologies and explore new frontiers, trains will continue to play a vital role in shaping the future of transportation.Word Count: 416。
手机发展史英文版课件
The first folding mobile phone
The word “palm pilot” has an unshakable position in the heart of many first generation mobile phone users in China. It completely changed the people’s traditional image of mobile phones. And it’s appear have laid the Motorola’s dominance position in the field of folding mobile phone.
The world's first mobile phone
—DynaTAC 8000X
• October 13, 1983, Ameritech company’s executives Bob Barnett used the first commercial mobile phone to make a call. It’s model is DynaTAC 8000X .It was manufactured by Motorola. It weighs 2 pounds and it just can work half an hour.But the price of it up to $ 3,500. This is the prototype of what we often call " Big Brother"
The first flip type mobile phone
Motorola 8900
• Motorola 8900 commonly known as the “ brick”. It entered China in the 1980s. As the belt cover, you would not accidentally touched a button and set off signal. Then Motorola launched the Motorola 9900 which is smaller and lighter than 8900. It used to be very popular with women white-collar. But it use of nickel- cadmium batteries the same as 8900 which power is too small. It has been leading the fashion until 1995. The highest price of it had reached 20000.
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
手机火车汉字发展史英文版手机发展史英文版The history of mobile phones begi ns with early efforts to develop radio teleph one tech no logy and from two-way radios in vehicles and con ti nues through emerge nee of moder n mobile phones and associated services./ Radioph ones have a long and varied history going back toRegin ald Fesse nden's inven ti on and shore-to-shipdem on strati on of radio telepho ny, through the Second World War with military use of radio teleph ony links and civil servicesin the 1950s, while hand-held mobile radio devices have been available since 1973. Mobile phone history is often divided in to gen eratio ns (first, sec ond, third and so on) to mark sig ni fica nt step cha nges in capabilities as the tech no logy improved over the years.Conten ts [hide]1 Pion eers of radio teleph ony2 Emerge nee of commercial mobile phone services3 First generation: Cellular networks4 Second gen erati on: Digital n etworks5 Third gen erati on: High speed IP data n etworks6 Growth of mobile broadba nd and the emerge nee of 4G7 Pate nts8 See also9 Notes10 Refere nces11 External li nks[edit] Pion eers of radio teleph ony/ In 1908, . Pate nt 887,357 for a wireless teleph one was \issued to Nathan B. Stubblefield of Murray, Kentucky. He applied this pate nt to "cave radio" teleph ones and not directly to cellular telephony as the term is currently understood.[1]In 1910 Lars Magnus Ericss on in stalled a teleph one in his car, although this was not a radio teleph one. While travelli ng across the coun try, he would stop at a place where teleph one lines were accessible and using a pair of long electric wires he could conn ect to the n ati onal teleph one n etwork.[2]In Europe, radio telepho ny was first used on thefirst-class passe nger trai ns betwee n Berli n and Hamburg in 1926.At the same time, radio teleph ony was in troduced on passe nger airpla nes for air traffic security. Later radio telepho ny was in troduced on a large scale in Germa n tanks duri ng the Second World War. After the war German police in the British zone of occupati on first used disused tank telepho ny equipme nt to runthe first radio patrol cars.[citation needed] In all of these cases the service was confined to specialists that were trained to use the equipment. In the early 1950s ships on the Rhine were among the first to use radio telephony with an untrained end customer as a user.Two-way radios (known as mobile rigs) were used in vehicles such as taxicabs, police cruisers, and ambulances, but were not mobile phones because they were not no rmally conn ected to the teleph one n etwork. Users could not dial pho ne nu mbers from their vehicles. A large community of mobile radio users, known as the mobileers, popularized the tech no logy that would eve ntually give way to the mobile pho ne. Origin ally, mobile two-way radios were perma nen tly in stalled in vehicles, but later vers ions such as the so-called tran sportables or "bag phones" were equipped with a cigarette lighter plug so that they could also be carried, and thus could be used as either mobile or as portable two-way radios. During the early 1940s, Motorola developed a backpacked two-way radio, the Walkie-Talkie and later developed a large han d-held two-way radio for the US military. This battery powered "Ha ndie-Talkie" (HT) was aboutthe size of a man's forearm.In 1946 soviet engin eers G. Shapiro and I. Zaharche nko successfully tested their vers ion of a radio mobile phone moun ted in side a car. The device could conn ect to local teleph one n etwork with a range of up to 20 kilometers.Top of cellular telepho ne towerI n December 1947, DouglasH. Ring and W. Rae Young, Bell Labs engin eers, proposed hexag onal cells for mobile phones in vehicles.[3] Philip T.Porter, also of Bell Labs, proposed that the cell towers be at the corners of the hexago ns rather tha n the cen ters and have directi onal antennas that would tran smit/receive in three directi ons (see picture at right) into three adjace nt hexago n cells.[4] The tech no logy did not exist the n and the freque ncieshad not yet bee n allocated. Cellular tech no logy wasu ndeveloped until the 1960s, when Richard H. Frenkiel and Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs developed the electr oni cs.During the 1950s the experime nts of the pion eers startedto appear as usable services across society, both commercially and culturally. In the 1954 movie Sabri na, the bus in essma n Linus Larrabee (played by Humphrey Bogart) makes a call from the phone in the back of his limous ine.In 1957 young Soviet radio engin eer Leonid Kupriya no vich from Moscow created the portable mobile phone, n amed afterhimself as LK-1 or "radioph on e".[5] This true mobile phoneconsisted of a relatively small-sized handset equipped with an antenna and rotary dial, and com muni cated with a base statio n. Kupriya no vich's "radioph one" had 3 kilogram of total weight, could operate up to 20 or 30 kilometers, and had 20 or 30 hours of battery lifespan. LK-1 and its layout was depicted in popular Soviet magazines as Nauka i zhizn, 8, 1957, p. 49, Yuniy technik, 7, 1957, p. 43 - 44. Engineer Kupriyanovich patented his mobile phone in the sameyear 1957 (author's certificate (USSRPatent) # 115494, The base station of LK-1 (called ATR, or Automated Teleph one Radiostatio n) could conn ect to local telepho ne n etwork and serve several customers.In 1958, Kupriya no vich resized his "radioph one" to"pocket" vers ion. The weight of improved "light" han dset was about 500 grams.In 1967, each mobile pho ne had to stay with in the cell area serviced by one base station throughout the phone call. This did not provide con ti nuity of automatic teleph one service to mobile phones moving through several cell areas.In 1969, a pate nt for a wireless phone using an acoustic coupler for incoming calls was issued in US Pate nt Number3,449,750 to George Sweigert of Euclid, Ohio on June 10, 1969. Diali ng a nu mber for outgo ing calls was not provided.The con cepts of freque ncy reuse and han doff, as well as a nu mber of other con cepts that formed the basis of moder n cell phone tech no logy, were described in the 1970s. In 1970 AmosE. Joel, Jr., ano ther Bell Labs engin eer,[6] inven ted an automatic "call han doff" system to allow mobile pho nes to move through several cell areas during a single conversation without loss of conv ersati on. Also Fluhr and Nussbaum,[7] Hache nburg et al.[8] , and . Pate nt 4,152,647, issued May 1, 1979 to CharlesA. Gladden and Martin H. Parelman, both of Las Vegas, Nevada and assig ned by them to the Un ited States Gover nment.、汉字发展史英文版In the last 50 or so years, inscriptions have been found on pottery in a variety of locations in China such as B a np o near X i' a na s well as on bone and bone marrows at Hualouzi , Chan g'a n County n ear Xi'a n. These simple, ofte n geometric marks have been frequently compared to someof the earliest known Chinese characters, on the oracle bones, and some have taken them to mean that the history of Chin ese writ ing exte nds back over six mille nn ia.However, because these marks occur sin gly, without anycon text to imply, and because they are gen erally extremelycrude and simple, Qi u X 1 gu 1 (2000, p. 31) concluded that "we do not have any basis for stating that these constituted writing,nor is there reason to conclude that they were ancestral to Shang dyn asty Chin ese characters." Isolated graphs and pictures continue to be found periodically, frequently accompa nied by media reports push ing back the purported beginnings of Chinese writing a few thousand years. For example, at Damaidi in Ningxia, 3,172 pictorial cliff carvings datingto 6000 - 5000 BC have been discovered, leading to headlinessuch as "Chinese writing '8,000 years old.'"[6] Similarly, archaeologists report finding a few in scribed symbols on tortoise shells at the Neolithic site of Jiahu in Henan, dated to around 6,600 - 6,200 BCE, leading to headlines of "'Earliest writing' found in China.[7]In his comme nt released to the BBC, Professor DavidKeightley urged caution in the latter instanee, pointing to thelack of any direct cultural connection to Sh a ng culture, combined with gaps between them of manymillennia. However, inthe same BBC article, a support ing argume nt is provided by Dr GarmanHarbottle, of the Brookhaven National Laboratory in NewYork, US, who collaborated with a team of archaeologists at theUni versity of Scie nee and Tech no logy of China, in An hui province in the discovery. Dr Harbottle points to the persistence of sign use at different sites along the Yellow River throughout the Neolithic and up to the Sh a ngperiod, when a complex writi ng system appears.[7]On egroup of sites of in terest is the D a w e n k C u lture sites (2800 —2500 BCE, only one millennium earlier than the earlySh a ncpulture sites, and positioned so as to be plausibly albeit in directly an cestral to the Sh a n g). There, a few in scribedpottery and jade pieces have bee n foun d,[8] one of which combines pictorial elements (resembling, according to some, asun, moon or clouds, and fire or a mountain) in a stack which brings to mind the compo unding of eleme nts in Chin ese characters. Major scholars are divided in their interpretation of such in scribed symbols. Some, such as Y u X 1 ngw U ,[9] T a ng L a n [10] a nd L 1 Xu e q i n,[11]have ide ntified these with specificChin ese characters. Others such as Wang Nin gshe ng[12] in terpret them as pictorial symbols such as cla n in sig nia, rather than writing. But in the view of Wang Ningsheng, "True writi ng begi ns whe n it represe nts sounds and con sists of symbols that are able to record Ian guage. The few isolatedfigures found on pottery still cannot substantiate thispoi nt."[13]火车发展史的英文介绍+汉译China Railway bega n in the late Qing Dyn asty. However, theQi ng gover nment corrupti on, con servative, authoritaria n, but Z \regulati on of an cestors from, refused to accept new thin gs.They built railways, the application of steam as a "淫巧often associated with", that will repair the railway "I lost dan gers, harm I Tin House, hin dered my feng shui", which stubbor nly refused to build the railway.July 3, 1876, from Britai n, the Un ited States of collusio nby British agents in China - Jardines - ostensibly carrying the con structi on of the Qi ng gover nment to Shan ghai from Wus ongan "unu sual road," the land without permissi on in China China built the first bus in ess of the railway line is completed, the ope ning of the Shan ghai Wus ong the. Subseque ntly, the Qing government of the two silver 285000, at 3 times the redemption payme nt and the removal of the railway.1879, Wester ni zati on Group leader Li order to Tan gsha nKaiping coal mine to Tianjin, Tangshan 奏请to the constructionof the railway Beita ng. The Qing gover nment to railwaylocomotive "smoke 禾稼injury, vibration sleep hills," he decided to shorte n the rail, only repair a secti on of the Tan gsha n Coal to Xu, Xu 芦台Coal to in ter-cut can al, conn ect ing蓟运河to achieve Beitang Haikou; sleep in order to avoid rolli ng hills shock decisi on by horse tracti on vehicles.However, using horse tracti on vehicles can not play should be the effectiveness of the railway, in 1881 the opening of therailway Tang Xu, the Chinese workers, then an engineer with the British payme nt of the several desig n draw in gs, the boiler andthe mine shaft lifting frame the trough of the old iron and other materials, the success of a trial-type 0-3-0 steam locomotive. This is the history of China's first locomotive manufacturing.Another argument is that China's first train a Tang Xu then Chief Engineer of the British rail thin model with the wife of George Stevenson of the famous British-made steam "No. rocket" and caused by, and It is named "China's No. rocket." But the Chi nese workers in locomotive en graved on both sides of the on e-stop, so they call it "The Drag on" Trai n.Because photos can clearly see the Rocket of China (Chinese rockets) and long word mark, so future gen erati ons have bee n identified this is the first Chinese-made motorcycles. However, left over from the picture we can see that this locomotivedesign specifications, manufacturing well, howcan and from thewaste material to create a "mon ster", etc. view?In 2003, the British study of Chi nese railway 彼得克拉什Jin dal found a "Chi na No. rocket" group photo. By comparis on,one can see this photo on the "China No. rocket" and the picture kept on "Chi na's No. rockets" are obviously differe nt: thechi mney of a small locomotive and the rates high, a thick and short; locomotive both sides of the tank before a shoe-shaped block, a; driver's cab, a tag is the M 1, a circular markeris .......... as a result of old age, lack of information, the first Chinese-made motorcycles mystery remains uncertain and can not be the truth.Ch ina Railway Museum a collecti on of Taiwa n and Chi na's oldest locomotive, since it has a great body of the "0" character, it is then it is referred to as the "0" Train. Research experts con cluded that after the ope ning of the railway Tang Xu, "in 1882, and from the United Kingdom to purchase two small 0-2-0 type (only two pairs of drive wheels) locomotive (called 0), and to participate in runnin g." Were considered to be China The first imports of a motorcycle.Since 1881, Tang Xu railway built in 1911 to the fall of theQing gover nment for 30 years, is the first stage of Chin a'srailway. This stage, the Qing gover nment and in tern ally as a result of Wester ni zati on Group recomme nds that people with lofty ideals and promote the continuous, not only changing the con structi on of the railway will "lose my dan gers, harm I TinHouse, hindered my feng shui" of understanding, but accept the less ons of the war a failure and further stre ngthe ning theunderstanding of Haiphong to the "opening of the railway maybe the remedy for the military" fin ally determ ine the policyof railway con structi on, the establishme nt of the railwaycompa ny, bega n pla nning to build a railway. 30 years, Chin a's18 provinces and cities in the construction of the railway ofkilometers. Some of these gover nment-run railway, some commercial, some gover nment officials and bus in essme n co-organized, there is a part of Sino-foreign joint, or simply repair is a foreig ner.The wheel of history to enter the Republic of China, therailway construction has changed the situation. Interimgover nment in Nanji ng in the early days of its establishme ntwith the Ministry of Communications, also has set up the Chinese Railway Association and China National Railway Company.ln 1928 from the beginning of the ruling KMTgovernment in Nanjing, in his long rule of more tha n 20 years, although the developme ntof a large-scale developme nt of the railway project and theMinistry of Railways had set up the national railwayundertaking unified management,but does not build the railway.Lack of the national railway branch less dry conditions, poorpeople in the country decline, the case of years of war has not cha nged. In 1949, the Chin ese locomotive may have the 4069 Statistics of Taiwan, respectively, from nine countries, more than 30 factories, as many as 198 kinds of motorcycle models, it is no wonder China is known as a "locomotive State Museum." Accord ing to the in formatio n available now, with imports from the United Kingdom in 1892 to create the Double, Bershire type (type than Shell) and other locomotive.翻译：中国有铁路始于清朝末期。