托福tpo9阅读答案(文本 译文 解析)
托福TPO9真题全阅读文本附答案译文
Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest Coast (TPO9-1)It has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice Age. The first water craft theory about the migration was that around11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It was the midcontinental corridor between two massive icesheets-the Laurentide to the west-that enabled the southward migration. But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. He persuasively argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final retreat.Support is growing for the alternative theory that people using watercraft, possibly skin boats, moved southward from Beringia along the Gulf of Alaska and then southward along the Northwest Coast of North America possibly as early as 16,000 years ago. This route would have enabled humans to enter southern areas of the Americans prior to the melting of the continental glaciers. Until the early 1970s, most archaeologists did not consider the coast a possible migration route into the Americans because geologists originally believed that during the last Ice Age the entire Northwest Coast was coveredby glacial ice. It had been assumed that the ice extended westward from the Alaskan/Canadian mountains to the very edge of the continental shelf, the flat, submerged part of the continent that extend into the ocean. This would have created a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through the Gulf of Alaska and southward along the Northwest Coast of North America to what is today the state of Washington.The most influential proponent of the coastal migration route has been Canadian archaeologist Knut Fladmark. He theorized that with the use of watercraft, people gradually colonized unglaciated refuges and areas along the continental shelf exposed by the lower sea level. Fladmark's hypothesis received additional support from the fact that the greatest diversity in Native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americans, suggesting that this region has been settled the longest.More recent geologic studies documented deglaciation and the existence of ice-free areas throughout major coastal areas of British Columbia, Canada, by 13,000 years ago. Research now indicates that sizable areas of southeastern Alaska along the inner continental shelf were not covered by ice toward the end of the last Ice Age. One study suggests that except for a 250-mile coastal area between southwestern British Columbia and Washington State, the Northwest Coast of North America was largely free of ice by approximately 16,000 years ago. Vast areas along the coast may have been deglaciated beginning around 16,000 years ago, possibly providing a coastal corridor for the movement of plants, animals, and humans sometime between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago.The coastal hypothesis has gained increasing support in recent years because the remains of large land animals, such as caribou and brown bears, have been found in southeastern Alaska dating between 10,000 and 12,500 years ago. This is the time period in which most scientists formerly believed the area to be inhospitable for humans. It has been suggested that if the environment were capable of supporting breeding populations of bears, there would have been enough food resources to support humans. Fladmark and others believe that the first human colonization of America occurred by boat along the Northwest Coast during the very late Ice Age, possibly as early as 14,000 years ago. The most recent geologic evidence indicates that it may have been possible for people to colonize ice-free regions along the continental shelf that were still exposed by the lower sea level between 13,000 and 14,000 ago. The coastal hypothesis suggests an economy based on marine mammal hunting, saltwater fishing gathering, and the use of watercraft. Because of the barrier of ice to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and populated areas to the north, there may have been a greater impetus for people to move in a southerly direction.Paragraph 1: It has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice Age. The first water craft theory about the migration was thataround 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It was the midcontinental corridor between two massive icesheets-the Laurentide to the west-that enabled the southward migration. But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. He persuasively argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final retreat.1. According to paragraph 1, the theory that people first migrated to the Americans by way of an ice-free corridor was seriously called into question by paleoecologist Glen MacDonald's argument that the original migration occurred much later than had previously been believedthe demonstration that certain previously accepted radiocarbon dates were incorrectevidence that the continental ice began its final retreat much later than had previously been believedresearch showing that the ice-free corridor was not as long lasting as had been widely assumed2. The word persuasively in the passage is closest in meaning to aggressivelyinflexiblyconvincinglycarefullyParagraph 2: Support is growing for the alternative theory that people using watercraft, possibly skin boats, moved southward from Beringia along the Gulf of Alaska and then southward along the Northwest Coast of North America possibly as early as 16,000 years ago. This route would have enabled humans to enter southern areas of the Americans prior to the melting of the continental glaciers. Until the early 1970s, most archaeologists did not consider the coast a possible migration route into the Americans because geologists originally believed that during the last Ice Age the entire Northwest Coast was coveredby glacial ice. It had been assumed that the ice extended westward from the Alaskan/Canadian mountains to the very edge of the continental shelf, the flat, submerged part of the continent that extend into the ocean. This would have created a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through the Gulf of Alaska and southward along the Northwest Coast of North America to what is today the state of Washington.3. Paragraph 2 begins by presenting a theory and then goes on todiscuss why the theory was rapidly accepted but then rejectedpresent the evidence on which the theory was basedcite evidence that now shows that the theory is incorrectexplain why the theory was not initially considered plausible4. The phrase prior to is closest in meaning tobeforeimmediately afterduringin spite of5. Paragraph 2 supports the idea that, before the 1970s, the most archaeologists held which of the following views about the earliest people to reach the Americas?They could not have sailed directly from Beringia to Alaska and then southward because, it was thought, glacial ice covered the entire coastal region.They were not aware that the climate would continue to become milderThey would have had no interest in migrating southward from Beringia until after the continental glaciers had begun to meltThey lacked the navigational skills and appropriate boats neededlong-distance trips.Paragraph 3: The most influential proponent of the coastal migration route has been Canadian archaeologist Knut Fladmark. He theorized that with the use of watercraft, people gradually colonized unglaciated refuges and areas alongthe continental shelf exposed by the lower sea level. Fladmark's hypothesis received additional support from the fact that the greatest diversity in Native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americans, suggesting that this region has been settled the longest.6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways to leave out essential information.Because this region has been settled the longest, it also displays the greatest diversity in Native American languages.Fladmark's hypothesis states that the west coast of the Americas has been settled longer than any other region.The fact that the greatest diversity of Native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americans lends strength to Fradmark's hypothesis According to Fladmark, Native American languages have survived the longest along the west coast of the Americas.Paragraph 4: More recent geologic studies documented deglaciation and the existence of ice-free areas throughout major coastal areas of British Columbia,Canada, by 13,000 years ago. Research now indicates that sizable areas of southeastern Alaska along the inner continental shelf were not covered by ice toward the end of the last Ice Age. One study suggests that except for a250-mile coastal area between southwestern British Columbia and Washington State, the Northwest Coast of North America was largely free of ice by approximately 16,000 years ago. Vast areas along the coast may have been deglaciated beginning around 16,000 years ago, possibly providing a coastal corridor for the movement of plants, animals, and humans sometime between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago.7. The author's purpose in paragraph 4 is toindicate that a number of recent geologic studies seem to provide support for the coastal hypothesisindicate that coastal and inland migrations may have happened simultaneously explain why humans may have reached America's northwest coast before animals and plants didshow that the coastal hypothesis may explain how people first reached Alaska but it cannot explain how people reached areas like modern British Columbia and Washington State8. The word Vast in the passage is closest in meaning toFrozenVariousIsolatedHugeParagraph 5: The coastal hypothesis has gained increasing support in recent years because the remains of large land animals, such as caribou and brown bears, have been found in southeastern Alaska dating between 10,000 and 12,500 years ago. This is the time period in which most scientists formerly believed the area to be inhospitable for humans. It has been suggested that if the environment were capable of supporting breeding populations of bears, there would have been enough food resources to support humans. Fladmark and others believe that the first human colonization of America occurred by boat along the Northwest Coast during the very late Ice Age, possibly as early as 14,000 years ago.9. According to paragraph 5, the discovery of the remains of large land animals supports the coastal hypothesis by providing evidence thathumans were changing their hunting techniques to adapt to coastal rather than inland environmentsanimals had migrated from the inland to the coasts, an indication that a midcontinental ice-free corridor was actually implausiblehumans probably would have been able to find enough resources along thecoastal corridorthe continental shelf was still exposed by lower sea levels during the period when the southward migration of people began10. The word inhospitable in the passage is closest in meaning tonot familiarnot suitablenot dangerousnot reachable11. According to paragraph 5, the most recent geologic research provides support for a first colonization of America dating as far back as16,000 years ago14,000 years ago12,500 years ago10,000 years agoParagraph 6: The coastal hypothesis suggests an economy based on marine mammal hunting, saltwater fishing gathering, and the use of watercraft. Because of the barrier of ice to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and populated areas to the north, there may have been a greater impetus for people to move in a southerly direction.12. The word impetus in the passage is closest in meaning tochanceprotectionpossibilityincentiveParagraph 1: It has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice Age. ■The first water craft theory about the migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It was the midcontinental corridor between two massive icesheets-the Laurentide to the west-that enabled the southward migration. ■But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. ■He persuasively argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final retreat. ■13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentencecould be added to the passage.Moreover, other evidence suggests that even if an ice-free corridor did exist, it would have lacked the resources needed for human colonization. Where could the sentence best fit?14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Recent evidence favors a rival to the long-standing theory that the Americas were colonized 11,000-12,000 years ago by people migrating south from Beringia along a midcontinental ice-free corridor●●●Answer ChoicesO Evidence that an ice-free corridor between two ice sheets developedwhen the continental ice first began to melt came primarily fromradiocarbon dating.O There is growing support for the theory that migration took place much earlier, by sea, following a coastal route along Alaska and down thenorthwest coast.O Recent geologic evidence indicates that contrary to what had beenbelieved, substantial areas along the coast were free of ice as early as16,000 years ago.O Research now indicates that the parts of the inner continental shelfthat remained covered with ice were colonized by a variety of earlyhuman groups well adapted to living in extremely cold environments.O There is evidence suggesting that areas along the coast may havecontained enough food resources between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago to have made human colonization possible.O Even though the northern part of the continent allowed for a morevaried economy, several early human groups quickly moved south.托托网托福模拟考试软件2.0配套资料托福TPO9真题全阅读文本附答案译文下载地址参考答案：1. 22. 33. 44. 15. 16. 37. 18.49. 310. 211. 212. 413. 414. 2 3 5托托网托福模拟考试软件2.0配套资料托福TPO9真题全阅读文本附答案译文下载地址参考译文从西海岸殖民美洲这种观念被人们接受很长时间了：美洲被一群来自亚洲的移民殖民统治着，他们在上一个冰河时代缓慢的跨越了一个叫做白令的大陆桥（现在白令海峡位于东北亚和阿拉斯加之间）。
托福TPO09｜综合写作(阅读+听力)文本
在托福写作练习过程中，相信TPO材料中的作文题目都会是大家的首选练习材料。
所以小编给考生们带来了托福TPO09综合写作，希望可以帮助广大托福考生轻松备考托福。
TPO 09ReadingCar manufacturers and governments have been eagerly seeking a replacementfor the automobile's main source of power, the internal-combustion engine. Byfar the most promising alternative source of energy for cars is thehydrogen-based fuel-cell engine, which uses hydrogen to create electricity that,in turn, powers the car. Fuel-cell engines have several advantages overinternal-combustion engines and will probably soon replace them.One of the main problems with the internal-combustion engine is that itrelies on petroleum, either in the form of gasoline or diesel fuel. Petroleum isa finite resource; someday, we will run out of oil. The hydrogen needed forfuel-cell engines cannot easily be depleted. Hydrogen can be derived fromvarious plentiful sources, including natural gas and even water. The fact thatfuel-cell engines utilize easily available, renewable resources makes themparticularly attractive.Second, hydrogen-based fuel cells are attractive because they will solvemany of the world's pollution problems. An unavoidable by-product of burning oilis carbon dioxide, and carbon dioxide harms the environment. On the other hand,the only byproduct of fuel-cell engines is water.Third, fuel-cell engines will soon be economically competitive becausepeople will spend less money to operate a fuel-cell engine than they will tooperate an internal-combustion engine. This is true for one simple reason: afuel-cell automobile is nearly twice as efficient in using its fuel as an automobile powered by an internal-combustion engine is. In other words, the fuel-cell powered car requires only half the fuel energy that theinternal-combustion powered car does to go the same distance.ListeningProfessor:The reading is correct in pointing out the problems associated withoil-powered cars. Yes, oil is a finite resource, and yes, burning oil harms the environment. However, the reading is way too optimistic in its assessment of hydrogen-based fuel-cell engines. Hydrogen is not the solution to these problems.First, hydrogen is not as easily available as the passage indicates.Although it's present in common substances like water, it's not directly useable in that form. For using a fuel-cell engine, hydrogen must first be obtained in a pure liquid state. This pure liquid hydrogen is a highly artificial substance. It's technologically very difficult to produce and store liquid hydrogen. For example, it must be kept very very cold at minus 253 degrees Celsius. Imagine the elaborate cooling technology that's required for that! So hydrogen is not such a practical and easily available substance, is it?Second, using hydrogen would not solve the pollution problems associatedwith cars. Why? Producing pure hydrogen creates a lot of pollution. To get pure hydrogen from water or natural gas, you have to use a purification process that requires lots of energy that's obtained by burning coal or oil. And burning coal and oil creates lots of pollution. So although the cars would not pollute, the。
TPO9阅读详细答案
THE ARRIVAL OF PLANT LIFE IN HAWAII1. at random随机，所以D的without definite pattern无固定模式正确，原句说spore 能够被风搬运到很远的地方，并且怎么样散落到mountain flank，风吹的东西明显不可能很确定。
A最后B很久C成功都没有体现出风搬运的特点，错2. 以lichen, fungus和algae做关键词定位至第三句以后，说algae捕获太阳能并储存，而fungi从土壤中吸收矿物质，滋养algae。
问的是fungi如何受益，所以前半句是答案，A正确。
B虽然提到sun，但不是保护，注意不要错选；C和D都没说3. 原文说岛上最早的生物是能够symbiosis的，然后解释了symbiosis。
A说最早的symbiosis，原文说最早的生物，所以A偷换概念，错；原文说生物能symbiosis，然后才说symbiosis很重要，B遗漏信息，错；C正确；D完全改变了原文的结构，错4. abundantly充足地，充分地，所以B的plentifully正确。
原句说lichens加快了岩石的分解，怎么样提供了岩石中的mineral，岩石分解了，岩石中的矿物会分散到土壤中，肯定就多了。
A的occasionally说反；C和D完全不靠谱5. propagate繁殖，推广，所以multiply正确。
原句说这些植物通过产生小的spore 来干嘛，对spore的解释是小的细胞，包含making a new plant的所有必要信息，从making a new plant看出是繁殖的意思，B出现C生存D进化都不对6. 以lichen和fern做关键词定位至前两句，说lichen分解了岩石，准备了富含矿物质的土壤，接着其他的植物就来了，然后就出现了fern，所以lichen对fern的作用是提供适合生长的土壤，A正确。
B错，原文说decomposition的不是fern，是岩石；C和D都没说7. this指代之前的整个句子，就近原则看后半句，说另外一个flora在地球上进化出来，冒号之后就是那个flora，所以后面的那个this应该指的是这个flora的进化，答案D。
TPO-9 Reading 1 解析
Q1正确答案：B解析：原文指出，当古生态学家Glen MacDonald证明了一些用来支持不冻走廊存在的一些最重要的放射性碳的时间不正确时，这个关于不冻走廊的理论也就瓦解了。
B是对demonstrated that … were incorrect的同义转述。
A中的the original migration occurred much later偷换了原文的概念an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later。
C中的the continental ice began its final retreat much later是对原文细节的胡乱嫁接。
D中的not as long lasting as中文中找不到依据。
Q2正确答案：C解析：原文指出，他令人信服地指出，那样的不冻走廊直到很久以后当大陆冰川开始最后的消退时才出现。
其中的persuasively意为“令人信服地”。
四个选项中，A意为“挑衅地”，B意为“顽固地”，C意为“有说服力地”，D意为“小心地”，只有C最符合条件，故为答案。
Q3正确答案：D解析：第2段提出了另外一种理论：人们沿着海岸线南行，并解释了为何以前大部分考古学家都不认为海岸是进入美洲的可能的移民路线。
因此，D正确。
A中的but then rejected无中生有。
B中的present the evidence找不到依据。
该段指出这个理论得到了越来越多人的支持，并没有说这个理论不正确，因此C不正确。
Q4正确答案：A解析：原文中说，这条路线使人类可以在大陆冰河解冻之前进入美洲南部地区。
其中的prior to意为“在……之前”。
四个选项中，A意为“在……之前”，B意为“紧随其后”，C意为“在……期间”，D意为“尽管”，只有A符合条件，故为答案。
Q5正确答案：A解析：第2段指出，直到20世纪70年代早期，大部分考古学家都不认为海岸是进入美洲的可能的移民路线，因为地理学家一开始就坚信整个西北海岸在上个冰河时代是被冰川覆盖的。
新托福TPO9阅读原文及译文(一)Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest Coast
新托福TPO9阅读原文(二):Reflection in Teaching新托福TPO9阅读原文(二)：Reflection in TeachingTeachers, it is thought, benefit from the practice of reflection, the conscious act of thinking deeply about and carefully examining the interactions and events within their own classrooms. Educators T. Wildman and J. Niles (1987) describe a scheme for developing reflective practice in experienced teachers. This was justified by the view that reflective practice could help teachers to feel more intellectually involved in their role and work in teaching and enable them to cope with the paucity of scientific fact and the uncertainty of knowledge in the discipline of teaching.Wildman and Niles were particularly interested in investigating the conditions under which reflection might flourish–a subject on which there is little guidance in the literature. They designed an experimental strategy for a group of teachers in Virginia and worked with 40 practicing teachers over several years. They were concerned that many would be ―drawn to these new, refreshing‖conceptions of teaching only to find that the void between the abstractions and the realities of teacher reflection is too great to bridge. Reflection on a complex t ask such as teaching is not easy.‖The teachers were taken through a program of talking about teaching events, moving on to reflecting about specific issues in a supported, and later an independent, manner.Wildman and Niles observed that systematic reflection on teaching required a sound ability to understand classroom events in an objective manner. They describe the initial understanding in the teachers with whom they were working as being ―utilitarian …and not rich or detailed enough to drive systematic reflection.‖Teachers rarely have the time or opportunities to view their own or the teaching of others in an objective manner. Further observation revealed the tendency of teachers to evaluate events rather than review the contributory factors in a considered manner by, in effect, standing outside the situation.Helping this group of teachers to revise their thinking about classroom events became central. This process took time and patience and effective trainers. The researchers estimate that the initial training of the teachers to view events objectively took between 20 and 30 hours, with the same number of hours again being required to practice the skills of reflection.Wildman and Niles identify three principles that facilitate reflective practice in a teaching situation. The first is support from administrators in an education system, enabling teachers to understand the requirements of reflective practice and how it relates to teaching students. The second is the availability of sufficient time and space. The teachers in the program described how they found it difficult to put aside the immediate demands of others in order to give themselves the time they needed to develop their reflective skills. The third is the development of a collaborative environment with support from other teachers. Support and encouragement were also required to help teachers in the program cope with aspects of their professional life with which they were not comfortable. Wildman and Niles make a summary comment: ―Perhaps the most important thing we learned is the idea of the teacher-as-reflective-practitioner will not happen simply because it is a good or even compelling idea.‖The work of Wildman and Niles suggests the importance of recognizing some of the difficulties of instituting reflective practice. Others have noted this, making a similar point about the teaching profession’s cultural inhibitions about reflective practice. Zeichner and Liston (1987) point out the inconsistency between the role of the teacher as a (reflective) professional decision maker and the more usual role of the teacher as a technician, putting into practice the ideas of theirs. More basic than the cultural issues is the matter of motivation. Becoming a reflective practitioner requires extra work (Jaworski, 1993) and has only vaguely defined goals with, perhaps, little initially perceivable reward and the threat of vulnerability. Few have directly questioned what might lead a teacher to want to become reflective. Apparently, themost obvious reason for teachers to work toward reflective practice is that teacher educators think it is a good thing. There appear to be many unexplored matters about the motivation to reflect –for example, the value of externally motivated reflection as opposed to that of teachers who might reflect by habit.新托福TPO9阅读原文(二)译文：教学中的反思教师被认为受益于反思实践——有意识地更深入思考、仔细地检查发生在他们自己教室里的事件和相互影响。
托福TPO9口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO9口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO9口语Task4阅读文本： The Establishing Shot Film directors use different types of camera shots for specific purposes. An establishing shot is an image shown briefly at the beginning of a scene, usually taken from far away, that is used to provide context for the rest of the scene. One purpose of the establishing shot is to communicate background information to the viewer, such as the setting – where and when the rest of the scene will occur. It also establishes the mood or feeling of the scene. Due to the context that the establishing shot provide, the characters and events that are shown next are better understood by the viewer. 托福TPO9口语Task4听力文本： Now listen to part of a lecture on this topic in a film class. (male) The other day I went to this great new movie. And one of the scenes in particular I thought was really set up nicely. At the start of the scene, before the action and talking things started, you saw on the movie screen an image of a city. You could tell it was a big city. There were lots of buildings, tall ones, skyscrapers, and the cars and signs on the city streets looked old fashioned, like they were from the past, like the 1940s. The other thing I noticed right away from this first image, just when the scene started, was that the city seemed gloomy. You couldn't see much because it was, well, it was mostly darkness rather than sunlight. And there was only just little bit of light from street lamps. On top of that, it was raining and kind of foggy.All of these details were together to create a dark, gloomy, mysterious feeling. So then, when the action started and it showed detectives talking to each other in the office, I already knew that the office was located in a tall building, in a big city, sometime in the 1940s. And I had a good idea that the events that’d be taking place would be pretty dark and mysterious because of the shot, the image I saw at the beginning of the scene." 托福TPO9口语Task4题目： Using the professor’s example, explain what an establishing shot is and how it is used. 托福TPO9口语Task4满分范文： "Establishing shot is a far-away image shown at the beginning of a film scene that is used to communicate background information and create mood feelings. The professor takes a film he used to see as an example. At the beginning of the film, he saw an image of a big city, and in the city there were lots of tall buildings, skyscrapers as well as old-fashioned cars and signs. All of these told him that the story took place in the 1940s in a big city. Then he noticed that the city was gloomy, because there wasn't much light, only a bit light from the street lamp. Besides, it rained and fogged. So the whole scene seemed dark, gloomy and mysterious. When the action started and the detectives began to talk, he already knew that the story took place in a tall building, in a 1940s big city, and the story was dark and mysterious because of what he saw in the establishing shot. (163 words)" 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO9口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
托福TPO9阅读原文翻译及答案：Part1
托福TPO9阅读原文翻译及答案：Part1托福TPO是我们托福阅读的重要参考资料，为了便利大家备考，下面我给大家整理了托福TPO9阅读原文翻译及答案：Part1，盼望大家喜爱。
托福TPO9阅读原文：Part1It has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice Age. The first water craft theory about this migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It was this midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets-the Laurentide to the east and the Cordilleran to the west-that enabled the southward migration. But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. He persuasively argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final retreat.Support is growing for the alternative theory that people using watercraft, possibly skin boats, moved southward from Beringia along the Gulf of Alaska and then southward along the Northwest coast of North America possibly as early as 16,000 years ago. This route would have enabled humans to enter southern areas of the Americas prior to the melting of the continental glaciers. Until the early 1970s,most archaeologists did not consider the coast a possible migration route into the Americas because geologists originally believed that during the last Ice Age the entire Northwest Coast was covered by glacial ice. It had been assumed that the ice extended westward from the Alaskan/Canadianmountains to the very edge of the continental shelf, the flat, submerged part of the continent that extends into the ocean. This would have created a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through the Gulf of Alaska and southward along the Northwest Coast of north America to what is today the state of Washington.The most influential proponent of the coastal migration route has been Canadian archaeologist Knut Fladmark. He theorized that with the use of watercraft, people gradually colonized unglaciated refuges and areas along the continental shelf exposed by the lower sea level. Fladmarks hypothesis received additional support form from the fact that the greatest diversity in native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americas, suggesting that this region has been settled the longest.More recent geologic studies documented deglaciation and the existence of ice-free areas throughout major coastal areas of British Columbia, Canada, by 13,000 years ago. Research now indicates that sizable areas of southeastern Alaska along the inner continental shelf were not covered by ice toward the end of the last Ice Age. One study suggests that except for a 250-mile coastal area between southwestern British Columbia and Washington State, the Northwest Coast of North America was largely free of ice by approximately 16,000 years ago. Vast areas along the coast may have been deglaciated beginning around 16,000 years ago, possibly providing a coastal corridor for the movement of plants, animals, and humans sometime between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago.The coastal hypothesis has gained increasing support in recent years because the remains of large land animals, such as caribou and brown bears, have been found in southeastern Alaska dating between 10,000 and 12,500 years ago. This is the time period in which most scientists formerly believed the area to be inhospitable for humans. It has been suggested that if the environment were capable of supporting breedingpopulations of bears, there would have been enough food resources to support humans. Fladmark and other believe that the first human colonization of America occurred by boat along the Northwest Coast during the very late Ice Age, possibly as early as 14,000 years ago. The most recent geologic evidence indicates that it may have been possible for people to colonize ice-free regions along the continental shelf that were still exposed by the lower sea level between13,000 and 14,000 years ago.The coastal hypothesis suggests an economy based on marine mammal hunting, saltwater fishing, shellfish gathering, and the use of watercraft. Because of the barrier of ice to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and populated areas to the north, there may have been a greater impetus for people to move in a southerly direction.Paragraph 1: It has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice Age. The first water craft theory about this migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It was this midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets-the Laurentide to the east and the Cordilleran to the west-that enabled the southward migration. But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. He persuasively argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final retreat.托福TPO9阅读题目Part11. According to paragraph 1, the theory that people first migrated to the Americans by way of an ice-free corridor was seriously called intoquestion by○paleoecologist Glen MacDonalds argument that the original migration occurred much later than had previously been believed○the demonstration that certain previously accepted radiocarbon dates were incorrect○evidence that the continental ice began its final retreat much later than had previously been believed○research showing that the ice-free corridor was not as long lasting as had been widely assumed2. The word persuasively in the passage is closest in meaning to○aggressively○inflexibly○convincingly○carefullyParagraph 2: Support is growing for the alternative theory that people using watercraft, possibly skin boats, moved southward from Beringia along the Gulf of Alaska and then southward along the Northwest coast of North America possibly as early as 16,000 years ago. This route would have enabled humans to enter southern areas of the Americas prior to the melting of the continental glaciers. Until the early 1970s,most archaeologists did not consider the coast a possible migration route into the Americas because geologists originally believed that during the last Ice Age the entire Northwest Coast was covered by glacial ice. It had been assumed that the ice extended westward from theAlaskan/Canadian mountains to the very edge of the continental shelf, the flat, submerged part of the continent that extends into the ocean. This would have created a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through the Gulf of Alaska and southward along the Northwest Coast of north America to what is today the state of Washington.3. Paragraph 2 begins by presenting a theory and then goes on to○ discuss why the theory was rapidly accepted but then rejected○ present the evidence on which the theory was based○ cite evidence that now shows that the theory is incorrect○ explain why the theory was not initially considered plausible4. The phrase prior to is closest in meaning to○ before○ immediately after○ during○ in spite of5. Paragraph 2 supports the idea that, before the 1970s, most archaeologists held which of the following views about the earliest people to reach the Americas?○They could not have sailed directly from Beringia to Alaska and then southward because, it was thought, glacial ice covered the entire coastal region.○They were not aware that the climate would continue to become milder.○They would have had no interest in migrating southward from Beringia until after the continental glaciers had begun to melt.○They lacked the navigational skills and appropriate boats needed long-distance trips.Paragraph 3: The most influential proponent of the coastal migration route has been Canadian archaeologist Knut Fladmark. He theorized that with the use of watercraft, people gradually colonized unglaciated refuges and areas along the continental shelf exposed by the lower sea level. Fladmarks hypothesis received additional support form from the fact that the greatest diversity in native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americas, suggesting that this region has been settled the longest.6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways to leave out essential information.○Because this region has been settled the longest, it also displays the greatest diversity in Native American languages.○Fladmarks hypothesis states that the west coast of the Americas has been settled longer than any other region.○The fact that the greatest diversity of Native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americans lends strength to Fradmarks hypothesis.○According to Fladmark, Native American languages have survived the longest along the west coast of the Americas.Paragraph 4: More recent geologic studies documented deglaciation and the existence of ice-free areas throughout major coastal areas of British Columbia, Canada, by 13,000 years ago. Research now indicates that sizable areas of southeastern Alaska along the inner continental shelf were not covered by ice toward the end of the last Ice Age. One study suggests that except for a 250-mile coastal area between southwestern British Columbia and Washington State, the Northwest Coast of North America was largely free of ice by approximately 16,000 years ago. Vastareas along the coast may have been deglaciated beginning around 16,000 years ago, possibly providing a coastal corridor for the movement of plants, animals, and humans sometime between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago.7. The authors purpose in paragraph 4 is to○ indicate that a number of recent geologic studies seem to provide support for the coastal hypothesis○ indicate that coastal and inland migrations may have happened simultaneously○ explain why humans may have reached Americas northwest coast before animals and plants did○ show that the coastal hypothesis may explain how people first reached Alaska but it cannot explain how people reached areas like modern British Columbia and Washington State8. The word Vast in the passage is closest in meaning to○Frozen○Various○Isolated○HugeParagraph 5: The coastal hypothesis has gained increasing support in recent years because the remains of large land animals, such as caribou and brown bears, have been found in southeastern Alaska dating between 10,000 and 12,500 years ago. This is the time period in which most scientists formerly believed the area to be inhospitable for humans. It has been suggested that if the environment were capable of supporting breeding populations of bears, there would have been enough food resources to support humans. Fladmark and other believe that the first human colonization of America occurred by boat along the Northwest Coast during the very late Ice Age, possibly as early as 14,000 years ago. The most recent geologic evidence indicates that it may have been possible for people to colonize ice-free regions along the continental shelf that were still exposed by the lower sea level between13,000 and 14,000 years ago.9. According to paragraph 5, the discovery of the remains of large land animals supports the coastal hypothesis by providing evidence that○ humans were changing their hunting techniques to adapt to coastal rather than inland environments○ animals had migrated from the inland to the coasts, an indication that a midcontinental ice-free corridor was actually implausible○ humans probably would have been able to find enough resources along the coastal corridor○ the continental shelf was still exposed by lower sea levels during the period when the southward migration of people began10. The word inhospitable in the passage is closest in meaning to○ not familiar○ not suitable○ not dangerous○ not reachable11. According to paragraph 5, the most recent geologic research provides support for a first colonization of America dating as far back as○16,000 years ago○14,000 years ago○12,500 years ago○10,000 years agoParagraph 6: The coastal hypothesis suggests an economy based on marine mammal hunting, saltwater fishing gathering, and the use of watercraft. Because of the barrier of ice to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and populated areas to the north, there may have been a greater impetus for people to move in a southerly direction.12. The word impetus in the passage is closest in meaning to○ chance○ protection○ possibility○ incentiveParagraph 1: It has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice Age. ■The first water craft theory about the migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It was the midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets-the Laurentide to the west-that enabled the southward migration. ■But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. ■He persuasively argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final retreat. ■13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Moreover, other evidence suggests that even if an ice-free corridor did exist, it would have lacked the resources needed for human colonization.Where could the sentence best fit?14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Recent evidence favors a rival to the long-standing theory that the Americas were colonized 11,000-12,000 years ago by people migrating south from Beringia along a midcontinental ice-free corridor.●●●Answer Choices○Evidence that an ice-free corridor between two ice sheets developed when the continental ice first began to melt came primarily from radiocarbon dating.○There is growing support for the theory that migration took place much earlier, by sea, following a coastal route along Alaska and down the northwest coast.○Recent geologic evidence indicates that contrary to what had been believed, substantial areas along the coast were free of ice as early as 16,000 years ago.○Research now indicates that the parts of the inner continental shelf that remained covered with ice were colonized by a variety of early human groups well adapted to living in extremely cold environments.○There is evidence suggesting that areas along the coast may have contained enough food resources between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago to have made human colonization possible.○Even though the northern part of the continent allowed for a morevaried economy, several early human groups quickly moved south.托福TPO9（阅读答案）Part1参考答案：1. ○22. ○33. ○44. ○15. ○16. ○37. ○18.○49. ○310. ○211. ○212. ○413. ○414. There is growing supportRecent geologic evidenceThere is evidence suggesting托福TPO9阅读翻译Part1参考翻译：US西北海岸的移民这种观念被人们接受很长时间了：美洲被一群来自亚洲的移民殖民统治着，他们在上一个冰河时代缓慢地跨越了一个叫做白令的大陆桥(现在白令海峡位于东北亚和阿拉斯加之间)。
托福阅读真题第9套
第9套The Western Roman Empire in the Fifth CenturyShortly after the death of emperor Theodosius in395A.D.,the Roman Empire was permanently divided into Eastern and Western empires.By the fifth century A.D.,the power of the Western Roman Empire had declined considerably,though the Eastern Roman Empire centered in Byzantium continued to flourish.Various problems contributed to this undermining of the West.1.The word unfavorable in the passage is closest in meaning toA.negativeB.uncontrollableC.unexpectedD.long lastingThe accessions of Arcadius and Honorius,sons of Theodosius,as emperors in the East and West,respectively,illustrate the unfortunate pattern of child heirs that had unfavorable effects for both empires.When Arcadius died in408,he was succeeded by his seven-year-old son,Theodosius II.Reigning until423,Honorius was succeeded by his nephew Valentinian III,who was only five.Because of their young ages,【Theodosius'sons and grandsons could not rule without older advisors and supervising regents upon whom they naturally became dependent and from whom they were unable to break away after reaching maturity.】As powerful individuals vied for influence and dominance at court,the general welfare was often sacrificed to private rivalries and ambitions.Moreover,it was the women of the dynasty who were the more capable and interesting characters.Holding the keys to succession through birth and inheritance,they became active players in the political arena.2.According to paragraph2,which of the following was one result of the pattern of rule by child emperorsA.The common people lost respect for the position of emperor.B.Regents and advisors attempted to put an end to traditional rivalries for dominance within the court.C.Women within the dynasty gained increased influence and power.D.Traditional rules of succession by inheritance were changed.3.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage.Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.【Theodosius'sons and grandsons could not rule without older advisors and supervising regents upon whom they naturally became dependent and from whom they were unable to break away after reaching maturity.】A.As young rulers,the sons and grandsons of Theodosius necessarily depended onolder advisors,and as adults,they were unable to rule independently of these advisors.B.The sons and grandsons of Theodosius were too young when they came to power to rule without the assistance of older advisors.C.On reaching maturity,the sons and grandsons of Theodosius attempted to break away from the older officials who had advised them since childhood.D.Because the sons and grandsons of Theodosius were young when they became rulers,older advisors were able to prevent them from breaking away.Compared with the East,however,the West faced a greater number of external threats along more permeable frontiers.Whereas the East could pursue war and diplomacy more effectively with their enemies on the long eastern frontier,the West was exposed to the more volatile tribal Germanic peoples on a frontier that stretched along the Rhine and Danube rivers for1,000miles.The East,however,only had to guard the last500miles of the Danube.In addition,the East had many more human and material resources with which to pursue its military and diplomatic objectives.The East also had a more deeply rooted unity in the Greek culture of the numerous Greek and Near Eastern cities that Rome had inherited from earlier Grecian tin culture had not achieved comparable penetration of the less urbanized West outside of Italy.The penetration of Germanic culture from the north had been so extensive along the permeable Rhine-Danube frontier that it was often difficult to distinguish between barbarians(speakers of German and other languages unrelated to Latin)and Romans in those regions by the fifth century anyway.4.In describing the frontiers of the Western Empire as more permeable the author means that these frontiersA.had more places where crossings could occurB.were more distant from the centerC.were more likely to be changedD.were more poorly equipped5.The word pursue in the passage is closest in meaning toA.expandB.engage inC.controlD.avoid6.The word comparable in the passage is closest in meaning toA.similarB.desirableC.necessaryD.noticeable7.Which of the following is NOT identified in paragraph3as a factor contributing to the greater stability and success of the Eastern empireA shorter border subject to invasion by Germanic tribesB.Greater cultural unity among the inhabitantsC.More resources available for achieving political goalsD.Lower population densities outside of urban areas8.In paragraph3,why does the author discuss the Germanic cultureA.To compare the less urbanized West outside of Italy to the more urbanized EastB.To explain why Roman military and political objectives necessarily changed in the fifth centuryC.To emphasize that the Romans had more of a cultural disadvantage in the West than in the EastD.To explain why there were as many speakers of German as there were Romans on the western frontierOne of the most outstanding features at the beginning of this period was the prominence of Germanic generals in the high command of the Roman Imperial army. The trend became significant,and several practical reasons can explain it.The foremost probably was the sheer need for military manpower that made it attractive to recruit bands of Germanic peoples for the armies,which,in turn,gave chieftains and warlords the opportunity to gain Imperial favor and advance in rank.Second,one way to turn Germanic chieftains from potential enemies into loyal supporters was to offer them a good position in the Roman military.Third,although Theodosius had risen to power as a military leader,he was also a cultured aristocrat and preferred to emphasize the civilian role of the emperor and to rely for protection on Germanic generals whose loyalties were primarily to him,their patron.9.Which of the following is NOT identified in paragraph4as a reason the practice arose of making Germanic chieftains generals in the Roman high commandA.It helped reduce the number of possible enemies against the empire.B.It helped make it possible to maintain an imperial military force of sufficient size.C.It was cheaper than recruiting and training Roman generals.D.It gave Theodosius confidence that his generals would remain loyal while he focused on other matters.10.According to paragraph4,by becoming generals in the Roman army,Germanic chieftains were given a chance toA.obtain benefits from the emperorB.influence Roman civilian lifeC.help shape military policyD.attract Germanic recruits into the Roman armyUnfortunately,the high positions achieved by Germanic officers often aroused the jealousy and hostility of high-ranking Roman military and civilian officials.Such positions also gave their Germanic holders a chance to act on both personal and tribalanimosities in the arena of Imperial politics.Internal Roman rivalries and power struggles aggravated the situation.Rival factional leaders often granted Imperial titles and conceded territory to one Germanic leader or another in return for help against fellow Romans.While the Romans were thus distracted by internal conflict,other tribes seized the opportunity to cross into Roman territory unopposed.When the Romans could not dislodge them,peace was bought with further titles and territorial concessions as allies.In the midst of it all,alliances and coalitions between Roman emperors or powerful commanders and various tribes or tribal kings were made, unmade,and remade so often that it is nearly impossible to follow their course. Accordingly,all of these situations proved dangerous to the peace and safety of the West.11.Which of the following is identified in paragraph5as a negative consequence of making Germanic chieftains high-ranking officers in the Roman armyA.Romans no longer sought achievement through the military.B.Germanic generals sometimes used their military power to advance their own and their tribes'interests.C.Germanic soldiers focused on achieving imperial titles rather than military success.D.Greater divisions developed between the Western Empire and the Eastern Empire, which lacked military leadership.12.According to paragraph5,what is one way that internal conflict in Rome endangered the peace and safety of the WestA.The conflict made it more difficult to make peace through the process of granting imperial titles and territorial concessions.B.The conflict made it easier for invaders to cross the frontier and enter Roman territory.C.The conflict discouraged Roman leaders from creating alliances and coalitions with Germanic tribes.D.The conflict made it nearly impossible to track the activities of enemy tribes outside Roman territory.13.Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Once within Roman borders,they proved difficult to remove.Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.Unfortunately,the high positions achieved by Germanic officers often aroused the jealousy and hostility of high-ranking Roman military and civilian officials.Such positions also gave their Germanic holders a chance to act on both personal and tribal animosities in the arena of Imperial politics.Internal Roman rivalries and power struggles aggravated the situation.Rival factional leaders often granted Imperial titles and conceded territory to one Germanic leader or another in return for help againstfellow Romans.While the Romans were thus distracted by internal conflict,other tribes seized the opportunity to cross into Roman territory unopposed.【A】When the Romans could not dislodge them,peace was bought with further titles and territorial concessions as allies.【B】In the midst of it all,alliances and coalitions between Roman emperors or powerful commanders and various tribes or tribal kings were made,unmade,and remade so often that it is nearly impossible to follow their course.【C】Accordingly,all of these situations proved dangerous to the peace and safety of the West.【D】14..Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage,click on View Text.Answer ChoicesA.The division of the Roman Empire into two parts was particularly damaging for the Western Empire because it relied on the Eastern Empire for economic support.B.The heirs of Theodosius came to the throne as young children,allowing them to be dominated by advisors who competed for influence at the expense of the empire's welfare.C.Western emperors after Theodosius were unable to emphasize their civilian role because of their need to rely on the protection of Germanic generals loyal to them.pared to the Eastern Empire,the Western Empire had many disadvantages, including more foreign enemies and fewer material and human resources.E.Resentment against Germanic chieftains achieving high rank in the Roman military and factionalism among Roman leaders were among the causes of the period's considerable instability.F.As the resources needed to secure Rome's borders increased,serious conflicts developed among Roman leaders over how best to protect Roman territory against invading tribes.Features of Tropical MammalsThere are several important features of tropical mammals and their habitats that differentiate them from temperate-zone mammals.First,tropical mammals face different environmental stresses than do temperate-zone mammals,and they respond to stresses in different ways.Many temperate-zone mammals,of course,must endure extreme variation within a year;from cold winters with snow and low food supplies to hot summers with dry weather and abundant food.Many mammals respond with hibernation,staying more or less dormant for several months until conditions improve.【Tropical mammals,except in the high-altitude mountains,do not encounter such extreme annual changes,but they do face dry seasons,up to five months long,that sometimes severely reduce food supplies.】For some surprising reasons,they cannot alleviate this stress by hibernating,waiting for the rainy season to arrive with its increased food supplies.When a mammal in Canada or Alaska hibernates,many of its predators leave the area.This is not the case in the tropics.A mammal sleeping away the dry season in a burrow would be easy prey to snakes and other predators.Moreover,a big danger to sleeping mammals would be army ants.These voracious insects are very common in the tropics and would quickly eat a sleeping mouse or squirrel.Also,external parasites,such as ticks and mites,which are inactive in extreme cold,would continue to be very active on sleeping tropical mammals, sucking blood and doing considerable st,the great energy reserves needed to be able to sleep for an extended period through warm weather may be more than any mammal can physically accumulate.Therefore,tropical mammals need to stay active throughout the year.One way they counter the dry season's reduction in their normal foods is to switch food types seasonally.For instance,some rodents that eat mostly insects during the rainy season switch to seeds during the dry season;some bats that feed on insects switch to dry-season fruits.1.The word extreme in the passage is closest in meaning toA.greatB.repeatedC.unusualD.constant2.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.【Tropical mammals,except in the high-altitude mountains,do not encounter such extreme annual changes,but they do face dry seasons,up to five months long,that sometimes severely reduce food supplies.】A.Most tropical mammals do not experience extreme temperature changes but can suffer severe food losses from long dry seasons.B.Tropical mammals in high-altitude mountains encounter more severe food shortages than other tropical mammals.C.Dry seasons up to five months long cause as much damage to food resources of tropical mammals as extreme annual changes.D.Dry seasons do not severely reduce the food supplies of tropical mammals every year but they do occur sometimes.3.According to paragraph1,mammals in the tropics encounter extreme temperature variations in which of the following situationsA.During hot summersB.During the dry seasonC.In high-altitude mountainsD.During the rainy season4.According to paragraph1,a tropical mammal hibernating throughout the dry season would encounter all of the following difficulties EXCEPT:A.It would be easy prey for predators such as snakes.B.It would not be able to maintain a steady body temperature.C.It might be attacked by army ants.D.It could not accumulate sufficient energy reserves.The abundance of tropical fruit brings up another interesting difference between temperate and tropical mammals:a surprising number of tropical mammals eat a lot of fruit,even among the carnivore group,which,as its name implies,should be eating meat.All the carnivores in Brazil,save pumas,jaguars,and otters,are known to eat fruit on occasion.Upon reflection,however,it makes sense that these mammals consume fruit.Fruit is very abundant in the tropics,available throughout much of the year,and,at least when it is ripe,easily digested by mammalian digestive systems.A consequence of such frugivory(fruit eating)is that many mammals have become, together with frugivorous birds,major dispersal agents of fruit seeds,which they spit out or which travel unharmed through their digestive tracts to be deposited in feces far from the mother tree.Some biologists believe that,even though the carnivores plainly are specialized for hunting down,killing,and eating animal prey,it is likely that fruit has always been a part of their diet.5.The phrase Upon reflection in the passage is closest in meaning toA.For this reasonB.After considerationC.Most importantlyD.In general6.Paragraph2indicates which of the following about fruit trees in the tropicsA.They have been the plants most studied by biologists in the tropics.B.They don't need to grow much before they begin to produce fruit that tropical animals can eat.C.They can spread to areas far from the mother tree,in part because of the eating habits of some carnivores.D.They have become the main source of food for pumas,jaguars,and otters.Finally,there are some differences in the kinds of animals inhabiting tropical and temperate regions.For instance,in tropical regions there are few social rodents like beavers and prairie dogs and very few rabbit species.On the other hand,some groups occur solely in the tropics and do extremely well there.There are about75to 100species of New World monkeys(depending on which primate specialist you consult),all of which occur in tropical areas.Arboreal(tree-living)mammals such as monkeys and sloths are plentiful in tropical forests,probably because there is a rich, resource-filled,dense canopy to occupy and feed in.The closed canopy blocks light to the ground,which allows only an undergrowth that is sparse and poor in resources, and consequently permits few opportunities for mammals to live and feed there.Bats thrive in the tropics,being very successful both in terms of number of species and in their abundances.Nine families of bats occur in Brazil,including more than140 species;only four families and40species occur in the entire United States,an areasimilar in size to Brazil.While most North American bats feed on insects,the diets of Brazilian bats are more varied and include fruit,nectar,and fish.7.The word consult in the passage is closest in meaning toA.believeB.admireC.findD.ask8.Why does the author provide the information that The closed canopy blocks light to the groundA.To illustrate why rodents living in tropical forests live in social groupsB.To illustrate why tropical forests have so many species of batsC.To explain why there are few mammals that live on the groundD.To explain why some species of monkeys do very well in the tropics9.It can be inferred from paragraph3that the animals most likely to inhabit tropical regions are animals thatA.live in treesB.outnumber social rodentsC.do not require a variety of food resourcesD.prefer the dark10.Select the TWO answer choices that indicate ways in which Brazilian and North American bats discussed in paragraph3differ.To obtain credit,you must select TWO answers.A.Their dietsB.Their ability to co-exist with abrboreal mammalsC.The size of their habitatsD.The number of species in each location11.What can be inferred from paragraph3about the greater variety of bats in Brazil compared to bats in North AmericaA.North America is too cold for many varieties of bats.B.The more varied diets of Brazilian bats allow more diversity in the bat population.C.An insect diet is less nutritious than a diet of fruit,nectar,and fish.D.Brazilian bats are arboreal and North American bats are not.12.Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.A possible explanation for this difference is related to what they eat.Where would the sentence best fit.Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.Finally,there are some differences in the kinds of animals inhabiting tropical and temperate regions.For instance,in tropical regions there are few social rodents like beavers and prairie dogs and very few rabbit species.On the other hand,some groups occur solely in the tropics and do extremely well there.There are about75to 100species of New World monkeys(depending on which primate specialist you consult),all of which occur in tropical areas.Arboreal(tree-living)mammals such as monkeys and sloths are plentiful in tropical forests,probably because there is a rich, resource-filled,dense canopy to occupy and feed in.The closed canopy blocks light to the ground,which allows only an undergrowth that is sparse and poor in resources, and consequently permits few opportunities for mammals to live and feed there.【A】Bats thrive in the tropics,being very successful both in terms of number of species and in their abundances.【B】Nine families of bats occur in Brazil,including more than 140species;only four families and40species occur in the entire United States,an area similar in size to Brazil.【C】While most North American bats feed on insects,the diets of Brazilian bats are more varied and include fruit,nectar,and fish.【D】13.Directions:Select from the seven phrases below the phrases that correctly characterize tropical mammals and the phrases that correctly characterize temperate-zone mammals.Drag each phrase you select into the appropriate column of the table.Two of the phrases will NOT be used.This question is worth3points. Answer ChoicesA.Endure extreme temperature fluctuationsB.May reproduce several times a yearC.Endure a long dry seasonD.Have thick fur coatsE.Some amass large energy reservesF.Some have predators that are not present all yearG.Remain active all yeartropical mammals temperate-zone mammalsHoneybee SocietyHoneybee colonies are essentially societies of females.In a hive of perhaps20,000 bees,only a few hundred will be male bees,called drones.【A】They are around only in the spring or summerlong enough to rise to treetop level in a comet-like swarm, chasing after one of the queen bees that have assembled from various hives at a mating site.【B】Of the many drones assembled,only10to15will actually mate with a queen during one of her mating flights.【C】Each drone that is successful dies in the process,however,and a similar fate awaits drones that aren't successful;once matingis done,they will be expelled from their hives or killed.【D】1..The phrase expelled from in the passage is closest in meaning toA.forced fromB.carried fromC.left byD.guided from2..It can be inferred from paragraph1that drones are around only in spring or summer becauseA.they are born in these seasonsB.mating flights occur in these seasonsC.they are expelled from the hive in these seasonsD.they are unable to survive in colder seasons3..According to paragraph1,all of the following are true about honeybee drones EXCEPT:A.They are a small percentage of the bees in a hive.B.They die in the process if they mate with a queen bee.C.They are accepted back in the hive if they fail to mate.D.They swarm at mating sites to chase after a queen bee.The week of mating flights prepares the queen for a lifetime of prodigious egg laying; she will produce up to2,000fertile eggs a day for years.Nearly all of the offspring that hatch from these eggs are female;they are the hive's worker bees;and they are well named,for it is they who will maintain the hive,forage for food,store the food away,care for newly laid eggs,and more.It is they who will do everything for the colony,in other words,except lay eggs and mate with the queen.4..Which of the following can be inferred from the discussion of bee society in paragraphs1and2A.Male bees have no function other than to mate with the queen.B.Male bees have higher status than female bees in the hive.C.Female bees produce numerous offspring.D.Female bees play a relatively unimportant role in the hive.Over their brief adult lives of perhaps six weeks,every worker bee takes on,in a predictable order,nearly all the worker tasks that the hive has to offer.For the first three days of her life,a worker is primarily a cleaner of the cells that the bee larvae (immature,wormlike bees)are stored in.As the days pass,she becomes primarily a larvae feeder,then a hive construction worker,then an entrance guard and food storer, and finally a forager,going out to secure nectar,pollen,and water for the colony. Within this structure,however,a worker's life is one of surprising flexibility.After becoming a construction worker,for example,she still engages in some cell cleaning;and throughout her life,she spends a good deal of time resting and patrolling the hive.5..According to paragraph3,the main task for the most mature worker bees isA.storing nectar and pollenB.cleaning bee larvae cellsC.guarding the entrance to the hiveD.obtaining food and water for the hiveImportantly,there is no chain of command in a colonyno group of workers communicating the message more food needed now or cell cleaning needed over here. How,then,does all this work get organized among tens of thousands of bees Bees are prompted to act either because of environmental conditions(the temperature of the hive,for example)or because of signals or cues they receive from other bees.The signals are explicit acts of communication,as with the famous waggle dance that bees perform to inform their fellow workers of the location of food sites.6..The word prompted in the passage is closest in meaning toA.ableB.requiredC.programmedD.stimulated7..The word explicit in the passage is closest in meaning toA.unusually creativeB.clearly expressedC.ordinaryD.necessary8..Why does the author mention the famous waggle dance that bees perform in the passageA.To give an example of a signal shared between worker beesB.To indicate how worker bees are able to find good food sitesC.To show how environmental conditions affect bee behaviorD.To illustrate how the presence of food stimulates bee activityQuite often,however,bees are reacting to cues they get from other bees that simply imply a given condition.Take,as an example,a cue that researcher Thomas Seeley confirmed that has to do with unloading time at the hive.In a well-fed hive,forager bees gather food only from flower patches that have lots of nectar.When a hive is near starvation,however,the foragers aren't so choosy;then low-yield flower patches will do.So,how does a forager know whether to be choosy or not How is she informed of the nutritional status of the colony,in other words Her informational source is the length of time it takes her to unload her food.Providing the cues are the food-storer bees,which receive the food the foragers bring back and then process itinto honey and pack it away in the hive.It takes a returning forager a relatively long time to make contact with a food-storer bee in a well-fed hive,but a relatively short time in a starving hive.Why Because in a well-fed hive,the food storers have plenty to keep them busythere is plenty of food to store away.If,however,a forager can make contact with a food storer within15seconds of entering the hive,the forager knows the colony is low on food and will start paying visits to low-yield sites.This is but one example of how life in the colony is self-organizing;each bee's behavior is shaped by the behavior of other bees.9..The word imply in the passage is closest in meaning toA.introduceB.suggestC.stateD.reveal10..According to paragraph5,which of the following describes forager bee activity when a hive has not been receiving sufficient foodA.The foragers spend time looking for high-yield flower patches.B.The foragers return to the hive only infrequently.C.The foragers bring nectar from low-yield as well as high-yield flower patches.D.The foragers travel long distances looking for nectar.11..According to paragraph5,how does a returning forager bee know that the hive is well fedA.The food-storer bees signal the foragers to remain in the hive.B.The food-storer bees are producing honey,not storing food.C.The food-storer bees ignore forager bees that are bringing low-quality food.D.The food-storer bees are busy and not readily available to unload food.12..In which of the following ways does paragraph5relate to paragraph4A.Paragraph5continues the discussion of the location of food sites begun in paragraph4.B.Paragraph5elaborates on the topic introduced in paragraph4about types of communication between bees.C.Paragraph5discusses the research that made the waggle dance in paragraph4 famous.D.Paragraph5explains in further detail the foraging activities of worker bees mentioned in paragraph4.13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Lacking the body parts to collect nectar and pollen,they have no function in the community once the opportunity to mate has passed.Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the。
托福TPO9阅读真题（文本+答案+翻译）：Part3
托福TPO9阅读真题(文本+答案+翻译)：Part3托福TPO作为托福的模考工具，它的题目对于我们备考托福很有参考价值，为了帮助大家备考，下面小编给大家整理了托福TPO9阅读真题(文本+答案+翻译)：Part3，望喜欢！托福TPO9阅读文本：Part3The Arrival of Plant Life in HawaiiWhen the Hawaiian Islands emerged from the sea as volcanoes, starting about five million years ago, they were far removed from other landmasses. Then, as blazing sunshine alternated with drenching rains, the harsh, barren surfaces of the black rocks slowly began to soften. Winds brought a variety of life-forms.Spores light enough to float on the breezes were carried thousands of miles from more ancient lands and deposited at random across the bare mountain flanks. A few of these spores found a toehold on the dark, forbidding rocks and grew and began to work their transformation upon the land. Lichens were probably the first successful flora. These are not single individual plants; each one is a symbiotic combination of an alga and a fungus. The algae capture the sun's energy by photosynthesis and store it in organic molecules. The fungi absorb moisture and mineral salts from the rocks, passing these on in waste products that nourish algae. It is significant that the earliest living things that built communities on these islands are examples of symbiosis, a phenomenon that depends upon the close cooperation of two or more forms of life and a principle that is very important in island communities.Lichens helped to speed the decomposition of the hard rock surfaces, preparing a soft bed of soil that was abundantlysupplied with minerals that had been carried in the molten rock from the bowels of Earth. Now, other forms of life could take hold: ferns and mosses (two of the most ancient types of land plants) that flourish even in rock crevices. These plants propagate by producing spores-tiny fertilized cells that contain all the instructions for making a new plant-but the spore are unprotected by any outer coating and carry no supply of nutrient. Vast numbers of them fall on the ground beneath the mother plants. Sometimes they are carried farther afield by water or by wind. But only those few spores that settle down in very favorable locations can start new life; the vast majority fall on barren ground. By force of sheer numbers, however, the mosses and ferns reached Hawaii, survived, and multiplied. Some species developed great size, becoming tree ferns that even now grow in the Hawaiian forests.Many millions of years after ferns evolved (but long before the Hawaiian Islands were born from the sea), another kind of flora evolved on Earth: the seed-bearing plants. This was a wonderful biological invention. The seed has an outer coating that surrounds the genetic material of the new plant, and inside this covering is a concentrated supply of nutrients. Thus the seed's chances of survival are greatly enhanced over those of the naked spore. One type of seed-bearing plant, the angiosperm, includes all forms of blooming vegetation. In the angiosperm the seeds are wrapped in an additional layer of covering. Some of these coats are hard-like the shell of a nut-for extra protection. Some are soft and tempting, like a peach or a cherry. In some angiosperms the seeds are equipped with gossamer wings, like the dandelion and milkweed seeds. These new characteristics offered better ways for the seed to move to new habitats. Theycould travel through the air, float in water, and lie dormant for many months.Plants with large, buoyant seeds-like coconuts-drift on ocean currents and are washed up on the shores. Remarkably resistant to the vicissitudes of ocean travel, they can survive prolonged immersion in saltwater when they come to rest on warm beaches and the conditions are favorable, the seed coats soften. Nourished by their imported supply of nutrients, the young plants push out their roots and establish their place in the sun.By means of these seeds, plants spread more widely to new locations, even to isolated islands like the Hawaiian archipelago, which lies more than 2,000 miles west of California and 3,500 miles east of Japan. The seeds of grasses, flowers, and blooming trees made the long trips to these islands. (Grasses are simple forms of angiosperms that bear their encapsulated seeds on long stalks.) In a surprisingly short time, angiosperms filled many of the land areas on Hawaii that had been bare.Paragraph 2: Spores light enough to float on the breezes were carried thousands of miles from more ancient lands and deposited at random across the bare mountain flanks. A few of these spores found a toehold on the dark, forbidding rocks and grew and began to work their transformation upon the land. Lichens were probably the first successful flora. These are not single individual plants; each one is a symbiotic combination of an alga and a fungus. The algae capture the sun's energy by photosynthesis and store it in organic molecules. The fungi absorb moisture and mineral salts from the rocks, passing these on in waste products that nourish algae.It is significant that the earliest living thing that built communities on these islands are examples of symbiosis, a phenomenon that depends upon theclose cooperation of two or more forms of life and a principle that is very important in island communities.托福TPO9阅读题目：Part31. The phrase "at random" in the passage is closest in meaning to○finally○over a long period of time○successfully○without a definite pattern2. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the fungi in lichens benefit from their symbiotic relationship with algae in what way?○The algae help the fungi meet some of their energy needs.○The algae protect the fungi from the Sun's radiation.○The algae provide the fungi with greater space for absorbing water.○The fungi produce less waste in the presence of algae.3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Some of the earliest important examples of symbiosis-the close cooperation of two or more living things-occur in island communities.○Symbiosis-the close cooperation of pairs or small groups of living organisms-is especially important in these island environments.○The first organisms on these islands worked toget her closely in a relationship known as symbiosis, which is particularly important on islands.○It is significant to note that organisms in the beginningstages of the development of island life cannot survive without close cooperation.Paragraph 3: Lichens helped to speed the decomposition of the hard rock surfaces, preparing a soft bed of soil that was abundantly supplied with minerals that had been carried in the molten rock from the bowels of Earth. Now, other forms of life could take hold: ferns and mosses (two of the most ancient types of land plants) that flourish even in rock crevices. These plantspropagate by producing spores-tiny fertilized cells that contain all the instructions for making a new plant-but the spore are unprotected by any outer coating and carry no supply of nutrient. Vast numbers of them fall on the ground beneath the mother plants. Sometimes they are carried farther afield by water or by wind. But only those few spores that settle down in very favorable locations can start new life; the vast majority fall on barren ground. By force of sheer numbers, however, the mosses and ferns reached Hawaii, survived, and multiplied. Some species developed great size, becoming tree ferns that even now grow in the Hawaiian forests.4. The word "abundantly" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ occasionally○ plentifully○ usefully○ fortunately5. The word "propagate" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ multiply○ emerge○ live○ evolve6. According to paragraph 3, what was the relationship between lichens and ferns in the development of plant life on Hawaii?○Ferns were able to grow because lichens created suitable soil.○The decomposition of ferns produced minerals that were used by lichens.○Lichens and ferns competed to grow in the sam e rocky environments.○Lichens and ferns were typically found together in volcanic areas.Paragraph 4: Many millions of years after ferns evolved (but long before the Hawaiian Islands were born from the sea), another kind of flora evolved on Earth: the seed-bearing plants. Thiswas a wonderful biological invention. The seed has an outer coating that surrounds the genetic material of the new plant, and inside this covering is a concentrated supply of nutrients. Thus the seed's chances of survival are greatly enhanced over those of the naked spore. One type of seed-bearing plant, the angiosperm, includes all forms of blooming vegetation. In the angiosperm the seeds are wrapped in an additional layer of covering. Some of these coats are hard-like the shell of a nut-for extra protection. Some are soft and tempting, like a peach or a cherry. In some angiosperms the seeds are equipped with gossamer wings, like the dandelion and milkweed seeds. These new characteristics offered better ways for the seed to move to new habitats. They could travel through the air, float in water, and lie dormant for many months.7. The word "This" in the passage refers to○the spread of ferns and mosses in Hawaii○the creation of the Hawaiian Islands○the evolution of ferns○the development of plants that produce seeds8. According to paragraph 4, why do seeds have a greater chance of survival than spores do? To receive credit, you must select TWO answer choices.○Seeds need less water to grow into a mature plant than spores do.○Seeds do not need to rely on outside sources of nutrients.○Seeds are better protected from environmental dangers than spores are.○Seeds are heavier than spores and are therefore more likely to take root and grow.9. Why does the author mention "a nut", "a peach", and "a cherry"?○To indicate that some seeds are less likely to survive than others○To point out that many angiosperms can be eaten○To provide examples of blooming plants○To illustrate the variety of coverings among angiosperm seeds10. The word "dormant" in the passage is closest in meaning to○hidden○inactive○underground○preservedParagraph5: Plants with large, buoyant seeds-like coconuts-drift on ocean currents and are washed up on the shores.Remarkably resistant to the vicissitudes of ocean travel, they can survive prolonged immersion in saltwater when they come to rest on warm beaches and the conditions are favorable, the seed coats soften. Nourished by their imported supply of nutrients, the young plants push out their roots and establish their place in the sun.11. According to paragraph 5, a major reason that coconuts can establish themselves in distant locations is that their seeds can○survive long exposure to heat on island beaches○float and survive for long periods in ocean water○use saltwater for maintenance and growth○maintain hard, protective coats even after growing roots12. According to the passage, which of the following characteristics do spores and seeds have in common?○They may be surrounded by several layers of covering.○They are produced by flowering plants.○They may be spread by wind.○They are able to grow in barren soils.Paragraph 3: Lichens helped to speed the decomposition of the hard rock surfaces, preparing a soft bed of soil that was abundantly supplied with minerals that had been carried in the molten rock from the bowels of Earth. Now, other forms of life could take hold: ferns and mosses (two of the most ancient types of land plants) that flourish even in rock crevices. ■These plants propagate by producing spores-tiny fertilized cells that contain all the instructions for making a new plant-but the spore are unprotected by any outer coating and carry no supply of nutrient. ■Vast numbers of them fall on the ground beneath the mother plants. ■Sometimes they are carried farther afield by water or bywind. ■But only those few spores that settle down in very favorable locations can start new life; the vast majority fall on barren ground. By force of sheer numbers, however, the mosses and ferns reached Hawaii, survived, and multiplied. Some species developed great size, becoming tree ferns that even now grow in the Hawaiian forests.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.So since the chances of survival for any individual spore are small, the plants have to produce many spores in order to propagate.Where could the sentence best fit?14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.After the formation of the Hawaiian Islands, much time passed before conditions were suitable for plant life.●●●Answers Choices○Algae are classified as symbiotic because they produce energy through the process of photosynthesis.○The first successful plants on Hawaii were probably lichens, which consist of algae and fungi living in a symbiotic relationship.○Lichens helped create favorable conditions for the growthof spore-producing plants such as ferns and mosses.○Seed-bearing plants evolved much later than spore-producing plants, but both types of plants had evolved well before the formation of the Hawaiian Islands.○Unlike spores, seeds must move to new habitats in order to have a strong chance of survival and growth.○Seed-bearing plants arrived and spread quickly in Hawaii, thanks to characteristics that increased their seeds' ability to survive and to move to different areas托福TPO9阅读答案：Part3参考答案：1. ○42. ○13. ○34. ○25. ○16. ○17. ○48. ○2, 39. ○410. ○211. ○212. ○313. ○214. The first successful plants…Lichens helped create favorable…Seed-bearing plants arrived…托福TPO9阅读翻译：Part3参考翻译：夏威夷植物的到来大约500万年以前，当夏威夷群岛作为火山从海洋中出现的时候，它们与其他大陆相距甚远。
新托福TPO9阅读原文及译文（一...
新托福TPO9阅读原文及译文（一...第一篇：新托福TPO9阅读原文及译文(一)Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest Coast/tuofukecheng/zhiboke/第二篇：《宋史忠义一》原文阅读及译文赵师旦字潜叔，枢密副使稹之从子。
美容仪，身长六尺。
少年颇涉书史，尤刻意刑名之学。
用稹荫，试将作监主簿，累迁宁海军节度推官。
知江山县，断治出己，吏不能得民一钱，弃物道上，人无敢取。
以荐者改大理寺丞、知彭城县，迁太子右赞善大夫，移知康州。
侬智高破邕州，顺流东下，师旦使人觇贼，还报曰：“诸州守皆弃城走矣！”师旦叱曰：“汝亦欲吾走矣。
”乃大索，得谍者三人，斩以徇。
而贼已薄城下，师旦止有兵三百，开门迎战，杀数十人。
会暮，贼稍却，师旦语其妻，取州印佩之，使负其子以匿，曰：“明日贼必大至，吾知不敌，然不可以去，尔留，死无益也。
”遂与监押马贵部士卒固守州城。
召贵食，贵不能食，师旦独饱如平时；至夜，贵卧不安席，师旦即卧内大鼾。
迟明，贼攻城愈急，左右请少避，师旦曰：“战死与戮死何如？”众皆曰：“愿为国家死。
”至城破无一人逃者。
矢尽，与贵俱还，据堂而坐。
智高麾兵鼓噪争入，胁师旦，师旦大骂曰：“饿獠，朝廷负若何事，乃敢反邪！天子发一校兵，汝无遗类矣。
”智高怒，并贵害之。
贼既去州人为立庙事平赠光禄少卿赐其母王长安县太君冠帔录其子弟并从子三人。
师旦遇害时，年四十二。
柩过江山，江山之人迎师旦丧，哭祭于路，络绎数百里不绝。
同时有王从政者，以东头供奉官、阁门祗候，与侬智高战于太平场，被执，骂贼不已，至以沸汤沃之，终不屈而死。
赠信州刺史，录其孙二人。
（节选自《宋史?忠义一》4．下列对文中画波浪线部分的断句，正确的一项是（3分）（）A．贼既去州∕人为立庙事∕平∕赠光禄少卿∕赐其母王∕长安县太君冠帔∕录其子弟∕并从子三人。
B．贼既去∕州人为立庙事∕平∕赠光禄少卿∕赐其母王长安县太君冠帔∕录其子弟∕并从子三人。
TPO-9 Reading 2 解析
正确答案：A解析：原文中的justified是justify的过去分词形式，意为“证明……是有道理的”，说明by后面的内容是支持前面的说法的。
四个选项中，A意为“支持”，B意为“塑造”，C意为“刺激，促进”，D意为“建议”，只有A最符合条件，故为答案。
Q2正确答案：B解析：题干中的reflection could help teachers帮助准确定位。
第1段段末提到了reflective practice对教师的帮助。
B是对原文中help teachers to feel more intellectually involved in their role and work in teaching的同义转述，故为答案。
A 中的intellectual principles在该段找不到依据。
C中的use scientific fact to和D中的disciplined approach均是对原文的曲解，排除。
Q3正确答案：C解析：原文中的flourish意为“繁荣，成功”，原文的意思是，这两位研究者对于研究那些会促使反思成功的条件格外感兴趣。
四个选项中，A意为“继续”，B意为“发生”，C意为“成功”，D意为“应用”，只有C最符合条件，故为答案。
Q4正确答案：D解析：题干中的experimental strategy帮助准确定位。
A对应最后一句，其中的eventually reflect without help对应原文的later an independent manner。
B中的by a group of teachers over a period of years对应原文的40 practicing teachers over several years。
C对应原文的The teachers were taken through a program of talking about teaching events。
托福TPO9综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
Third, fuel-cell engines will soon be economically competitive because people will spend less money to operate a fuel-cell engine than they will to operate an internal-combustion engine. This is true for one simple reason: a fuel-cell automobile is nearly twice as efficient in using its fuel as an automobile powered by an internal-combustion engine is. In other words, the fuel-cell powered car requires only half the fuel energy that the internal-combustion powered car does to go the same distance.
3月19日托福阅读真题及答案解析
3月19日托福阅读真题及答案解析2016年3月19日托福阅读真题及答案解析在托福备考的四个项目中，相对而言，阅读还是比较难的，就2016年3月19日托福阅读，下面YJBYS店铺为大家搜索整理了相关的真题及答案解析，欢迎参考阅读，希望对大家有所帮助!想了解更多相关信息请持续关注我们应届毕业生培训网!阅读部分词汇题ardent=enthusiasticcompelling=persuasivescanty=fewdistinctive=characteristicsconfine=restrict toresemble= look likelone=singlePassage 1 The extinction trends 灭绝趋势文章解析第一篇文章一共五段，第一段开篇以物种数量的变化趋势引出extinction(大灭绝)的概念，然后对geological time(地质时间)中的extinction的情况做了大体描述。
第二段讨论这些灭绝的原因，除了气候因素、小行星撞地球外，提出人为因素，本段的考题主要是人为因素影响灭绝的时间要注意。
第三段写最近一次的冰川时期，美国北部和亚欧大陆北部都覆盖着广阔的冰川，生活在这些冰川地带南部边界的人们的生活方式为打猎，人们为了获得食物打猎致使大量的物种灭绝。
第四段写农业的产生改变的人们的生活方式，人们为了开垦土地种庄稼进一步破坏自然，导致大量物种的灭绝。
最后一段写欧洲殖民(European colonies)对当地带来的影响，导致物种大量灭绝。
解析：最近连考大灭绝话题，足见ETS对这个话题的重视度。
本篇文章表面上看在讲大灭绝，实质上同样把人类的发展史与物种的灭绝结合起来考，建议考生把文章中涉及的相关背景知识都做一个较好的了解，如：冰川世纪、农业的起源、欧洲和美国发展史，当然学科词汇必不可少。
相信对背景全面的了解、对词汇的熟练的掌握，能够帮考生们很好的应对这篇文章。
参考阅读：TPO 15 Mass ExtinctionsTPO 8 Extinction of the DinosaursTPO 15 Glacier FormationTPO 21 The Origins of AgricultureTPO 33 Extinction Episodes of the PastPassage 2 水生昆虫如何躲避捕食者本篇文章分为四个段落，第一段通过写生物有各种各样的方法伪装自己以便躲避捕食者，引出水生昆虫如何躲避捕食者，主要写颜色这个方面。
托福阅读笔记之TPO9 Reflection in Teaching
托福阅读笔记之TPO9 Reflection in Teaching说到托福阅读备考，TPO是必不可少的备考神器，通过TPO练习来更好的适应阅读考试的节奏。
本文小编带来的托福阅读笔记是TPO9 Reflection in Teaching的内容，希望能够与正在备考的大家一起进步。
TPO9 Reflection in Teaching文章题材：社会科学——关于教学反思动机的研究理论常见词汇：thorough['θʌrə]adj. 彻底的，完全的，详尽的，精心的threat[θret]n. 威胁，凶兆vt. 威胁, 恐吓claim[kleim]n. 要求，要求权;主张，断言，声称opposed[ə'pəuzd]adj. 反对的，敌对的v. 和... 起冲突，反抗compelling[kəm'peliŋ]adj. 强制的，引人注目的，令人信服的realistic[riə'listik]adj. 现实的，现实主义的calculate['kælkjuleit]v. 计算，估计，核算，计划，认为identifiedadj. 被识别的;经鉴定的;被认同者v. 鉴定defined[di'faind]adj. 有定义的，确定的;清晰的，轮廓分明的essential[i'senʃəl]n. 要素，要点易错题解析：Paragraph 2: Wildman and Niles were particularly interested in investigating the conditions under which reflection might flourish-a subject on which there is little guidance in the literature. They designed an experimental strategy for a group of teachers in Virginia and worked with 40 practicing teachers over several years. They were concerned that many would be "drawn to these new, refreshing conceptions of teaching only to find that the void between the abstractions and the realities of teacher reflection is too great to bridge. Reflection on a complex task such as teaching is not easy." The teachers were taken through a program of talking about teaching events, moving on to reflecting about specific issues in a supported, and later an independent, manner.4. All of the following are mentioned about the experimental strategy described in paragraph 2 EXCEPT:○It was designed so that teachers would eventually reflect without help from others○It was used by a group of teachers over a period of years.○It involved having teachers take part in discussions of classroom events○It invol ved having teachers record in writing their reflections about teaching题型：否定事实信息题。
托福阅读真题第9篇TheMeaningofUpperPaleolithicArt（答案文章最后）
托福阅读真题第9篇TheMeaningofUpperPaleolithicArt（答案文章最后）旧石器时代晚期艺术的意义从 40,000 年前的 40,000 年前开始时期（见证了人类艺术和表现形式开始出现的显着石器时代）。
大约在这个时候，考古记录器用巨大的价值或被石头雕刻而成的雕像，还有猎杀杀戮的动物和这些画作猎杀的动物，以及动物贴图和上面的其他图像。
作品对他们的创作者意味着什么，他们为什么创作这些作品？索姆人类学家梅格·康基（梅格·康基）将西班牙人梅格·康基（Meg Conn塔拉洞穴（阿尔塔米拉洞穴（Altamira Cave）有抽象几何图案的1个不同的雕刻作品200年代雕塑作品（迈克尔·约阿希姆）在里面的迈克尔·约阿希姆的身份——“乔米·阿希姆”。
领地羊肚脐和法国社会压力（如佛朗哥连地区）——标志着作为领地的标志。
伴随着人口膨胀而来的2在该地区可能需要用行踪标记动物地图——2000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000从开始进入该地区的土地领地（如封盖）领地。
甘画艺术风格。
考古学家将帮助保持克利夫布尔（Clive Gamble）被描绘的小石头·克利夫作品的社会形象，通过共同的地理和地理主题上相距遥远的人群之间的社会联系。
最近，研究人员 Patricia Rice 和 Ann Paterson 又回到了更多的领域。
他们对欧洲石器时代的早期发现与揭秘上旧时代的动物数量和种类的统计分析，显示在西班牙和法国的实地发现的动物驯鹿和马鹿动物的相关性小动物的相关性存在。
中的这些危险的遗体遗骸时，但又会令人印象深刻，作为动物遗骸的遗体，在成功猎杀动物的肉类时，会发现它们通常在收藏品中，因此似乎也有发现。
托福TPO9口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO9口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO9口语Task3阅读文本： Required Work Experience The business studies department at State University will now require all students enrolled in its program to complete one semester of work experience in a local corporation or small business. It is felt that students will benefit from this work experience by developing leadership and organizational skills that would not normally be learned in a classroom or campus setting. Furthermore, the relationships that students establish with the company that they work for many help them to secure permanent employment with that company once they have completed the program and graduated. 托福TPO9口语Task3听力文本： Now listen to two students discussing the announcement. (man) Read this announcement? (woman) Yeah, and I disagree. I don’t think it’ll actually help students. (man) Really, why not? (woman) Well, they talked about leadership and organizational skills, but that’s not really the kind of work you do. Like my elder brother’s had the kind of job they’re talking about, and typically you are just there to do the basic tasks like typing or filing stuff, nothing very meaningful. (man) Oh, so you wouldn’t actually learn anything new. (woman) Exactly! (man) I guess I see what you mean. But what about the other point they make? (woman) About this helping us after we graduate? I don’t agree. (man) How come? (woman) Well, the problem is that there’re lots of other universities in our area that have the same requirement. So there’re lots of other students at these positions. (man) Yeah, I guess I haven’t thought of that. (woman) So, even if you take a position like this in a company while you’re still a student, once you graduate the competition for permanent jobs will be impossible.I mean there just won’t be enough jobs available for all of the business graduates in the city that will be looking for full-time work. (man) Hmmm, I see what you’re saying. 托福TPO9口语Task3题目： The woman expresses her opinion about the new policy. State her opinion and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion. 托福TPO9口语Task3满分范文： The business apartment will now require all students to have one semester work experience in a local company so that students can develop leadership and organizational skills and may secure permanent employment after graduation. The woman in the conversation doesn’t think the policy will help students. Firstly, the students don’t do the work that can develop leadership and organizational skills. Typically, students are there to do basic jobs such as typing and filing. Secondly, there are many other universities in this area that have the same requirements so there must be a lot of students holding the same positions. So after graduation, the competition for business jobs will actually be fierce. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO9口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
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智课网TOEFL备考资料托福tpo9阅读答案(文本+译文+解析摘要:现在备考托福的同学大家都在做TPO模拟训练,但是会出现一个问题就是训练完了没有参考答案啊,今天小编就准备了托福tpo9阅读答案(文本+译文+解析,看看解析你是否答对了呢?今天小编为大家准备的是托福 tpo9阅读答案(文本+译文+解析,同学们在做TPO9的时候遇到什么问题再也不怕了,赶紧来看看吧,更多的阅读真题解析等着你呦。
以下是托福tpo9阅读答案(文本+译文+解析文本部分:戳这!急速下载托福TPO全套资料Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest CoastIt has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska during the last Ice Age. The first water craft theory about this migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It was this midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets-the Laurentide to the east and the Cordilleran to the west-that enabled the southward migration. But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. He persuasively argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final retreat.Support is growing for the alternative theory that people using watercraft, possibly skin boats, moved southward from Beringia along the Gulf of Alaska and then southward along the Northwest coast of North America possibly as early as 16,000 years ago. This route would have enabled humans to enter southern areas of the Americas prior to the melting of the continental glaciers. Until the early 1970s,most archaeologists did not consider the coast a possible migration route into the Americas because geologists originally believed that during the last Ice Age the entire Northwest Coast was covered by glacial ice. It had been assumed that the ice extended westward from theAlaskan/Canadian mountains to the very edge of the continental shelf, the flat, submerged part of the continent that extends into the ocean. This would have created a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through the Gulf of Alaska and southward along the Northwest Coast of north America to what is today the state of Washington.The most influential proponent of the coastal migration route has been Canadian archaeologist Knut Fladmark. He theorized that with the use of watercraft, people gradually colonized unglaciated refuges and areas along the continental shelf exposed by the lower sea level. Fladmark's hypothesis received additional support form from the fact that the greatest diversity in native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americas, suggesting that this region has been settled the longest.More recent geologic studies documented deglaciation and the existence of ice-free areas throughout major coastal areas of British Columbia, Canada, by 13,000 years ago. Research now indicates that sizable areas of southeastern Alaska along the inner continental shelf were not covered by ice toward the end of the last Ice Age. One study suggests that except for a 250-mile coastal area between southwestern British Columbia and Washington State, the Northwest Coast of North America was largely free of ice by approximately 16,000 years ago. Vast areas along the coast may havebeen deglaciated beginning around 16,000 years ago, possibly providing a coastal corridor for the movement of plants, animals, and humans sometime between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago.The coastal hypothesis has gained increasing support in recent years because the remains of large land animals, such as caribou and brown bears, have been found in southeastern Alaska dating between 10,000 and 12,500 years ago. This is the time period in which most scientists formerly believed the area to be inhospitable for humans. It has been suggested that if the environment were capable of supporting breeding populations of bears, there would have been enough food resources to support humans. Fladmark and other believe that the first human colonization of America occurred by boat along the Northwest Coast during the very late Ice Age, possibly as early as 14,000 years ago. The most recent geologic evidence indicates that it may have been possible for people to colonize ice-free regions along the continental shelf that were still exposed by the lower sea level between13,000 and 14,000 years ago.The coastal hypothesis suggests an economy based on marine mammal hunting, saltwater fishing, shellfish gathering, and the use of watercraft. Because of the barrier of ice to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and populated areas to the north, there may have been a greater impetus for people to move in a southerly direction.Paragraph 1: It has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska during the last Ice Age. The first water craft theory about this migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It was this midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets-the Laurentide to the east and the Cordilleran to the west-that enabled the southward migration. But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most importantradiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. He persuasively argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final retreat.点击下载!小马 TPO模考软件1. According to paragraph 1, the theory that people first migrated to the Americans by way of an ice-free corridor was seriously called into question by○paleoecologist Glen MacDonald's argument that the orig inal migration occurred much later than had previously been believed○the demonstration that certain previously accepted ra diocarbon dates were incorrect○evidence that the continental ice began its final retreat much later than had previously be en believed○research showing that the ice-free corridor was not as long lasting as had been widely assumed2. The word "persuasively" in the passage is closest in meaning to○aggressively○inflexibly○convincingly○carefullyParagraph 2: Support is growing for the alternative theory that people using watercraft, possibly skin boats, moved southward from Beringia along the Gulf of Alaska and then southward along the Northwest coast of North America possibly as early as16,000 years ago. This route would have enabled humans to enter southern areas of the Americas prior to the melting of the continental glaciers. Until the early 1970s,most archaeologists did not consider the coast a possible migration route into the Americas because geologists originally believed that during the last Ice Age the entire Northwest Coast was covered by glacial ice. It had been assumed that the ice extended westward from theAlaskan/Canadian mountains to the very edge of the continental shelf, the flat, submerged part of the continent that extends into the ocean. This would have created a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through the Gulf of Alaska and southward along the Northwest Coast of north America to what is today the state of Washington.3. Paragraph 2 begins by presenting a theory and then goes on to○ discuss why the theory was rapidly accepted but then rejected○ present the evidence on which the theory was based○ cite evidence that now shows that th e theory is incorrect○ explain why the theory was not initially considered plausible4. The phrase "prior to" is closest in meaning to○ before○ immediately after○ during○ in spite o f5. Paragraph 2 supports the idea that, before the 1970s, most archaeologists held which of the following views about the earliest people to reach the Americas?○They could not have sailed directly from Beringia to Alaska and then southward because, it was thought, glacial ice covered the entire coastal region.○They were not aware that the climate would continue to become milder.○They would have had no interest in migrating southward from Beringia until after the continental glaciers had begun to melt.○They lacked the navigational skills and appropriate boats needed long-distance trips.Paragraph 3: The most influential proponent of the coastal migration route has been Canadian archaeologist KnutFladmark. He theorized that with the use of watercraft, people gradually colonized unglaciated refuges and areas along the continental shelf exposed by the lower sea level. Fladmark's hypothesis received additional support form from the fact that the greatest diversity in native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americas, suggesting that this region has been settled the longest.6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways to leave out essential information.○Because this region has been settled the longest, it also displays the greatest diversity in Native American languages.○Fladmark's hypothesis states that the west coast of the Americas has been settled longer than any other region.○The fact that the greatest diversity of Native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americans lends strength to Fradmark's hypothesis.○According to Fladmark, Native American languages have survived the lo ngest along the west coast of the Americas.Paragraph 4: More recent geologic studies documented deglaciation and the existence of ice-free areas throughout major coastal areas of British Columbia, Canada, by 13,000 years ago. Research now indicates that sizable areas of southeastern Alaska along the inner continental shelf were not covered by ice toward the end of the last Ice Age. One study suggests that except for a 250-mile coastal area between southwestern British Columbia and Washington State, the Northwest Coast of North America was largely free of ice by approximately 16,000 years ago. Vast areas along the coast may have been deglaciated beginning around 16,000 years ago, possibly providing a coastal corridor for the movement of plants, animals, and humans sometime between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago.7. The author's purpose in paragraph 4 is to○ indicate that a number of recent geologic studies seem to provide support for the coastal hypothesis○ indicate that coastal and inland migrations may have happened simul taneously○ explain why humans may have reached America's northwest coast before animals and plants did○ show that the coastal hypothesis may explain how people first reached Alaska but it cannot explain how peo ple reached areas like modern British Columbia and Washington State8. The word "Vast" in the passage is closest in meaning to○Frozen○Various○Isolated○HugeParagraph 5: The coastal hypothesis has gained increasing support in recent years because the remains of large landanimals, such as caribou and brown bears, have been found in southeastern Alaska dating between 10,000 and 12,500 years ago. This is the time period in which most scientists formerly believed the area to be inhospitable for humans. It has been suggested that if the environment were capable of supporting breeding populations of bears, there would have been enough food resources to support humans. Fladmark and other believe that the first human colonization of America occurred by boat along the Northwest Coast during the very late Ice Age, possibly as early as 14,000 years ago. The most recent geologic evidence indicates that it may have been possible for people to colonize ice-free regions along the continental shelf that were still exposed by the lower sea level between13,000 and 14,000 years ago. 点这下载！托福 tpo9 阅读答案(文本+译文+解析 9. According to paragraph 5, the discovery of the remains of large land animals supports the coastal hypothesis by providing evidence that ○ humans were changing their hunting techniques to adapt to coastal rath er than inland environments ○ animals had migrated from the inland to the coasts, an indication that a midcontinental ice -free corridor was actually implausible ○ humans probably would have been able to find enough resources along the coastal corridor ○ t he continental shelf was still exposed by lower sea levels during the period when the southward migration of people began 10. The word "inhospitable" in the passage is closest in meaning to ○ not familiar ○ not suitable ○ not dangerous ○ not reachable 11. According to paragraph 5, the most recent geologic research provides support for a first colonization of America dating as far back as○16,000 years ago ○14,000 years ago ○12,500 years ago ○10,000 years ago Paragraph 6: The coastal hypothesis suggests an economy based on marine mammal hunting, saltwater fishing gathering, and the use of watercraft. Because of the barrier of ice to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and populated areas to the north, there may have been a greater impetus for people to move in a southerly direction.12. The word "impetus" in the passage is closest in meaning to ○ chance ○ protection ○ possibility ○ incentive Paragraph 1: It has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska during the last Ice Age. ■ The first water craft theory about the migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It was the midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets-the Laurentide to the west-that enabled the southward migration. ■ But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. ■ He persuasively argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final retreat. ■ 13. Look at the four squares [■ ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Moreover, other evidence suggests that even if an ice-free corridor did exist, it would have lacked the resources needed for human colonization. Where could the sentence best fit? 14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Recent evidence favors a rival to the long-standing theory that the Americas were colonized 11,000-12,000 years ago by people migrating south from Beringia along a midcontinental ice-free corridor. ● ● ● Answer Choices ○Evidence thatan ice-free corridor between two ice sheets developed when the continental ice first began to melt came primarily from radiocarbon dating.○There is growing support for the theory that migration took place much earlier, by sea, following a coastal route along Alaska and down the nor thwest coast. ○Recent geologic evidence indicates that contrary to what had been believed, substantial areas along the coast were free of ice as early as 16,000 years ago. ○Research now indicates that the parts of the inner continental shelf that remained covered wi th ice were colonized by a variety of early human groups well adapted to living in extremely cold environments. ○There is evidence suggesting that areas along the coast may have contained enough food resources between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago to have made human colonization possible. ○Even though the northern part of the continent allowed for a more varied economy, several early human groups quickly moved south. 以上就是小编为大家准备的托福 tpo9 阅读答案(文本+译文+解析的相关内容，同学们下载完后要记得每天做练习，大量的做题会使你进步，希望大家经过长期积累经验后能够取得最终的胜利。