翻译基础8英语长句的处理(翻译081)
翻译基础8 英语长句的处理翻译081 优质课件
there must be no dust at all. 在存放电子计算机的房间里，不能有一点儿灰尘。
2.Division
如果从句结构复杂，译成汉语前置定语显得太长而不符合 汉语表达习惯时，往往译成后置的并列分句。可以译成并 列分句，重复英语先行词，如：
IV. Attributive Clauses Functioning as Adverbials
I. A Comparative Study of English and Chinese
Attributive Structures
This is the cat. 这就是那只猫。 This is the cat that killed the rat. 这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫。
The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him.
在他手下工作的人对他怕得要死。 Pollution is a pressing problem which we must deal with. 污染是我们必须解决的一个迫切问题。 July and August are the months when the weather is
定语从句的翻译Attributive Clauses
I. A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Attributive...
II. Translation of Restrictive Attributive Clauses
英语长句的处理
尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情 况 , 但人们不敢出门 , 因为警察也和其他人一样不知 所措和无能为力。
Now you try:
Dr. Smith resumed the activities of anti-cancer experiment begun in 1975 and financed by the Federal government as soon as he snapped from his original disappointment at repeated failures, which had resulted in their forced suspension. 史密斯医生于1975年开始着手由联邦政府资助的 抗癌实验。他由于屡遭失败而感到沮丧，被迫终 止了实验工作。现在他又重新振作起来，恢复了 抗癌实验活动。
6.Inserting 插入nserting here we mean putting some additional punctuation marks such as dash, parenthesis, colon, etc., in a long and complex sentence so as to make the Chinese version both clear and smooth. The second aspect is the application by all members of society from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work. 第二个方面是全体社会成员（从政府官员到普通公民）都使用科 学家们在他们工作中所采用的那种特殊的思考方法和行为方法。 If you go to visit Nobel’s old residence, the house in which the great chemist remained a bachelor throughout his life, you will catch sight of a shelf laden with experimental records. 如果你参观诺贝尔的故居——在那座房子里，这位伟大的化学家 过了一辈子的独身生活——你将看到一个堆满实验记录的书架。
英语长句的翻译技巧
英语长句的翻译技巧英语长句是很复杂的句子，很多人觉得在翻译长句时很是吃力。
那么英语长句有哪些翻译方法媕娿?下面由店铺为大家整理的英语长句的翻译技，希望大家喜欢!英语长句的翻译技巧1.顺译法顺译法是指在处理一些叙述层次依次相连，跟汉语相近的长句时，按原句的自然顺序进行翻译，并根据具体情况，适当增加或省略有关的连接词。
例如：例一：Visual cues from audience members can indicate that a speech is dragging, that the speaker is dwelling on a particular point for too long, or that a particular point requires further explanation.听众的眼神可以表明，演说过于拖沓，演说者在某一点上讲的太多，或者在某一点上还需要作进一步的解释。
例二：But art history focuses on much more than this because art reflects not only the political values of a people, but also religious beliefs, emotions, and psychology.但是艺术历史注意的不仅仅是这些，因为艺术反映的不单是一个民族的政治价值观,而且还有他们的宗教信仰、情感和心理特点。
PART2.倒译法有时英语长句的结构层次与汉语相反，要从英语原文的后面译起，自下而上，颠倒次序进行翻译。
一般来说，英语长句不符合汉语习惯的情况比较多，所以在翻译实践中，倒译通常要多于顺译。
例一：It remains to be seen whether the reserves of raw materials would be sufficient to supply world economy which would have grown by 500 percent .如果世界经济真的以5倍于现有的速度增长，那么原材料的储备是否能充分满足其需求，尚不得而知。
长句的翻译方法
长句的翻译方法摘要：本文简要地叙述了长句翻译的四种基本方法：顺译法、逆译法、分译法、综合法及其适用场合。
关键词：长句翻译顺译法逆译法分译法英语中的长句，无论多长，结构多么错综复杂，都是通过基本句型的扩展和变化得到的。
其扩展与变化的方法可以简要归纳如下六种：1.增加句子的修饰语（定语、状语等）。
例如：she’s a student.--→ she’s a excellent student.2.增加并列成分（并列主语、并列宾语、并列谓语、并列定语等）或并列句。
例如：sometimes, I go to school by bike.--→ sometimes, I go to school by bike or by bus.3.增加附加成分（插入语、同位语、独立成分等）。
例如：who is the most outstanding author?--→ who do you think is the most outstanding author?4.出现倒装或省略现象。
例如：there lived an elderly lady whose husband died long ago. --→ an elderly lady whose husband died long ago lived there.5.增加由短语或多级短语充当的成分。
例如：they are yours.--→ they are yours sooner or later.6.增加由长句或多级长句充当的句子成分。
例如：he knew how ashamed he would have been.--→ he knew how ashamed he would have been if she had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among when he was born.以上我们讲述了长句是怎么来的，现在我们就讲一下长句应该怎么翻译、长句的翻译方法有哪些。
英语长句的翻译方法
英语长句的翻译方法长句的翻译方法1．顺序翻译法（1）The problem is that the last gerention or so we’re come to assume that women should be able, andshould want, to do everything that by traditionmen have done at the same time as prettywelleverything that by tradition women have done.问题是，在过去二十年时间里，我们已经认定，妇女们应该能够且应该想做男人们想做男人们传统上所做的一切，而同时也能够做得跟妇女们传统上所做的一切同样好。
2. 逆序翻译法（1）It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waster their opportunities,there will have to be much detailed informationabout courses and advice.因此，如果要使学生充分利用（上大学）的机会，就得为他们提供关于课程的更为详尽的信息，作更多的指导。
这个问题显得越来越重要了。
3. 分译法翻译英语句子时，有时我们可以把原文的句子结构整个保存下来或只作稍改变即可，但在不少情况下则必须将原来的句子结构作较大的改变。
把原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子，这叫分译法。
使用分译法，可以把原句中的一个词，一个短语或一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。
一、把原文中单词译成句子（一）副词1．They tried vainly to blame us for the breakdown in thetruce talk.他们试图把和谈的罪名加在我们头上，但没得逞。
Unit 8长句的翻译
Unit 8Translating Skills Practice长句的翻译[Long Sentences]翻译长句时应从语法上分析全句，通过语法分析，弄清长句中各部分之间的语法关系，特别要弄清楚哪个是主句，主句中的主语、谓语和宾语是什么以及整个句子的时间先后顺寻和逻辑关系，然后按照汉语的特别和表达方式把句子译成若干短句，并安排好各短句之间的次序。
下面三种方法有助于我们译好长句。
1 顺译法：A partition runs down the centre of the heart, dividing it into left and right sections which work at the same time but deal with two different types of blood.一道隔膜穿过心脏中间，把心脏分成左右两个部分，两个部分同时活动，但却处理两种不同类型的血液。
2 逆译法：What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose professional identity than to step out of uniform?对于护士、警察、理发师或是服务员来说，要使人们看不出他们的职业身份，还有什么比脱下制服更容易的方法呢？3 分译法：But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory.但在许多人看来，穷人能不靠政府救济养活自己，而且生活得几乎和过去依靠政府救济时一样好，这本身就是一个巨大的胜利。
事实上，有些长句的翻译同时要用到两种或两种以上的方法，在翻译的过程中还须运用增词法、减词法和重复法等翻译技巧。
英语长句翻译技巧
英语长句翻译技巧(1) 逆序法英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同，甚至完全相反，这时必须从原文後面开始翻译。
在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前;在英语中，许多修饰语经常位于被修饰语之後，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。
倒置法通常用于英译汉，即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前後调换，按意群或进行全部倒置，原则是使汉语译句符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。
(2) 顺序法当英语长句的内容表达层次与汉语基本一致时，可以按照英语原文表达的层次顺序翻译成汉语，从而使译文与英语原文的顺序基本一致。
(3) 包孕法。
这种方法多用于英译汉。
所谓包孕是指在把英语长句译成汉语时，把英语後置成分按照汉语的正常语序放在中心词之前，使修饰成分在汉语句中形成前置包孕。
但修饰成分不宜过长，否则会形成拖踏或造成汉语句子成分在连接上的纠葛。
(4)分句法有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切，翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯，把长句的从句或短语转换成句子，分开来表达。
为了使语意连贯，有时必须要适当增加词语，也就是采用化整为零的方法将整个英语长句翻译为几个独立的句子，顺序基本不变，前後坚持连贯。
(5)综合法上面我们讲述了英语长句的逆序法、顺序法和分句法，事实上，在翻译一个英语长句时，并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法，而是要综合使用到各种方法，这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。
再如，一些英语长句单纯采纳上述任何一种方法都不方便，这就必须要我们的仔细分析，或按照时间的先後，或按照逻辑顺序，顺逆结合，主次分明地对全句进行综合处理，以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。
2英语翻译有什么技巧一、增译法指依据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包涵的意义。
这种方式多半用在汉译英里。
汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或"There be'结构来翻译以外，一般都要依据语境补出主语，使句子完整。
翻译基础8 英语长句的处理(翻译081)
乾隆皇帝弘历 Hongli the Emperor of Qianlong Hongli, Emperor Qianlong 隐居撰写 wrote…in a seclude way live in seclusion and write seclude oneself from society
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้语从句的翻译Attributive Clauses
English Long Sentences 英语长句的翻译
Week 10
Teaching Outline
Student's Presentation 公示语的翻译 Methods of Translating Long English Sentences Attributive Clauses Homework exercises
3. Mixture
还有一些定语从句,译成汉语时可将英语主句压缩成汉 语词组作主语,而把定语从句译成谓语,溶合成一个句子. "We are a nation that must beg to stay alive," said a foreign economist. 一位外国经济学家说道,"我们这个国家不讨饭就活不下 去." We used a plane of which almost every part carried some identification of national identity. 我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个部件都有国籍的某些标志. Good clocks have pendulums which are automatically compensated for temperature changes. 好的钟摆可以自动补偿温度变化造成的误差.
口译长句处理
长句处理（Dealing with Long Sentences）英语长句的特点是结构整？，逻辑缜密，为了避免重复使用同一个词，用who、which或that代替主语和宾语，翻译时要注意根据意群，将其拆解为简单句，再根据逻辑关系综合使用倒置、重组和合并等手段译成地道的汉语。
而汉语长句的特点是“形散神不散”，需要译员根据句子内在的逻辑进行重组，尤其在处理典型的“包孕型”长句时，译员应使用分流等技巧。
1、句首分流法原文：至于人民币的完全可自由兑换，也就是说在资本市场上面也自由兑换，这个按照我们预定的改革进程是要往后，需要一定的时间。
译文：With regard to when the full convertibility of RMB can be realized, that is to say, the convertibility of RMB also under the capital account, according to our set schedule, that would take some time.汉语中有不少以“对于”、“关于”、“至于”等分流词引导出的结构，英语也有分流引导词，如With regard to…, With reference to…, As for…, On the question of…,等等。
2、尾部分流法原文：If you have a lot of personal freedom, some people may abuse it. But if you are so afraid of personal freedom because of the abuse, that you limit people’s freedom too much, that you pay, I believe, an even greater price in a world where the whole economy is based on ideas and information and exchange and debate and children everywhere dreamsand feeling they can live their dreams out.译文：假如可以拥有太多个人自由，有些人也许会滥用这些自由。
翻译基础-英语长句的处理
Step 1: presenting the long sentence in a skeleton form Step 2: inferring the main idea from the context and the whole text Step 3: distinguishing between the principal and subordinate elements and find out the interrelations between principal and subordinate clauses
2. Reversing 逆序法
英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同, 甚至完 全相反, 这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。 例1. Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity. 分析: 这个句子由一个主句, 两个原因状语和一个定语 从句, “铝直到19世纪才被人发现”是主句, 也是全句的 中心内容, 全句共有四个谓语结构, 共有五层意思: A. 铝 直到19世纪才被人发现; B. 由于在自然界找不到游离状 态的铝; C. 由于它总是跟其他元素结合在一起; D. 最普 遍的是跟氧结合; E. 铝跟氧有很强的亲和力。按照汉语 的表达习惯通常因在前, 果在后, 这样, 我们可以逆着原 文的顺序把该句翻译成:
翻译基础-英语长句的处理
① How it happened ② that a little rocky peninsula in a remote corner of the Mediterranean was able to provide our world ③ in less than two centuries ④ with the complete framework for all our present day experiments in politics, literature, drama, sculpture, chemistry, physics ⑤ and Heaven knows what else, ⑥ is a question ⑦ which has puzzled a great many people for a great many centuries ⑧ and to which every philosopher, ⑨ at one time or another during his career, ⑩has tried to give an answer.（选自美国作家Hendrik Willem van Loon的名著 Tolerance第二章第一段） 每个部分的意思分别翻译出来： ① 它是如何发生的 ② 地中海遥远角落的一个小岩石半岛能够 为我们的世界提供 ③ 在不到两个世纪之内 ④ 我们当代政治、 文学、戏剧、雕刻、化学、物理学的完整框架 ⑤ 上帝知道还有 些什么 ⑥ 是一个问题 ⑦ (这个问题)许多世纪以来困惑了许多人 ⑧ (对这个问题)每个哲学家 ⑨ 在他学术生涯的某个时候 ⑩ 尝 试找出答案。
张谷若译文
我爱我的所爱，因为她长的实在招人爱。我恨 我的所爱，因为她不回报我的爱。我带着她到 挂着浮荡子招牌的一家，和她谈情说爱。我请 她看一出潜逃私奔，为的是我和她能长久你亲 我爱。她的名儿叫做艾米丽，她的家住在爱河 里。
考研英语长句翻译的方法
考研英语长句翻译的方法考研英语长句翻译的方法考研翻译基础－－长句的译法长句的翻译实际上是多种翻译方法的综合应用，在翻译时，考生首先要弄清原文结构，找出中心思想及各层意思，分析各层意思之间的逻辑关系，再按照汉语特点和表达方式正确译出，不拘泥于原文的形式。
常用的方法有顺序法、逆序法、分译法、综合法等。
例1：The Committee prepared this paper because its members recognized that the government has failed to establish an energy policy capable of providing a comprehensive energy source that can meet our requirements for the last portion of this century and the greater portion of the next.简析：如时间或逻辑顺序与中文表达一致，可采用顺译法。
这句话有四个句子组成，一个从属一个，为一种纵向关系，所以顺序译法。
第3句由于capable引导的词组较长，中间还有动名词providing作为定语，置于所修饰的名词policy之后，译的时候为紧凑可置于policy之前。
译文：该委员会制订这份文件，是因为该委员会的成员看到政府已不能制订一个能够提供全面，以满足我们在本世纪和下大半世纪的需要。
例2：Primary colors are colors in terms of which all other colors may be described, or from which all other colors may be evolved by mixture.简析：若原文的次序与汉语表达习惯不同，或完全相反，汉译时可采用逆译法。
在英语中，名词、代词、形容词或动名词作定语时一般放在所修饰名词前面；从句和各种短语作定语时则放在所修饰的名词之后。
英语中长句的翻译技巧
英语中长句的翻译技巧英语中长句的翻译技巧1. 何谓长句所谓长句，主要指语法结构复杂、修饰成分较多、内容层次在两个或两个以上的复合句，亦可指含义较多的简单句。
2、汉英长句比较英、汉两种语言在句法上存在差异,多为形合句,汉语多为意合句。
汉语句子多属于紧缩型,英语的句子多属于扩展型.英语修辞语位置相对灵活,前置后置,比较自如,尤其倾向于后置,十分有利于句子的扩展。
英语句子较长,且较多使用关联词和从句。
多种从句(主语、状语、定语、表语从句)并存的长句比比皆是。
因为英语结构复杂,层次变化多样,容易产生误解,所以英语长句翻译成为难点。
3、英语长句的分析在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法:(1) 找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语（主干/句）, 从整体上把握句子的结构。
(2) 找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。
(3) 分析从句和短语的功能, 例如, 是否为主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句等,若是状语, 它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等)。
(4) 分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系, 例如, 定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。
(5) 注意插入语等成分。
例：Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his orher capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.分析: (1) 该句的主语为behaviorists, 谓语为suggest, 宾语为一个从句, 因此整个句子为Behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构。
英译汉长句的处理
• 47年来，她和他再也没有踏进那 所房子一步。那年11月的一天， 细雨蒙蒙，搬家工人搬走了他们 家所有的家具，搬运过程中，弄 坏了那个藤背沙发，打碎了两个 费城蓝瓷盘。
• What seemed to concern many people as much as the squandered money and the deaths of young men for a cause in which they did not believe was the feeling that the war was doing something terrible to the fabric of society forcing the nation and its sons to betray the very ideals upon which the country had been founded.
• 如果人们受教育不够或不能善待环境， 他们就会对人类赖以生存的这个星球做 出些什么事来呢？全世界到处都有这样 的例子：从科罗拉多州核武器工厂周围 辐射活跃的水土到原苏联中亚地区的人 为沙漠。（逆）
• He was puzzled that I didn't want what was obviously a “step” toward what all Americans are taught to want when they grow up: money and power.
• 许多人觉得这场战争正在使社会 的结构受到可怕的损害，强迫国 家和它的儿子背叛构成国家基础 的理想。这种情况似乎同花钱像 流水、青年为了自己不信仰的事 业白白送命一样让他们感到不安。
• 最令女主人失望的是， 她花了许多 心神或费用来招待客人，可是这位 客人只是津津有味地与她的丈夫谈 政治、谈生意，丝毫也没有注意到 咖啡的浓香、糕点的松软或者房间 内讲究的陈设，而这些却可能是她 最感兴趣、最为自豪的东西。（顺）
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友情提示：注意安全 请勿攀爬
Attention please: Be Aware of Security
No Climbing
Danger! No climbing!
警方提醒：贵重物品请随身携带，妥 善保管，请勿存放车内
Police Reminding: Please take your valuable with you and put them in safe keeping.
there must be no dust at all. 在存放电子计算机的房间里，不能有一点儿灰尘。
2.Division
如果从句结构复杂，译成汉语前置定语显得太长而不符合 汉语表达习惯时，往往译成后置的并列分句。可以译成并 列分句，重复英语先行词，如：
Between these two tiny particles, the proton and the electron, there is a powerful attraction that is always present between negative and positive electric charges.
“We are a nation that must beg to stay alive,” said a foreign economist.
一位外国经济学家说道，“我们这个国家不讨饭就活不下 去。”
We used a plane of which almost every part carried some identification of national identity.
that was put in the house. * 这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了放在房间里的蛋糕的老鼠的猫。 This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake
that was put in the house that Jack built. * 这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了放在杰克修建的房间里的蛋糕的
English Long Sentences 英语长句的翻译
Week 10
Teaching Outline
Student’s Presentation 公示语的翻译 Methods of Translating Long English
Sentences Attributive Clauses Homework exercises
which was wide, thin and hard set. 讲话人那又阔又薄又紧绷绷的嘴巴，帮助他加强了语气。 But Miggle’s laugh, which was very infectious, broke
the silence. 密格尔的富有感染力的笑声打破了静默。
3. 译成独立句
2) Please give me a chance to grow. 3) Grass grows in silence. Please leave it
alone. Stay off the grass!
除了脚印什么都不要留下， 除了记忆什么都不要带走。
Leaving nothing but your footprint; take away nothing but your memories. Keep off the grass!
溶合法是把原句中的主语和定语从句溶合在一起译成一个独立的 句子的一种翻译方法。（There be 结构句子往往这样处理）
There were men in that crowd who had stood there every day for a month.
在那群人中，有些人每天站在那里，站了一个月。 There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.
Please take the valuable with you and put them in safe keeping.
乾隆皇帝弘历 Hongli the Emperor of Qianlong Hongli, Emperor Qianlong 隐居撰写 wrote…in a seclude way live in seclusion and write seclude oneself from society
1. 在译文中把原文从句后置，重复关系词所代表 的汉译，译成并列分句。
I told the story to John, who told it to his brother.
我把这件事告诉了约翰，约翰又告诉了他的兄弟. This is a college of science and technology,
采用体积较小的晶体管可以使先前那种大而笨的收音机变 得又轻又小。
The sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendor.
整天躲在云层里的太阳，现在又光芒四射地露面了. The emphasis was helped by the speaker’s mouth,
在质子和电子这两个微粒之间有一个很大的吸引力，而这 个吸引力总是存在于正负电荷之间。
还可以译成并列分句，省略英语先行词，如： Newton invented a paper lantern illuminated by a
candle which he carried with him to light his way to school on dark winter mornings. 牛顿发明了一只点蜡烛的纸灯笼，在昏暗朦胧的冬天早晨 上学时带着照路。
Public Sign
老弱病残孕专座 Courtesy Seats 顾客止步 Employees Only 闲人免进 Staff Only 未经许可车辆不得入内 Authorized Cars Only
小草有生命，脚下请留情
1) Little grass has life, please watch your step.
2.Division
He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weight up to two pounds each.
他种出了200个大得惊人的西红柿，每个重达两磅。 A fuel is a material which will burn at a reasonable temperature
定语从句的翻译Attributive Clauses
I. A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Attributive...
II. Translation of Restrictive Attributive Clauses
III. Translating Non-Restrictive Attributive Clauses
花木多可爱，请您别伤害！
Kindly spare the lovely plants. Keep off the grass!
身在绿海中，防火记心中！
While living in the trees, remembering Preventing fire! No fire!/ No burning!
every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives. 他们正在为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的， 在过去，许多中国人曾为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。
3. Mixture
the students of which are trained to be engineers or scientists. 这是一所科技大学，该校学生将被培养成工程师 或科学工作者。
2.前置法：一些较短的具有描写性的从句也可译成 带“的”的前置短语，放在被修饰词前面
Transistors, which are small in size, can make previously large and bulky radios light and small.
electricity and the ability to be magnetized. 某些金属既能导电，又能被磁化。 There are many people who want to see the film. 许多人要看这部电影。
3. Mixture
还有一些定语从句，译成汉语时可将英语主句压缩成汉 语词组作主语，而把定语从句译成谓语，溶合成一个句子。
One time there was a violent thunderstorm, the worst I had ever seen, which obscured my objective.
and produce heat. 燃料是一种物质，在适当温度下能够燃烧并放出热量。 They worked out a new method by which production has now
been rapidly increased. 他们制定出一种新方法，采用之后生产已迅速得到提高。 They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of
老ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้的猫。
II. Translation of Restrictive Attributive Clauses
1. Combination: 把从句译为带“的”的定语短语，放在被修 饰词前，将复合句译成汉语单句。又称“前置法”。
The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him.