2018智慧树西方文明史导论答案
西方文化导论_课后习题答案
西方文化导论_课后习题答案(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship”and “courage”.Plato established the Academy －the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic”which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity.Literary representation centred round the two epic poems ofthe Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides andAristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere.(2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world. Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modernera in the West.Chapter 21. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields. According to Greek culture and others’ culture; they created their own gods and myth, In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements,Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His work has always been cited by later statesmen, writers or scholars,The architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developeda new kind.2. In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture.,religion, philosophy and literature.In religion, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples ,In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a All in all, the two cultures are closely linkedgreat deal from Greek culture.Chapter 31. How was the Jewish civilization developed after a tortuoushistory of split and unification?The major explanation for the development of the Jewish civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality,they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures.From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessicity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, Most of Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position they could quickly turn it into a well developed nation in spite of its small size and small population .2．Say something about Judaism and The Old Testament.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value. Chapter 41. What are the main components of Christianity and why could it be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?(1)The main components of Christianity are ：1) The Bible as the only Christian scripture;Major Christian doctrines about Trinity and Redemption;3) Other doctrines or events of Christianity:(2 )Christianity is accepted and popular in Europe because of these factors:1).For the common people in the empire ,they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could playsuch a role.2). It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance.3). The name and influence of Christiaity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification,4) Christianity is also a kind of culture, it could be tolerated because their life and property could thus be secured in the changed circumstances.2. What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?In spite of the fact that the two religions derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.First is the different image of God.Second is different view of God. Jehovah is viewed He is like fire or wind .God is kinder and more helpful, Third is the different position each religion is located in and hence would make different contribution. Fourth is Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affect them in spirit occasionally while Christianity moved into secular life for the Westerner as Pope and churches became very powerful .Chapter 61.Tell simply the background and development of the Renaissance.It was no accident that it first occurred in Florence and Italy where the early signs ofcapitalism had appeared at the same time as social chaos, political disputes and military clashes , more and more people began to suspect the justification for those who held the power,Painting and sculpture were the first area to reflect the change of subjects and tastes.(2) What are the major features and achievements of theRenaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.。
西方文化导论课后习题答案（优.选）
西方文化导论课后习题答案（优.选）(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship”and “courage”.Plato established the Academy －the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic”which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity. Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad andthe Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere.(2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world.Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval periodand opened the way to the modern era in the West.Chapter 21. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields. According to Greek culture and others’ culture; they created their own gods and myth, In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements,Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His work has always been cited by later statesmen, writers or scholars,The architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developeda new kind.2. In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture.,religion, philosophy and literature. In religion, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples ,In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a All in all, the two cultures are closely linkedgreat deal from Greek culture.Chapter 31. How was the Jewish civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unification? The major explanation for thedevelopment of the Jewish civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality,they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures.From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessicity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, Most of Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position they could quickly turn it into a well developed nation in spite of its small size and small population .2．Say something about Judaism and The Old Testament.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value.Chapter 41. What are the main components of Christianity and why could it be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?(1)The main components of Christianity are ：1) The Bible as the only Christian scripture;Major Christian doctrines about Trinity and Redemption;3) Other doctrines or events of Christianity:(2 )Christianity is accepted and popular in Europe because of these factors:1).For the common people in the empire ,they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role.2). It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance.3). The name and influence of Christiaity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification,4) Christianity is also a kind of culture, it could be tolerated because their life and propertycould thus be secured in the changed circumstances.2. What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?In spite of the fact that the two religions derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.First is the different image of God.Second is different view of God. Jehovah is viewed He is like fire or wind .God is kinder and more helpful, Third is the different position each religion is located in and hence would make different contribution. Fourth is Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affect them in spirit occasionally while Christianity moved into secular life for the Westerner as Pope and churches became very powerful .Chapter 61.Tell simply the background and development of the Renaissance.It was no accident that it first occurred in Florence and Italy where the early signs of capitalism had appeared at the same time as social chaos, political disputes and military clashes , more and more people began to suspect the justification for those who held the power,Painting and sculpture were the first area to reflect the change of subjects and tastes.(2) What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideologicalemancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.最新文件---------------- 仅供参考--------------------已改成word文本--------------------- 方便更改。
智慧树西方文明史导论问题详解-V1
智慧树西方文明史导论问题详解-V1作为一门历史学科的入门课程，智慧树西方文明史导论涉及了从古埃及文明、古希腊文明、罗马帝国的盛世到黑暗时期、文艺复兴和近代欧洲的历史发展。
但是，在学习这门课程时，很多学生都会遇到一些问题，下面就来详细解答一下智慧树西方文明史导论中的几个关键问题。
一、为什么古埃及社会中文明得以发展？古埃及文明在全球历史上具有举足轻重的地位。
从早期的红山文化到篝火石器时代，再到中王国时期，古埃及人通过对尼罗河流域的农业开发和掌握了尼罗河航运，建立了强大的国家，培养了许多能够写作的官僚和学者。
此外，古埃及人还推崇人类形象的神明，同时加强了他们与自然和宇宙的联系，形成了强烈的信仰和一种富有特色的文化。
这些都为古埃及文明的繁荣提供了坚实的基础。
二、古希腊为什么被视为人类思想的源头？古希腊文明可以说是人类思维史上的一个重要事件，其对于现代思想、科学和艺术等领域的影响深远。
古希腊城邦的兴起使得前所未有的知识交流变得尤为频繁，加上全民公民制和男子自由，使得自我意识和理性思维变得更为重要。
同时，古希腊人也是众多伟大思想家和哲学家的发源地，例如柏拉图、亚里士多德和苏格拉底等，这些人的思想和理念带来了对自我和人类的思考，为后续的哲学和科学的发展奠定了坚实的基础。
三、文艺复兴为什么是欧洲文明之花？文艺复兴是欧洲文明史上一个浪漫而又富有历史意义的时期，为欧洲的文化、艺术和科学等领域注入了新的活力。
它不仅是欧洲古典文明与基督教文明相互融合的结果，也是意大利城市国家的文化兴盛的产物。
文艺复兴期间欧洲艺术家和思想家的活跃推动了人类思想、社会和经济的进步。
此外，文艺复兴的影响也远远超越欧洲，传递到亚洲和美洲，极大地促进了人文主义、自由思考和美学的发展。
总之，智慧树西方文明史导论作为一门引领着人类思想、文化和艺术的门户课程，深入浅出地介绍了西方文明的起源与发展，让人们能够更好地理解这场历史画卷。
尽管时代在变，但历史的经验和教训却始终为后进之人提供着巨大的帮助和启示，只有了解历史、借鉴历史，才能够更好地迎接未来的挑战和机遇。
南开大学智慧树知到“选修课”《西方文明通论(尔雅)》网课测试题答案2
南开大学智慧树知到“选修课”《西方文明通论（尔雅）》网课测试题答案（图片大小可自由调整）第1卷一.综合考核(共15题)1.尼采的哪一本书对酒神和日神做出了精辟的分析?()A.《悲剧的诞生》B.《人性，太人性的》C.《查拉图斯特拉如是说》D.《道德的体系》2.西方的公法文明已经完全被中国所接收。
()A.错误B.正确3.政治学家萨拜因认为西欧历史上最革命的事件是()。
A.启蒙运动B.宗教改革C.文艺复兴D.基督教会的兴起4.人类最早的文字是()。
A.象形文字B.楔形文字C.拼音文字D.图画文字5.以下哪个国家是第一个把安乐死立法的国家?()A.法国B.英国C.荷兰D.美国6.以下哪项不属于对西方音乐的风格分期?() A.巴洛克音乐B.浪漫主义音乐C.文艺复兴音乐D.表现主义音乐7.在中世纪的欧洲，代表着上帝的机构是()。
A.罗马天主教会B.修道院C.宗教审判所D.君主8.西方现代文明是从传统文明中自然直接地成长起来的。
()A.错误B.正确9.从中世纪起规定小步舞曲为几拍子?()A.三拍子B.四拍子C.五拍子D.六拍子10.在古代，中国文明与西方文明曾有过直接的相遇。
()A.错误B.正确11.在西方人看来，体育是对人的感性能力的开掘与探究，是一种肉体的沉醉。
()A.错误B.正确12.以下哪项没有体现中国人缺乏竞争意识?()A.不敢为天下先B.吃亏是福C.难得糊涂D.自强不息13.封建制度的产生代表着人类进入文明时代。
()A.错误B.正确14.与西方文明相比，中华文明的发展大起大落较多。
()A.错误B.正确15.以下哪一个不属于小提琴三大家族?()A.斯特拉迪瓦里B.瓜奈里C.阿玛蒂D.帕格尼尼第2卷一.综合考核(共15题)1.哈利路亚的中文意思是赞美主。
()A.错误B.正确2.以下不属于儒家观点的是()。
A.未知生，焉知死B.朝闻道，夕死可矣C.牝常以静胜牡D.唯女子与小人难养也3.古希腊城邦中的公民身份有什么意味?()A.城邦政治统治者B.城邦土地所有者C.城邦的保卫者D.以上都是4.下列关于“公法”与“私法”说法错误的是()。
西方文明史导论题库(试题62道含答案)
西方文明史导论题库（试题62道含答案）1.现代西方学者的哪些研究旨在纠正将文化视为断裂发展的观点，强调延续性？A.《近代国家的中世纪起源》B.《12世纪文艺复兴》正确答案：AB2.西罗马帝国灭亡后出现的大整合对哪些要素进行了整合？A.古希腊人的放大了的个人B.古罗马的放大了的国家C.日耳曼人的家和家族要素D.作为欧洲精神统治者的基督教教会正确答案：ABCD3.1500-1800年间的欧洲历史，通常被界定为？A.中世纪B.前工业化时期C.近代早期D.现代正确答案：C4.西方文明的发展过程中出现过哪几次比较大的整合？A.西罗马帝国灭亡后的大整合B.文艺复兴时期的整合C.后现代文化对于现代社会的整合正确答案：ABC5.西方文明中的哪一次大整合成为推动欧洲从中世纪向近代过渡的由衰及兴的转折？A.西罗马帝国灭亡后的大整合B.文艺复兴时期的整合C.后现代文化对于现代社会的整合正确答案：B6.下列哪项不属于西方近代社会的特征？A.国家臣民关系B.主权国家C.领主附庸制D.政教分离正确答案：C7.作为知识分子的人文主义者在欧洲的危机和转型中呈现出哪些特点？A.独立于封建政府，直接来自民间，受市场、民间文化影响B.独立于封建文化，不受学院派的影响C.独立于教会，不受教会的影响D.独立于封建传统的祖宗家法正确答案：ABCD8.欧洲在中世纪晚期出现的结构性危机的具体表现包括哪些？A.危机的非复原性B.危机的普遍性C.危机导致旧结构主体与部件的分离D.危机造成对中古文明基本原则的背离正确答案：ABCD9.哪位学者充分重视了普通人在近代欧洲政治形成中的作用，这种政治是普通人通过公社、议会、共和国三个步骤自下而上推动的，从而明显有别于只强调君主通过“王朝战争”自上而下建立近代国家的历史解释？A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案：B10.下列哪位学者的主要观点不属于促进社会和谐的文化理论？A.亨廷顿B.卡赞斯坦C.斯克瑞布尼D.鲍斯曼正确答案：A11.哪位学者写作了《文艺复兴的衰落》，在自由与秩序组成的共生共存的范畴内研究文艺复兴的文化，纠正将差异变为对立的做法？A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案：A12.下列哪些是软实力的特征？A.隐形的规则B.无意识的约定俗成C.高情感D.强迫性的驯服力正确答案：ABC13.创新型人才需要具备哪些素质？A.能服从领导，但不盲目跟从B.能团结群众，但不随波逐流C.能充分展现个人魅力，但绝不损害别人形象D.能谦虚好学，但不照搬照抄正确答案：ABCD14.文明是从哪些要素的出现开始的？A.农村B.城市C.国家正确答案：ACD15.文明的发展对社会有哪些启示？A.文明从造墙开始，到拆墙结束B.从硬实力到软实力C.从世俗价值到心灵价值正确答案：ABC16.第一个提出软实力概念的人实际上是哪位？A.老子B.约瑟夫·奈正确答案：A17.哪位学者提出社区宗教改革和普通人的革命的概念，强调了普通人通过社区组织来自下而上地推动近代政治的发展？A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案：B18.哪位学者否定了把工业革命之前的文化分裂为精英文化、大众文化之间的对立的做法，认为这两种文化之间存在着互补性，甚至可以被视为同一种文化延伸出来的两种表述方式？A.鲍斯曼C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案：C19.哪位学者提出宗教改革并不是路德一人的宗教改革，而是存在诸多的宗教改革，如茨温利的改革、加尔文的改革、德国诸侯的改革、市民的宗教改革和农民的宗教改革？A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案：C20.下列哪一项不属于路德的宗教改革思想主张？A.因信称义B.行为称义C.凡信徒皆祭司D.重视《圣经》和基督，而不是崇拜教会、教皇正确答案：B21.宗教改革产生了哪些影响？A.政治上，变教会政府两分法为政府掌控下的教会B.经济上，关闭修道院，不再向教会纳税，教会财产归国家或世俗政府C.教会上，将教会视为人间的组织D.心理上，强调基督徒的自由正确答案：ABCD22.在七大圣礼中，哪一个是为立志到僧侣的人授予权杖和戒指的？A.洗礼B.涂油礼C.授受礼D.坚信礼正确答案：C23.耶稣是从谁那里受洗的A.圣母B.约翰C.上帝D.撒旦正确答案：B24.中世纪教会与世俗社会之间的矛盾体现在以下哪些方面？A.教会与国王的权力之争B.富裕的教会与贫穷的社会之间的经济之争C.禁欲的文化与开放的世俗贵族文化之间的文化之争D.礼仪限制下的人与因果限制下的人之间的思想之争E.教会对一些职业的限制与世俗人士要不择手段挣钱谋生之间的工作之争正确答案：ABCDE25.中世纪的教会具有哪些特点？A.等级制B.宗教对世俗的反动C.教义的理论主张与教会的实际行为之间存在矛盾正确答案：ABC26.人文学科和社会学科的研究大体上可以被归纳为哪两种类型？A.基础研究B.决策研究C.实验研究正确答案：AB27.在天主教的七大圣礼中，哪一项是对立志当僧侣的人授予权杖和戒指？A.坚信礼B.涂油礼C.授受礼D.圣餐礼正确答案：C28.哪些原因促成欧洲最早向近代过渡？A.欧洲是世界上过渡阻力最小的地区B.成熟的市民阶层给予领导C.过渡时的策略灵活理性D.根据社会需要分阶段过渡，过渡的进程比较符合民意正确答案：ABCD29.欧洲的市民具有哪些特殊性，使其能够在欧洲由衰及兴的过程中担当起领导职责？A.独立于封建政府，直接来自民间，受市场、民间文化影响B.独立于封建文化，不受学院派的影响C.独立于教会，不受教会的影响D.独立于封建传统的祖宗家法正确答案：ABCD30.欧洲历史上的第二个过渡期大致可以划分为哪三个阶段？A.从476年西罗马帝国崩溃到800年查理大帝加冕B.从1350年到1500年的危机和驯服时期C.从1500年到1650年的制度转换时期D.从1650年到1800年的民主与专制进行斗争的大革命时期正确答案：BCD31.一个社会从中古到近代的转变，叫转型，也叫过渡，但是有两种情况：一种是有过渡期的过渡，另一种是没有过渡期的过渡。
智慧树知到《西方文明史导论》2019期末考试答案
智慧树知到《西方文明史导论》2019期末考试答案1【单选题】(5分)下列哪项不属于西方近代社会的特征？CA.主权国家B.国家臣民关系C.领主附庸制D.政教分离2【单选题】(5分)《荷马史诗》中提到的想出“木马计”的人物是AA.奥德修斯B.宙斯C.普罗米修斯3【单选题】(5分)哪位学者充分重视了普通人在近代欧洲政治形成中的作用，这种政治是普通人通过公社、议会、共和国三个步骤自下而上推动的，从而明显有别于只强调君主通过“王朝战争”自上而下建立近代国家的历史解释？AA.布瑞克B.鲍斯曼C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦4【单选题】(5分)下列哪项不属于西方近代社会的特征？CA.政教分离B.主权国家C.领主附庸制D.国家臣民关系5【单选题】(5分)欧洲的贵族发展经历了三个不同阶段，这三个阶段的依此顺序为？DA.封建贵族，权贵贵族，等级贵族B.等级贵族，封建贵族，权贵贵族C.权贵贵族，等级贵族，封建贵族D.封建贵族，等级贵族，权贵贵族6【单选题】(5分)亚里士多德的老师是？CA.亚历山大B.苏格拉底C.柏拉图7【单选题】(5分)12-14世纪的欧洲贵族可以被界定为AA.等级贵族B.权贵贵族C.封建贵族8【单选题】(5分)哪位学者提出社区宗教改革和普通人的革命的概念，强调了普通人通过社区组织来自下而上地推动近代政治的发展？CA.卡赞斯坦B.鲍斯曼C.布瑞克D.斯克瑞布尼9【单选题】(5分)1500-1800年间的欧洲历史，通常被界定为？DA.前工业化时期B.现代C.中世纪D.近代早期10【单选题】(5分)《近代国家的中世纪起源》的作者是谁？AA.斯特雷耶B.布洛赫C.冈绍夫11【单选题】(5分)哪位学者写作了《文艺复兴的衰落》，在自由与秩序组成的共生共存的范畴内研究文艺复兴的文化，纠正将差异变为对立的做法？BA.斯克瑞布尼B.鲍斯曼C.卡赞斯坦D.布瑞克12【单选题】(5分)与中国文化相比，西方人更偏向于用下述哪种思维？BA.归纳法B.演绎法13【单选题】(5分)“罗马传统”的特征是？AA.放大了的国家B.放大了的个人C.强调家的原则D.罗马的反文化14【单选题】(5分)一个社会从中古到近代的转变，叫转型，也叫过渡，但是有两种情况：一种是有过渡期的过渡，另一种是没有过渡期的过渡。
西方文明史导论作业参考答案要点
西方文明史导论作业参考答案要点《西方文明史导论》作业参考答案要点第一章绪论1、【问答题】(1分)英国前首相丘吉尔说:“大学不仅要传授知识，大学更应当传授智慧。
大学不应满足于培训技术，大学更应致力于锻造人格。
”结合你自己的专业，谈谈你对这段话的理解。
主观发挥题，无标准答案，言之有理、表述清晰有逻辑，能提出自己的观点认识为好。
第二章希腊文化的意境和希腊1、【问答题】(10分)概述希腊文化的意境。
理想与美:希腊艺术的意境表述;情感交流的方式:直觉、诗语和精神的形象化;玄同忘我之境在理想和现实的交汇点产生。
2、【问答题】(10分)阐述希腊文化的特点来自民间的自发的民族文化;心灵性，每一件艺术都是用心灵雕刻出的精品;向善性;唯美主义;神秘性和悬念第三章古代希腊的英雄主义1、【问答题】(10分)《荷马史诗》中的隐喻是什么,《荷马史诗》分成两部，上部《伊利亚特》，下部《奥德赛》。
两部史诗的内容不一样，前一部叫人拼命去当英雄，后一部叫人做一个平常人，游山玩水找到自己。
两个主题、风格、内容完全不一样的史书合在一起叫做《荷马史诗》，遭来很多人的非议。
一种普遍的说法是两部史书不是同一个人写的，因为它们的内容如此不同，所要反映的精神世界也是如此不同。
另一种说法，正是这样一种不同，反而组成一个合体，看到了它的两个面。
为什么这么一部有名的史诗，在主题和情节安排上产生出如此之大的反差,是作者的有意所为，还是一个历史的巧合,现在已无从考证，《荷马史诗》的原稿已经没有了。
姑且不做这样的文献考订，围绕内容来说，看一看这里面有没有被我们称之为大惑不解之谜，或者说是荷马史诗的隐喻，有什么谜语隐藏其中。
2、【问答题】(10分)如何破解《荷马史诗》的隐喻, 隐喻的破解:英雄主义隐喻的破解:浪漫主义奥德修斯情结和圆满的结局:从英雄主义转变到浪漫主义;行动的浪漫主义者而不是精神的浪漫主义者;坚定的目标性，找回自己;找到两极之间的最佳点;最后的发现:人与人、家和家、社会和社会之间，是可以取得和谐的。
西方文化导论课后题答案7-11章
西方文化导论课后题答案7-11章1. Please give an account of the setting of the Enlightenment.The fact that the Enlightenment first occurred in France was ascribed to the deterioration in economic, political, social and cultural conditions in the 18th-century France. The French people strongly demanded that the declining situation be arrested and reforms be carried out. Under such circumstances, progressive intellectuals began to think more seriously about the solutions to the crises and tried to resort to intellectual and social means. This movement also asked for more political power to the people as the bourgeoisie joined in with its economic support and thus the cultural movement tinned with political colour as a bourgeois mark. On the other hand, the dissemination of scientific knowledge and the influences of British empiricism also immensely heightened intellectual and political awareness of the people in general. This prepared the political basis of the bourgeois revolution to follow.2. Briefly introduce one or two representative figures of the Enlightenment and their central ideas. V oltaire and Montesquieu are two of the representative figures of the Enlightenment. Voltaire exposed the dark side of France such as the corruption and injustice of Christianity by launching his theory on human nature. Also, he argued for the freedom and equality of ordinary people. What’s more, he strongly condemned feudal autocracy and put forward the theory of the enlightened monarchy.Montesquieu’s political theory developed the principle of dividing political power although the principle itself was not his invention. Montesquieu contributed significantly to the establishment of the modern Western state by exposing thenature of state and human beings in his great work Spirit of Law which has wide-ranging influence on the later generations of modern Western political thinking and practice.For Montesquieu, it was climate that contributed most to the formation of a society and he believed it was shown in national character, political system, marriage codes, religion, and the use of slavery. His geographical and environmental theory is of some progressive significance, but it exaggerates the geographical factor in social development.1. Say something about the origin and the major concerns of Romanticism. Give examples. Romanticism originated out of the craving for individual freedom by the young intellectuals who could not tolerate ideological and intellectual oppression derived from classicism and rationalism imposed by the ruling class and traditional culture, as was demonstrated in Germany where the Storm and Stress Movement occurred under Rousseau’s influence which attracted many followers including Goethe and Schiller.To some extent it was a reaction against the Enlightenment and the 18th-century rationalism and materialism in general. It demanded more reasonable attention to human passion and individuality as a way to reach real human emancipation and freedom.The major concerns of Romanticism comprised individualism, emotionalism, worship of nature, fascination with the alien aspects of foreign lands, enthusiasm for nationalism and often expressed an air of disillusionment.2. What do you think of the similarities and dissimilarities between realism and naturalism?The similarities of realism and naturalism lie in the fact thatthey both aim to describe real life and try to reveal the nature of social reality, especially the dark side of human society. But in the ways of representation, they differ in the following aspects: first, the naturalist writer does not focus on a typical environment or typical characters for representation of reality, and instead, they would attempt to depict real life as it is by sticking to the inherent factor which would usually lead to thecause or motivation of certain or behaviors; second, the naturalist writer emphasizes more of the influence of environment on human nature and behavior by exposing the dark and evil aspect of human society which is not just similar to social realism but even more violent and barbarous and emotional.1.2. Choose one representative character from German classical philosophers and make a brief remark on his contribution to the later social or cultural development.Immanuel Kant was an 18th-century German classical philosopher. He is regarded as one of the most influential thinkers of modern Europe and of the late Enlightenment. Kant created a new widespread perspective in philosophy which influenced European philosophy through and after his lifetime. He also published important works of epistemology, as well as works relevant to religion, law, and history. His most important works is the Critique of Pure Reason, an investigation into the limitations and structure of reason itself. It encompasses an attack on traditional metaphysics and e pistemology, and highlights Kant’s own contribution to these areas. Kant’s great contribution lies in his interpretation of human epistemology: the ultimate nature of real ity of the “things in themselves” remainsforever unaccessible to the human mind and what we can know is only its phenomena. The mind impresses its forms of sensibility via space and time or the original data of the senses and orders them according to the categories of thought.1. Say something you know about Modernism, including its performance and features. Modernism, in its broadest sense, is modern thought, character, or practice. More specifically, the term describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated cultural schools, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The term encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the “traditional” forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social conventions and daily life were becoming outdated in the new conditions of economic, social and political developments under the influence of industrialization and colonization.Modernism —despite its complexity and multiplicity in terms of ideological tendencies and representation modes, could be regarded basically to be irrational, that is, in opposition to rational tradition of the Western culture and civilization. History has repeatedly proved that any radical drive or trend could not last long and so did modernism which, with all its justifications, only survived a few decades since its beginning and had to decline and finally disappeared as a movement though some of its ideas and forms or techniques still maintained. The reason is simple — no one could reject all the inheritances his ancestors have passed on to him no matter whether these inheritances are valuable enough for him to benefit from. In that sense people after modernism, particularly the cultural people or intellectuals, have to take a lesson from Modernist Movement, which theyshould be cautious about the way to handle cultural heritage and need to try to make use of the positive elements from tradition.2. Describe one or two modernist writers focused on his work.James Joyce is one of most prominent modernist writers in the early 20th century whose reputation mainly rests upon his masterful use of the Stream of Consciousness technique in his writing. He is best known for his landmark novel Ulysses (1922) and its controversial successor Finnegans Wake(1939), as well as the short story collection Dubliners(1914) and the semi-autobiographical novellet A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916). Ulysses is one of the most important works of Modernist literature. The action of novel, which takes place in asingle day, 16 June 1904, sets the characters and incidents of the Odyssey of Homer in modern Dublin and bases his three protagonists, Leopold Bloom, Molly Bloom and Stephen Dedalus, on the triangular relationship in parallel with the construction of Odysseus, Penelope and Telemachus. Ulysses’ stream-of-consciousness technique, symbolic structure, and experimental prose style—full of puns, parodies, and allusions—as well as its rich characterization in close association with serious thematic concerns, such as Irish nationalism, sympathy for the Jew and women, and protest against Catholicism, therefore renders the book a highly recognized status in Modernist literature.1. Tell some ideological Representative Figures of the Modern age and their main ideas..(1) Marx’s Marxism, its main ideas include scientific socialism, political economics, and dialectic materialism.(2) Darwin’s theory of Evolution by Natural Selection, Its main idea as follow:i. Species have developed or evolved by a series of smallvariations.ii. All animals and plants are descended from a single prototype.iii. Natural selection or survival of the fittest ensures that only those variations which improve the chances of survival of species are ultimately significant.iv. Only inherited characteristics can be passed on to later generations.Comet’s Positivis m, including Theory of Three Stages:i. Man wanted to acquire absolute knowledge and explain the observed phenomena of the outside world with the help of supernatural theological influences.ii. Man used instead a kind of personified abstraction, i.e. meta physical nature and “natural force”. iii. Rational sciences dominated everything.Bergson’s Intuitional Ideas:i. He was opposed to the monism of both materialism and idealism and sought a return to philosophical dualism.ii. The functions of intuition and intellect and their differences.Freud’s Theory of Psychoanalysis:i. deep-level psychology: the human unconscious was like the submerged part of an iceberg, hiding many instinctive impulses and repressed desires;ii. Three concepts: the id, the ego, the superego (choose two or three)上一页下一页。
西方文化导论课后题答案7-11章
1. Please give an account of the setting of the Enlightenment.The fact that the Enlightenment first occurred in France was ascribed to the deterioration in economic, political, social and cultural conditions in the 18th-century France. The French people strongly demanded that the declining situation be arrested and reforms be carried out. Under such circumstances, progressive intellectuals began to think more seriously about the solutions to the crises and tried to resort to intellectual and social means. This movement also asked for more political power to the people as the bourgeoisie joined in with its economic support and thus the cultural movement tinned with political colour as a bourgeois mark. On the other hand, the dissemination of scientific knowledge and the influences of British empiricism also immensely heightened intellectual and political awareness of the people in general. This prepared the political basis of the bourgeois revolution to follow.2. Briefly introduce one or two representative figures of the Enlightenment and their central ideas. V oltaire and Montesquieu are two of the representative figures of the Enlightenment. Voltaire exposed the dark side of France such as the corruption and injustice of Christianity by launching his theory on human nature. Also, he argued for the freedom and equality of ordinary people. What’s more, he strongly condemned feudal autocracy and put forward the theory of the enlightened monarchy.Montesquieu’s political theory developed the principle of dividing political power although the principle itself was not his invention. Montesquieu contributed significantly to the establishment of the modern Western state by exposing the nature of state and human beings in his great work Spirit of Law which has wide-ranging influence on the later generations of modern Western political thinking and practice.For Montesquieu, it was climate that contributed most to the formation of a society and he believed it was shown in national character, political system, marriage codes, religion, and the use of slavery. His geographical and environmental theory is of some progressive significance, but it exaggerates the geographical factor in social development.1. Say something about the origin and the major concerns of Romanticism. Give examples. Romanticism originated out of the craving for individual freedom by the young intellectuals who could not tolerate ideological and intellectual oppression derived from classicism and rationalism imposed by the ruling class and traditional culture, as was demonstrated in Germany where the Storm and Stress Movement occurred under Rousseau’s influence which attracted many followers including Goethe and Schiller.To some extent it was a reaction against the Enlightenment and the 18th-century rationalism and materialism in general. It demanded more reasonable attention to human passion and individuality as a way to reach real human emancipation and freedom.The major concerns of Romanticism comprised individualism, emotionalism, worship of nature, fascination with the alien aspects of foreign lands, enthusiasm for nationalism and often expressed an air of disillusionment.2. What do you think of the similarities and dissimilarities between realism and naturalism?The similarities of realism and naturalism lie in the fact that they both aim to describe real life and try to reveal the nature of social reality, especially the dark side of human society. But in the ways of representation, they differ in the following aspects: first, the naturalist writer does not focus on a typical environment or typical characters for representation of reality, and instead, they would attempt to depict real life as it is by sticking to the inherent factor which would usually lead to thecause or motivation of certain or behaviors; second, the naturalist writer emphasizes more of the influence of environment on human nature and behavior by exposing the dark and evil aspect of human society which is not just similar to social realism but even more violent and barbarous and emotional.1.2. Choose one representative character from German classical philosophers and make a brief remark on his contribution to the later social or cultural development.Immanuel Kant was an 18th-century German classical philosopher. He is regarded as one of the most influential thinkers of modern Europe and of the late Enlightenment. Kant created a new widespread perspective in philosophy which influenced European philosophy through and after his lifetime. He also published important works of epistemology, as well as works relevant to religion, law, and history. His most important works is the Critique of Pure Reason, an investigation into the limitations and structure of reason itself. It encompasses an attack on traditional metaphysics and e pistemology, and highlights Kant’s own contribution to these areas. Kant’s great contribution lies in his interpretation of human epistemology: the ultimate nature of reality of the “things in themselves” remains forever unaccessible to the human mind and what we can know is only its phenomena. The mind impresses its forms of sensibility via space and time or the original data of the senses and orders them according to the categories of thought.1. Say something you know about Modernism, including its performance and features. Modernism, in its broadest sense, is modern thought, character, or practice. More specifically, the term describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated cultural schools, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The term encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the “traditional” forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social conventions and daily life were becoming outdated in the new conditions of economic, social and political developments under the influence of industrialization and colonization.Modernism —despite its complexity and multiplicity in terms of ideological tendencies and representation modes, could be regarded basically to be irrational, that is, in opposition to rational tradition of the Western culture and civilization. History has repeatedly proved that any radical drive or trend could not last long and so did modernism which, with all its justifications, only survived a few decades since its beginning and had to decline and finally disappeared as a movement though some of its ideas and forms or techniques still maintained. The reason is simple — no one could reject all the inheritances his ancestors have passed on to him no matter whether these inheritances are valuable enough for him to benefit from. In that sense people after modernism, particularly the cultural people or intellectuals, have to take a lesson from Modernist Movement, which they should be cautious about the way to handle cultural heritage and need to try to make use of the positive elements from tradition.2. Describe one or two modernist writers focused on his work.James Joyce is one of most prominent modernist writers in the early 20th century whose reputation mainly rests upon his masterful use of the Stream of Consciousness technique in his writing. He is best known for his landmark novel Ulysses (1922) and its controversial successor Finnegans Wake(1939), as well as the short story collection Dubliners(1914) and the semi-autobiographical novellet A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916). Ulysses is one of the most important works of Modernist literature. The action of novel, which takes place in asingle day, 16 June 1904, sets the characters and incidents of the Odyssey of Homer in modern Dublin and bases his three protagonists, Leopold Bloom, Molly Bloom and Stephen Dedalus, on the triangular relationship in parallel with the construction of Odysseus, Penelope and Telemachus. Ulysses’ stream-of-consciousness technique, symbolic structure, and experimental prose style—full of puns, parodies, and allusions—as well as its rich characterization in close association with serious thematic concerns, such as Irish nationalism, sympathy for the Jew and women, and protest against Catholicism, therefore renders the book a highly recognized status in Modernist literature.1. Tell some ideological Representative Figures of the Modern age and their main ideas..(1) Marx’s Marxism, its main ideas include scientific socialism, political economics, and dialectic materialism.(2) Darwin’s theory of Evolution by Natural Selection, Its main idea as follow:i. Species have developed or evolved by a series of small variations.ii. All animals and plants are descended from a single prototype.iii. Natural selection or survival of the fittest ensures that only those variations which improve the chances of survival of species are ultimately significant.iv. Only inherited characteristics can be passed on to later generations.Comet’s Positivism, including Theory of Three Stages:i. Man wanted to acquire absolute knowledge and explain the observed phenomena of the outside world with the help of supernatural theological influences.ii. Man used instead a kind of personified abstraction, i.e. metaphysical nature and “natural force”. iii. Rational sciences dominated everything.Bergson’s Intuitional Ideas:i. He was opposed to the monism of both materialism and idealism and sought a return to philosophical dualism.ii. The functions of intuition and intellect and their differences.Freud’s Theory of Psychoanalysis:i. deep-level psychology: the human unconscious was like the submerged part of an iceberg, hiding many instinctive impulses and repressed desires;ii. Three concepts: the id, the ego, the superego (choose two or three)。
2018智慧树西方文明史导论答案
第一章单元测试1【单项选择题】 (5 分 )以下哪部著作经过研究日本的公民性、服务于二战后美国对日政策，并成为将基础研究与决议研究密切联合起来的模范？A.《菊与刀》B.《文明的矛盾》2【多项选择题】 (5 分 )以下描绘哪些切合公民性及公民性研究的特色？A. 公民性包含了文化表象、思想方式、价值看法、社会伦理、宗教传统等因素B.反应的是集体的、而非个其他认可和行为的方式C.经过公民性研究能够解剖一个国家的密码D.公民性研究是一种决议研究3【多项选择题】 (5 分 )文明与以下哪些因素是对峙的？A.野蛮B.动物性4【单项选择题】 (5 分 )与中国文化对比，西方人更倾向于用下述哪一种思想？A.概括法B.演绎法5【单项选择题】 (5 分 )文化兴国中的“文化” ，对国家而言，指的是A.国家的文化实力B.单位和个人的创新能力第二章单元测试1【单项选择题】 (5 分 )希腊举行的第一次全国性的奥林匹克运动会是在哪一点？A. 公元前 746 年B. 公元前 776 年C.公元前 465 年2【多项选择题】 (5 分 )以下哪些描绘切合希腊文化的境界？A理想与美B.直觉、诗语和精神的形象化C.玄同忘我之境在理想和现实的交汇点产生3【多项选择题】 (5 分 )希腊文化拥有以下哪些特色？A.来自民间的自觉的民族文化；B.心灵性，每一件艺术都是专心灵雕琢出的精选；E.神奇性和悬念4【单项选择题】 (5 分 )希腊神话中，贞节的保护神是？A.雅典娜B.赫拉C.宙斯5【多项选择题】 (5 分 )《荷马史诗》内容包含了？A.《伊利亚特》B.《奥德赛》C.《工作与时间》第三章单元测试1【多项选择题】 (5 分 )《荷马史诗》中的隐喻是指哪两部著作在内容和要旨上存在的反差之谜？A.《伊利亚特》B.《奥德赛》C.《工作与时间》2【单项选择题】 (5 分 )破解《荷马史诗》的隐喻的重点点在于？A.从英豪主义转变到浪漫主义B.从唯美主义到现实主义C.从浪漫主义到理性主义3【单项选择题】 (5 分 )亚里士多德的老师是？A.苏格拉底B.柏拉图C.亚历山大4【多项选择题】 (5 分 )斯巴达英豪的两个重点是A.体魄B.爱美C.力度5【单项选择题】 (5 分 )《荷马史诗》中提到的想出“木马计”的人物是A.普罗米修斯B.奥德修斯C.宙斯第四章单元测试1【多项选择题】 (5 分 )罗马文明之因此会代替希腊，在于其文化中的哪些特色？A.浪漫B.理性C.现实D.世俗2【多项选择题】 (5 分 )古代西方文明是由以下哪些因素共同塑造而成的？A.希腊文明B.罗马文明C.日耳曼文化D.基督教因素3【单项选择题】 (5 分 )“希腊传统”的特色是？A.放大了的个人B.放大了的国家C.重申家的原则D.罗马的反文化4【单项选择题】 (5 分 )“罗马传统”的特色是？A.放大了的个人B.放大了的国家C.重申家的原则D.罗马的反文化5【单项选择题】 (5 分 )“日耳曼传统”的特色是？A.放大了的个人B.放大了的国家C.重申家的原则D.罗马的反文化6【单项选择题】 (5 分 )“原始基督教的传统”的特色是？A.放大了的个人B.放大了的国家C.重申家的原则D.罗马的反文化第五章单元测试1【多项选择题】 (5 分 )以下哪些描绘切合罗马文化的因素？A.实用性B.工具论C.重申身体的快乐D.荣誉高于全部2【单项选择题】 (5 分 )在罗马人的眼中，希腊人的文化存在什么问题？A.没用B.俗3【单项选择题】 (5 分 )希腊人会感觉罗马人的文化存在什么问题？A.没用B.俗4【多项选择题】 (5 分 )经过比较罗马文化和中国文化，能够得出哪些对于中西方文化之间的差别性的结论？A.西方是高科技文化，中国文化是高感情文化B.西方是求新求异，将来崇敬；中国是求全责怪，重视传统C.西方是重外王，重个人主义；中国是重内圣，重集体主义D.西方是断裂性发展，快而不稳；中国是持续性发展5【多项选择题】 (5 分 )从中国人的目光来看，罗马文化缺少中国文化的哪些因素？A.政治统治而非强力统治B.政权与主流经济相联合C.知识分子与国家的联合D.中庸性和强盛的综合能力第六章单元测试(5 分 )1. 【单项选择题】哪位学者提出了广义上的封建主义的看法，将封建社会视为一种社会种类，综合了封建社会的经济、政治和文化心态？A. 冈绍夫B. 布洛赫C.斯特雷耶2.【单项选择题】 (5 分 )哪位学者提出了狭义上的封建主义看法，以法律和政治层面为主，用以指代封君封臣制？A.斯特雷耶B.布洛赫C.冈绍夫3【单项选择题】 (5 分 )欧洲的贵族发展经历了三个不一样阶段，这三个阶段的依此次序为？A.封建贵族，等级贵族，显贵贵族B.等级贵族，封建贵族，显贵贵族C.封建贵族，显贵贵族，等级贵族D.显贵贵族，等级贵族，封建贵族4【单项选择题】 (5 分 )欧洲中世纪史或中古史一般被以为以什么事件为初步？A.罗马共和国的成立B.文艺中兴的开始C.西罗马帝国的消亡5【多项选择题】 (5 分 )欧洲的贵族的制度化表现包含A.庄园制度B.领地制度C.农奴制度D.领主附庸制第七章单元测试1【单项选择题】 (5 分 )一个社会从中古到近代的转变，叫转型，也叫过渡，可是有两种状况：一种是有过渡期的过渡，另一种是没有过渡期的过渡。
南开大学智慧树知到“选修课”《西方文化名著导读(尔雅)》网课测试题答案3
南开大学智慧树知到“选修课”《西方文化名著导读（尔雅）》网课测试题答案（图片大小可自由调整）第1卷一.综合考核(共15题)1.“现有的世界是逻辑上所可能有的世界当中最美好的一个”是谁的观点?()A.莱布尼茨B.黑格尔C.笛卡尔D.休谟2.霍布斯和洛克同为古典自由主义的奠基人。
()A.错误B.正确3.谁认为“人是两足而无毛的动物”?()A.卢梭B.达尔文C.亚里士多德D.柏拉图4.下面哪一位不是德国人?()A.康德B.歌德C.贝多芬D.卢梭5.哪一位不是启蒙运动的思想家?()A.狄德罗B.卢梭C.奥古斯丁D.伏尔泰6.《独立宣言》中认为造物主所赋予人的不可转让的权利不包括哪一项?() A.生命权B.自由权C.财产权D.追求幸福的权利7.布鲁诺被烧死的真正原因是什么?()A.相信日心说B.主张泛神论C.反对地心说D.坚信科学反对宗教8.霍布斯认为通过契约，人们把全部权利都交给了国家。
()A.错误B.正确9.亚里士多德是雅典人。
()A.错误B.正确10.戊戌变法发生于1889年。
()A.错误B.正确11.下面哪一本书被称为现代哲学的宣言书?()A.《新工具》B.《纯粹理性批判》C.《谈谈方法》D.《存在于时间》12.以下对资本主义经济大萧条说法错误的是：()A.它发生在1929年到1933年B.它的影响范围很广C.它提高了政府对经济的政策参与性D.它直接导致了二战的爆发13.路德从《圣经》的哪一部分领悟到了圣经的真意?()A.《雅各书》B.《以弗所书》C.《哥林多前书》D.《罗马人书》14.光荣革命之后英国国王被废除。
()A.错误B.正确15.德国古典哲学的创始人是：()A.费尔巴哈B.黑格尔C.费希特D.康德第2卷一.综合考核(共15题)1.莱布尼茨认为没有夹杂任何杂质的善是不存在的。
()A.错误B.正确2.拉普拉斯星云学说是由谁提出的?()A.哥白尼B.康德C.伽利略D.叔本华3.《论法的精神》的作者是：()A.卢梭B.孟德斯鸠C.伏尔泰D.霍布斯4.人只有在人群中才能体现其价值。
西方文明史导论智慧树知到答案章节测试2023年北京大学
第一章测试1.以下哪部著作通过研究日本的国民性、服务于二战后美国对日政策，并成为将基础研究与决策研究紧密结合起来的典范？A:《菊与刀》B:《文明的冲突》答案:A2.以下描述哪些符合国民性及国民性研究的特点？A:国民性包含了文化表象、思维方式、价值观念、社会伦理、宗教传统等要素B:反映的是群体的、而非个别的认同和行为的方式C:通过国民性研究可以解剖一个国家的密码D:国民性研究是一种决策研究答案:ABCD3.文明与下列哪些要素是对立的？A:动物性B:本能答案:AB4.与中国文化相比，西方人更偏向于用下述哪种思维？A:归纳法B:演绎法答案:B5.文化兴国中的“文化”，对国家而言，指的是A:国家的文化实力B:单位和个人的创新能力答案:A第二章测试1.希腊举行的第一次全国性的奥林匹克运动会是在哪一年？A:公元前776年B:公元前465年C:公元前746年答案:A2.下列哪些描述符合希腊文化的意境？A:理想与美B:玄同忘我之境在理想和现实的交汇点产生C:直觉、诗语和精神的形象化答案:ABC3.希腊文化具有如下哪些特点？A:神秘性和悬念B:唯美主义；C:来自民间的自发的民族文化；D:向善性；E:心灵性，每一件艺术都是用心灵雕刻出的精品；答案:ABCDE4.希腊神话中，贞节的保护神是？A:雅典娜B:宙斯C:赫拉答案:C5.《荷马史诗》内容包含了？A:《工作与时日》B:《伊利亚特》C:《奥德赛》答案:BC第三章测试1.《荷马史诗》中的隐喻是指哪两部著作在内容和主旨上存在的反差之谜？A:《奥德赛》B:《伊利亚特》C:《工作与时日》答案:AB2.破解《荷马史诗》的隐喻的关键点在于？A:从唯美主义到现实主义B:从英雄主义转变到浪漫主义C:从浪漫主义到理性主义答案:B3.亚里士多德的老师是？A:柏拉图B:亚历山大C:苏格拉底答案:A4.斯巴达英雄的两个关键是A:爱美B:力度C:体魄答案:BC5.《荷马史诗》中提到的想出“木马计”的人物是A:奥德修斯B:宙斯C:普罗米修斯答案:A1.罗马文明之所以会取代希腊，在于其文化中的哪些特点？A:世俗B:理性C:浪漫D:现实答案:ABD2.古代西方文明是由以下哪些要素共同塑造而成的？A:基督教要素B:罗马文明C:日耳曼文化D:希腊文明答案:ABCD3.“希腊传统”的特征是？A:强调家的原则B:放大了的个人C:罗马的反文化D:放大了的国家答案:B4.“罗马传统”的特征是？A:强调家的原则B:放大了的国家C:放大了的个人D:罗马的反文化答案:B5.“日耳曼传统”的特征是？A:强调家的原则B:放大了的国家C:放大了的个人D:罗马的反文化答案:A6.“原始基督教的传统”的特征是？A:罗马的反文化B:放大了的个人C:放大了的国家D:强调家的原则答案:A1.下列哪些描述符合罗马文化的要素？A:有用性B:工具论C:强调身体的快乐D:荣誉高于一切答案:ABCD2.在罗马人的眼中，希腊人的文化存在什么问题？A:没用B:俗答案:A3.希腊人会觉得罗马人的文化存在什么问题？A:俗B:没用答案:A4.通过比较罗马文化和中国文化，可以得出哪些关于中西方文化之间的差异性的结论？A:西方是高科技文化，中国文化是高情感文化B:西方是求新求异，未来崇拜；中国是求全责备，重视传统C:西方是断裂性发展，快而不稳；中国是延续性发展D:西方是重外王，重个人主义；中国是重内圣，重集体主义答案:ABCD5.从中国人的眼光来看，罗马文化缺乏中国文化的哪些要素？A:中庸性和强大的综合能力B:知识分子与国家的结合C:政权与主流经济相结合D:政治统治而非强力统治答案:ABCD第六章测试1.哪位学者提出了广义上的封建主义的概念，将封建社会视为一种社会类型，综合了封建社会的经济、政治和文化心态？A:冈绍夫B:布洛赫C:斯特雷耶答案:B2.哪位学者提出了狭义上的封建主义概念，以法律和政治层面为主，用以指代封君封臣制？A:斯特雷耶B:冈绍夫C:布洛赫答案:B3.欧洲的贵族发展经历了三个不同阶段，这三个阶段的依此顺序为？A:封建贵族，权贵贵族，等级贵族B:等级贵族，封建贵族，权贵贵族C:封建贵族，等级贵族，权贵贵族D:权贵贵族，等级贵族，封建贵族答案:C4.欧洲中世纪史或中古史一般被认为以什么事件为开端？A:罗马共和国的建立B:文艺复兴的开始C:西罗马帝国的灭亡答案:C5.欧洲的贵族的制度化表现包括A:领主附庸制B:庄园制度C:领地制度D:农奴制度答案:ABCD第七章测试1.一个社会从中古到近代的转变，叫转型，也叫过渡，但是有两种情况：一种是有过渡期的过渡，另一种是没有过渡期的过渡。
智慧树知到西方文明史导论章节测试答案-V1
智慧树知到西方文明史导论章节测试答案-V1正文内容：智慧树知道西方文明史导论是一门非常有趣的课程，其中包括了许多有趣的章节和测试。
为了帮助同学们更好地掌握这门课程的知识，我们特别整理了智慧树知道西方文明史导论章节测试答案，供大家参考。
首先是第一章节测试答案：1. B2. D3. C4. B5. B第二章节测试答案如下：1. B2. C3. A4. D5. B第三章节测试答案如下：1. B2. D3. C5. B第四章节测试答案如下：1. B2. C3. A4. D5. B第五章节测试答案如下：1. D2. B3. C4. A5. D第六章节测试答案如下：1. C2. B3. D4. A5. C第七章节测试答案如下：1. C2. A4. B5. A第八章节测试答案如下：1. A2. C3. D4. B5. A第九章节测试答案如下：1. A2. B3. C4. A5. A第十章节测试答案如下：1. C2. B3. D4. A5. C通过以上的测试答案可以看出，这门课程的知识内容涵盖面非常广，需要我们有一定的历史和文化素养。
同时，也需要我们多加练习和思考，才能更好地掌握其中的知识点。
总之，智慧树知道西方文明史导论是一门非常有意义和价值的课程，为我们打开了一扇通向西方文明的大门。
希望大家可以认真学习并掌握其中的知识，让我们了解更多的历史和文化。
南开大学智慧树知到“选修课”《西方文明通论(尔雅)》网课测试题答案1
南开大学智慧树知到“选修课”《西方文明通论（尔雅）》网课测试题答案（图片大小可自由调整）第1卷一.综合考核(共15题)1.以下哪项不属于对西方音乐的风格分期?()A.巴洛克音乐B.浪漫主义音乐C.文艺复兴音乐D.表现主义音乐2.《三分钱歌剧》是以下哪位音乐家的作品?()A.普朗克B.库尔特·魏尔C.约翰·凯奇D.韦伯恩3.下列关于清教徒的说法错误的是()。
A.支持加尔文的观点B.主张“勤俭清洁”的生活态度C.属于保守的宗教派别D.对亨利八世的宗教改革不满4.中国开眼看世界的第一人是()。
A.魏源B.张之洞C.林则徐D.郑观应5.狄俄尼索斯与罗马人信奉的巴克斯是同一位神祗。
()A.错误B.正确6.以下关于个人自由说法正确的是()。
A.它指个人生活的某些领域不受国家权力干预和侵犯B.它意味着个人想做什么就能做什么C.它是绝对的个人主义D.它指的是个人经济的独立7.以下关于古希腊城邦公民的说法错误的是()。
A.公民是城邦的主人B.公民内部分为贵族和平民C.公民是具有特权的身份团体D.自由民都属于公民8.中国古代的“四大发明”不是工艺技术，而是根基于严密的理论科学。
()A.错误B.正确9.与西方文明相比，中华文明的发展大起大落较多。
()A.错误B.正确10.下列关于故宫的说法正确的是()。
A.故宫的太和殿属于重檐歇山式建筑B.故宫建筑没有一条严整的中轴线C.故宫建筑的屋顶普遍采用尊贵的黄色琉璃瓦D.故宫的屋顶飞檐上没有雕饰瑞兽11.东罗马帝国比西罗马帝国继承了更多的西方文明。
()A.错误B.正确12.以下哪项不属于逻各斯的希腊含义?()A.理性B.逻辑C.制度D.礼法13.交响乐《惊愕》是莫扎特的代表作品。
()A.错误B.正确14.死刑在一些国家的废除表明了文明的进步。
()A.错误B.正确15.在西方被誉为“第一艺术”的是()。
A.文学B.绘画C.建筑D.雕塑第2卷一.综合考核(共15题)1.东巴文是我国瑶族女性创造的文字。
南开大学智慧树知到“选修课”《西方文明通论(尔雅)》网课测试题答案4
南开大学智慧树知到“选修课”《西方文明通论（尔雅）》网课测试题答案（图片大小可自由调整）第1卷一.综合考核(共15题)1.以下属于古希腊时期音乐作品的是()。
A.《唱经诗集》B.《乐章三首》C.《赛基洛斯的墓志铭》D.《春之祭》2.西方对阿波罗的崇拜远早于对狄俄尼索斯的崇拜。
()A.错误B.正确3.以下不属于古罗马政治结构多元化的表现的是()。
A.一国多制B.政教二元化体系C.城市自治D.国家二分4.以下属于基督教对西方宪政文明的贡献的是()。
A.价值观念的革命B.自由主义的兴起C.三权分立D.多党轮流执政5.从中世纪起规定小步舞曲为几拍子?()A.三拍子B.四拍子C.五拍子D.六拍子6.以下哪项不属于西方建筑的四种主要石柱?() A.多利克石柱B.爱奥尼石柱C.人形柱D.图腾柱7.人类最早的文字是()。
A.象形文字B.楔形文字C.拼音文字D.图画文字8.上帝和谁订立的约被称为旧约?()A.摩西B.亚伯拉罕C.圣彼得D.保罗9.社会发展的关键是社会对人的自由和平等的承认与保障。
()A.错误B.正确10.下列关于故宫的说法正确的是()。
A.故宫的太和殿属于重檐歇山式建筑B.故宫建筑没有一条严整的中轴线C.故宫建筑的屋顶普遍采用尊贵的黄色琉璃瓦D.故宫的屋顶飞檐上没有雕饰瑞兽11.以下关于古希腊城邦公民的说法错误的是()。
A.公民是城邦的主人B.公民内部分为贵族和平民C.公民是具有特权的身份团体D.自由民都属于公民12.以下哪项不属于对西方音乐的风格分期?()A.巴洛克音乐B.浪漫主义音乐C.文艺复兴音乐D.表现主义音乐13.以下哪个国家属于英美法系国家?()A.巴西B.西班牙C.日本D.印度14.人的能力的提高，核心是生产工具的改进和科技水平的提高。
()A.错误B.正确15.在“自由、平等、博爱”的资本主义国家理念中，平等是第一大理念。
()A.错误B.正确第2卷一.综合考核(共15题)1.工艺是一种介于感性和理性之间的文化形态，符合西方民族的心理特长。
西方文化导论-课后习题答案(新)
(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship”and “courage”.Plato established the Academy －the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic”which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity. Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere.(2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world.Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modern era in the West.Chapter 21. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields. According to Greek culture and others’ culture; they created their own gods and myth, In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements,Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His work has always been cited by later statesmen, writers or scholars,The architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developed a new kind.2. In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture.,religion, philosophy and literature. In religion, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples ,In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a All in all, the two cultures are closely linkedgreat deal from Greek culture.Chapter 31. How was the Jewish civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unification? The major explanation for the development of the Jewish civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality,they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures.From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessicity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, Most of Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position they could quickly turn it into a well developed nation in spite of its small size and small population .2．Say something about Judaism and The Old Testament.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value.Chapter 41. What are the main components of Christianity and why could it be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?(1)The main components of Christianity are ：1) The Bible as the only Christian scripture;Major Christian doctrines about Trinity and Redemption;3) Other doctrines or events of Christianity:(2 )Christianity is accepted and popular in Europe because of these factors:1).For the common people in the empire ,they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role.2). It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance.3). The name and influence of Christiaity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification,4) Christianity is also a kind of culture, it could be tolerated because their life and propertycould thus be secured in the changed circumstances.2. What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?In spite of the fact that the two religions derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.First is the different image of God.Second is different view of God. Jehovah is viewed He is like fire or wind .God is kinder and more helpful, Third is the different position each religion is located in and hence would make different contribution. Fourth is Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affect them in spirit occasionally while Christianity moved into secular life for the Westerner as Pope and churches became very powerful .Chapter 61.Tell simply the background and development of the Renaissance.It was no accident that it first occurred in Florence and Italy where the early signs of capitalism had appeared at the same time as social chaos, political disputes and military clashes , more and more people began to suspect the justification for those who held the power,Painting and sculpture were the first area to reflect the change of subjects and tastes.(2) What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.。
西方文化导论-课后习题答案.
(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship” and “courage”.Plato established the Academy － the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic” which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity. Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere.(2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world.Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modern era in the West.Chapter 21. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields. According to Greek culturecreated d their own gods and myth, In poetry, ancient Rome made and others’ culture; they createbrilliant achievements,Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His work has always been cited by later statesmen, writers or scholars,The architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developed a new kind.2. In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture.,religion, philosophy and literature. In religion, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples ,In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a All in all, the two cultures are closely linkedgreat deal from Greek culture.Chapter 31. How was the Jewish civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unification? The major explanation for the development of the Jewish civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality,they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures. From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessicity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, Most of Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position they could quickly turn it into a well developed nation in spite of its small size and small population .2．Say something about Judaism and The Old Testament.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value.Chapter 41. What are the main components of Christianity and why could it be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?(1)The main components of Christianity are ：1) The Bible as the only Christian scripture; Major Christian doctrines about Trinity and Redemption;3) Other doctrines or events of Christianity:(2 )Christianity is accepted and popular in Europe because of these factors:1).For the common people in the empire ,they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role.2). It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance.3). The name and influence of Christiaity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification,4) Christianity is also a kind of culture, it could be tolerated because their life and propertycould thus be secured in the changed circumstances.2. What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?In spite of the fact that the two religions derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.First is the different image of God.Second is different view of God. Jehovah is viewed He is like fire or wind .God is kinder and more helpful, Third is the different position each religion is located in and hence would make different contribution. Fourth is Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affect them in spirit occasionally while Christianity moved into secular life for the Westerner as Pope and churches became very powerful .Chapter 61.Tell simply the background and development of the Renaissance.It was no accident that it first occurred in Florence and Italy where the early signs of capitalism had appeared at the same time as social chaos, political disputes and military clashes , more and more people began to suspect the justification for those who held the power,Painting and sculpture were the first area to reflect the change of subjects and tastes.(2) What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.。
智慧树知到《西方文明史导论》见面课答案
见面课：文化兴国的欧洲经验1、” 抒情的天才独能感觉到一个画景，象征世界从神秘的玄同忘我之境中产生。
”这句经典的对于希腊艺术的评论是哪位哲学家所说A.叔本华B.尼采C.柏拉图D.亚里士多德正确答案：尼采2、尼采超人哲学的原型是A.苏格拉底B.柏拉图C.亚里士多德D.西塞罗正确答案：苏格拉底3、下列著作属于尼采的是A.《作为意志和表象的世界》B.《悲剧的诞生》C.《君主论》D.《理想国》正确答案：《悲剧的诞生》4、下列作品属于柏拉图的是A.《理想国》B.《乌托邦》C.《形而上学》D.《政治学》正确答案：《理想国》5、《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》两部长篇史诗统称为A.《荷马史诗》B.《罗马史诗》C.《希腊罗马名人传》D.《建城以来史》正确答案：《荷马史诗》见面课：文艺复兴艺术风格1、下列作品中，属于达芬奇代表作的是A.《蒙娜丽莎的微笑》B.《大卫》C.《西斯廷圣母》D.《雅典学院》正确答案：《蒙娜丽莎的微笑》2、下列作品与艺术家对应正确的一项是A.乔尔乔内《乌比诺的维纳斯》B.拉斐尔《三圣贤》C.达芬奇《最后的晚餐》D.米开朗基罗《格尔尼卡》正确答案：达芬奇《最后的晚餐》3、文艺复兴艺术三杰是A.达芬奇B.拉斐尔C.米开朗基罗D.提香正确答案：达芬奇;拉斐尔;米开朗基罗4、国家软实力要素包括A.政治价值的吸引力B.文化价值的感召力C.科技军事的震慑力D.外交政策的正当性正确答案：政治价值的吸引力;文化价值的感召力;外交政策的正当性5、下列选项不属于优秀研究者的必备素养的是A.广泛阅读，厚积薄发的功底B.宽阔视野，跨学科研究意识C.创新意识，敢于挑战权威D.投机想法，十分强的功利心正确答案：投机想法，十分强的功利心见面课：欧洲中世纪文明的演化1、布克哈特总结文艺复兴时代人身上的特征A.人文主义B.个人主义C.理性主义D.世俗主义正确答案：人文主义;个人主义 ;理性主义 ;世俗主义2、布克哈特认为A.文艺复兴是近代社会的开端B.城邦培养出有个性的公民，不再是中世纪的人C.文艺复兴提倡人自私自利，毫无美德D.文艺复兴时期的人具备了现代的荣誉感正确答案：文艺复兴是近代社会的开端;城邦培养出有个性的公民，不再是中世纪的人; 文艺复兴时期的人具备了现代的荣誉感3、查尔斯·霍莫·哈斯金斯的代表作是A.《十二世纪文艺复兴》B.《意大利文艺复兴时期的文化》C.《利维坦》D.《乌托邦》正确答案：《十二世纪文艺复兴》4、《十二世纪文艺复兴》一书传达的主要思想是A.十二世纪和十四世纪存在共性B.否定中世纪是黑暗的，不能因为现代的发达而随意否定中世纪的发展和贡献C.历史发展是延续的渐进的不是断裂的D.中世纪没有那么黑暗和停滞，文艺复兴也没有那么光明和突然正确答案：十二世纪和十四世纪存在共性;否定中世纪是黑暗的，不能因为现代的发达而随意否定中世纪的发展和贡献;历史发展是延续的渐进的不是断裂的;中世纪没有那么黑暗和停滞，文艺复兴也没有那么光明和突然5、下列关于两次文艺复兴说法正确的是A.十二世纪文艺复兴是东方的知识的传入，倾向于哲学和科学B.十二世纪文艺复兴是东方的知识的传入，倾向于艺术和文艺C.十四世纪文艺复兴是希腊罗马古典文化复兴，偏重哲学和科学D.十四世纪文艺复兴是希腊罗马古典文化复兴，偏重艺术和文艺正确答案：十二世纪文艺复兴是东方的知识的传入，倾向于哲学和科学;十四世纪文艺复兴是希腊罗马古典文化复兴，偏重艺术和文艺见面课：谈谈学术素养和写作1、综合国力即指一个国家软实力与硬实力的总和，其影响要素包括①经济的影响力②文化的影响力③政治的影响力④军事的影响力A.①②③④B.①③④C.①②④D.①②③正确答案：①②③④2、中世纪封建制度危机普遍性体现在下列哪些方面A.农奴制度崩溃B.庄园制度崩溃C.雇佣军制度崩溃D.领主附庸制崩溃正确答案：农奴制度崩溃;庄园制度崩溃;雇佣军制度崩溃;领主附庸制崩溃3、为了拯救中世纪欧洲走出泥沼，知识分子们提出文艺复兴运动纲领为①要文化不要愚昧②要美德不要腐败③要丰裕不要饥饿④要秩序不要紊乱⑤要和平不要战争A.①②③④⑤B.①③④⑤C.①②④⑤D.①②③正确答案：①②③④⑤4、欧洲文明的特点包括A.利用文学艺术的宝库，显示欧洲文化的个性B.摒弃“欧洲中心论”，强调向其他国家学习C.强调文明要素的均衡发展、同步发展D.强化欧洲一体化进程，打造拥有共同记忆的共同体正确答案：利用文学艺术的宝库，显示欧洲文化的个性; 摒弃“欧洲中心论”，强调向其他国家学习;强调文明要素的均衡发展、同步发展;强化欧洲一体化进程，打造拥有共同记忆的共同体5、欧洲早期资产阶级革命爆发的时间段是A.1400—1550B.1300—1450C.1500—1550D.1500—1650。
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2018智慧树西方文明史导论答案第一章单元测试1【单选题】(5分)以下哪部著作通过研究日本的国民性、服务于二战后美国对日政策，并成为将基础研究与决策研究紧密结合起来的典范A.《菊与刀》B.《文明的冲突》2【多选题】(5分){以下描述哪些符合国民性及国民性研究的特点A.国民性包含了文化表象、思维方式、价值观念、社会伦理、宗教传统等要素B.反映的是群体的、而非个别的认同和行为的方式C.通过国民性研究可以解剖一个国家的密码D.国民性研究是一种决策研究3【多选题】(5分)文明与下列哪些要素是对立的！A.野蛮B.动物性4【单选题】(5分)与中国文化相比，西方人更偏向于用下述哪种思维A.归纳法B.演绎法$5【单选题】(5分)文化兴国中的“文化”，对国家而言，指的是A.国家的文化实力B.单位和个人的创新能力第二章单元测试1【单选题】(5分)希腊举行的第一次全国性的奥林匹克运动会是在哪一点A.公元前746年~B.公元前776年C.公元前465年2【多选题】(5分)下列哪些描述符合希腊文化的意境A理想与美B.直觉、诗语和精神的形象化C.玄同忘我之境在理想和现实的交汇点产生(3【多选题】(5分)希腊文化具有如下哪些特点A.来自民间的自发的民族文化；B.心灵性，每一件艺术都是用心灵雕刻出的精品；C.向善性；D.唯美主义；E.神秘性和悬念,4【单选题】(5分)希腊神话中，贞节的保护神是A.雅典娜B.赫拉C.宙斯5【多选题】(5分)~《荷马史诗》内容包含了A.《伊利亚特》B.《奥德赛》C.《工作与时日》第三章单元测试1【多选题】(5分)《荷马史诗》中的隐喻是指哪两部著作在内容和主旨上存在的反差之谜A.《伊利亚特》"B.《奥德赛》C.《工作与时日》2【单选题】(5分)破解《荷马史诗》的隐喻的关键点在于A.从英雄主义转变到浪漫主义B.从唯美主义到现实主义C.从浪漫主义到理性主义\3【单选题】(5分)亚里士多德的老师是A.苏格拉底B.柏拉图C.亚历山大4【多选题】(5分).斯巴达英雄的两个关键是A.体魄B.爱美C.力度5【单选题】(5分)《荷马史诗》中提到的想出“木马计”的人物是A.普罗米修斯、B.奥德修斯C.宙斯第四章单元测试1【多选题】(5分)罗马文明之所以会取代希腊，在于其文化中的哪些特点A.浪漫B.理性C.现实】D.世俗2【多选题】(5分)古代西方文明是由以下哪些要素共同塑造而成的A.希腊文明B.罗马文明C.日耳曼文化D.基督教要素，3【单选题】(5分)“希腊传统”的特征是A.放大了的个人B.放大了的国家C.强调家的原则D.罗马的反文化·4【单选题】(5分)“罗马传统”的特征是A.放大了的个人B.放大了的国家C.强调家的原则D.罗马的反文化5【单选题】(5分)@“日耳曼传统”的特征是A.放大了的个人B.放大了的国家C.强调家的原则D.罗马的反文化6【单选题】(5分)“原始基督教的传统”的特征是（A.放大了的个人B.放大了的国家C.强调家的原则D.罗马的反文化第五章单元测试1【多选题】(5分)下列哪些描述符合罗马文化的要素A.有用性>B.工具论C.强调身体的快乐D.荣誉高于一切2【单选题】(5分)在罗马人的眼中，希腊人的文化存在什么问题A.没用B.俗"3【单选题】(5分)希腊人会觉得罗马人的文化存在什么问题A.没用B.俗4【多选题】(5分)通过比较罗马文化和中国文化，可以得出哪些关于中西方文化之间的差异性的结论`A.西方是高科技文化，中国文化是高情感文化B.西方是求新求异，未来崇拜；中国是求全责备，重视传统C.西方是重外王，重个人主义；中国是重内圣，重集体主义D.西方是断裂性发展，快而不稳；中国是延续性发展5【多选题】(5分)从中国人的眼光来看，罗马文化缺乏中国文化的哪些要素A.政治统治而非强力统治￥B.政权与主流经济相结合C.知识分子与国家的结合D.中庸性和强大的综合能力第六章单元测试1.【单选题】(5分)哪位学者提出了广义上的封建主义的概念，将封建社会视为一种社会类型，综合了封建社会的经济、政治和文化心态A.冈绍夫B.布洛赫（C.斯特雷耶2.【单选题】(5分)哪位学者提出了狭义上的封建主义概念，以法律和政治层面为主，用以指代封君封臣制A.斯特雷耶B.布洛赫C.冈绍夫*3【单选题】(5分)欧洲的贵族发展经历了三个不同阶段，这三个阶段的依此顺序为A.封建贵族，等级贵族，权贵贵族B.等级贵族，封建贵族，权贵贵族C.封建贵族，权贵贵族，等级贵族D.权贵贵族，等级贵族，封建贵族4【单选题】(5分)!欧洲中世纪史或中古史一般被认为以什么事件为开端A.罗马共和国的建立B.文艺复兴的开始C.西罗马帝国的灭亡5【多选题】(5分)欧洲的贵族的制度化表现包括A.庄园制度》B.领地制度C.农奴制度D.领主附庸制第七章单元测试1【单选题】(5分)一个社会从中古到近代的转变，叫转型，也叫过渡，但是有两种情况：一种是有过渡期的过渡，另一种是没有过渡期的过渡。
有过渡期的过渡，是说在旧形态和新形态之间，有一个长达数百年的过渡期。
有一些国家在向近代社会过渡时，并没有这样的长达数百年的过渡期。
西方向近代社会的过渡，属于哪种情况A.有过渡期的过渡）B.没有过渡期的过渡2【多选题】(5分)欧洲历史上的第二个过渡期大致可以划分为哪三个阶段A.从476年西罗马帝国崩溃到800年查理大帝加冕B.从1350年到1500年的危机和驯服时期C.从1500年到1650年的制度转换时期D.从1650年到1800年的民主与专制进行斗争的大革命时期)3【多选题】(5分)哪些原因促成欧洲最早向近代过渡A.欧洲是世界上过渡阻力最小的地区B.成熟的市民阶层给予领导C.过渡时的策略灵活理性D.根据社会需要分阶段过渡，过渡的进程比较符合民意】4【多选题】(5分)欧洲的市民具有哪些特殊性，使其能够在欧洲由衰及兴的过程中担当起领导职责A.独立于封建政府，直接来自民间，受市场、民间文化影响B.独立于封建文化，不受学院派的影响C.独立于教会，不受教会的影响D.独立于封建传统的祖宗家法5【多选题】(5分)]人文学科和社会学科的研究大体上可以被归纳为哪两种类型A.基础研究B.决策研究C.实验研究第八章单元测试1【单选题】(5分)在天主教的七大圣礼中，哪一项是对立志当僧侣的人授予权杖和戒指A.坚信礼~B.涂油礼C.授受礼D.圣餐礼2【多选题】(5分)中世纪的教会具有哪些特点A.等级制B.宗教对世俗的反动|C.教义的理论主张与教会的实际行为之间存在矛盾3【多选题】(5分)中世纪教会与世俗社会之间的矛盾体现在以下哪些方面A.教会与国王的权力之争B.富裕的教会与贫穷的社会之间的经济之争C.禁欲的文化与开放的世俗贵族文化之间的文化之争D.礼仪限制下的人与因果限制下的人之间的思想之争《E.教会对一些职业的限制与世俗人士要不择手段挣钱谋生之间的工作之争4【单选题】(5分)耶稣是从谁那里受洗的A.圣母B.约翰C.上帝D.撒旦\5【单选题】(5分)在七大圣礼中，哪一个是为立志到僧侣的人授予权杖和戒指的A.洗礼B.涂油礼C.授受礼D.坚信礼第九章单元测试&1【单选题】(5分)下列哪一项不属于路德的宗教改革思想主张A.因信称义B.行为称义C.凡信徒皆祭司D.重视《圣经》和基督，而不是崇拜教会、教皇2【多选题】(5分)-宗教改革产生了哪些影响A.政治上，变教会政府两分法为政府掌控下的教会B.经济上，关闭修道院，不再向教会纳税，教会财产归国家或世俗政府C.教会上，将教会视为人间的组织D.心理上，强调基督徒的自由3【单选题】(5分)哪位学者否定了把工业革命之前的文化分裂为精英文化、大众文化之间的对立的做法，认为这两种文化之间存在着互补性，甚至可以被视为同一种文化延伸出来的两种表述方式%A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦4【单选题】(5分)哪位学者提出宗教改革并不是路德一人的宗教改革，而是存在诸多的宗教改革，如茨温利的改革、加尔文的改革、德国诸侯的改革、市民的宗教改革和农民的宗教改革A.鲍斯曼'B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦5【单选题】(5分)哪位学者提出社区宗教改革和普通人的革命的概念，强调了普通人通过社区组织来自下而上地推动近代政治的发展A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克？C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦第十章单元测试1【多选题】(5分)文明的发展对社会有哪些启示A.文明从造墙开始，到拆墙结束B.从硬实力到软实力C.从世俗价值到心灵价值^2【单选题】(5分)第一个提出软实力概念的人实际上是哪位A.老子B.约瑟夫· 奈3【多选题】(5分)文明是从哪些要素的出现开始的;A.农村B.城市C.国家D.文字4【多选题】(5分)下列哪些是软实力的特征A.隐形的规则)B.无意识的约定俗成C.高情感D.强迫性的驯服力5【多选题】(5分)创新型人才需要具备哪些素质A.能服从领导，但不盲目跟从B.能团结群众，但不随波逐流。
C.能充分展现个人魅力，但绝不损害别人形象D.能谦虚好学，但不照搬照抄第十一章单元测试1【单选题】(5分)下列哪位学者的主要观点不属于促进社会和谐的文化理论A.亨廷顿B.卡赞斯坦C.斯克瑞布尼{D.鲍斯曼2【单选题】(5分)哪位学者写作了《文艺复兴的衰落》，在自由与秩序组成的共生共存的范畴内研究文艺复兴的文化，纠正将差异变为对立的做法A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦>3【单选题】(5分)哪位学者充分重视了普通人在近代欧洲政治形成中的作用，这种政治是普通人通过公社、议会、共和国三个步骤自下而上推动的，从而明显有别于只强调君主通过“王朝战争”自上而下建立近代国家的历史解释A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦、4【多选题】(5分)作为知识分子的人文主义者在欧洲的危机和转型中呈现出哪些特点A.独立于封建政府，直接来自民间，受市场、民间文化影响B.独立于封建文化，不受学院派的影响C.独立于教会，不受教会的影响D.独立于封建传统的祖宗家法5【多选题】(5分)欧洲在中世纪晚期出现的结构性危机的具体表现包括哪些A.危机的非复原性B.危机的普遍性C.危机导致旧结构主体与部件的分离D.危机造成对中古文明基本原则的背离6【单选题】(5分)下列哪项不属于西方近代社会的特征A.国家臣民关系B.主权国家C.领主附庸制D.政教分离第十二章单元测试1【多选题】(5分)西方文明的发展过程中出现过哪几次比较大的整合A.文艺复兴时期的整合B.后现代文化对于现代社会的整合C.西罗马帝国灭亡后的大整合2【单选题】(5分)西方文明中的哪一次大整合成为推动欧洲从中世纪向近代过渡的由衰及兴的转折A.文艺复兴时期的整合B.西罗马帝国灭亡后的大整合C.后现代文化对于现代社会的整合3【多选题】(5分)西罗马帝国灭亡后出现的大整合对哪些要素进行了整合A.作为欧洲精神统治者的基督教教会B古罗马的放大了的国家C.日耳曼人的家和家族要素D.古希腊人的放大了的个人4【单选题】(5分)1500-1800年间的欧洲历史，通常被界定为A.近代早期B.中世纪C.前工业化时期D.现代5【多选题】(5分)现代西方学者的哪些研究旨在纠正将文化视为断裂发展的观点，强调延续性A.《近代国家的中世纪起源》B.《12世纪文艺复兴》。