罗宾斯《管理学》第九版题库-6
罗宾斯《管理学》第九版
第一章管理与组织导论一、谁是管理者管理者是组织中这样的成员，他告诉别人该做什么以及怎么样去做。
管理者（manager）是这样的人，他们通过协调和监督其他人的活动达到组织目的。
管理者通常分为基层管理者、中层管理者和高层管理者。
二、什么是管理管理（management）通过协调和监督他人的活动，有效果和有效率地完成工作。
效率（efficiency）是指以尽可能少的投入获得尽可能多的产出。
效果通常指的是“正确地做事”，即不浪费资源。
,效果（effectiveness）通常指“做正确的事”，即所从事的工作和活动有助于组织达到其目标。
在成功的组织中高效率和高效果是相辅相成的。
三、管理者做什么1、管理职能（亨利.法尔约）。
2、管理角色（亨利.明茨伯格）。
3、管理技能（罗伯特.卡茨）。
技术技能：熟练完成特定工作所需要的特定领域的知识和技术。
人际技能：包括与单独的个人或群体中的其他成员和睦相处的能力。
概念技能：管理者对抽象、复杂情况进行思考和概念化的技能。
四、什么是组织组织（organization）是对人员的一种精心安排，以实现某些特定的目的。
\组织的三个特征：明确的目的、人员、精细的结构。
现在的组织更倾向于依靠灵活的工作安排、雇员工作团队、开放的沟通系统和供应商联盟。
第二章管理的昨天和今天一、！二、管理的历史背景两个重大事件：1776年，亚当.斯密发表《国富论》主张组织和社会将从劳动分工或工作专业化中获得经济利益。
工业革命，机械力代替了人力。
三、科学管理（1911年泰罗发表《科学管理原理》）四、一般行政管理理论（亨利.法尔约）五、;六、权变理论权变理论强调这样一个事实，因为组织不同，面对的情境不同，所以可能要求不同的管理方式。
七、当前的趋势和问题全球化、道德、劳动力多元化、创业精神（对机会的追求、创新、增长）、在电子领域中进行管理、知识管理和学习型组织、质量管理（TQM）质量管理受到不断改进和响应顾客需求与期望的驱动。
罗宾斯《管理学》第九版题库-6
罗宾斯《管理学》第九版题库-6Chapter 6 –Decision-Making: The Essence of the Manager’s JobTrue/False Questions4. The first step in the decision-making process is identifyinga problem.True (easy)6. It is possible at the end of the decision-making process that you may be required to start the decisionprocess over again.True (easy)10. Decision-making is synonymous with managing.True (easy)12. One assumption of rationality is that we cannot know all of the alternatives.False (difficult)13. Accepting solutions that are "good enough" is termed satisfying.False (easy)15. Managers regularly use their intuition in decision-making.True (easy)16. Rational analysis and intuitive decision-making are complementary.True (moderate)18. Programmed decisions tend to be repetitive and routine.True (easy)21. Most managerial decisions in the real world are fully nonprogrammed.False (easy)24. Risk is a situation in which a decision maker has neither certainty nor reasonable probability estimates.False (difficult)25. An optimistic manager will follow a maximin approach.False (moderate)Multiple ChoiceTHE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS34. A series of eight steps that begins with identifying a problem and decision criteria and allocating weights to those criteria; moves to developing, analyzing, and selecting an alternative that can resolve the problem;implements the alternative; and concludes with evaluating the decision's effectiveness is the ______________.a. decision-making process. (easy)b. managerial process.c. maximin style.d. bounded rationality approach.e. legalistic opportunism process.36. "A discrepancy between an existing and a desired state of affairs" describes which of the steps in thedecision-making process?a. criteria weight allocationb. analysis of alternativesc. problem identification (difficult)d. decision effectiveness evaluatione. decision criteria identification38. Which of the following must be present in order to initiate the decision-making process?a. plenty of timeb. pressure to act (moderate)c. a lack of authorityd. a lack of resourcese. environmental certainty39. Managers aren't likely to characterize something as a problem if they perceive ______________.a. they don't have authority to act. (difficult)b. pressure to act.c. a discrepancy.d. they have sufficient resources.e. they have budgetary authority.44. Selecting an alternative in the decision-making process is accomplished by ______________.a. choosing the alternative with the highest score. (easy)b. choosing the one you like best.c. selecting the alternative that has the lowest price.d. selecting the alternative that is the most reliable.e. choosing the alternative you think your boss would prefer.47. Which of the following is the final step in the decision-making process?a. identifying the problemb. evaluating the decision's effectiveness (easy)c. identifying decision criteriad. selecting an alternative that can resolve the probleme. allocating weights to alternatives.48.Which of the following is important to remember in evaluating the effectiveness of the decision-makingprocess?a. Ignore criticism concerning the decision-making.b. You may have to start the whole decision process over.(difficult)c. Restart the decision-making process if the decision is less than 50% effective.d. 90% of problems with decision-making occur in the implementation step.e. Keep track of problems with the chosen alternative, but only change those issues that uppermanagement demand.49. Decision-making is synonymous with ______________.a. managing. (easy)b. leading.c. controlling.d. planning.e. organizing.51. Which of the following is not an "organizing" decision?a. What are the organization's long-term objectives? (moderate)b. How many employees should I have report directly to me?c. How should jobs be designed?d. How much centralization should there be in the organization?e. When should the organization implement a different structure?52. Which of the following is not a "leading" decision?a. How do I handle employees who appear to be low in motivation?b. What is the most effective leadership style in a given situation?c. How will a specific change affect worker productivity?d. When is the right time to stimulate conflict?e. How should jobs be designed? (moderate)53. Which of the following is not a "controlling" decision?a. What activities in the organization need to be controlled?b. How should those activities be controlled?c. When is a performance deviation significant?d. When is the right time to stimulate conflict? (moderate)e. What type of management information system should the organization have?54. Managers are assumed to be ______________; they make consistent, value-maximizing choices withinspecified constraints.a. rational (easy)b. leadersc. organizedd. satisficerse. programmed57. Which of the following is not a valid assumption about rationality?a. The problem is clear and unambiguous.b. A single well-defined goal is to be achieved.c. Preferences are clear.d. Preferences are constantly changing. (difficult)e. No time or cost constraints exist.58. In "bounded rationality," managers construct ______________ models that extract the essential features from problems.a. multipleb. bindingc. interactived. simplified (difficult)e. past59. According to the text, because managers can’t possibly analyze all information on all alternatives, managers______________, rather than ______________.a.maximize; satisficeb.maximize; minimizec.satisfice; minimized.satisfice; maximize (moderate)62. An increased commitment to a previous decision despite evidence that it may have been wrong is referredto as _____________.a.economies of commitmentb.escalation of commitment (moderate)c.dimensional commitmentd.expansion of commitment64. According to the text, all of the following are aspects of intuition EXCEPT:a.experienced-based decisionsb.affect-initiated decisionsc.cognitive-based decisionsd.values or ethics-based decisionse.programmed decisions (easy)65.According to the text, _____________ are straightforward, familiar, and easily defined problems.a.poorly-structured problemsb.well-structured problems (moderate)c.unique problemsd.non-programmed problemse.programmed problems68. ______________ decision-making is relatively simple andtends to rely heavily on previous solutions.a. Nonprogrammedb. Linearc. Satisficingd. Integrativee. Programmed (moderate)70. A ______________ is a series of interrelated sequential steps that a manager can use for responding to astructured problem.a. procedure (easy)b. rulec. policyd. systeme. solution71. A ______________ is an explicit statement that tells a manager what he or she ought or ought not to do.a. procedureb. policyc. rule (moderate)d. solutione. system72. A ______________ provides guidelines to channel a manager's thinking in a specific direction.a. systemb. rulec. solutiond. policy (moderate)e. procedure75. A business school's statement that it "strives for productive relationships with local organizations," is anexample of a ______________.a. rule.b. policy. (moderate)c. procedure.d. commitment.e. contract.78. Which of the following terms is associated with nonprogrammed decisions?a. unique (moderate)b. recurringc. routined. repetitivee. well-defined79. Lower-level managers typically confront what type of decision-making?a. uniqueb. nonroutinec. programmed (moderate)d. nonprogrammede. nonrepetitive83. If an individual knows the price of three similar cars at different dealerships, he/she is operating under what type of decision-making condition?a. riskb. uncertaintyc. certainty (easy)d. factuale. unprogrammed84. ______________ is those conditions in which the decision maker is able to estimate the likelihood ofcertain outcomes.a. Certaintyb. Risk (easy)c. Uncertaintyd. Maximaxe. Maximin85. A retail clothing store manager who estimates how much to order for the current spring season based on lastspring's outcomes is operating under what kind of decision-making condition?a. seasonalb. risk (difficult)c. uncertaintyd. certaintye. cyclical86. ______________ is a situation in which a decision maker has neither certainty nor reasonable probabilityestimates available.a. Certaintyb. Riskc. Uncertainty (easy)d. Maximaxe. Maximin87. A person at a horse racetrack who bets all of his/her money on the odds-based longshot to "win" (ratherthan "place" or "show") is making what kind of choice?a. maximax (moderate)b. maximinc. minimaxd. minimin89. An individual making a "maximin" type of choice has what type of psychological orientation concerninguncertain decision-making?a. optimistb. realistc. pessimist (moderate)d. satisficere. extremist91. According to the text, a manager who desires to minimize his or her maximim “regret” will opt for a______________ choice.a. maximaxb. maximinc. minimax (moderate)d. minimin93. Which of the following decision-making styles have low tolerance for ambiguity and are rational in theirway of thinking?a.directive (moderate)b.egotisticalc.analyticd.conceptuale.behavioral95. The decision-making style that makes fast decisions and focuses on the short terms is referred to as the______________ style.a.directive (moderate)b.egotisticalc.analyticd.conceptuale.behavioral98. According to the text, ______________ are best characterized as careful decision makers with the ability to adapt or cope with unique situations.a. conceptualb. behavioralc. empiricald. analytic (moderate)e. spatial99. Which of the following is the decision-making style that would most likely look at as many alternatives aspossible and focus on the long run?a. analyticalb. directivec. conceptual (moderate)d. behaviorale. spatial101. A manager who would decide what computer system to purchase for the department by holding a meeting and receiving feedback from his/her subordinates matches with which type of decision-making style?a. analyticalb. behavioral (difficult)c. conceptuald. directivee. empiricalScenariosDecision-Making Conditions (Scenario)Sandy Jo is the manager for TrucksRUs, a medium-sized hauling service located in the Southeast. She is responsible forscheduling trucks, initiating new routes, and staffing both existing and new routes. She is currently struggling with existing information about the profitability of existing and future truck routes.116. Bubba, Sandy Jo's best driver tells her that he believes that he can estimate that there is a 75% probability that they can get the business of Pork Brothers Inc. if they initiate a truck route through rural North Carolina. Bubba is operating under a condition of ______________.a. certainty.b. risk. (difficult)c. uncertainty.d. maximax.e. maximin.117. Sandy Jo can make accurate decisions if she is willing to pay $5,000 for research about the profitability of various truck routes. If she pays for the research, she believes that she is operating under a condition of ______________.a. certainty. (difficult)b. risk.c. uncertainty.d. maximax.e. maximin.118. Sandy Jo knows that she is operating in an uncertain environment. She is basically an optimist, and we would, therefore, expect her to follow a ______________ strategy.a. certaintyb. riskc. uncertaintyd. maximax (moderate)e. maximin119. Sandy Jo knows that she is operating in an uncertain environment. She is basically a pessimist, and we would, therefore, expect her to follow a ______________ strategy.a. certaintyb. riskc. minimaxd. maximaxe. maximin (moderate)120. Sandy Jo wishes to minimize her regret and will probably opt for a ______________ strategy.a. certainty.b. risk.c. minimax (moderate)d. maximax.e. maximin.Essay QuestionsTHE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS121. In a short essay, list and discuss the eight steps in the decision-making process.Answera.Step 1: Identifying a problem– the decision-making process begins with t he existence of a problem ora discrepancy between an existing and a desired state of affairs.However, a discrepancy withoutpressure to take action becomes a problem that can be postponed.b.Step 2: Identify decision criteria–once the manager has identified a problem that needs attention, thedecision criteria important to resolving the problem must beidentified. That is, managers must determine what’s relevant in making a decision.c.Step 3: Allocating weights to the criteria: at this step, the decision maker must weigh the items inorder to give them the correct priority in the decision. A simple approach is to give the most important criterion a weight of 10 and then assign weights to the rest against that standard.d.Step 4: Developing alternative s –the fourth step requires the decision maker to list the viablealternatives that could resolve the problem. No attempt is made in this step to evaluate the alternative, only to list them.e.Step 5: Analyzing alternative s – once the alternatives have been identified, the decision maker mustcritically analyze each one. From this comparison, the strengths and weaknesses of each alternative become evident.f.Step 6: Selecting an alternative–the sixth step is the important act of choosing the best alternative fromamong those considered. All the pertinent criteria in the decision have now been determined, weighted, and the alternatives have been identified and analyzed.g.Step 7: Implementing the alternativ e –implementation involves conveying the decision to thoseaffected by it and getting their commitment to it. If the people who must carry out a decision participate in the process, they’re more likely to enthusiastically support the outcome than if they are just told what to do.h.Step 8: Evaluating decision effectiveness –the last step in the decision-making process involvesappraising the outcome of the decision to see if the problem has been resolved. Did the alternative chose and implementedaccomplish the desired result? If not, the manager may consider returning to a previous step or may even consider starting the whole decision process over.(difficult)123. In a short essay, discuss the assumptions of rationality and the validity of those assumptions.AnswerA decision maker who was perfectly rational would be fully objective and logical. He or she wouldcarefully define a problem and would have a clear and specific goal. Moreover, making decisions using rationality would consistently lead toward selecting the alternative that maximizes the likelihood of achieving that goal. The assumptions of rationality apply to any decision. Rational managerial decision making assumes that decisions are made in the best economic interests of the organization. That is, the decision maker is assumed to be maximizing the organization’s interests, not his or her own interests.Managerial decision making can follow rational assumptions if the following conditions are met: The manager is faced with a simple problem in which the goals are clear and the alternatives limited, in which the time pressures are minimal and the cost of seeking out and evaluating alternatives is low, for which the organizational culture supports innovation and risk taking, and in which o utcomes are relatively concrete and measurable. However, most decisions that managers face in the real world d on’t meet all those tests.(moderate)126. In a short essay, discuss the difference between well-structured and poorly structured problems. Include specificexamples of each type of problem to support your answer. Next discuss the type of decisions that would be used to address each of these problems.Answera.Well-structured problems - the goal of the decision marker is clear, the problem is familiar, andinformation about the problem is easily defined and complete. Examples of these types of problems might include a customer’s wanting to return a purchase to a retail store, a supplier’s being late with an important delivery, a news team’s responding to an unexpected and fast-breaking event, or a college’s handling of a student wanting to drop a class. Such situations are called well-structured problems since they are straightforward, familiar, and easily defined problems. In handling these problem situations, the manager uses a programmed decision. Decisions are programmed to the extent that they are repetitive and routine a nd to the extent that a definite approach has been worked out for handling them.Because the problem is well structured, the manager doesn’t have to go to the trouble and expense of going through an involved decision progress. Programmed decision making is relatively simple and tends to rely heavily on previous solutions.b.Poorly-structured problems –these problems are new or unusual and for which information isambiguous or incomplete.For example, the selection of an architect to design a new corporate manufacturing facility in Bangkok is an example of a poorly-structured problem. When problems are poorly-structured, managers must rely on nonproprammed decision making in order to develop unique solutions.Nonprogrammed decisions are unique andnonrecurring. When a manager confronts a poorly-structured problem, or one that is unique, there is no cut-and-dried solution. It requires a custom-made response through nonprogrammed decision making.(difficult)130. In a short essay, list and discuss the four decision-making styles as described in the text.Answera.Directive style – people using the directive style have low tolerance for ambiguity and are rational intheir way of thinking. They’re efficient and logical. Directive types make fast decisions and focus on the short run. Their efficiency and speed in making decisions often result in their making decisions with minimal information and assessing few alternatives.b.Analytic style – decision-makers with an analytic style have much greater tolerance for ambiguity thando directive types. They want more information before making a decision and consider more alternatives than a directive style decision-maker does. Analytic decision-makers are best characterized as careful decision-makers with the ability to adapt or cope with unique situations.c.Conceptual style – individuals with a conceptual style tend to be very broad in their outlook and willlook at many alternatives. They focus on the long run and are very good at finding creative solutions to problems.d.Behavioral style –these decision markers work well with others. They’re concerned about theachievements of subordinates and are receptive to suggestions from others. They often use meetings tocommunicate, although they try to avoid conflict. Acceptance by others is important to this decision-making style.(moderate)。
罗宾斯管理学第九版复习资料
管理学复习资料1．管理：通过协调和监督他人的活动，有效率和有效果地完成工作。
2．计划：包括定义组织的目标，制定全局战略以实现目标，以及开发一组广泛的相关计划以整合和协调组织的工作。
3．组织：组织是对人员的一种精心的安排，以实现某些特定的目的。
4．领导：是领导者所做的事情，更具体地说，它是一个影响群体实现目标的过程。
5．控制：控制就是对工作情况进行监督、对比并纠正的过程。
6．目标管理：一个组织成员共同确定组织目标并依据这些目标的达成与否来评估员工绩效的过程。
7．激励员工：激励也是人力资源的重要内容，是指激发人的行为的心理过程。
激励这个概念用于管理，是指激发员工的工作动机，也就是说用各种有效的方法去调动员工的积极性和创造性，使员工努力去完成组织的任务，实现组织的目标。
附区嘉颖对激励员工那一章的理解和总结：管理者在设计具有激励作用的工作时可以遵循什么方法？1、工作扩大化2、工作丰富化3、工作特征模型根据工作特征模型，任何工作都可以用以下五种核心纬度进行描述：1）技能多样性2）任务完整性3）任务重要性4）工作自主性5）工作反馈具体的指导原则：1）合并任务2）形成自然的工作单元3）建立客户关系4）纵向拓展工作5）开通反馈渠道管理者如何有效地激励当前劳动力的特殊群体？管理者必须做的是，了解包括多元化员工、专业人员、应急工以及低能、工资最低的员工在内的这些群体的动机要求。
管理者如何设计恰当的奖励制度？1、账目公开管理2、运用员工认可方案3、运用绩效工资方案4、运用股票期权方案P458当代动机观点包括哪些？（备用参考）三种需要理论、目标设置理论、强化理论、具有激励作用的工作设计、公平理论、期望理论。
8．职务设计：是将职务任务组合起来构成一项完整职务的过程，是对现有职务的认定、修改或产生新的职务。
9．组织文化：组织文化是组织成员共有的价值观、行为准则、传统习惯个做事的方式，它影响了组织成员的行为方式并影响他们如何看待、定义、分析、解决问题。
管理学第9版练习题附答案6
管理学第9版练习题附答案6Chapter 6 Decision Making: The Essence of the Managers Job TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONSTHE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS1. Problem identification is purely objective.2. The second step in the decision-making process is identifying a problem.3. A decision criterion defines what is relevant in a decision.4. The fourth step of the decision-making process requires the decision maker to list viable alternatives thatcould resolve the problem.5. Once the alternatives have been identified, a decision maker must analyze each one.6. The step in the decision-making process that involves choosing a best alternative is termed implementation. THE MANAGER AS DECISION MAKER7. Making decisions is with the essence of management.8. Managerial decision making is assumed to be rational.9. One assumption of rationality is that we cannot know all of the alternatives.10. Managers tend to operate under assumptions of bounded rationality.11. Studies of the events leading up to the Challenger space shuttle disaster point to an escalation ofcommitment by decision makers.12. Managers regularly use their intuition in decision making.13. Rational analysis and intuitive decision making are complementary.14. Programmed decisions tend to be repetitive and routine.15. Rules and policies are basically the same.16. A policy is an explicit statement that tells a manager what he or she ought or ought not to do.17. The solution to nonprogrammed decision making relies on procedures, rules, and policies.18. Most man agerial decisi ons in the real world are fully non programmed.19. The ideal situation for making decisions is low risk.20. Risk is the condition in which the decision maker is able to estimate the likelihood of certain outcomes.21. Risk is a situati on in which a decisi on maker has n either certa inty nor reas on able probability estimates.22. People who have a low tolerance for ambiguity and are rational in their way of thinking are said to have adirective style.23. Decision makers with an analytic style have a much lower tolerance for ambiguity than do directive types.24. Individuals with a conceptual style tend to be very broad in their outlook and will look at many alter natives.25. Behavioral-style decisi on makers work well with others.26. Most managers have characteristics of analytic decision makers.27. Accordi ng to the boxed feature, Managing Workforce Diversity, diverse employees tend todecisi ons faster tha n a homoge neous group of employees.28. The anchoring effect describes when decision makers fixate on initial information as a starting point and the n, once set, they fail to adequately adjust for subseque nt in formati on.29. The availability bias describes whe n decisi on makers tryto create meaning out of ran dom eve nts.30. The sunk cost error is when decision makers forget that current choices cannot correct the past.DECISION MAKING FOR T ODAY S WORLD31. Today s bus in ess world revolves around making decisi ons, usually with complete or adequate information,and under minimal time pressure.32. Managers need to understand cultural differences to make effective decisions in today -movingworld.33. Accordi ng to the boxed feature, Focus on Leadership, whe n ide ntify ing problems, man agers mightbe from a culture that is focused on problem solving, or their culture might be one of situation accepta nce. 34. According to the boxed feature, “ Focus on Leadership, ” findings from studies by Geert Hofstede and fromGLOBE researchers show that in high un certa inty avoida nee coun tries, decisi on maki ng tendsto be based more on in tuiti on tha n on formal an alysis.35. Highly reliable organizations (HROs) are easily tricked by their success.MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSFor each of the followi ng choose the an swer thartnost completelya nswers the questi on.THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS36. Decision making is typically described as _______________ , which is a view that is too simplistic.a. deciding what is correctb. putting preferences on paperc. choos ing among alter nativesd. processing information to completion37. A series of eight steps that beg ins with ide ntify ing a problem and con cludes with evaluat ing thedecision ' s effectivenesthe _________________ .a. decision-making processb. man agerial processc. maximin styled. boun ded rati on ality approach38. _______________ is the existenee of a discrepancy between an existing and a desired state ofaffairs.a. An opport unityb. A solutionc. A weaknessd. A problem39. In identifying the problem, a manager ________________ .a. compares the current state of affairs with where they would like to beb. expects problems to be defined by neon lightsc. looks for discrepancies that can be postponedd. will not act when there is pressure to make a decision40. Which of the followi ng stateme nts is true concerning problem ide ntificati on?a. Problems are gen erally obvious.b. A symptom and a problem are basically the same.c. Well-trai ned man agers gen erally agree on what is con sidered a problem.d. The problem must be such that it exerts some type of pressure on the manager to act.41. What is the second step in the decision-making process?a. identifying decision criteriab. allocating weights to the criteriac. an alyz ing alter nativesd. identifying a problem42. To determ ine the _____________ , a man ager must determ ine what is releva nt or importa nt toresol ving the problem.a. geocentric behavior neededb. nu mber of allowable alter nativesc. weighting of decision criteriad. decision criteria43. What is the third step in the decision-making process?a. allocating weights to the criteriab. an alyz ing the alter nativesc. select ing the best alter natived. impleme nting the alter native44. If all criteria in the decision making are equal, weighting the criteria ______________ .a. improves decision making when large numbers of criteria are invoIvedb. is not neededc. produces excellent decisionsd. improves the criteria45. In allocating weights to the decision criteria, which of the following is helpful to remember?a. All weights must be the same.b. The total of the weights should sum to 1.0.c. Every factor criterion considered, regardless of its importanee, must receive some weighting.d. Assign the most important criterion a score, and thenassign weights against that standard.46. What is the step where a decisi on maker wan ts to be creative in coming up with possible alter native?a. allocating weights to the criteriab. an alyz ing alter nativesc. develop ing alter nativesd. identifying decision criteria47. When an alyz ing alter natives, what becomes evide nt?a. the stre ngths and weak nesses of each alter nativeb. the weight ing of alter nativesc. the list of alter nativesd. the problem48. Whe n develop ing alter natives in the decisi on-mak ing process, what must a man ager do?a. list alter nativesb. evaluate alter nativesc. weight alter nativesd. impleme nt alter natives49. Selecti ng an alter native in the decisi on-mak ing process is accomplished by _______________a. choos ing the alter native with the highest scoreb. choosing the one you like bestc. selecti ng the alter native that has the lowest priced. selecti ng the alter native that is the most reliable50. In Step 6 of the decisi on-mak ing process, each alter native is evaluated by apprais ing it aga inst thea. subjective goals of the decision makerb. criteriac. assessed valuesd. implementation strategy51. _____________ in cludes conveying a decisi on to those affected and gett ing their commitme nt to it.a. Select ing an alter nativeb. Evaluating the decision effectivenessc. Impleme nting the alter nativesd. An alyz ing alter natives52. Which of the followi ng is importa nt in effectively impleme nting the chose n alter native in the decisi on-mak ing process?a. getting upper-management supportb. double-checking your analysis for potential errorsc. allowing those impacted by the outcome to participate in the processd. ignoring criticism concerning your chose n alter native53. The final step in the decision-making process is to _______________ .a. pick the criteria for the next decisionb. reevaluate the weightings of the criteria until they indicate the correct outcomec. evaluate the outcome of the decisiond. reassign the ratings on the criteria to find different outcomes54. Which of the following is important to remember in evaluating the effectivenessof the decisionmakingprocess?a. You should ignore criticism concerning the decision-making process.b. You may have to start the whole decision process over.c. You will have to restart the decision-making process if the decision is less than 50 percent effective.d. Ninety percent of problems with decision making occur in the implementation step.THE MANAGER AS DECISION MAKER55. Managers are assumed to be _____________ ; they make consistent, value-maximizing choiceswithin specified con strai nts.a. rationalb. leadersc. organizedd. satisficers56. It is assumed that a perfectly rational decision maker _____________ .a. does not follow rational assumptionsb. does not consider value maximizing as an objectivec. offers inconsistent decisionsd. would be objective and logical57. Managers can make rational decisions if _________________ .a. the problem is ambiguousb. the goals are unclearc. the alter natives are limitedd. time constraints exist58. Which of the followi ng is not_ a valid assumpti on about rati on ality?a. The problem is clear and unambiguous.b. A single, well-defined goal is to be achieved.c. Preferences are clear.d. Preferences are constantly changing.59. When man agers circumve nt the rati onal decisi on-mak ing model and find ways to satisfice, they arefollowi ng the con cept of _______________ .a. jurisprudeneeb. boun ded rati on alityc. least-squared exemptionsd. self-motivated decisions60. Because man agers can' tpossibly an a lyze all in formati on on all alter natives, man agers_____________ , rather tha n _____________ .a. maximize; satisficeb. maximize; minimizec. satisfice; minimized. satisfice; maximize61. The type of decisi on mak ing in which the soluti on is con sidered “ goods no ugh "is known asa. intuitionb. satisfyingc. maximizingd. satisficing62. Whe n a decisi on maker choosesa n alter native un der perfect rati on ality, she __________ herdecisi on, whereas un der boun ded rati on ality she chooses a ___________ decisi on.a. minimizes; satisficingb. satisfices; maximizingc. maximizes; satisficingd. maximizes; minimizing63. An in creased commitme nt to a previous decisi on despite evide nce that it may have bee n wrong isreferred to as ______________ .a. economies of commitmentb. escalation of commitmentc. dimensional commitmentd. expansion of commitment64. Intuitive decision making is ______________ .a. not utilized in organizationsb. a conscious process based on accumulated judgmentc. making decisions based on experience, feelings, and accumulated judgmentd. important in supporting escalation of commitment65. In studying intuitive decision making, researchers have found that _________________ .a. managers do not make decisions based on feelings or emotionsb. managers use data from their subconscious mind to help make their decisionsc. rati onal th inking always works better tha n in tuitived. accumulated experience does not support intuitive decisions66. All of the followi ng are aspects of in tuiti on except _______________ .a. experieneed-based decisionsb. affect-initiated decisionsc. cognitive-based decisionsd. programmed decisions67. ____________ are straightforward, familiar, and easily defi ned.a. Un structured problemsb. Structured problemsc. Unique problemsd. Non programmed problems68. Structured problems align well with which type ofdecision making?a. programmedb. satisficingc. intuitiond. gut feeling69. ____________ decision making is relatively simple and tends to rely heavily on previoussoluti ons.a. Non programmed。
罗宾斯.管理学第九版案例分析题
罗宾斯.管理学第九版案例分析题管理学案例分析题案例分析题1某建筑公司，经过几十年的发展，已经成为当地知名的建筑龙头企业。
总结企业成功的经验，许多管理人员归结为天时、地利、人和，如国家经济的持续发展、与当地政府、银行的良好关系，几十年形成的固定客户和良好的信誉，良好的员工素质等等。
在2008年北京奥运景气鼓舞下，公司确立了打破地区界限，成为全国乃至世界知名建筑企业的远景和使命。
当企业树立这样的远景和使命并为之努力时，发现曾经作为优势的“天时、地利、人和”似乎不在。
例如，就在前不久，日本一家建筑企业在与公司谈判时，让公司在两天内给出一个项目的报价。
由于公司没有既懂建筑专业又精通日语的人员，没有能够及时报价，很遗憾地没有抓住公司项目。
请分析该公司的内外部环境，以及应采取的措施。
（1）天、地、人是对公司内外部环境的概括描述。
从案例中可以看出公司过去的成功来自天时、地利、人和，构成了公司的竞争优势。
当公司重新确立了“成为全国乃至世界的建筑企业”时，从案例中可以看出在政府、银行关系方面、在地理方面、在人员素质要求等方面，都发生了变化，所谓的天、地、人已经不再成为优势。
（2）因此公司要真正认清所处的内外部环境，确定公司的使命和愿景，并围绕天、地、人等制定相应措施。
具体措施应围绕培育公司的核心竞争力方面：具有建立电子商务网络和系统的技能；迅速把新产品投入市场的能力；更好的售后服务能力；生产制造高质量产品的技能；开发产品特性方面的创新能力；对市场变化作出快速反应；准确迅速满足顾客定单的系统；整和各种技术创造新产品的技能等方面。
案例分析题2某地方生产传统工艺品的企业，伴随着我国对外开放政策，逐渐发展壮大起来。
销售额和出口额近十年来平均增长15%以上。
员工也有原来的不足200人增加到了2000多人。
企业还是采用过去的类似直线型的组织结构，企业一把手王厂长既管销售，又管生产，是一个多面全能型的管理者。
最近企业发生了一些事情，让王厂长应接不暇。
罗宾斯管理学6计划
➢ 定义组织的目标，制定全局战略以实现目标， 开发一系列的计划，整合和协调组织活动。 5W1H.
二、为什么要制定计划
有减预指 利少测明 于重变方 控复化向 制和，，
浪减协 费少调
冲活 击动
三、如何制定计划
1、目标和计划 2、目标类型 3、计划类型 4、设立目标
1、目标和计划
第6章 计划的基础
一、什么是计划工作 二、为什么要制定计划 三、如何制定计划
➢ 目标和计划、目标类型、计划类型、设立目标
四、计划工作的权变因素 五、对计划工作的批评 六、计划工作的工具和技术
一、什么是计划工作
➢ “六五”计划——81～85 ➢ “七五”计划——86～90 ➢ “八五”计划——91～95 ➢ “九五”计划——96～00 ➢ “十五”计划——01～05 ➢ “十一五”规划——06 ～10
程序、规则、规划和预算。
战略计划和操作计划
战略性计划
高层管理者
操作性计划
中层管理者 基层管理者
具体计划与指导性计划
A
A
B 指导性计划
B Байду номын сангаас体计划
计划的表现形式
宗旨 使命 目标 战略 政策 程序 规则 规划：主要的、辅助的 预算：以数字或货币表示的计划
4、设立目标
传统的目标设立方式
➢ 由最高管理层制定目标，然后按照每一个管理层 次将目标逐层分解为子目标。
运营副总裁
营销副总裁
➢未来10年内开设150家新餐馆 ➢5年内削减15%的餐盒成本 ➢顾客平均等待时间缩短30秒
➢未来10年单店销售每年增加5% ➢5年内确定和吸引两个细分市场 ➢为明年准备新的营销计划
财务副总裁
罗宾斯.管理学第九版案例分析题
罗宾斯.管理学第九版案例分析题管理学案例分析题案例分析题1某建筑公司，经过⼏⼗年的发展，已经成为当地知名的建筑龙头企业。
总结企业成功的经验，许多管理⼈员归结为天时、地利、⼈和，如国家经济的持续发展、与当地政府、银⾏的良好关系，⼏⼗年形成的固定客户和良好的信誉，良好的员⼯素质等等。
在2008年北京奥运景⽓⿎舞下，公司确⽴了打破地区界限，成为全国乃⾄世界知名建筑企业的远景和使命。
当企业树⽴这样的远景和使命并为之努⼒时，发现曾经作为优势的“天时、地利、⼈和”似乎不在。
例如，就在前不久，⽇本⼀家建筑企业在与公司谈判时，让公司在两天内给出⼀个项⽬的报价。
由于公司没有既懂建筑专业⼜精通⽇语的⼈员，没有能够及时报价，很遗憾地没有抓住公司项⽬。
请分析该公司的内外部环境，以及应采取的措施。
（1）天、地、⼈是对公司内外部环境的概括描述。
从案例中可以看出公司过去的成功来⾃天时、地利、⼈和，构成了公司的竞争优势。
当公司重新确⽴了“成为全国乃⾄世界的建筑企业”时，从案例中可以看出在政府、银⾏关系⽅⾯、在地理⽅⾯、在⼈员素质要求等⽅⾯，都发⽣了变化，所谓的天、地、⼈已经不再成为优势。
（2）因此公司要真正认清所处的内外部环境，确定公司的使命和愿景，并围绕天、地、⼈等制定相应措施。
具体措施应围绕培育公司的核⼼竞争⼒⽅⾯：具有建⽴电⼦商务⽹络和系统的技能；迅速把新产品投⼊市场的能⼒；更好的售后服务能⼒；⽣产制造⾼质量产品的技能；开发产品特性⽅⾯的创新能⼒；对市场变化作出快速反应；准确迅速满⾜顾客定单的系统；整和各种技术创造新产品的技能等⽅⾯。
案例分析题2某地⽅⽣产传统⼯艺品的企业，伴随着我国对外开放政策，逐渐发展壮⼤起来。
销售额和出⼝额近⼗年来平均增长15%以上。
员⼯也有原来的不⾜200⼈增加到了2000多⼈。
企业还是采⽤过去的类似直线型的组织结构，企业⼀把⼿王⼚长既管销售，⼜管⽣产，是⼀个多⾯全能型的管理者。
最近企业发⽣了⼀些事情，让王⼚长应接不暇。
罗宾斯《管理学》第九版题库
Chapter 4 Managing in a Global EnvironmentWHAT’S YOUR GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE?1.In a global marketplace ____________.a.the entire world is a marketplaceb.national borders are irrelevantc.the potential for organizations to grow expands dramaticallyd.all of the above(d; moderate; p. 90; AACSB: Globalizations)2.To succeed in a global marketplace, managers must _____________.a.constantly develop new strategies to maintain their parochial viewsb.expect competitors to suddenly appear at any time from any placec.implement only the best practices of their home countriesd.downplay the effect of the values and customs of other cultures(b; difficult; p. 90; AACSB: Globalizations)3.One reason for parochialism in the United States is that Americans tend to study_____________ in school.a.only Englishb.only two languagesc.English and Frenchd.English and Spanish(a; easy; p. 91; AACSB: Globalizations)4.Which of the following describes the current state of the world use of languages?a.Germans and Italians, unlike other Europeans, only speak their native language.b.Americans tend to study many other languages in school.c.More than 75 percent of all primary school children in China now learn English.d.Americans tend to think of English as the only international business language.(d; moderate; p. 91; AACSB: Globalizations)5.Ethnocentric views concentrate on their _____________.a.home countryb.host countryc.world orientationd.racial orientation(a; easy; p. 92; AACSB: Globalizations)6.Parochialism is ____________.a.acceptance of diverse points of viewb. a desire to leave one’s own culture for a foreign culturec. a tendency to view the world through a single perspectived.recognition of diverse religious beliefs(c; moderate; p. 91; AACSB: Globalizations)7.For U.S. businesses to have successful global management, which of the following statementsprovides the best advice?a.Americans should continue to push for the use of English only.b.Stick to your own customs to avoid embarrassing incidents.c.Make sure foreign businesspeople know you are American so they will speak to you inEnglish.d.Develop an understanding of multicultural differences.(d; moderate; p. 93; AACSB: Globalizations)8.Which of the following is the least favorable attitude for an American manager who wishes tobe successful in international business?a.multiculturalb.multicentricc.ethnocentricd.polycentric(c; easy; p. 92; AACSB: Globalizations)9.Managers with a(n) ___________ attitude view every foreign operation as different and hardto understand.a.geocentricb.polycentricc.ethnocentricd.transnational(b; moderate; p. 92; AACSB: Globalizations)10.Successful global management requires an attitude that is best described as _____________ .a.ethnocentricb.parochialc.polycentricd.geocentric(d; easy; p. 92; AACSB: Globalizations)11.A(n) __________ attitude is characterized by parochialism.a.geocentricb.acculturatedc.polylinguisticd.ethnocentric(d; moderate; p. 92; AACSB: Globalizations)12.A(n) _____________ attitude is the view that host-country managers know the best practicesfor running their operations.a.ethnocentricb.polycentricc.geocentricd.international(b; easy; p. 92; AACSB: Globalizations)13.The geocentric attitude is a _____________ view.a.nationalisticb.world-orientedc.culture-boundd.franchise-based(b; moderate; p. 92; AACSB: Globalizations)14.Successful _____________ management requires enhanced sensitivity to differences innational customs and practices.a.ethnocentricb.polycentricc.globald.parochial(c; moderate; p. 93; AACSB: Globalizations)UNDERSTANDING THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT15.The _____________ was created by the unification of 12 countries in Europe.a.European Common Marketb.European Unionc.Western European Allianced.Trans-European Market (TEM)(b; moderate; p. 94; AACSB: Globalizations)16.The principle reason for the formation of a regional trading alliance in Europe was to reassertmembers’ economic positions against the strength of the United States and _________.a.Canadab.Mexicoc.Japand.Russia(c; moderate; p. 94; AACSB: Globalizations)17.The European Union covers ______________.a.border controls, taxes, and subsidiesb.nationalistic policies and travelc.employment, investment, and traded.all of the above(d; moderate; p. 94; AACSB: Globalizations)18.The _____________ is a collection of countries that use a common currency.a.European Common Marketb.European Unionc.Western European Allianced.Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)(d; difficult; p. 94; AACSB: Globalizations)19.The single EU currency is called the ____________.a.francb.franc-markc.poundd.euro(d; moderate; p. 94; AACSB: Globalizations)20.The European Union currently consists of ___________.a.12 countriesb.15 countriesc.10 countriesd.25 countries(d; difficult; p. 94; AACSB: Globalizations)21.Which of the following countries is not a member of the European Union?a.Icelandb.Irelandc.Cyprusd.Slovenia(a; moderate; p. 94; AACSB: Globalizations)22._______ is expected to join the European Union in 2007.a.Hungaryb.Estoniac.Romaniad.Turkey(c; moderate; p. 95; AACSB: Globalizations)23.The executive body of the EU, based in Brussels, is known as the ________.a.Maastricht Officeb.FTAAc.Euro Protectorated.European Commission(a; moderate; p. 95; AACSB: Globalizations)24.Among the member countries of the North American Free Trade Agreement, trade has___________ since the treaty was signed.a.decreased initially, but increased steadilyb.increasedc.decreasedd.increased in commodities, but decreased in manufactured goods(b; moderate; p. 95; AACSB: Globalizations)25.The North American Free Trade Agreement includes _________________.a.Mexico, Canada, and the United Statesb.Canada, Mexico, and Brazilc.the United States, Canada, and Hondurasd.Columbia, Mexico, and the United Sates(a; easy; p. 95; AACSB: Globalizations)26.The North American Free Trade Agreement has resulted in which of the following?a.It increased imports from Mexico by 106 percent.b.It eliminated duties on imports from Venezuela.c.It increased exports to Canada by 62 percent.d.It increased trade with the European Union.(a; easy; p. 95; AACSB: Globalizations)27.Which of the following is currently under negotiation by thirty-four countries inthe Western Hemisphere?a.NAFTAb.FTAAc.Mercosurd.ASEAN(b; difficult; p. 95; AACSB: Globalizations)28.The North American Free Trade Agreement eliminated all of the following except________________.a.the need for import licensingb.tariffs on traded commoditiesc.customs user feesd.China’s role as a U.S. trading partner(a; moderate; p. 95; AACSB: Globalizations)29.The Association of Southeast Asian Nations includes ________________.a.the members of the European Union and Indiab.the members of NAFTA and CAFTAc. a membership of 10 Southeast Asian nationsd.none of the above(c; moderate; p. 95; AACSB: Globalizations)30.Each of the following is a member of ASEAN except ________________.a.Bruneib.Singaporeosd.Japan(d; moderate; p. 96; AACSB: Globalizations)31.How many member nations belong to the African Union (AU)?a.46b.53c.62d.67(b; moderate; p. 96; AACSB: Globalizations)32.Nepal belongs to which of the following regional trade alliances?a.EUb.SAARCc.AUd.ASEAN(b; moderate; p. 96; AACSB: Globalizations)33.The World Trade Organization evolved from which of the following?a.GATTb.Mercosurc.UNIDIRd.Marshall Plan(a; moderate; p. 96; AACSB: Globalizations)34.The World Trade Organization is centered around which of the following?a.public protestsb.economic sanctionsc.trade agreementsd.peace treaties(c; moderate; p. 96; AACSB: Globalizations)35.The goal of the World Trade Organization is to ___C_____.a.help develop environmental policyb.help regulate international marketsc.help businesses conduct their businessd.help reduce conflicts between nationsc moderate; p. 96; AACSB: Globalizations)DOING BUSINESS GLOBALLY36.International businesses have been around since about what date?a.the fifteenth centuryb.the seventeenth centuryc.the nineteenth centuryd.the twentieth century(c; difficult; p. 97; AACSB: Globalizations)37.Multinational corporations (MNCs) have only become commonplace since approximatelywhat date?a.mid-1960sb.mid-1970sc.1945d.mid-1980s(a; moderate; p. 97; AACSB: Globalizations)38.Multidomestic corporations are known for _______________.a.ethnocentric attitudesb.polycentric attitudesc.multicentric attitudesd.having their holdings in one country(b; moderate; p. 97; AACSB: Globalizations)39.Which of the following is an MNC that tailors marketing strategies to the host country’sunique characteristics?a.borderless organizationb.global companyc.multidomestic corporationd.transnational organization(c; moderate; pp. 97-98; AACSB: Globalizations)40.Multidomestic corporations _________________.a.maintain operations in multiple counties, but do not allow managers in eachcountry to make their own decisionsb.utilize ethnocentric attitudes in financial decisions, but favor polycentricviews in human resources issuesc.utilize decentralization to make decisions in management in local countriesd.follow the tastes, preferences, and values of the home country(c; moderate; p. 97; AACSB: Globalizations)41.When an organization drops its structure based on countries and reorganizes according toindustries, it is pursuing a global organizational operation known as ___________.a.ethnocentrismb.polycentrismc.borderless organizationd.multinational organization(c; moderate; p. 98; AACSB: Globalizations)42.Transnational organizations are also known as ________.a.ethnocentric organizationsb.polycentric organizationsc.borderless organizationsd.multidomestic organization(c; moderate; p. 98; AACSB: Globalizations)43.Transnational organizations are focused on _________________.a.increasing efficiencyb.developing INVsc.reinforcing structural divisionsd.all of the above(a; moderate; p. 98; AACSB: Globalizations)44.Which of the following types of business is global from its inception?a.international new ventureb.global companyc.born globald.joint economic market(c; difficult; p. 98; AACSB: Globalizations)45.Which of the following is a basic definition of a multinational corporation?a. a company that maintains operations in multiple countriesb. a company that maintains franchises in multiple countriesc. a company that has multiple home bases and manufacturing plantsd. a company that pays corporate taxes in at least two countries(a; difficult; p. 98; AACSB: Globalizations)46.Which of the following is the basic difference between multidomestic corporations and globalcompanies?a.Multidomestic corporations typically do business with more countries than globalcompanies do.b.Multidomestic corporations are run by global companies but must be owned by a local,national company.c.Multidomestic corporations decentralize management to the local country,while global companies centralize management in the home country.d.Multidomestic corporations pay more in taxes than global companies do.(c; difficult; pp. 97-98; AACSB: Globalizations)47.Which of the following is not a feature of a multidomestic corporation?a.Decision making takes place at the local level.b.Nationals are typically hired to run operations in each country.c.Marketing strategies are tailored to each country’s culture.d.Products are manufactured only in the local country.(d; easy; pp. 97-98; AACSB: Globalizations)48.Which of the following types of global organizations reflects the geocentric attitude?a.multidomestic corporationb.transnational organizationc.global companyd.regional organization(b; difficult; p. 98; AACSB: Globalizations)HOW ORGANIZATIONS GO GLOBAL49.Importing and exporting represent a more significant global investment than which of thefollowing?a.licensingb.franchisingc.global sourcingd.strategic alliance(c; easy; p. 98; AACSB: Globalizations)50.In an attempt to be more aggressive, a company might export and import more. These stepsusually require ____________.a.minimal investment and minimal riskb.conducting business in a polycentric mannerc.the establishment of strategic alliancesd.abnormal operations for a geocentric organization(a; easy; p. 99; AACSB: Globalizations)51.Franchising is primarily used by ________________.a.political organizationsb.manufacturing organizationsc.service organizationsd.legal organizations(c; moderate; p. 99; AACSB: Globalizations)52.In the later stages of doing business globally, if an organization is ready to make a more directinvestment, it might utilize ______________.a.foreign subsidiariesb.strategic alliancesc.joint venturesd.all of the above(d; moderate; pp. 99-100; AACSB: Globalizations)53.An international company is most likely to develop foreign subsidiaries _______________.a.before it develops licensing agreementsb.before it develops franchising agreementsc.before it begins importing and exportingd.after it establishes strategic alliances(d; moderate; p. 100; AACSB: Globalizations)54.The process of making products domestically and selling them abroad is known as ________.a.exportingb.importingc.franchisingd.joint ventures(a; moderate; p. 99; AACSB: Globalizations)55.Which of the following is usually found in the final stage of an organization’s globalevolution?a.exporting its products to other countriesb.cross-culturally training its managersc.establishing strategic alliances with partnersd.licensing another firm to use its brand name(c; moderate; p. 99; AACSB: Globalizations)56.Joint ventures are a type of ____________.a.licenseb.franchisec.foreign subsidiaryd.strategic alliance(d; moderate; p. 99; AACSB: Globalizations)57.Foreign subsidiaries are usually managed ______________.a.through local control onlyb.through centralized control onlyc.through local or centralized controld.none of the above(c; easy; p. 100; AACSB: Globalizations)58.A domestic firm and a foreign firm sharing the cost of developing new products orbuilding production facilities in a foreign country is called a ____________.a.franchising agreementb.joint venturec.foreign subsidiaryd.brokering agreement(b; moderate; p. 99; AACSB: Globalizations)59.Which of the following would most likely occur last in an organization’s global evolution?a.cross-cultural training of the company’s managersb.sending domestic employees on regular foreign business tripsc.hiring foreign brokers to represen t the organization’s product lined.creating a joint venture with suppliers around the globe(d; moderate; p. 99; AACSB: Globalizations)60._____________ present(s) the greatest risk to an organization going international.a.Joint venturesb.Strategic alliancesc.Licensingd.Foreign subsidiaries(d; difficult; p. 99; AACSB: Globalizations)MANAGING IN A GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT61.Which of the following is not considered to be one of the three major areas of significantchallenge for an American manager working in a foreign country?a.legal environmentb.economic environmentc.cultural environmentd.religious environment(d; difficult; pp. 101-103; AACSB: Globalizations)62.From an economic standpoint, a threat to the global manager is _________________.a.widely fluctuating inflation rates in foreign countriesb.marginal revenues exceeding marginal costsc. a stable exchange rate between currencies in various countriesd.all of the above(a; moderate; p. 102; AACSB: Globalizations)pared to many other countries, the U.S. legal–political environment is considered____________.a.radicalb.stablec.unstabled.fixed(b; moderate; p. 101; AACSB: Globalizations)pared to many other countries, changes to the U.S. legal–political environment areconsidered ___________.a.very fast and effectiveb.fast, but not efficientc.radicald.slow(d; moderate; p. 101; AACSB: Globalizations)65.The reason that a nation’s cultural differences are the most difficult to gain information aboutis because __________________.a.people tend to be sensitive about their own cultureb.providing this information to foreign organizations reduces a competitive businessadvantagec.there is little written on the issued.“natives” are least capable of explaining the unique characteristics of theirown culture(d; difficult; p. 104; AACSB: Globalizations)66.Which of the following developed a valuable framework to help managers better understanddifferences between national cultures?ton Friedmanb.Michael Porterc.Geert Hofsteded.Abraham Maslow(c; moderate; p. 104; AACSB: Globalizations)67._____________ is a cultural dimension in which people expect others in their group to lookafter them and protect them when they are in trouble.a.Power distanceb.Collectivismc.Achievementd.Uncertainty avoidance(b; easy; p. 105; AACSB: Globalizations)68.Which of the following would you find in a country with a high power distance?a.Society accepts narrow differences in organizations.b.Title carries little power, but status power is high.c.There is little respect for those in authority.d.Titles, rank, and status carry a lot of weight.(d; moderate; p. 105; AACSB: Globalizations)69.The GLOBE framework assesses how many cultural dimensions?a.fiveb.sixc.nined.twelve(c; moderate; p. 106; AACSB: Globalizations)70._____________ is a cultural measure of the degree to which people will tolerate risk andunconventional behavior.a.Power distanceb.Uncertainty avoidancec.Achievementd.Nurturing(b; easy; p. 105; AACSB: Globalizations)anizations in which of the following cultures are likely to have formal rules and littletolerance for unusual ideas and behaviors?a.high power distanceb.low power distancec.high uncertainty avoidanced.low uncertainty avoidance(c; easy; p. 105; AACSB: Globalizations)72.In a society with a highly ______________ culture, strong value is placed on relationshipsand concern for others.a.collectivistb.achievement-orientedc.nurturingd.uncertainty avoidant(c; moderate; p. 105; AACSB: Globalizations)73._____________ is a national culture attribute describing the extent to which societal valuesare characterized by assertiveness and materialism.a.Power distanceb.Uncertainty avoidancec.Achievement orientationd.Long-term orientation(c; moderate; p. 105; AACSB: Globalizations)74._____________ is a national culture attribute that places a high value on future occurrences.a.Power distanceb.Uncertainty avoidancec.Long-term orientationd.Leisure orientation(c; moderate; p. 105; AACSB: Globalizations)75.Which of the following are most alike in terms of individualism, power distance, anduncertainty avoidance?a.Singapore and Swedenb.Australia and Englandc.France and Greeced.United States and V enezuela(b; easy; p. 106; AACSB: Globalizations)76.Which of the following scores the highest in terms of power distance?a.Greeceb.Swedenc.Canadad.England(a; easy; p. 106; AACSB: Globalizations)77.Which of the following dimension from the GLOBE framework has no equivalent inHofstede’s framework?a.future orientationb.humane orientationc.gender differentiationd.uncertainty avoidance(c easy; p. 106; AACSB: Globalizations)SCENARIOS AND QUESTIONSFor each of the following choose the answer that most completely answers the question.WHAT’S YOUR GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE?First Visit Abroad (Scenario)Bill Sanderson is halfway over the Atlantic and is excited about his first European business trip. Bill is confident about this trip but is somewhat concerned about the strange habits and foreign languages he will encounter. “If only they would just speak English like everyone else!” Bill thinks.78.Bill’s tendency to view the world only through his U.S.-based perspective is an internationalbusiness problem known as which of the following?a.nondiversityb.discriminationc.parochialismd.monolingualism(c; moderate; p. 92; AACSB: Globalizations)79.If Bill is to become successful as a global manager, he must _______________.a.attempt to change other cultures to American waysb.learn and accept other culturespete internationally but remain in the United Statesd.learn to manipulate other business cultures(b; moderate; p. 93; AACSB: Globalizations)Cultural Training (Scenario)Jane wants to expand her career opportunities in international operations of a company. She is 19 years old and currently attends a university. She has only lived in her current country and has never traveled to foreign countries.80.Jane decides to enroll in a foreign language class to help her overcome her ______________.a.parochialismb.ethnocentric attitudec.monolingualismd.polycentric attitudes(c; moderate; p. 91; AACSB: Globalizations)81.In talking with her advisor at the university, Jane decides she probably has a(n)__________ attitude, as she has never traveled abroad and only relates well to people from her home country.a.culturally focusedb.polycentricc.ethnocentricd.geocentric(c; moderate; p. 92; AACSB: Globalizations)82.Jane becomes involved with an international student association to give her experiences thatwill allow her to understand the views of students from other countries. She is trying to become more _________ in her attitude.a.parochialisticb.polycentricc.ethnocentricd.geocentric(d; difficult; p. 92; AACSB: Globalizations)UNDERSTANDING THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTA Foreign Alliance Talk (Scenario)As manager of the international department for your company, you have been asked by the local Chamber of Commerce to deliver a speech on foreign trade. The Chamber president even goes so far as to say “and be sure to include the EU, NAFTA, and all that stuff because we’re afraid that Ross Perot is right—all the good jobs will leave the United States.” As you pour over your notes, you try to choose the best information to present in the allotted half hour.83.You plan to explain during your talk that the acronyms EU, NAFTA, FTAA, and ASEANrefer to ________________.a.regional trade alliancesb.foreign airlinesc.soccer teams in Europed.new multinational corporations(a; difficult; p. 94; AACSB: Globalizations)84.One of the hottest topics of your talk will be NAFTA. One of the points that you emphasize isthat ______________.a.the United States has definitely come out the worst of the three nationsb.Canada is profiting the most in this arrangementc.the expansion of NAFTA has benefited North America’s competitiveness andeconomic powerd.U.S. high-tech companies, such as computer manufacturers, have been hit hard by theNAFTA provisions(c; difficult; p. 95; AACSB: Globalizations)85.You will also give participants a likely view of the future of the EU, which suggests that_______________.a.it will likely disband by the year 2010b.it is expected to merge with NAFTA by 2020c.Bulgaria will probably join in 2007d.Cuba has applied to join the EU(c; moderate; p. 94; AACSB: Globalizations)DOING BUSINESS GLOBALLYBusiness Expansion Plan (Scenario)As a business expansion director, Shana’s goal is to scout out potential locations and basically provide input on how her company should proceed with its planned expansion to Europe. There are many options, including maintaining the business’s head office in the United States and sending over company representatives when necessary or establishing separate operations facilities abroad and hiring locals as managers.86.If Shana’s company decides to open another company in France but maintain its managementin the United States, it would be considered _________________.a. a transnational corporationb. a global companyc. a regional trade allianced. a multidomestic corporation(b; moderate; p. 98; AACSB: Globalizations)87.If Shana’s company decides to open a completely new operation in Germany, tailoring thecompany to local customs and marketing strategies and hiring local managers, they would beconsidered _______________.a. a transnational corporationb. a global companyc. a regional trade allianced. a multidomestic corporation(d; moderate; p. 97; AACSB: Globalizations)88.If Shana’s company eliminates country-designated locations and reorganizes based onindustry groups, it would best be considered a __________________.a.borderless organizationb.strategic partnershipc.global business allianced.multidomestic corporation(a; moderate; p. 98; AACSB: Globalizations)89.One section of Shana’s company’s business plan involves strategic alliance s and jointventures. This section is most likely focused on the _________ phase of the company’s global business expansion.a.legalb.middlec.finald.preliminary(c; moderate; p. 99; AACSB: Globalizations)The European Expansion (Scenario)You have been hired by a company to look at the ways to best move the company into the European market, but you have to first determine what kind of company you are dealing with.90.If the company that has hired you is primarily used by manufacturingorganizations, it is a ___________.a.licensing companyb.franchising companyc.strategic allianced.joint venture(a; moderate; p. 99; AACSB: Globalizations)123.If the company that has hired you is really a partnership between an organization and a foreign company, in which both share resources and knowledge in developing new products, then it is a _______________.a.licensing companyb.franchising companyc.strategic allianced.joint venture(c; moderate; p. 99; AACSB: Globalizations)Software Entrepreneurial Venture (Scenario)Theodore and James have formed an entrepreneurial venture to develop software for banks and other financial institutions. Their company is growing, but in looking for opportunities in the future, they decide to explore international operations.124.The international operations in their firm continue to grow. Theodore and James have come to see that decentralized management using foreign nationals to run operations in the host countries works well. Their firm has developed into a(n) ____________ organization.a.transnationalb.multidomesticc.borderlessd.franchise(b; moderate; p. 97; AACSB: Globalizations)125.A new and exciting opportunity has appeared that enables Theodore and James to form a joint venture with an insurance company in Japan. This will move their firm into the global role of an organization with a(n) ______________.a.minimized level of business riskb.indirect international investmentc.direct international investmentd.independent foreign subsidiary(c; moderate; p. 99; AACSB: Globalizations)126.Theodore and James decide to allow a firm in Europe to use the rights to their software, its brand name, and software specifications in return for a lump-sum payment. The firm is a service organization that plans to use the software to assist its customers. This agreement is known as a ________________.a.strategic allianceb.licensing agreementc.franchised.foreign subsidiary(c; difficult; p. 99; AACSB: Globalizations)MANAGING IN A GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTA Different View (Scenario)John has done well in his company. In only 5 years, he has risen to the position of divisional manager. However, he knows that in order to rise to the level of senior management, he needs to spend some time managing abroad in his company’s foreign subsidiaries. Although he has。
罗宾斯管理学第九版超强笔记
罗宾斯《管理学》第九版讲义第一章管理与组织导论..................... 错误!未指定书签。
一、管理及其具体含义............................................................................. 错误!未指定书签。
二、管理的职能......................................................................................... 错误!未指定书签。
三、管理角色（09简述）........................................................................ 错误!未指定书签。
四、管理技能与管理层次之间的关系（06名词解释）........................ 错误!未指定书签。
五、管理者工作的变化............................................................................. 错误!未指定书签。
六、组织的特征（06简述）.................................................................... 错误!未指定书签。
七、职责和职权......................................................................................... 错误!未指定书签。
八、管理和领导的联系与区别................................................................. 错误!未指定书签。
第二章管理理论........................... 错误!未指定书签。
罗宾斯管理学第九版背诵简答
管理人员需明确质量管理的目标和战略，并对其进行计划。这些目标应使员工专注于客观的质量标准。
（2）为质量组织和领导
提高质量的，两种人员方法：①程序化的工作组②自我领导或称赋予权力的工作组。质量驱动的组织主要依靠受过良好培训的、灵活的、被授权的员工。
（3）质量控制
要对工作工程进行监督和评估，包括库存管理、合格率、原材料采购等。
B.过程模型，组织将投入转换为产出的好坏程度；
C.多重利益方模型，用几个不同指标反应组织利益方的不同标准。
（3）产业和公司排名
《财富》500强公司，《财富》最适合工作的100强公司，《产业周刊》最佳管理工厂。
7.前馈/同期/反馈控制
（1）前馈控制
①前馈控制是一种防止预期的问题出现的控制，发生在实际工作开始之前。
（6）组织文化和态度
组织内部和外部合作者之间，形成支持价值链管理的文化：分享、合作、开放、灵活、相互尊重、信任。
5、价值链管理的障碍
（1）组织障碍
包括：A.拒绝或不愿分享信息；B.不愿改变原有的地位状态；C.更多安全考虑（价值链管理对信息技术设施有极强依赖）
（2）文化态度
不适应的文化会阻碍供应链管理的实施。
A.信任方面。失信或过于信任都不利。价值链成员应相互了解对方的运行，谨慎保护知识产权。
B.控制方面。组织成员认为当他们与内外部人员合作时，他们将无法掌握自己的命运。但，即使紧密合作，每个成员仍掌握着关于客户价值内容、怎样达到客户价值及选择怎样的分销渠道等方面的控制权。
（3）能力要求
价值链成员必须满足多方面的能力要求，许多能力很难提高或达到。如良好的协调与合作，提供满足供应商和客户要求的产品和服务，对内外部成员进行培训等。
管理学罗宾斯第九版课后答案(超强版)
管理学罗宾斯第九版课后答案(超强版)1.是的。
他也要进行计划，组织，领导，操纵。
他是一个领导者与监听者。
他拥有沟通技能与人际技能。
2.由于每一个组织都有自己的目标，目标的表达就表现在员工的绩效，因此说管理者的最基本的职责是关注员工的工作绩效。
还应注重效率。
3.职位候选人的技能分为技术技能，人际技能与概念技能。
作为雇主他不可能同时所有能力，因此雇主需要聘请其他人来帮忙。
这给我的启示是要提升自己各方面的能力。
4.没有的。
管理是一门艺术，每个人都有自己的特色，没有最佳的。
假如有最佳的，人们不就都往这方面进展了，那有什么意思。
5.新型组织的动态，灵活性，根据任务定义工作，团队导向等特征有兴趣。
由于这些特征能够促使企业更灵活，能够根据市场情况更快的作出反应。
有利于提高雇员的劳动积极性，促进雇员间的团队意识，合理高效地完成任务。
但我对雇员参与决策制定，在任何地点、任何时间工作，工作日长没有限制等特征不感兴趣。
由于假如过多的给予员工太多的自由，不仅不可能使他们的工作效率上升，反而还会让他们感到没有压力，继而变得懒散，工作效率反而会下降。
同时过于宽松的环境也不利于管理者的管理。
而雇员参与决策的制定在一定程度上能够团结员工，但却会带来很大的弊端，由于雇员的思考方向是有利于自己的，而不可能考虑整个企业的进展，同时雇员无法熟悉企业的整体情况，不能作出最好的决策。
只是总体上来说，新型组织在原有的基础上取得了很大的进步。
6.在今天的环境中，单从效率与效果而言，效果对组织更重要。
由于效果通常是指“做正确的事”，即所从事的工作与活动有助于组织达到其目标。
而效率是指以尽可能少的投入获尽可能多的产出。
在如今的社会中，具有高效率与高效果则企业将立于不败之地，正如UPS。
但要在二者择其一时，效果显然更重要，假如所做的工作不能达到组织的目标，那么所做的事就等于白做，即使是再高的效率也没用。
就像往常中国的很多企业尽管资源利用率低，但只要能达到顾客的要求，它们仍然能够在市场上生存。
管理学第9版练习题附答案6
管理学第9版练习题附答案6标准化文件发布号：（9312-EUATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-Chapter 6 Decision Making: The Essence of the Manager’s JobTRUE/FALSE QUESTIONSTHE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS1.Problem identification is purely objective.2.The second step in the decision-making process is identifying a problem.3. A decision criterion defines what is relevant in a decision.4.The fourth step of the decision-making process requires the decision maker to list viablealternatives that could resolve the problem.5.Once the alternatives have been identified, a decision maker must analyze each one.6.The step in the decision-making process that involves choosing a best alternative is termedimplementation.THE MANAGER AS DECISION MAKER7.Making decisions is with the essence of management.8.Managerial decision making is assumed to be rational.9.One assumption of rationality is that we cannot know all of the alternatives.10.Managers tend to operate under assumptions of bounded rationality.11.Studies of the events leading up to the Challenger space shuttle disaster point to an escalation ofcommitment by decision makers.12. Managers regularly use their intuition in decision making.13.Rational analysis and intuitive decision making are complementary.14.Programmed decisions tend to be repetitive and routine.15.Rules and policies are basically the same.16.A policy is an explicit statement that tells a manager what he or she ought or ought not to do.17.The solution to nonprogrammed decision making relies on procedures, rules, and policies.18.Most managerial decisions in the real world are fully nonprogrammed.19.The ideal situation for making decisions is low risk.20.Risk is the condition in which the decision maker is able to estimate the likelihood of certainoutcomes.21.Risk is a situation in which a decision maker has neither certainty nor reasonable probabilityestimates.22.People who have a low tolerance for ambiguity and are rational in their way of thinking are said tohave a directive style.23.Decision makers with an analytic style have a much lower tolerance for ambiguity than do directivetypes.24.Individuals with a conceptual style tend to be very broad in their outlook and will look at manyalternatives.25. Behavioral-style decision makers work well with others.26.Most managers have characteristics of analytic decision makers.27.According to the boxed feature, “Managing Workforce Diversity,” diverse employees tend to makedecisions faster than a homogeneous group of employees.28.The anchoring effect describes when decision makers fixate on initial information as a startingpoint and then, once set, they fail to adequately adjust for subsequent information.29.The availability bias describes when decision makers try to create meaning out of random events.30. The sunk cost error is when decision makers forget that current choices cannot correct the past. DECISION MAKING FOR TODAY’S WORLD31.Today’s business world revolves around making decisions, usually with complete or adequateinformation, and under minimal time pressure.32.Managers need to understand cultural differences to make effective decisions in today’s fast-moving world.33.According to the boxed feature, “Focus on Leadership,” when identifying problems, managersmight be from a culture that is focused on problem solving, or their culture might be one of situation acceptance.34.According to the boxed feature, “Focus on Leadership,” findings from studies by Geert Hofstedeand from GLOBE researchers show that in high uncertainty avoidance countries, decision making tends to be based more on intuition than on formal analysis.35.Highly reliable organizations (HROs) are easily tricked by their success.MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSFor each of the following choose the answer that most completely answers the question.THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS36.Decision making is typically described as ________________, which is a view that is too simplistic.a.deciding what is correctb.putting preferences on paperc.choosing among alternativesd.processing information to completion37.A series of eight steps that begins with identifying a problem and concludes with evaluating thede cision’s effectiveness is the ________________.a.decision-making processb.managerial processc.maximin styled.bounded rationality approach38.________________ is the existence of a discrepancy between an existing and a desired state ofaffairs.a.An opportunityb. A solutionc. A weaknessd. A problem39.In identifying the problem, a manager _________________.pares the current state of affairs with where they would like to beb.expects problems to be defined by neon lightsc.looks for discrepancies that can be postponedd.will not act when there is pressure to make a decision40.Which of the following statements is true concerning problem identificationa.Problems are generally obvious.b. A symptom and a problem are basically the same.c.Well-trained managers generally agree on what is considered a problem.d.The problem must be such that it exerts some type of pressure on the manager to act.41. What is the second step in the decision-making processa.identifying decision criteriab.allocating weights to the criteriac.analyzing alternativesd.identifying a problem42.To determine the _____________, a manager must determine what is relevant or important toresolving the problem.a.geocentric behavior neededb.number of allowable alternativesc.weighting of decision criteriad.decision criteria43.What is the third step in the decision-making processa.allocating weights to the criteriab.analyzing the alternativesc.selecting the best alternatived.implementing the alternative44.If all criteria in the decision making are equal, weighting the criteria ______________.a.improves decision making when large numbers of criteria are involvedb.is not neededc.produces excellent decisionsd.improves the criteria45.In allocating weights to the decision criteria, which of the following is helpful to remembera.All weights must be the same.b.The total of the weights should sum to .c.Every factor criterion considered, regardless of its importance, must receive some weighting.d.Assign the most important criterion a score, and then assign weights against that standard.46.What is the step where a decision maker wants to be creative in coming up with possiblealternativea.allocating weights to the criteriab.analyzing alternativesc.developing alternativesd.identifying decision criteria47. When analyzing alternatives, what becomes evidenta.the strengths and weaknesses of each alternativeb.the weighting of alternativesc.the list of alternativesd.the problem48.When developing alternatives in the decision-making process, what must a manager doa.list alternativesb.evaluate alternativesc.weight alternativesd.implement alternatives49.Selecting an alternative in the decision-making process is accomplished by __________________.a.choosing the alternative with the highest scoreb.choosing the one you like bestc.selecting the alternative that has the lowest priced.selecting the alternative that is the most reliable50.In Step 6 of the decision-making process, each alternative is evaluated by appraising it against the_____________.a.subjective goals of the decision makerb.criteriac.assessed valuesd.implementation strategy51.______________ includes conveying a decision to those affected and getting their commitment to it.a.Selecting an alternativeb.Evaluating the decision effectivenessc.Implementing the alternativesd.Analyzing alternatives52.Which of the following is important in effectively implementing the chosen alternative in thedecision-making processa.getting upper-management supportb.double-checking your analysis for potential errorsc.allowing those impacted by the outcome to participate in the processd.ignoring criticism concerning your chosen alternative53. The final step in the decision-making process is to _______________.a.pick the criteria for the next decisionb.reevaluate the weightings of the criteria until they indicate the correct outcomec.evaluate the outcome of the decisiond.reassign the ratings on the criteria to find different outcomes54.Which of the following is important to remember in evaluating the effectiveness of the decision-making processa.You should ignore criticism concerning the decision-making process.b.You may have to start the whole decision process over.c.You will have to restart the decision-making process if the decision is less than 50 percenteffective.d.Ninety percent of problems with decision making occur in the implementation step.THE MANAGER AS DECISION MAKER55.Managers are assumed to be ______________; they make consistent, value-maximizing choiceswithin specified constraints.a.rationalb.leadersanizedd.satisficers56.It is assumed that a perfectly rational decision maker ______________.a.does not follow rational assumptionsb.does not consider value maximizing as an objectivec.offers inconsistent decisionsd.would be objective and logical57.Managers can make rational decisions if _________________.a.the problem is ambiguousb.the goals are unclearc.the alternatives are limitedd.time constraints exist58. Which of the following is not a valid assumption about rationalitya.The problem is clear and unambiguous.b. A single, well-defined goal is to be achieved.c.Preferences are clear.d.Preferences are constantly changing.59.When managers circumvent the rational decision-making model and find ways to satisfice, they arefollowing the concept of _________________.a.jurisprudenceb.bounded rationalityc.least-squared exemptionsd.self-motivated decisions60.B ecause managers can’t po ssibly analyze all information on all alternatives, managers______________, rather than ______________.a.maximize; satisficeb.maximize; minimizec.satisfice; minimized.satisfice; maximize61.The type of decision making in which the solution is considered “good enough” is known as_________________.a.intuitionb.satisfyingc.maximizingd.satisficing62.When a decision maker chooses an alternative under perfect rationality, she ______________ herdecision, whereas under bounded rationality she chooses a ______________ decision.a.minimizes; satisficingb.satisfices; maximizingc.maximizes; satisficingd.maximizes; minimizing63. An increased commitment to a previous decision despite evidence that it may have been wrong isreferred to as _______________.a.economies of commitmentb.escalation of commitmentc.dimensional commitmentd.expansion of commitment64.Intuitive decision making is _______________.a.not utilized in organizationsb. a conscious process based on accumulated judgmentc.making decisions based on experience, feelings, and accumulated judgmentd.important in supporting escalation of commitment65.In studying intuitive decision making, researchers have found that __________________.a.managers do not make decisions based on feelings or emotionsb.managers use data from their subconscious mind to help make their decisionsc.rational thinking always works better than intuitived.accumulated experience does not support intuitive decisions66.All of the following are aspects of intuition except __________________.a.experienced-based decisionsb.affect-initiated decisionsc.cognitive-based decisionsd.programmed decisions67._____________ are straightforward, familiar, and easily defined.a.Unstructured problemsb.Structured problemsc.Unique problemsd.Nonprogrammed problems68.Structured problems align well with which type of decision makinga.programmedb.satisficingc.intuitiond.gut feeling69. ______________ decision making is relatively simple and tends to rely heavily on previoussolutions.a.Nonprogrammedb.Linearc.Satisficingd.Programmed70.A procedure _______________.a.is an explicit statement detailing exactly how to deal with a decisionb.is a series of interrelated sequential steps to respond to a structured problemc.is a set of guidelines that channel a manager’s thinking in dealing with a problemd.allows a manager to use broad decision-making authority71.A ______________ is an explicit statement that tells a manager what he or she can or cannot do.a.procedureb.policyc.ruled.solution72.A policy ____________.a.typically contains an ambiguous termb.is used frequently when a manager faces a structured problemc.allows little discretion on the part of the managerd.offers strict rules as to how a problem should be solved73.What is a difference between a policy and a rulea. A policy establishes parameters.b. A rule establishes parameters.c. A policy is more explicit.d. A rule is more ambiguous.74.A ______________ typically contains an ambiguous term that leaves interpretation up to thedecision maker.a.systemb.rulec.solutiond.policy75.A business school’s statement that it “strives for productive relationships with local organizations”is an example of a ________________.a.ruleb.policyc.proceduremitment76.Unstructured problems _____________.a.are easily solvedb.present familiar circumstancesc.force managers to deal with incomplete or ambiguous informationd.are routine77.Nonprogrammed decisions are best described as ________________.a.recurring, but difficult to makeb.very similar to problems in other areas of the organizationc.requiring more aggressive action on the decision maker’s thought processesd.unique and nonrecurring78.When problems are ______________, managers must rely on ______________ in order to developunique solutions.a.structured; nonprogrammed decision makingb.structured; pure intuitionc.unstructured; nonprogrammed decision makingd.unstructured; programmed decision making79.Lower-level managers typically confront what type of decision makinga.uniqueb.nonroutinec.programmedd.nonprogrammed80.Which of the following is likely to make the most programmed decisionsa.the CEO of PepsiCo.b.the vice president of General Motors Cadillac Division.c.the head of the Minute Maid Division at Coca-Cola.d.the manager of the local McDonald’s.81.______________ is a situation in which a manager can make accurate decisions because theoutcome of every alternative is known.a.Certaintyb.Riskc.Uncertaintyd.Maximaxe.Maximin82.If an individual knows the price of three similar cars at different dealerships, he or she is operatingunder what type of decision-making conditiona.riskb.uncertaintyc.certaintyd.factual83.A retail clothing store manager who estimates how much to order for the current spring seasonbased on last spring’s outcomes is operating under what kind of decision-making conditiona.seasonalb.riskc.uncertaintyd.certainty84.______________ is a situation in which a decision maker has neither certainty nor reasonableprobability estimates available.a.Certaintyb.Riskc.Uncertaintyd.Maximax85.Nonprogrammed decisions are typically made under a condition of ________________.a.certaintyb.low levels of riskc.uncertaintyd.reliability86. A person at a horse racetrack who bets all of his or her money on the odds-based long shot to“win” (rather than “place” or “show”) is making what kind of choicea.maximaxb.maximinc.minimaxd.minimin87.What best describes the psychological orientation of an individual making a “maximax” choicea.optimistb.realistc.pessimistd.satisficer88.Optimistic managers could be expected to utilize their maximax orientation when they_______________.a.maximize the maximum payoffb.maximize the minimum payoffc.minimize the maximum regretd.minimize the minimum regret89.What is the psychological orientation of a decision maker who makes a “maximin” choicea.optimistb.realistc.pessimistd.satisficer90.Which of the following best describes “maximizing the minimum possible payoff”a.maximaxb.maximinc.minimaxd.minimin91.A manager who desir es to minimize his or her maximim “regret” will opt for a ______________choice.a.maximaxb.maximinc.minimaxd.minimin92. Decision makers using what decision-making style make fast decisions and focus on the short runa.directiveb.behavioralc.analyticd.conceptual93.What types are characterized as careful decision makers with the ability to adapt or cope withunique situationsa.directive decision makersb.behavioral decision makersc.analytic decision makersd.conceptual decision makers94.Who are concerned about the achievements of those around them and are receptive tosuggestions from othersa.directive decision makersb.behavioral decision makersc.analytic decision makersd.conceptual decision makers95.Many managers use __________ or rules of thumb to simplify their decision making.a.heuristicsb.biasesc.errorsd.habits96.When decision makers tend to think they know more than they do or hold unrealistically positiveviews of themselves and their performance, they are exhibiting _______________.a.self-serving biasb.the anchoring effectc.immediate gratification biasd.overconfidence bias97.When decision makers seek out information that reaffirms their past choices and discountinformation that contradicts past judgments, they are exhibiting _______________.a.availability biasb.the anchoring effectc.self-serving biasd.confirmation bias98.When decision makers assess the likelihood of an event based on how closely it resembles otherevents or sets of events, they are using _______________.a.availability biasb.framing biasc.selective perception biasd.representation bias99.What is the tendency for decision makers to falsely believe that they would have accuratelypredicted the outcome of an event once that outcome is actually knowna.the hindsight biasb.the sunk costs errorc.the randomness biasd.the selective perception biasDECISION MAKING FOR TODAY’S WORLD100.According to the boxed feature, “Focus on Leadership,” when _______________, managers might come from a culture that gathers facts or from a culture that is more intuitive in gathering ideas and possibilities.a.developing alternativesb.implementing alternativesc.searching for informationd.identifying problems101.To make effective decisions in today’s fast-moving world, managers need to _______________.e the five-stage decision-making processb.know when it is time to call it quitsc.ignore cultural differencesd.identify their style of decision making102.What is a characteristic that the experts say an effective decision-making process hasa.It is inconsistent.b.It acknowledges only objective thinking.c.It focuses on all factors—even those that do not seem important.d.It requires only as much information and analysis as is necessary.103.What term is used by Navy aviators to describe a gut feeling that something isn’t righta.leemersb.the creepsc.uneasinessd.regret104.Managers of highly reliable organizations (HROs) get the input of _______________ and let them make decisions.a.CEOsb.frontline workersc.customersd.suppliers105.When highly reliable organizations (HROs) face complexity, they _______________.a.try to simplify datab.aim for deeper understanding of the situationc.defer to the expertsd.act, then thinkSCENARIOS AND QUESTIONSFor each of the following choose the answer that most completely answers the question.THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESSDecisions, Decisions (Scenario)Sondra needed help. Her insurance company’s rapid growth was necessitating making some changes, but what changes Should they add to the existing information system or should they buy a new system She was given the responsibility of analyzing the company’s presen t information system and deciding what the company should do that would give them plenty of room. She was confused and needed help in making the correct decision.106.According to the decision-making process, the first step Sondra should take is to _____________.a.analyze alternative solutionsb.identify decision criteriac.evaluate her decision’s effectivenessd.identify the problem107. According to the decision-making process, the second step Sondra should take is to ____________.a.analyze alternative solutionsb.identify decision criteriac.evaluate her decision’s effectivenessd.allocate weights to the criteria108.Allocating weights to the criteria is the step in the decision-making process that occurs between identifying the decision criteria and ______________.a.developing the alternativesb.selecting alternativesc.implementing the alternatived.identifying the problem109.When Sondra is conveying her decision to those affected and getting their commitment to it, she is performing which step in the decision-making processa.analyzing alternative solutionsb.selecting alternativesc.implementing the alternatived.identifying the problem110.The very last step Sondra should take, according to the decision-making process, is to __________.a.analyze alternative solutionsb.select alternativesc.implement the alternatived.evaluate the decision’s effectivenessThe Car (Scenario)Colleen is a student, and her older brother has loaned her an old car. The car is in need of several repairs before she will feel comfortable driving it.111.Colleen needs a vehicle, but she has to decide if the vehicle is worth repairing. She is facing a(n) _____________, a discrepancy between an existing and a desired state of affairs.a.alternativeb.weighted problem setc.problemd.certainty avoidance situation112.In talking with an automotive repair person, Colleen needs to prioritize the repairs. Her first concern is safety of the vehicle. This step in the decision-making process is called __________________.a.weighting the decision criteriab.analyzing of alternativesc.identifying decision criteriad.selecting an alternativeTHE MANAGER AS DECISION MAKERThe Car (Scenario)Colleen is a student, and her older brother has loaned her an old car. The car is in need of several repairs before she will feel comfortable driving it.113.Colleen decides to have all of the problems fixed on the car. She assumes that the repair person has found all the problems and that there will be no problem correcting the imperfections within a specified budget. This is an example of a __________ decision.a.parochialb.irrationalc.ethicald.rational114.Colleen’s brother has a different view of the repairs. He assumes that the repair person is using the best information available, but there may be other unexpected repairs that might surface and that a higher budget might be more reasonable. He is using ______________.a.rational decision makingb.risk avoidancec.bounded rationalityd.Stage 4 decision making115.Colleen’s brother feels the car is worth repairing because he has owned several cars made by the same manufacturer as this car, and he has driven this car for several years. He is using _________ to determine that the car has value despite its need of repair.a.intuitive decision makingb.selective coordination of thought processesc.sunk costsd.return on investmentThe First Job (Scenario)Upon graduation, you search for a job with the university’s job placement center. Although you have studied and prepared to work in an advertising agency, the first job that you are offered is a supervisor in a manufacturing company working the afternoon shift from 3:00 . until 11:00 .116.If you had made a larger search using the Internet and other employment search processes, you might have been able to find more employment opportunities. This would have been a more _________ decision-making process.a.nonprogrammableb.uncertainc.riskyd.perfectly rational117.Under bounded rationality, you would be expected to search for a job by ________________.a.looking at all the opportunities that can be analyzed in the time availableb.looking at all the opportunities availablec.looking “outside the box” in your searchd.analyzing all the opportunities until you find the perfect job118.If you use a shortened process of searching for a job, it is likely that you ___________ rather than maximized in your decision process.a.minimizedb.rationalizedc.satisficedd.agreed119.During your job search, you depend on __________ decision making by making your decision based on accumulated judgment and experience.a.experientialb.legalc.intuitived.formidableIs the Picture Clear (Scenario)Sharon was the regional manager of a large cable television company. She faced many problems and decisions daily, such as how to price each market, who to hire, what kind of technology she should purchase, and how she should handle the increasing customer complaints. She needed some help sorting these issues out.120.When a customer calls and requests a refund for a partial month’s usage of cable, the fact that such situations are routine and most likely have a standard response would make the response a ______________ decision.a.standardb.routinec.policyd.programmed121.Sometimes Sharon follows a ______________, a series of interrelated sequential steps for responding to a structured problem.a.ruleb.policyc.procedured.suggestion122.Sometimes Sharon instructs her local managers to follow ______________ when confronted with problem situations. These establish parameters for the manager making the decision rather than specifically stating what should or should not be done.a.rulesb.proceduresc.policiesd.orders123.Unfortunately, Sharon also faces issues containing information that is ambiguous or incomplete, such as what kind of technology to purchase. These are known as ______________ problems.a.unstructuredb.variablec.randomd.hit-and-missManaging Your Career (Scenario)Michelle has a new job and is learning to perform the tasks assigned to her. Different situations demand different decision-making processes.124.Michelle finds a situation that instructs her in specific, interrelated, sequential steps to respond to a problem. This is referred to as a _____________.a.ruleb.policyc.broad guidelined.procedure125.Michelle finds a company directive that specifically restricts her from taking certain actions.This is a _____________.a.ruleb.policyc.broad guidelined.procedure126.As she learns the general guidelines of the job, Michelle is given more decision-making authority. The guidelines establish parameters for decision making and are referred as a _____________.a.ruleb.policyc.broad guidelined.procedure127.Michelle eventually finds a problem that has no cut-and-dry solution. The problem is unique and will never occur again. This problem is referred to as _____________.a.flexibleb.programmedc.adaptabled.nonprogrammedDecision-Making Conditions (Scenario)Sandy Jo is the manager for TrucksRUs, a medium-sized hauling service located in the Southeast. She is responsible for scheduling trucks, initiating new routes, and staffing both existing and new routes. She is currently struggling with existing information about the profitability of existing and future truck routes.128.Sandy Jo can make accurate decisions if she is willing to pay $5,000 for research about the profitability of various truck routes. If she pays for the research, she believes that she is operating under a condition of ____________.a.certaintyb.riskc.uncertaintyd.maximax129.Joe, Sandy Jo’s best driver, tells her that he believes he can estimate that there is a 75 percent probability that they can get the business of Pork Brothers, Inc., if they initiate a truck route through rural North Carolina. Joe is operating under a condition of ______________.a.certaintyb.riskc.uncertaintyd.maximax130.Sandy Jo knows that she is operating in an uncertain environment. She is basically an optimist, and we would, therefore, expect her to follow a ______________ strategy.a.certaintyb.riskc.uncertaintyd.maximax。
罗宾斯(第9版)管理学习题1-4章
第一章口选择题1·治理者是()。
a．不需要补偿的雇员b·为实现组织目标协调工作活动的人c．组织的首脑d．一线工人2·地区经理、工程主管和事业部经理都能够被称为()。
a．基层治理者b．非治理雇员c．中层治理者d．高层治理者3·玛丽向营销副总裁上报工作内容，同时她又是监督者，一些小时工雇员直截了当向她汇报，那么玛丽是()。
a．基层治理者b．中层治理者c．高层治理者d．执行者4·那些负责作出组织层面的决策，并为整个组织制定方案和目标的治理者被定义为()。
a·高层治理者b．中层治理者c．基层治理者d．非治理雇员5·以下能区不治理职位和非治理职位的是()。
a·工资金额的多少b．是否协调他人的工作c·是否组织新的工程d．是否拥有技术技能6·假如比安卡的工作专注在减少白费上，那么她更应该是()治理者。
a·有效率的b．有效果的c．目标导向的d．拥有技术技能的7．效果通常被描述为()。
a．工作活动有助于关心组织实现其目标b．委任尽可能多的责任c．通过自己来治理过程d．通过资金情况来定义一个工程的结果8·()可被理解为正确地做事，()可被理解为一种结果，或者到达组织目标。
a．效果；经济b．效果；效率c．效率；效果d．经济；效率9．方案包括()。
a．指导和鼓舞他人b．适时监控以确保完成任务c．决定某事需要由谁来做d．确定目标、制定策略10．当一个治理者决定需要做什么以及怎么样完成时，他是在()。
a．方案b．组织c．领导d．操纵11．将实际业绩和预先设定的目标进行比照可视为()。
a．方案b．组织c．领导d．操纵12·珍妮弗的上司要求她解释其所属部门的实际开支与公司预算数额不符之处。
在那个地点，上司执行的是()治理职能。
a．方案b．组织c．领导c1．操纵13·在组织成员之间选择最有效的沟通渠道应属于()治理职能。
罗宾斯《管理学》第六章笔记：决策
罗宾斯《管理学》第六章笔记：决策一管理者工作的实质(总7页)-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One 1■CAL■本页仅作为文档封面，使用请直接删除第六章决策：管理者工作的实质学习目的：1.概述决策制定过程的步骤2.定义理性的决策者3.说明理性决策的局限性4.描述完全理性决策的过程5.描述有限理性决策的过程6.识别两种常用的决策问题和常用的、能决这两类问题的决策7.区分确定性、风险性和不确定性决策情况8.明确群体决策的优缺点9•阐述改善群体决策的4种方法第一节决策制定过程一. 识别问题1.问题［problem］:现状与期望状态之间的差异2•问题识别是主观的。
3.在某些事情被认为是问题前，管理者必须意识到差异（将事情的现状和某些标准进行比较，这些标准可以是过去的绩效，预先设置的目标，组织中其他单位的绩效或者其他组织中类似单位的绩效）.他们不得不承受采取行动的压力（组织政策，截止时间，财政危机，上司的期望，绩效评定等）.也必须有采取行动所需的资源（职权，资金，信息等）二. 确定决策标准决策标准［decision criteria］定义哪些因素与决策相关的标准，如买车中的价格，品牌，型号，体积等。
三. 给每个标准分配权量—个简单的衡量重要性的方法就是给最重要的标准打10分，然后依次给余下的打分四. 拟定方案五. 分析方案六. 选择方案七. 实施方案实施[implementation]:将决策传达给有关部门并得到他们的承诺和行动八. 评价决策效果：看它是否取得了理想的结果第二节决策的普遍性管理职能中的决策计划组织的长远目标是什么？什么战略能够最好地实现这些U标? 组织的短期目标应该是什么？每个口标的困难程度有多大？组织直接向我报告的下属是多少人？许多管理者的决策制定活动例常性第三节理性决策者管理者被认为是(理性【rational]:描述满足约束条件并使价值最大化的选择)的一-理性假设1.—个完全理性的决策者，会是完全客观的和合乎逻辑的。
罗宾斯管理学人大第9版课后思考题答案
罗宾斯管理学⼈⼤第9版课后思考题答案罗宾斯管理学⼈⼤第九版课后思考题答案第⼀章1.是的。
他也要进⾏计划，组织，领导，控制。
他是⼀个领导者和监听者。
他拥有沟通技能和⼈际技能。
2.因为每⼀个组织都有⾃⼰的⽬标，⽬标的体现就表现在员⼯的绩效，所以说管理者的最基本的职责是关注员⼯的⼯作绩效。
还应注重效率。
3.职位候选⼈的技能分为技术技能，⼈际技能和概念技能。
作为雇主他不可能同时所有能⼒，所以雇主需要聘请其他⼈来帮忙。
这给我的启⽰是要提升⾃⼰各⽅⾯的能⼒。
4.没有的。
管理是⼀门艺术，每个⼈都有⾃⼰的特⾊，没有最佳的。
如果有最佳的，⼈们不就都往这⽅⾯发展了，那有什么意思。
5.新型组织的动态，灵活性，根据任务定义⼯作，团队导向等特征有兴趣。
因为这些特征可以促使企业更灵活，能够根据市场情况更快的作出反应。
有利于提⾼雇员的劳动积极性，促进雇员间的团队意识，合理⾼效地完成任务。
但我对雇员参与决策制定，在任何地点、任何时间⼯作，⼯作⽇长没有限制等特征不感兴趣。
因为如果过多的给予员⼯太多的⾃由，不仅不会使他们的⼯作效率上升，反⽽还会让他们感到没有压⼒，进⽽变得懒散，⼯作效率反⽽会下降。
并且过于宽松的环境也不利于管理者的管理。
⽽雇员参与决策的制定在⼀定程度上可以团结员⼯，但却会带来很⼤的弊端，因为雇员的思考⽅向是有利于⾃⼰的，⽽不会考虑整个企业的发展，并且雇员⽆法了解企业的整体情况，不能作出最好的决策。
不过总体上来说，新型组织在原有的基础上取得了很⼤的进步。
6.在今天的环境中，单从效率和效果⽽⾔，效果对组织更重要。
因为效果通常是指“做正确的事”，即所从事的⼯作和活动有助于组织达到其⽬标。
⽽效率是指以尽可能少的投⼊获尽可能多的产出。
在如今的社会中，具有⾼效率和⾼效果则企业将⽴于不败之地，正如UPS。
但要在⼆者择其⼀时，效果显然更重要，如果所做的⼯作不能达到组织的⽬标，那么所做的事就等于⽩做，即使是再⾼的效率也没⽤。
就像以前中国的很多企业虽然资源利⽤率低，但只要能达到顾客的要求，它们仍然能够在市场上⽣存。
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Chapter 6 – Decision-Making: The Essence of the Manager’s JobTrue/False Questions4. The first step in the decision-making process is identifying a problem.True (easy)6. It is possible at the end of the decision-making process that you may be required to start the decisionprocess over again.True (easy)10. Decision-making is synonymous with managing.True (easy)12. One assumption of rationality is that we cannot know all of the alternatives.False (difficult)13. Accepting solutions that are "good enough" is termed satisfying.False (easy)15. Managers regularly use their intuition in decision-making.True (easy)16. Rational analysis and intuitive decision-making are complementary.True (moderate)18. Programmed decisions tend to be repetitive and routine.True (easy)21. Most managerial decisions in the real world are fully nonprogrammed.False (easy)24. Risk is a situation in which a decision maker has neither certainty nor reasonable probability estimates.False (difficult)25. An optimistic manager will follow a maximin approach.False (moderate)Multiple ChoiceTHE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS34. A series of eight steps that begins with identifying a problem and decision criteria and allocating weights tothose criteria; moves to developing, analyzing, and selecting an alternative that can resolve the problem;implements the alternative; and concludes with evaluating the decision's effectiveness is the ______________.a. decision-making process. (easy)b. managerial process.c. maximin style.d. bounded rationality approach.e. legalistic opportunism process.36. "A discrepancy between an existing and a desired state of affairs" describes which of the steps in thedecision-making process?a. criteria weight allocationb. analysis of alternativesc. problem identification (difficult)d. decision effectiveness evaluatione. decision criteria identification38. Which of the following must be present in order to initiate the decision-making process?a. plenty of timeb. pressure to act (moderate)c. a lack of authorityd. a lack of resourcese. environmental certainty39. Managers aren't likely to characterize something as a problem if they perceive ______________.a. they don't have authority to act. (difficult)b. pressure to act.c. a discrepancy.d. they have sufficient resources.e. they have budgetary authority.44. Selecting an alternative in the decision-making process is accomplished by ______________.a. choosing the alternative with the highest score. (easy)b. choosing the one you like best.c. selecting the alternative that has the lowest price.d. selecting the alternative that is the most reliable.e. choosing the alternative you think your boss would prefer.47. Which of the following is the final step in the decision-making process?a. identifying the problemb. evaluating the decision's effectiveness (easy)c. identifying decision criteriad. selecting an alternative that can resolve the probleme. allocating weights to alternatives.48.Which of the following is important to remember in evaluating the effectiveness of the decision-makingprocess?a. Ignore criticism concerning the decision-making.b. You may have to start the whole decision process over. (difficult)c. Restart the decision-making process if the decision is less than 50% effective.d. 90% of problems with decision-making occur in the implementation step.e. Keep track of problems with the chosen alternative, but only change those issues that uppermanagement demand.49. Decision-making is synonymous with ______________.a. managing. (easy)b. leading.c. controlling.d. planning.e. organizing.51. Which of the following is not an "organizing" decision?a. What are the organization's long-term objectives? (moderate)b. How many employees should I have report directly to me?c. How should jobs be designed?d. How much centralization should there be in the organization?e. When should the organization implement a different structure?52. Which of the following is not a "leading" decision?a. How do I handle employees who appear to be low in motivation?b. What is the most effective leadership style in a given situation?c. How will a specific change affect worker productivity?d. When is the right time to stimulate conflict?e. How should jobs be designed? (moderate)53. Which of the following is not a "controlling" decision?a. What activities in the organization need to be controlled?b. How should those activities be controlled?c. When is a performance deviation significant?d. When is the right time to stimulate conflict? (moderate)e. What type of management information system should the organization have?54. Managers are assumed to be ______________; they make consistent, value-maximizing choices withinspecified constraints.a. rational (easy)b. leadersc. organizedd. satisficerse. programmed57. Which of the following is not a valid assumption about rationality?a. The problem is clear and unambiguous.b. A single well-defined goal is to be achieved.c. Preferences are clear.d. Preferences are constantly changing. (difficult)e. No time or cost constraints exist.58. In "bounded rationality," managers construct ______________ models that extract the essential featuresfrom problems.a. multipleb. bindingc. interactived. simplified (difficult)e. past59. According to the text, because managers can’t possibly analyze all information on all alternatives, managers______________, rather than ______________.a.maximize; satisficeb.maximize; minimizec.satisfice; minimized.satisfice; maximize (moderate)62. An increased commitment to a previous decision despite evidence that it may have been wrong is referredto as _____________.a.economies of commitmentb.escalation of commitment (moderate)c.dimensional commitmentd.expansion of commitment64. According to the text, all of the following are aspects of intuition EXCEPT:a.experienced-based decisionsb.affect-initiated decisionsc.cognitive-based decisionsd.values or ethics-based decisionse.programmed decisions (easy)65.According to the text, _____________ are straightforward, familiar, and easily defined problems.a.poorly-structured problemsb.well-structured problems (moderate)c.unique problemsd.non-programmed problemse.programmed problems68. ______________ decision-making is relatively simple and tends to rely heavily on previous solutions.a. Nonprogrammedb. Linearc. Satisficingd. Integrativee. Programmed (moderate)70. A ______________ is a series of interrelated sequential steps that a manager can use for responding to astructured problem.a. procedure (easy)b. rulec. policyd. systeme. solution71. A ______________ is an explicit statement that tells a manager what he or she ought or ought not to do.a. procedureb. policyc. rule (moderate)d. solutione. system72. A ______________ provides guidelines to channel a manager's thinking in a specific direction.a. systemb. rulec. solutiond. policy (moderate)e. procedure75. A business school's statement that it "strives for productive relationships with local organizations," is anexample of a ______________.a. rule.b. policy. (moderate)c. procedure.d. commitment.e. contract.78. Which of the following terms is associated with nonprogrammed decisions?a. unique (moderate)b. recurringc. routined. repetitivee. well-defined79. Lower-level managers typically confront what type of decision-making?a. uniqueb. nonroutinec. programmed (moderate)d. nonprogrammede. nonrepetitive83. If an individual knows the price of three similar cars at different dealerships, he/she is operating under whattype of decision-making condition?a. riskb. uncertaintyc. certainty (easy)d. factuale. unprogrammed84. ______________ is those conditions in which the decision maker is able to estimate the likelihood ofcertain outcomes.a. Certaintyb. Risk (easy)c. Uncertaintyd. Maximaxe. Maximin85. A retail clothing store manager who estimates how much to order for the current spring season based on lastspring's outcomes is operating under what kind of decision-making condition?a. seasonalb. risk (difficult)c. uncertaintyd. certaintye. cyclical86. ______________ is a situation in which a decision maker has neither certainty nor reasonable probabilityestimates available.a. Certaintyb. Riskc. Uncertainty (easy)d. Maximaxe. Maximin87. A person at a horse racetrack who bets all of his/her money on the odds-based longshot to "win" (ratherthan "place" or "show") is making what kind of choice?a. maximax (moderate)b. maximinc. minimaxd. minimin89. An individual making a "maximin" type of choice has what type of psychological orientation concerninguncertain decision-making?a. optimistb. realistc. pessimist (moderate)d. satisficere. extremist91. According to the text, a manager who desires to minimize his or her maximim “regret” will opt for a______________ choice.a. maximaxb. maximinc. minimax (moderate)d. minimin93. Which of the following decision-making styles have low tolerance for ambiguity and are rational in theirway of thinking?a.directive (moderate)b.egotisticalc.analyticd.conceptuale.behavioral95. The decision-making style that makes fast decisions and focuses on the short terms is referred to as the______________ style.a.directive (moderate)b.egotisticalc.analyticd.conceptuale.behavioral98. According to the text, ______________ are best characterized as careful decision makers with the ability toadapt or cope with unique situations.a. conceptualb. behavioralc. empiricald. analytic (moderate)e. spatial99. Which of the following is the decision-making style that would most likely look at as many alternatives aspossible and focus on the long run?a. analyticalb. directivec. conceptual (moderate)d. behaviorale. spatial101. A manager who would decide what computer system to purchase for the department by holding a meeting and receiving feedback from his/her subordinates matches with which type of decision-making style?a. analyticalb. behavioral (difficult)c. conceptuald. directivee. empiricalScenariosDecision-Making Conditions (Scenario)Sandy Jo is the manager for TrucksRUs, a medium-sized hauling service located in the Southeast. She is responsible for scheduling trucks, initiating new routes, and staffing both existing and new routes. She is currently struggling with existing information about the profitability of existing and future truck routes.116. Bubba, Sandy Jo's best driver tells her that he believes that he can estimate that there is a 75% probability that they can get the business of Pork Brothers Inc. if they initiate a truck route through rural North Carolina. Bubba is operating under a condition of ______________.a. certainty.b. risk. (difficult)c. uncertainty.d. maximax.e. maximin.117. Sandy Jo can make accurate decisions if she is willing to pay $5,000 for research about the profitability of various truck routes. If she pays for the research, she believes that she is operating under a condition of ______________.a. certainty. (difficult)b. risk.c. uncertainty.d. maximax.e. maximin.118. Sandy Jo knows that she is operating in an uncertain environment. She is basically an optimist, and we would, therefore, expect her to follow a ______________ strategy.a. certaintyb. riskc. uncertaintyd. maximax (moderate)e. maximin119. Sandy Jo knows that she is operating in an uncertain environment. She is basically a pessimist, and we would, therefore, expect her to follow a ______________ strategy.a. certaintyb. riskc. minimaxd. maximaxe. maximin (moderate)120. Sandy Jo wishes to minimize her regret and will probably opt for a ______________ strategy.a. certainty.b. risk.c. minimax (moderate)d. maximax.e. maximin.Essay QuestionsTHE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS121. In a short essay, list and discuss the eight steps in the decision-making process.Answera.Step 1: Identifying a problem– the decision-making process begins with t he existence of a problem ora discrepancy between an existing and a desired state of affairs.However, a discrepancy withoutpressure to take action becomes a problem that can be postponed.b.Step 2: Identify decision criteria– once the manager has identified a problem that needs attention, thedecision criteria important to resolving the problem must be identified. That is, managers must determine what’s relevant in making a decision.c.Step 3: Allocating weights to the criteria: at this step, the decision maker must weigh the items inorder to give them the correct priority in the decision. A simple approach is to give the most important criterion a weight of 10 and then assign weights to the rest against that standard.d.Step 4: Developing alternative s –the fourth step requires the decision maker to list the viablealternatives that could resolve the problem. No attempt is made in this step to evaluate the alternative, only to list them.e.Step 5: Analyzing alternative s – once the alternatives have been identified, the decision maker mustcritically analyze each one. From this comparison, the strengths and weaknesses of each alternative become evident.f.Step 6: Selecting an alternative– the sixth step is the important act of choosing the best alternative fromamong those considered. All the pertinent criteria in the decision have now been determined, weighted, and the alternatives have been identified and analyzed.g.Step 7: Implementing the alternativ e –implementation involves conveying the decision to thoseaffected by it and getting their commitment to it. If the people who must carry out a decision participate in the process, they’re more likely to enthusiastically support the outcome than if they are just told what to do.h.Step 8: Evaluating decision effectiveness –the last step in the decision-making process involvesappraising the outcome of the decision to see if the problem has been resolved. Did the alternative chose and implemented accomplish the desired result? If not, the manager may consider returning to a previous step or may even consider starting the whole decision process over.(difficult)123. In a short essay, discuss the assumptions of rationality and the validity of those assumptions.AnswerA decision maker who was perfectly rational would be fully objective and logical. He or she wouldcarefully define a problem and would have a clear and specific goal. Moreover, making decisions using rationality would consistently lead toward selecting the alternative that maximizes the likelihood of achieving that goal. The assumptions of rationality apply to any decision. Rational managerial decision making assumes that decisions are made in the best economic interests of the organization. That is, the decision maker is assumed to be maximizing the organization’s interests, not his or her own interests.Managerial decision making can follow rational assumptions if the following conditions are met: The manager is faced with a simple problem in which the goals are clear and the alternatives limited, in which the time pressures are minimal and the cost of seeking out and evaluating alternatives is low, for which the organizational culture supports innovation and risk taking, and in which o utcomes are relatively concrete and measurable. However, most decisions that managers face in the real world d on’t meet all those tests.(moderate)126. In a short essay, discuss the difference between well-structured and poorly structured problems. Include specific examples of each type of problem to support your answer. Next discuss the type of decisions that would be used to address each of these problems.Answera.Well-structured problems - the goal of the decision marker is clear, the problem is familiar, andinformation about the problem is easily defined and complete. Examples of these types of problems might include a customer’s wanting to return a purchase to a retail store, a supplier’s being late with an important delivery, a news team’s responding to an unexpected and fast-breaking event, or a college’s handling of a student wanting to drop a class. Such situations are called well-structured problems since they are straightforward, familiar, and easily defined problems. In handling these problem situations, the manager uses a programmed decision. Decisions are programmed to the extent that they are repetitive and routine a nd to the extent that a definite approach has been worked out for handling them.Because the problem is well structured, the manager doesn’t have to go to the trouble and expense of going through an involved decision progress. Programmed decision making is relatively simple and tends to rely heavily on previous solutions.b.Poorly-structured problems –these problems are new or unusual and for which information isambiguous or incomplete.For example, the selection of an architect to design a new corporate manufacturing facility in Bangkok is an example of a poorly-structured problem. When problems are poorly-structured, managers must rely on nonproprammed decision making in order to develop unique solutions.Nonprogrammed decisions are unique and nonrecurring. When a manager confronts a poorly-structured problem, or one that is unique, there is no cut-and-dried solution. It requires a custom-made response through nonprogrammed decision making.(difficult)130. In a short essay, list and discuss the four decision-making styles as described in the text.Answera.Directive style – people using the directive style have low tolerance for ambiguity and are rational intheir way of thinking. They’re efficient and logical. Directive types make fast decisions and focus on the short run. Their efficiency and speed in making decisions often result in their making decisions with minimal information and assessing few alternatives.b.Analytic style – decision-makers with an analytic style have much greater tolerance for ambiguity thando directive types. They want more information before making a decision and consider more alternatives than a directive style decision-maker does. Analytic decision-makers are best characterized as careful decision-makers with the ability to adapt or cope with unique situations.c.Conceptual style – individuals with a conceptual style tend to be very broad in their outlook and willlook at many alternatives. They focus on the long run and are very good at finding creative solutions to problems.d.Behavioral style –these decision markers work well with others. They’re concerned about theachievements of subordinates and are receptive to suggestions from others. They often use meetings to communicate, although they try to avoid conflict. Acceptance by others is important to this decision-making style.(moderate)。