人教版新目标初中英语语法——定语从句

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初中英语语法之——定语从句

初中英语语法之——定语从句

注意:当先行词指人时,偶尔也可用关系代who, 如: / whohas a sense of duty won’t 1) Any man that __________ do such a thing. 任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。 2)All the guests___________ that / whowere invited to her wedding were important people. 所有应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物。
定语从句
(Attributive clause)
一. 定语 定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的,是对名词或 代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语(动词不定式 短语、动名词短语和分词短语)或句子,汉语中 常用‘……的’表示。 主要由形容词担任,此外,名词,代词,数词, 分词,副词,不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任, 也可以由一个句子来担任。 作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前,作前置定语。 短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后,作 后置定语。
“who”是引导定语从句的关系词,代 替先行词the man,在定语从句中作主 语。
三、关系代词引导的定语从句 1. who指人,在从句中做主语 1)The boys who ____are playing soccer are from Class 1. 2)Yesterday I helped an old man who ____lost his way. 2. whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,在口语和 非正式语体中常用who代替,常可省略。 1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom/who) _____________you talked about. who/whom 2) The man ______________you met just now is my friend.

定语从句知识点讲解人教版九年级英语全册

定语从句知识点讲解人教版九年级英语全册

定语从句知识点讲解一、含义:在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的,当定语的从句叫定语从句。

二、分类定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。

1.限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去, 如: I was a top boy that everyone likes me.2.非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,若省去,意思仍完整。

如:Michael Jackson, who is the greatest singer in the world, passed away in 2010.三、先行词与关系词1、被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。

引导定语从句的词叫关系词。

例如:I like the house which we live in. 定语从句先行词 关系词关系代词 2、关系词四、关系代词用法1、who 和whom 用法 who 和whom 都指人,who 在从句中可作主语或宾语,whom 在从句中作宾语,有时可用who 代替whom 。

但是在从句中作介词的宾语,且介词置于whom 之前时,不能用who 代替。

例如:The couple who called yesterday want to buy the carThe tourists who/whom I met in the park were very kind.2. which 用法which 用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语例如:The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.3. that 用法that 既可以指人,也可以指物。

在从句中作主语或宾语。

例如:Mary likes music that/which is quiet and gentle.I know the people that/who live over the road.★ 注意:指物时关系词只能用that 的情况:1) 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰例如:He was the first person that passed the exam.关系代词 指人:who 作主或宾语, whom 在句中作宾语 指物:which 作主语,宾语 指人或物:that 作主语、宾语、表语,whose 作定语 关系副词 指时间:when 作时间状语 指地点:where 作地点状语 指原因:why 作原因状语2) 被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时。

初中英语语法——定语从句用法总结归纳

初中英语语法——定语从句用法总结归纳

初中英语语法——定语从句用法总结归纳定语从句是一种引导句,用来修饰主句中的其中一元素,它可以放在
句子的末尾也可以放在句子的中间,它可以表示人或物的属性、行为,也
可以表示特定的时间、地点,其可以紧挨主语或主句元素。

关于定语从句
用法,可以总结如下:
一、定语从句的关系词
1. 一般情况下,用that 或which来引导定语从句。

2. 当定语从句修饰人的时候,用who或whom来代替that或which。

二、定语从句的排列方式
1.无论是放在句首、句中还是句末,定语从句的顺序是:关系词+主
语+谓语+其他成分。

2.在句尾,定语从句可以省略关系词,但同时必须有清楚的上下文逻
辑关系,以保证语意的正确表达。

三、定语从句使用的特殊情况
1. 当定语从句改变主句的主语时,要使用as 引导定语从句。

2. 当定语从句修饰不明确的物体时,可以用whatever, whichever, who或whom来引导定语从句。

3. 当定语从句的内容被省略时,可以用all, some, any, none, little, few, much, many等来引导定语从句。

人教版定语从句最新版

人教版定语从句最新版

定语从句定义1. 定语从句:在复合句中(一个句子的某一成分由句子充当),修饰某一名词或代词的从句;在句中起定语的作用。

两个首先必须明确的概念:先行词和关系词Kung Fu Panda is the best cartoon movie (先行词) that/which (关系词) I have watched this关系代词的用法(1) that, which, who 的用法(2) whose 的用法关系代词whose 为关系代词who先行词既可为人,也可为物。

如:The girl whose English is very good wrote the novel.Whose=of which 指人的时候Whose=of whom 指物的时候例句1: To those who have been injured, happiness can simply mean a day without pain. 2: The person whom/who my teacher is talking to is my father .3: I like reading books which were written by O. Henry.4: I enjoyed the movie which you recommend to me.5: Their snowy mountaintops form a beautiful picture that surprises him a lot.6: There are many things that everyone can do to help stop pollution.7: Don’t get too close to the house whose roof is being repaired.8: Sam got an e-mail from the woman whose house we visited last week.由关系副词引导when在从句中作时间状语、where 在从句中作地点状、why在从句中作原因状语。

人教版初中英语语法定语从句

人教版初中英语语法定语从句



■ 关系代词whose的用法
关系代词whose既可用于指人,也可用于指事或物,它在 定语从句中主要用作定语。如: She is the woman whose car was stolen. 她就是汽车被 盗的 This is the house whose windows were broken. 这就是 窗户被打破了的房子。 Mrs. Gray, whose children are in college, is trying to get a job. 格雷太太的孩子们都在上大学,她想找一份工 作。 His house, whose windows were all broken, was a depressing sight. 他的房子窗户无一完好,一派令人心 酸的景象。


这是下午要飞往东京的那架飞机。


She was annoyed by something that I had said.
她为我说的某句话而不高兴。


Shengzhen is not the city that it used to be.
深圳现在已不是原来的那个城市了。
the handsome the tall the strong the clever the naughty
boy
The boy is Tom. The boy who is handsome is Tom. The boy who is tall The boy who is strong The boy who is clever The boy who is naughty is Tom. is Tom is Tom is Tom.
Li Ming is a good boy.

初中英语语法-定语从句

初中英语语法-定语从句

初中英语语法:定语从句的用法与练习一、定语从句的概念在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。

被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。

二、定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,关系代词: that,which,who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等。

关系副词: where,when,why等。

关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。

三、定语从句的分类根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。

限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去,非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。

四、关系代词的用法1. that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。

在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。

例如:Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。

(that作主语)The coat (that)I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。

(that作宾语)2.which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。

例如:The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。

(作主语)The film (which)we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。

(作宾语)3.who,whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语。

在口语中,有时可用who 代替whom,也可省略。

例如:The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。

人教版初中英语定语从句讲解

人教版初中英语定语从句讲解

人教版初中英语定语从句讲解定语从句在高中英语中是非常重要的一部分,但也是比较难的。

如果在初中英语时学好了定语从句,那么在高中时就会轻松许多。

在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句,而被修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。

一般来说,定语从句放在先行词的后面。

定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词。

关系代词包括that、which和who(宾格为whom,所有格为whose)等,而关系副词包括where、when和why等。

这些关系代词和关系副词在先行词和定语从句之间起到连接作用,同时也是定语从句的重要成分。

根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。

限制性定语从句直接跟在先行词后面,主句和从句之间不用逗号分开,从句不可省略。

而非限制性定语从句则在主句和从句之间用逗号分开,起到补充说明的作用,即使省略也不会影响句子的完整性。

关系代词也有不同的用法。

that既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。

在定语从句中作主语时不可省略,作宾语时可以省略。

例如:“XXX.”(XXX喜欢轻柔的音乐,that作主语),“The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.”(我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的,that作宾语)。

而which则只能用于指物,在定语从句中作主语时不可省略,作宾语时可以省略。

例如:“The building which stands near the train XXX”(位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市,which作主语),“The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful.”(我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看,which作宾语)。

而who和whom则只能用于指人。

who用作主语,whom用作宾语。

在口语中,有时候可以用who代替whom,也可以省略。

例如:“The girl who often helps me with my English is from XXX.”(经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人,who作主语),“Who is th e teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?”(正在与XXX谈话的老师是谁?whom作宾语)。

初中英语语法——定语从句

初中英语语法——定语从句

初中英语语法——定语从句定语从句定语从句在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,有时也可以修饰部分或整个句子。

被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。

定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。

关系代词有:who。

whom。

whose。

that。

which。

as。

关系副词有:when。

where。

why。

how。

关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起连接作用,同时又可做定语从句的一个成分。

当关系代词做宾语时可以省略。

定语从句中的谓语动词必须在人称上和数量上和先行词保持一致。

定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。

1、关系代词引导的定语从句1) who。

whom。

that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:Is he the man who/that wants to see you?(who/that在从句中作主语)He is the man whom/ that XXX在从句中作宾语)2) whose用来指人或物,(只用作定语,若指物,它还可以同of which互换),例如:Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.3) which。

that它们所替代的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,比方:A prosperity which / that had never been XXX在句中作宾语)The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped。

(which / that在句中作宾语)关系代词that和which都可以指物,that和Who都可以指人,其用法区别:不用that的情况:a)在引导非限定性定语从句时错)The tree。

that is four hundred years old。

人教版新目标初中英语语法——定语从句

人教版新目标初中英语语法——定语从句

定语从句一、考点解读我们主要复习如下内容:1.先行词与关系词2.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句3.关系代词的用法4.关系副词的用法5.定语从句需注意的事项6.初中阶段学习定语从句的要点二、专题梳理(一)什么是定语从句定语可以由形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语等来充当,也可以由一个句子来充当。

充当定语功能的句子称为定语从句。

定语从句在句中的作用相当于形容词,故又称为形容词性从句。

定语从句用来修饰名词、代词或整个主句。

e.g.Tom is a hardworking student who always gets first in his class.汤姆是一个用功的学生,他在班里总是第一名。

(修饰名词student。

)Football is played over 80 countries, which makes it popular.80多个国家都在踢足球,因此足球很流行。

(修饰整个主句Football is played over 80 countries。

)(二)先行词与关系词1.什么是先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。

可以这样理解,之所以称它为先行词,是因为先行词总是出现在定语从句之前,而不同于普通形容词修饰名词,形容词常位于名词之前。

e.g.Don’t forget the book that I told you to bring.别忘了我让你带的书。

(the book为先行词。

)2.先行词与关系词的关系:引导定语从句的词被称为关系词。

关系词根据其在定语从句中的功能可分为关系代词和关系副词。

关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等,关系副词在定语从句中作状语。

含有定语从句的句子一般分为两层:即主句层(第一层),定语从句层(第二层)。

特别提示:①关系词一般紧跟在先行词之后引导定语从句。

定语从句总在被修饰的先行词后面。

②在定语从句中,关系代词起着代词和连词的作用,关系副词起着副词和连词的作用。

人教版新目标九年级英语语法 定语从句

人教版新目标九年级英语语法 定语从句
I still remember the day when I came here.
on the day=when
This is the house where I lived last year.
in the house=where
There are many reasons why people like traveling.
“限”是先行词不可缺少的定语.若省去,主句意 思不完整或不明确;“非限”是插入成分只是 附加的解释说明的作用。
This is the house we bought last year. The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
❖“限”可以用that引导;“非限”不能用that 引导。
❖Here is the coat which/that will be made to you.
❖ 这是一件做给你的衣服。(作主语)
❖This is the factory (which/that) we visited last year.
❖ 这就是我们去年参观的那家工厂。(作visited的宾 语,可以省略)
❖ 先行词是人,在从句中作主语用who,作宾语用whom 或who,作定语用whose;先行词是物,在定语从句中 作主语或宾语都用which,作定语用of which或whose 均可。在限制性定语从句中which, who, whom都可用 that代替。关系代词作宾语时常被省略。
❖This is the man who helped me yesterday.
❖介词+whom只能指人;介词+ which只能指物。
❖Look, there comes Tom, for whom I have waiting for an hour.

人教版初中英语学习 必学 定语从句

人教版初中英语学习 必学 定语从句

定语从句定语从句属于中学阶段的语法重难点,(如果写作时学会使用会让老师眼睛一亮,定语从句属于高级句型,当然得分也会比较高啦!)如果你对这一部分的内容不熟悉,一定要好好看看这篇文章!一.定语从句“三要素”(概念)1.先行词:被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词①指人的先行词②指物的先行词★先行词还可以是前面整个句子所叙述的事情。

He has passed the driving test, which surprises all of us. (which替代前面所叙述的事情)2.关系词:引导定语从句的词(1)关系词的作用①替代前面的先行词(替代作用)②连接主句和定语从句(连接作用)③在定语从句中作句子成分(成分作用)(2)关系词的分类①标准:根据关系词在从句中做的句子成分种类②关系代词:在从句中做主,宾,表,或定(that/which/who/whom/whose/as)③关系副词:在从句中作状语(When/where/why),表示时间,地点,原因等。

3.定语从句:一个句子做定语,这个句子称为定语从句。

二.定语从句的分类(初中阶段不考虑这一条)1.限制性定语从句:对先行词起限定修饰作用。

He is a teacher who works at our school.2.非限制性定语从句:对先行词起补充说明作用(先行词与定语从句之间有逗号隔开)Beijing, which is the capital of China, is a beautiful city with a long history.比较:He has two sons, who work in the same company.(He has only two sons.)He has two sons who work in the same company.(Perhaps he has two more sons)三.定语从句的10个难点(初中阶段只需考虑其中部分,以下有说明)1.关系代词的省略(限定性定语从句)(1)关系代词在定语从句中作宾语She is the girl (whom / that) I loved before. (可以省略whom/that)(2)关系代词在定语从句中作表语He is no longer the boy (that) he used to be. (可以省略that)(3)关系代词作介词宾语,介词在从句句尾时可以省略Housing price is a problem (that/which) people are interested in.比较:Housing price is a problem in which people are interested.(此时只能用which且不能省略)2.先行词是人(that/who的区别)(1)用that的情况①以疑问词who开头的句子中Who is the man that is shouting there?②关系代词在从句中作表语时She is not the girl that she used to be.③先行词被the very, the right, the only修饰This is the very person that we are looking for.(2)用who的情况①先行词是one, ones, anybody, all, none, those 等Those who want to go to the cinema will have to wait at the gate of the school.②句子中有两个定语从句,一个用了that,另外一个用whoWho is the boy that won the gold medal?③在there be 结构中There are many young men who are against him.④在非限定性定语从句当中Tom, who is my best friend, has gone abroad to study.3.先行词是物(that / which的区别)(1)用which的情况①在非限定性定语从句中She lost the game, which depressed her greatly.②关系词置于介词之后,作宾语The pen with which you write is Jack’s.③先行词是that或定语从句中套定语从句,一个关系词用that,另一个用which.Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which is newly open to us.(2)用that的情况①先行词是不定代词如all, little, few, much,anything, everything, nothing, none, no one等She did all that she could to help us.②先行词被all, every, no, some, little, much, the only, he very, the right,the last等所修饰时This is the very book that I want.③先行词中既有人又有物时She described in her compositions the people and he places that impressed her most.④先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时This is the best book that I have ever read.This is the first film that I’ve seen since I came here.⑤定语从句中套定语从句,其中一个关系词以用which, 另外一个用thatHe built a factory which produced things that had never been seen before. ⑥当主句的主语是疑问词which,另一个用thatWho is the person that is standing at the gate?4.as引导定语从句用法(理解,初中阶段不考虑这一条)(1)as 既可以引导限制性定语从句也可以用于非限定性定句中充当主语,宾语,表语等。

定语从句复习讲义--人教版英语九年级全册

定语从句复习讲义--人教版英语九年级全册

定语从句专题Part 1定语从句的基本概念一、什么是定语boys tall boystall handsome boys in my class前置定语后置定语(定语从句往往是比较长的放在名词的后面)总结:定语,主要修饰名词或代词,一般能够翻译成“________”的成分。

定语可以是一个______,也可以是________,还可以是一个_____,用来限定名词的范围。

二、什么是从句整个句子充当____________的成分He is a boy who comes from Canada.三、什么是定语从句整个句子充当另一个句子的______成分,相当于一个______,去____主句中的名词。

四、怎么识别定语从句主句______,主句中有名词或者代词被从句修饰。

定语从句=______+______+_________从句部分其中,先行词可以是从句的主语或者宾语。

即:n. (定语从句) + v. +…主语+ v. + n. (定语从句)【练习】试着用三角标注每一个定语从句的先行词,波浪线标注关系词,并将关系词与定语从句用括号括出。

例如:She is the singer (that /whom I met last week).∆1. She is the singer that /whom I met last week.2. I still remember the night when I first came to the village.3. He that would eat the fruit must climb the tree.4. This is the place where Chairman Mao once lived.5. The cars which are produced in Hubei province sell very well.6. The gift that I am looking forward to is given to be by my mother.7. The boy who is wearing a black jacket is very clever.8. what’s the name of the young man whose sister is a doctor?9. Who is the person that is reading the newspaper?10. The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.Part 2定语从句的具体内容一、先行词:被_____的对象关系______:that, which,who, whom,whose二、关系词关系______:where,when,why三、考点:关系词的选择(一)关系代词的用法(句子______成分)which 物主语/宾语who 人主语/宾语Whom人宾语whose 人/物定语(所有格)that 人/物主语/宾语①人----who/whom/that区分主宾(介词后只用whom)e.g. In this earthquake, the number of people who lost homes reached as many as 250000.e.g. I happened to meet the professor who/whom I got to know at a party.e.g. I have many friends to whom I am going to send postcards.【练习】1.Do you know the man ______ I spoke to?A. whoB. whichC. whyD. where2.The girl ______ is singing an English song in the next room is Tom’s sister.A. whomB. whichC. whoD. where②物----which/that一般情况下可互换,但先行词被以下情况修饰或本身就是以下词时,只能用that的情况:1. the+最高级、序数词:the only/the right/the same/the very/the last/just2. 不定代词:the one, all, little, few, much, everything, anything, nothing, none, some, any, every, no3. 人且物:I can remember the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.4. 在there be 句型中,从句只用that做主语,不用which。

人教版初中英语语法定语从句 ppt课件

人教版初中英语语法定语从句 ppt课件
被打破了的房子。 Mrs. Gray, whose children are in college, is trying to get a job.
格雷太太的孩子们都在上大学,她想找一份工作。 His house, whose windows were all broken, was a depressing
marry. 在柏林,他第一次遇见那个女人,后来他终于跟她 结了婚。 但是,用作宾语的whom如果不是紧跟在介词之后,通常 会被省略或用who, that代之。如: The person to whom I complained is the manager. 我向他投 诉的那个人是经理。 The person (who, whom, that) I complained to is the manager. 我向他投诉的那个人是经理。
形容词作定语一般前置,短语和从句作 定语要后置,翻译成“……的”。另外名词、数词、2 非谓语动词(短语)、介词短语也可以担当定语。
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• 你怎么称呼老师? • 如果老师最后没有总结一节课的重点的难点,你
是否会认为老师的教学方法需要改进? • 你所经历的课堂,是讲座式还是讨论式? • 教师的教鞭 • “不怕太阳晒,也不怕那风雨狂,只怕先生骂我
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关系代词的作用
■ 关系代词who, whom的用法 who和whom均只用于指人,不用于指事或物,其中who在
定语从句中用作主语,whom在定语从句中用作宾语。如: I met a girl who knew your sister. 我碰到一个认识你姐姐的
姑娘。 In Berlin, he first met the woman whom he would one day

英语人教版九年级全册定语从句

英语人教版九年级全册定语从句

一、定语从句(一):1.定语从句的概念:在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。

2.先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。

3.关系词:引导定语从句的连词叫关系词。

如that、which、who、whom、whose、where、when 等。

4.由that、which、who、whom、whose引导的定语从句。

二、定语从句(二)1.先行词是物时,一般情况既可用that也可用which.但下列情况下,只能用that不用which。

1).当先行词为指物的不定代词,如all、everything、something、anything、nothing、none、the one等时,只能用that。

There is nothing ______ I can do for you .2).当先行词被the only、the very 、the last、all、no、little等词修饰时,只能用that。

This is the very book ______ I’m looking for .3).先行词被序数词修饰时,只能用that 。

This is the first textbook ______ I studied in the middle school .4).先行词为最高级或被最高级修饰时,只能用that。

This is the most beautiful mountain ______ I have ever seen .=I have _____ seen _____ a beautiful mountain .5).先行词既有人也有物时,只能that 。

He told us many interesting things and persons _______ we had .2.先行词是物时,一般情况既可用that也可用which.但下列情况下,只能用which不用that。

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定语从句一、考点解读我们主要复习如下内容:1.先行词与关系词2.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句3.关系代词的用法4.关系副词的用法5.定语从句需注意的事项6.初中阶段学习定语从句的要点二、专题梳理(一)什么是定语从句定语可以由形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语等来充当,也可以由一个句子来充当。

充当定语功能的句子称为定语从句。

定语从句在句中的作用相当于形容词,故又称为形容词性从句。

定语从句用来修饰名词、代词或整个主句。

e.g.Tom is a hardworking student who always gets first in his class.汤姆是一个用功的学生,他在班里总是第一名。

(修饰名词student。

)Football is played over 80 countries, which makes it popular.80多个国家都在踢足球,因此足球很流行。

(修饰整个主句Football is played over 80 countries。

)(二)先行词与关系词1.什么是先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。

可以这样理解,之所以称它为先行词,是因为先行词总是出现在定语从句之前,而不同于普通形容词修饰名词,形容词常位于名词之前。

e.g.Don’t forget the book that I told you to bring.别忘了我让你带的书。

(the book为先行词。

)2.先行词与关系词的关系:引导定语从句的词被称为关系词。

关系词根据其在定语从句中的功能可分为关系代词和关系副词。

关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等,关系副词在定语从句中作状语。

含有定语从句的句子一般分为两层:即主句层(第一层),定语从句层(第二层)。

特别提示:①关系词一般紧跟在先行词之后引导定语从句。

定语从句总在被修饰的先行词后面。

②在定语从句中,关系代词起着代词和连词的作用,关系副词起着副词和连词的作用。

③在定语从句中,关系词代替先行词,因此在定语从句中不能再重复作用相当于先行词的词。

下面的句子是错误的:This is the right book that you are looking for the book.(应去掉the book。

)This is the right book that you are looking for it.(应去掉it。

)关系词的种类①常见的关系代词指代对象代指人代指物既可指人也可指物主格who, thatwhich, that, as that宾格whom, that所有格whose whosee.g.Our chemistry teacher is a man who/that can make his class lovely and interesting.我们的化学老师可以使他的课堂生动有趣。

(主格who/ that在定语从句中作主语,代指人a man。

)Mr. White invited many friends to his party whom/who/that he respected much.怀特先生邀请了很多他十分尊敬的朋友来参加他的宴会。

(宾格whom/ who/ that在定语从句中作respected的宾格,代指many friends。

)②常见的关系副词指代对象先行词关系副词及相应介词结构时间时间先行词:day, year, date, time when, during which地点地点先行词:the place, the city, Beijing where, in which, from which原因原因先行词:the reason why, that, for whiche.g.Make marks in places where you have questions.在你有问题的地方做出标记。

(where为关系副词,在定语从句中作地点状语。

)I still remember the time when we first met scores of years ago.我依然记得几十年前我们第一次见面的情景。

(when为关系副词,在定语从句中作时间状语。

)特点提示:选择关系代词三步骤:步骤一:首先找出先行词。

e.g.The book that/which you just laid on the top shelf is mine.你刚才放在高层书架上的书是我的。

(the book是先行词,指物。

)步骤二:确定先行词在从句中所作的成分。

先行词the book在后面的定语从句中作laid的宾语,因此选择指物的关系代词which/that作宾语。

步骤三:确定关系代词的人称和数。

在此处由先行词the book可知是第三人称单数,如果关系代词作主语,则从句的谓语动词相应用单数。

3.关系代词的用法常用关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which, as等。

这些关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。

关系代词主要起三种作用:代替先行词、在定语从句中作成分、连接先行词与定语从句。

e.g.This is an old computer. It works much slower.这是一台旧电脑。

它工作起来速度较慢。

(普通代词it代替an old computer。

)This is an old computer which/that works much slower.这是一台工作起来速度较慢的旧电脑。

(关系代词which/ that代替an old computer。

)Those()shall be punished.+Those break the rules.→Those who break the rules shall be punished.违反制度的人将会受到处罚。

(who是关系代词,在定语从句中代替先行词those,同时作从句的主语,也起连接词的作用,把两个简单句连接起来。

)(1)who/whom的用法二者都用于指人。

who在定语从句中作主语、宾语,whom在定语从句只作宾语。

e.g.In this earthquake, the number of people who lost homes reached as many as 250 000.在这次地震中死亡的人数多达250 000。

(who在定语从句中作主语。

)I have many friends to whom I am going to send postcards.我有很多需寄贺卡给他们的朋友。

(whom在定语从句作介词to的宾语。

)注意:在现代英语中,定语从句中作宾语的关系代词whom也可用who代替,但who 不用于介词后。

在非限制性定语从句中,whom不可用who代替。

(2)whose的用法:whose一般指人,但有时也指物。

在定语从句中作定语。

e.g.You’re the only one whose advice he might listen to.只有你的建议他可能会听。

(whose在定语从句中作advice的定语。

)I’d like a room whose window looks out over the sea.我想要一个通过窗户可以俯看大海的房间。

(whose在从句中作window的定语。

)(3)which的用法:which一般指物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语,偶尔作定语。

which 在指人时往往指婴儿或指人的品质。

e.g.The river which runs through the center of the city brings us lots of pleasure.穿过市中心的那条河给人们带来很多欢乐。

(which在从句中作主语。

)(4)that的用法that指人或物,在从句中可作主语或宾语,还可作表语。

作宾语或表语时可省略。

作介词宾语时,介词不可提到that之前,若提前需要用which或whom等词代替。

e.g.The picture (that) we are studying was drawn by a fifteen-year-old student.我们正看的这幅画是一个十五岁的学生画的。

(that在从句中作宾语)Who is it that won the first prize in the latest National Maths Competition?谁在最近的国家数学竞赛中获得了第一名?(that在从句中主语)注意:第二个句子中由于定语从句太长,主句太短,所以把定语从句放在了句尾,以保持全句的平衡。

(5)as的用法先行词有the same, such, as, so等修饰时,关系代词常用as。

as在从句中既可指人、物,也可指整个句子。

①置于主句句尾的从句as引导定语从句时,在从句中常作主语、宾语、表语等,该定语从句可以是限制性的,也可以是非限制性的。

e.g.Such people as have made great contributions to the world should be greatly respected.那些对世界做出巨大贡献的人应受到极大的尊重。

(as在定语从句中作主语)You can take as many as you need.你可以根据需要尽量拿。

(as作从句中need的宾语)Shakespeare is a famous writer, as everybody knows.莎士比亚是著名的作家,这众人皆知。

(as作knows的宾语)Let’s meet at the same place as we did yesterday.咱们在昨天见面的同一地方见面吧。

(as在定语从句中作状语)②置于句首的从句as引导的这种从句如若置于句首时,多为非限制性定语从句。

e.g.As everybody knows, Shakespeare is a famous writer.众所周知,莎士比亚是一位著名的作家。

有时,as引导的从句可以放于主语与谓语之间。

因此上句可改为:Shakespeare, as everybody knows, is a famous writer.常用必背:as引导的定语从句通常有固定的译法。

as we all know大家都知道as I can remember正如我所记得的as often happens这经常发生as we expect正如我们预料的那样as you see这一点你明白as has been said before如前所述as is well known众所周知as was expected正如预料的那样as is expected正如预料的那样as can be seen看得出来as may be imagined正如可以想象出来的那样as we all can see正如我们都能看到的那样(6)关系代词的省略引导限制性定语从句的关系代词在某些特定的情况下可以省略,但在非限制性定语从句中,关系代词不可以省略。

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