a valediction forbidding mourning
John Donne A Valediction Forbidding Mourning
Lecture 6The 17th CenturyThe Period of Revolution and Restoration(II)John Donne ---A V alediction: Forbidding MourningI. Teaching Aims1. The literal meaning of the poem2.The theme3.The imagery4. The unity of the form and the contentII. Key Points:The imageryIII. Difficulties:The metaphorsIV. Teaching methods:1.Direct Method & Communicative Method2.Authorware PresentationV. Teaching Procedures:1.Check the assignment2.Authorware Presentation.3.Read the poem and explain3.1 The reasoning process in the nine quatrains(see Textbook)The theme: The wholeness, oneness and unity of love.The style---The regular form go well with the loyalty of love.The other aspect (cf. Song)of Donne---loyal and serious to love .4.The circle imagery on three levels4.1Theme---Traveling Modestarting ---destination---ending(the starting and the ending points coincide to make a circle) 4.2 Structure---The beginning and the ending echo with circle imagesThe beginning : a virtual circle image---dying(living)-death-rebirth(活-死-活)---endless, eternal4.3 Specific images: gold beaten to extreme thinness to form a circle without the circumference5.The attribute of a circle?Endless, constant, cyclical(无始无终, 连绵不绝, 周而复始)---wholeness, oneness and unity of love6. Discussion1.The circle imagery and the metaphorical meaning2. Why is the form regular?VI. HomeworkGet ready for the mid-term exam.References :1. 李正栓等, 英国文学学习指南, 北京: 清华大学, 20002. Encyclopedia Britannica V ol 33.卞之琳.卞之琳译文集[C].合肥：安徽教育出版社，2000.4.T. S. Eliot. The Metaphysical poets[A]. In William R. Keast (ed.) Seventeen Century English Poetry[C] . OUP , 1962.。
A Valediction_John Donne英美文学选读张伯香
约翰·多恩《别离辞·莫悲伤》JOHN DONNE (1572-1631)A V ALEDICTION: FORBIDDING MOURNINGAs virtuous men pass mildly away, 正如有德行的人安详别逝And whisper to their souls, to go, 轻声向灵魂辞安Whilst some of their sad friends do say, 悲伤的友人或伤逝"The breath goes now," and some say, "No:" 叹其气，绝其魂，亦有说不然So let us melt, and make no noise, 就让我们轻声说话，不要喧哗，No tear-floods, nor sigh-tempests move; 不要泪涌如潮，不要凄声哀鸣；'Twere profanation of our joys 那是对我们欢乐的亵渎，To tell the laity our love. 让俗人知道我们的爱。
Moving of th' earth brings harms and fears; 地动带来伤害，叫人害怕，Men reckon what it did, and meant; 人们推其为断其意But trepidation of the spheres, 天体震动，虽然威力更大Though greater far, is innocent. 却对什么都没有损伤。
Dull sublunary lovers' love 乏味的凡情俗爱(Whose soul is sense) cannot admit （感官为上）最忌Absence, because it doth remove 别离，因为情人分开，Those things which elemented it. 爱的根基就会破碎支离。
大学英语John Donnedoc
The metaphysical poetry
• Origin:
• The Metaphysical poet was firstly used
(disparagingly) by Dr. Johnson.
• He identifies them as a “race of writers”
who display their learning, use far-fetched comparisons, and lack feeling, among whom John Done was regarded as the founder.
John Donne’ love poems of two kinds
• Love poem of positive attitude: sanctifying
contrasts of a metaphysical (spiritual, transcendent, abstract) quality to a concrete (physical, tangible, sensible) object.
• Mic
The metaphysical poetry
• The main themes of the Metaphysical
poets are love, death and religion.
The characteristics of a metaphysical poem
• Conceits: startling comparisons or
The Cavalier
• “carpe diem”: to seize the day (抓住今天，
及时行乐。花开堪折只须折。)
英国文学简史&美国文学简史--背诵版
1. Beowulf赏析英国现存最早、最完整的民族史诗。
1反映当时部落社会的面貌。
背景取自欧洲。
2古Anglo-Saxon人崇拜英雄的部落文化。
政治观点：“王”，权利来自武力，王权的继承还需要仁义。
3历史事实+神话传说。
主人公Beowulf英勇顽强。
自我牺牲精神。
爱护臣民。
有责任感。
简洁明快。
头韵。
隐喻：用复合词来比喻某种事物或现象。
2. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight赏析传奇文学是贵族人生理想的反映，与平民百姓没有丝毫的关系。
头韵诗。
2个主题：1砍头游戏检验Gawain的勇敢和信守诺言。
2女主人的诱惑检验Gawain的诚实和忠贞。
以重读音节为基础的韵律。
每一个stanza后面有一个只有一个重读音节的短促诗句，再加一个abab韵的4行诗节。
语言朴素自然，流畅通顺。
反映出Norman征服的宗教影响：基督教成统治地位。
Gawain是基督徒，拥有人的弱点。
他在困境中祈求圣母玛利亚的帮助，又因死亡的威胁而背弃诺言。
他身上有亚当的影子，原罪的概念。
3. Chaucer特点“英国诗歌之父”。
人文主义。
现实主义。
明快、诙谐。
伦敦方言创作。
首创heroic couplet。
钟情于中世纪的文学形式。
第一个用韵脚韵律诗，以重音-音节为基础的格律诗。
一方面用贵族式的理想眼光看待生活。
一方面又以现实的态度思考。
1法国影响时期—2意大利影响时期—3成熟时期强调人权，今生今世幸福快乐的权利，反对神权与禁欲主义。
反对滥用宗教教义。
人物：个人与社会关系的主题。
突出人物之间性格冲突和物质利益矛盾。
幽默讽刺地描写了新兴资产阶级所反感的阶级出身问题。
人物形象是立体的，有独特的气质和性格。
押尾韵。
八音节对偶句（octosyllabic couplet），iambic pentameter的heroic couplet。
4. Canterbury Tales赏析现实主义。
但未能摆脱中世纪的偏见。
轻松、欢快文艺复兴的先驱。
John Donne’s A Valediction
On John Donne’s A Valediction: Forbidding MourningBy AnnieA Valediction: Forbidding Mourning is a magnificent poem written in 1611 by John Donne, one of famous Elizabethan poets. It’s said that John Donne wrote it to his wife as a farewell speech when he was about to travel to France and Germany. The poem tenderly comforts the speaker's lover at their temporary parting, asking that they separate calmly and quietly, without tears or protests. The speaker justifies the desirability of such calmness by developing the ways in which the two share a holy love, both sexual and spiritual in nature. Donne treats their love as sacred, elevated above that of ordinary earthly lovers. He argues that because of the confidence the ir love gives them, they are strong enough to endure a temporary separation.The most outstanding linguistic feature of this poem is its innovative metaphysical conceit. As we know, in English literature conceit is generally associated with the 17th century metaphysical poets, an extension of contemporary usage. In the metaphysical conceit, metaphors have a much more purely conceptual, and thus tenuous, relationship between the things being compared. Helen Gardner observed that “a conceit is a comparison whose ingenuity is more striking than its justness” and that “a comparison becomes a conceit when we are made to conce de likeness while being strongly conscious of unlikeness.”Reading through the whole poem, it’s not difficult to find there is bizarre and unexpected imagery and symbolism used by Donne. At the beginning of this poem, the poet compared his departing with his lover to the death of the noble man. “As virtuous men pass mildly away, And whisper to their souls, to go”. As a virtuous man dies, he knows that he has reconciled himself to God and will therefore be accepted into heaven. Thus he dies in peace and calm, and the people surrounding him at his deathbed are sad, but not anguished. In the same way, when two virtuous lovers part, there is no pain, because they know that each will be true to the other, even when they are apart. The people surrounding the dying man are quiet partly so as not to disturb him. In the same way, Donne said that too much outward show of emotion on the part of one lover would just disturb the other. He presented his own opinion of departing for the first time in this poem: true love can endure the trial of departing. And the departing between lovers should be calm and peaceful, “So let us melt, and make no noise”, because true love is built on the communication of the two souls but not on physical connection. Although departing is bitter, the souls of the two have melt together. They should separate from each other by making no noise and not explain love by tear-flood and sigh-tempest just as the laity do.In the third stanza, the poet used two peculiar images to describe the difference between true love and love of the laity. To the common people, separation with the lovers is like the moving of the earth, which means the end of everything including love. The poet compared the departing between true loves to the movement of the celestial bodies. Although its influence is bigger than the moving of the earth, it is mysterious.In the sixth stanza, “A breach, but an expansion, Like gold to airy thinness beat”.Here we may find the important symbolism of gold. The poet used the properties of gold as a symbol to tell the reader that gold is very malleable which means it can be beaten to airy thinness. It is also the most precious of all the metals, the least reactive of all metals, which ties in with Donne's placing of the lovers above the emotional “laity”. In terms of alchemy, gold is also the most noble metal, and the most difficult to destroy.Finally, “A V alediction: Forbidding Mourning” ends with one of Donne's most famous metaphysical conceit, in which he argued for the lovers' closeness by comparing their two souls to the feet of a drawing compass. The two lovers are likened to the two points of a compass. At first it seems ridiculous, but Donne showed how it made sense. As far as we know, a compass has two legs. When we are drawing a circle, one leg of the compass is standing on one location and the other turn around the standing one until it come back to the starting point. The poet used the very feature of the compass to describe the true love. The lovers are dependent on each other, and as long as they cooperate with each other perfectly, can they draw the circle that stands for perfect love. At the same time, the poet explained the main idea of this poem more clearly: departing is not the end of love buy the evaporation of the love’s emotions.。
Metaphysical Poetry complete 李婷
What is Metaphysics?
Metaphysics is a traditional branch of philosophy concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world.
What is metaphysical poetry？
complex logic that governs a poetic passage or entire poem. It usually sets up an analogy between one entity’s spiritual qualities and an object in the physical world.
George Herbert: is called “the saint of the Metaphysical school”. He is a devout Anglican clergyman who believes that a poet should sing the glory of God. His works: The Altar《祭坛》 Easter Wings 《复活节的翅膀》
Origin
Time : 17th century
Leading figure: John Donne
Other metaphysical poets：George Herbert，Andrew Marvell and Richard Crashaw. Metaphysical poetry is a derogatory(贬损的 term invented by John Dryden 最早使用“玄学”这个词的人是德莱顿(John Dryden),他在 1693年评论邓恩时写道:“他喜弄玄学,不仅在他的讽刺诗中,在爱情 诗中也如此。爱情诗本应言情,他却用哲学的微妙的思辨,把女性们的 头脑弄糊涂了“。
John-Donne诗歌隐喻赏析
sublunary: below the moon,i.e.,earthly
admit: stand
• But we /by a love /so much /refin'd, • That our/selves /know not /what it is, • Inter/-assured /of the mind, • Care less, /eyes, lips, /and hands /to miss.
whisper his soul out of his mortal body and on to heaven.
• So let /us melt, /and make/ no noise, • No tear-floods, /nor sigh-tem/pests move; • 'Twere pro/fana/tion of/ our/joys • To tell /the laity /our /love.
• In 1621, he was appointed the Dean of St. Paul's Cathedral • by King James I.
• GO and catch a falling star, • 去吧，去抓一颗流星 • Get with child a mandrake root, • 去让曼德拉草的根长成婴儿 • Tell me where all past years are, • 告诉我，哪里可以找回逝去的年华 • Or who cleft the devil's foot,
A Valediction: Forbidding Mouring
As vir/tuous men/pass mildly/ away, And whi/sper to their/ souls, /to go, Whilst some/ of their /sad friends /do say, "The breath/ goes now,"/ and some /say, "No:"
metaphor used in A Valediction Forbidding Mourning
Metaphor used in A Valediction: Forbidding MourningAs one of the seventeenth century poets, John Donne, the precursor of the metaphysical poetry, is well known for his unexpected metaphor, usually called conceit. Sometimes the employing of distinctive metaphor makes his poems obscure and bizarre. However, it is witty and ingenious metaphor that turns abstract concept into concrete one and attracts readers to go deep into the theme. In the poem A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, John Donne reveals his insights on the condition of human love and its relationship to the soul by employing unexpected metaphors. He metaphorically eulogizes spiritual love and soul unit of lovers in spite of physical distance.At the beginning of the poem, Donne shows the parallel between a positive way to meet death and a positive way to separate from lovers. When the virtuous man died, he whispered his soul to go. The death of the man and the departure of the lovers are not the ending but the beginning of a new cycle. The common lover usually sorrowful when they depart from each other, but the poet and his lover will "make no noise, no tear-floods, nor sigh-tempes t move”. Here Donne compares the death of the virtuous man with the departure of the lovers. They share some similarities in two points: on the first level, it refers to the separation of the dying man from the world or his intimate people in the world and the separation of the lovers; on the second level, it refers to the separation of body from soul. The soul of the dying man is apart from his body to get the union with another world, heaven or God. As for the lovers, they can achieve the spiritual union after their souls are separated from bodies. Although they separate physically, their souls still get together. In the third and fourth lines of the first stanza, the sad friends are incapable of detecting the exact moment of death. This may be resulted fr om their anxiety and affection, but “it is obviously the first and literal meaning” (Allen, 1953:70). In fact, it implies that the sad friends do not understand the spiritual world of the virtuous man, or laity cannot understand the spiritual love between the poetry and his lover. “……man at the moment of death, lovers at the moment of spiritual union……beyond the understanding of the “laity”who have not had these ultimate experiences” (Allen, 1953:70). So the poet does not want the laity to know their spiritual love because this will profane the joy of love.In the three stanzas there is a complex comparative relationship. The element of the earth is introduced. It is acknowledged that earthquakes are omens of misfortune because of their potential to bring inevitable devastation to the land. The departure of secular lovers is likened to “moving of th’earth”---the earthquake. The secular lovers feel sorrowful when they are separated as if men are fearful about the damages of earthquakes. Here it refers to the physical love of secular lovers. However, when it comes to the poet and his lover, spiritual love between them is viewed in a different light by employing the “trepidation of the spheres”, which metaphorically refers to the departure of the poet and his lover. The “trepidation of the spheres” cannot bring harms to the land as the spheres are extremely far away from the earth. It implies that separation between the poet and his lover cannot bring sorrow to them in that there is a great gap between spiritu al love and physical love of secular lovers. “Trepidation, though a much more violent motion than an earthquake, is neither destructive norsinister” (M. Logan 1248). The “trepidation of the spheres” is more violent than “moving of th’earth” implies that spiritual love is greater than physical love.In the last three stanzas the poet turns his concentration from spiritual love to physical love. Donne’s most famous metaphysical conceit is introduced.The two separate lovers are likened to the legs of “geometer’s compass” (Yang 240). The image is said to be “the ingenious and playful though nonsensical conceit” (Chen 224). “The metaphor is apt if the readers take into account the fact that the compass is a emblem of firmness and perfection of love”(Chang 78). Without the firmness of the fixed point, he would be unable to complete the journey and make the circle just. We can see that the poet takes compass as the symbol of the perfection of his love. He proves the point by drawing the circle with the compass. The legs of the compass move together as the two souls in love do, and part and unite as one of these “roams” to draw but always “come home” on finishing its job. The last stanza also emphasizes the position of women. Men “obliquely run”. Donne compares his wife as standing and leaning firm in center and himself as the roaming leg eager to get back to the end of the circle. The poem ends with the image of a circle, implying the union of two souls in a love relationship. This perfection is attained by parting at the beginning of the circle and reuniting at the point where the curves reconnect. The circle in the “Valediction” represents the journey during which two lovers endure the trial of separation, as they support each other spiritually, and eventually merge in a physically and spiritually perfect union.To sum up, in A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, John Donne expresses his deep understanding on love in his metaphysical wring style. Instead of physical love, he emphasizes spiritual love. Although two l overs’ bodies are separated due to long distance, they can also achieve spiritual union. Donne employs surprising metaphor effectively to convey his ideas, not only thought-evoking, but also striking.Works CitedGeorge, M. Logan. The Norton Anthology of English Literature from 1600 to 1700.York: W.W. Norton, 2006.Tate, Allen. Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800. Jr, Detroit: Gale Research, 1989. 常耀信(Chang Yaoxin). 英国文学简史. 天津：南开大学出版社，2008.陈嘉(Chen Jia). 英国文学史. 北京：商务印书馆，1999.杨周翰(Yang Zhouhan). 英国文学名篇选注. 北京：商务印书馆，1983.浅谈《别离辞：节哀》中的隐喻修辞作为一个诗人,约翰·多恩于十七世纪,玄学派诗歌的先导,他以令人意想不到的隐喻修辞的运用而著称,这种隐喻通常被称为幻想。
英语诗歌鉴赏论文
Term Paper—— A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning by John DonneA Valediction: Forbidding Mourning is one of the most typical and well-known poems of John Donne’s poems. It is a well-organized poem with elaborate conceits, condensed meanings and numerous dramatic contrasts. In the winter of 1611, the poet left for a journey and written this poem to his wife Ann More. In this poem, the poet cleverly uses a series of analogies step by step in order to revel the theme that true love between them can only be deepened rather than faded because of separation and tells us what is true love.John Donne is one of the representatives of English Metaphysical poetry in the early 17th century. He elucidates love and religion in an unconventional and intellectual way which makes him the symbol of Metaphysical. He is also called as a typical example of “uniting thoughts and feelings” by T.S. Eliot. He was born in a Catholic family, London. He was unconventional and unrestrained when he was young. While there were extreme strong anti-Catholic trends at that time, so his family was not favorable for Donne. Although he went to both Oxford and Cambridge for education and he did well, he did not receive any degree because of his family background and Catholic belief. Fortunately, there was hardly no hitch in his later official career until he secretly married with Ann More, the niece of Lady Egerton and was thrown into prison by Ann’s father. After many years in jail, in searching for secular reputation and raising his family, he had to convert from Catholic which he believed in from birth to Anglicanism and began writing poems. On account of his peculiar experience and wisdom, he has distinctive cognition on love, religion and life, which expands his creation of sermons and devotional poems. As a pioneer of Metaphysical, he adds novel and strange metaphors, dramatic structure, vivid embellishment and scientific discoveries into his poms, which make Donne’s poetries filled with philosophy and personal emotion. A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning is the most typical poems of John Donne’s poems.This poetry is divided into nine stanzas.In the first two stanzas, the poet compares the love between himself and his lover to “As virtuous men pass mildly away”, persuading his beloved to keep herself calm. He holds that their farewell should be as mild as the uncomplaining deaths of the virtuous men. “And some say, ‘No'” seems to convey the truth that he is forced to leave away from his lover Ann. And, he writes this poem to tell her that there is no need to feel sad for the farewell. As virtuous men die imperturbably and mildly, they also should leave without “tear-floods” and “sigh-tempests”. Thepoet wants to publicly declare their love and avoids laity’s profanation. He separates this love from the ordinary love of laity.In the third stanza, in order to emphasize the distinction of their love, the poet uses the image of earthquake and trepidation of the spheres. He points out that when the earthquake happens, it brings “harms and fears” to human beings, but when the spheres experience “trepidation”, no matter how great the impact is, it is also harmless.In the latter two stanzas, the poet reckons that the love between “dull sublunary lovers” cannot survive any separation, because it is based on the sense. Once they leave each other, they are not able to see, kiss, touch and care about each other and the love between the laity will soon fade away. While the true love the poet shares with his lover is so “Inter-assured of the mind” that they do not care so much about the absence of “eyes, lips, and hands”, they can always feel that their souls are tied together. In this metaphor, the poet declares that owing to that the lovers’ two souls are one, his departure will only expand the area of the unified soul, rather than cause a separation between them.In the sixth stanza, the poet employs a different metaphor that the love between them is something just “like gold” literally. Even though he must go, their souls are still like one. In reality, they are even not undergoing the separation, instead, they are experiencing the “expansion” of their love just like the same way that gold is being stretched to “aery thinness”, never be broken. The love is analogous to the beat gold, and it is fulfilled with persistence and constancy.In the following three stanzas, the poet eventually uses the well-known analogy of the compass. The compass (the instrument that used for drawing circles) is the perfect image to encapsulate the value of the poet’s spiritual and true love, which is symmetrical, balanced, intellectual, and beautiful in its polished simplicity. He compares a long-distance husband and a stay-at-home wife to the two feet of a compass: his beloved one’s soul is the fixed foot in the center, keeping still and his soul is the foot that always move around his beloved’s. Only when the center foot remains stable can the outer foot draw a perfect circle. The poet clearly demonstrates the sharpness of his wit and gives us his view. Perfect love is the result of the joint efforts of both people. The “circle” here in this poem is not only a hint of the happy ending of their love, but also represents the perfection of the soul and the eternity of life.The mentioned nine stanzas of this poetry seem that it is quite simple compared to many poems of John Donne’s. Compared with this poem, most poetries that written by Donne are composed of strange metrical patterns, and overlaid jarringly on regular rhyme schemes. However, in this poem, each four-line stanza is quite unadorned, with an ABAB rhyme scheme and an iambic tetrameter meter.Here, l would like to give some of my humble commentaries after chewing this poem thoroughly:A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning is one of John Donne’s most renowned and simplest poems. It is may be also his most direct expression and statement of his ideal and spiritual love. The styles of Donne’s love poems can be divided into two groups. In the first group, he eulogizes the passion of true love, while in the other group, he conveys his doubts and worries about the romantic relationship between lovers. This poem belongs to the first group. It sings how persistent and constant the true love is. And it praises the love between Ann and Donne to a great extent in peculiar. In his other poems, sometime Donne adds erotic carnality in them, such as The Flea. Compared with these two poems, we can figure out that he professed a devotion to the mentioned kind of spiritual love that transcended over the physical. When the poet goes though a physical separation from his wife, he expects that the “tear-floods” and “sigh-tempests” that might happens when they have to leave each other can be avoided when speaks of the spiritual love. I supposed that the poem is a combination of series of metaphors and comparisons in essence. The poet uses them to describe different methods to view the separation that will help him and his beloved to avoid the mourning and sorrow.Just like many of Donne’s love poems including The Sun Rising and The Canonization, this poem defines a boundary between the common affair of the ordinary people and world and the uncommon, special love between himself and his wife, Ann. Taking the background of the poet’s marriage in to consideration, he was sent to the jail due to the secret marriage with a young girl with distinctive religion faith and born in a family with discrepant religion background. They should not be allowed to married with each other in that time, and their marriage was not popular among people of that time. In a word, his spiritual, true love was challenged by the common love and secular sort, which made him an outcast. So, here in this poem, the poet claims that to tell the laity or the common people who were disapproving of his love: he is definitely contemptuous of the “dull sublunary love” of other ordinary lovers, and his love should not be profane in others’ eyes. In the comparison of himself and his wife to the two feet of the compass, although some people think it is not suitable, and even cold and mechanical for love poems, it shows the specific characteristics of the poem and the love value of the poet that makes them unparalleled and incomparable. To some extent, his emotional is similar in form to the political aristocracy but utterly opposed to it in spirit. As a aristocrat, Donne conveys the spiritual love of the spheres and the compass, which few aristocrats can have access to. As far as l am concerned, the ingenious analogy shows the poet’s intellectual strain instead of the conceit. It is not a display of ingenuity, instead, it is a profound understanding of the world and of life. And it is why A Valediction:Forbidding Mourning attracts me so deeply.Poetry is a kind of exquisite literature and art. Many scholars and readers with cultural connotation like poetry. Now people are paying more and more attention to the study of English. When we learn English, we should also have a certain understanding of English poetry. In Chinese literature, poetry has made great achievements, and in English literature, poetry is also rich and colorful. achievement. Among the many language arts, the highest form of expression is poetry, but if we only know the practical English, if we only learn some English such as business English and legal English, it will not help English.If you don’t know anything about English poetry, it will be a great regret, and it will also affect the development and improvement of the aesthetic ability of English poetry. Learning English without understanding English poetry is not only a regret from an aesthetic point of view , And from the perspective of learning English, if you don’t learn some English poetry, your English proficiency will not be improved.For exemple, Poetry features: The whole poem consists of 4 verses, which can be divided into two levels: 1-3 verses are the first level. In the woods, "I" faces two roads, and after thinking, I decided to choose an inaccessible road. At this level, the poet described that choosing the path of inaccessibility is not sloppy, but experienced a complicated psychological process. At this level, the poet described that choosing the path of inaccessibility is not sloppy, but experienced a complicated psychological process. Describes "I" standing at a fork in the road, regretting not being able to dabble in two roads at the same time, "I stood there for a long time", writing "I" hesitation and long-term thinking: a road is smooth and smooth, and you can see it The end of the road; and the other road is lonely and desolate, full of tempting exploration, but "infinite beauty is in the dangerous peak", "I" finally chose the road with less people, let the other road be left for the future This is obviously a kind of self-consolation after the author makes his choice, because "I know that the path is endless, / I'm afraid I can't return", although so, but still no return. Section 4 is the second layer, which is the sigh of the author after many years, "I chose the one with fewer people, / since then decided the path of my life."This tells us that a person's life is faced with countless choices, and each choice will have an important impact on life; how a person's life is spent depends on what choice he makes at the fork in his life. The choice is different. Destiny will be different.One of Frost’s greatest characteristics in poetic style is simplicity, imposing meaning, and deep thinking and philosophy in the plain content and concise poetry. This poem is a model in this respect. The language of this poem is simple and natural, but it is very clever in conception.This poem is a model in this respect. The language of this poem is simple and natural, but it is very clever in conception. It is not difficult to see that the fork in the poem is a symbol of the fork in life. It shows that in the journey of life, we often have to choose between two roads, two thoughts, or two actions. Different choices will determine different directions in life. Whenfaced with choices, we often become hesitant, weigh up and down, and make up our minds. In the end, we will choose one of them. This poem depicts a person facing a choice and his mentality when making a choice. As for the specific content of the choice, he has not written it. The poet's focus is on the choice itself. Every reader can discover his life experience in this poem and appreciate the philosophy. Because this poem has rich connotation, it leaves the reader with room for imagination, which is touched and triggers deep thinking. This kind of complex psychological experience that everyone has had was sensitively captured by Frost and written as a popular masterpiece. I chose a barren road, experienced pain and suffering, and constantly recalled the unselected road during the journey. "If I take that unselected path, maybe I won't be so painful?" The poet wrote all kinds of confusion and melancholy in the long road of life. The whole poem didn't point out the final ending after the poet chose that path, only said "And that has made all the difference"...This man is from New England and is contemporary with Edgar Lee Masters. He finally failed to become a first-rate poet, perhaps because he was too isolated and obscure in his adult age, or because of his lack of character, hesitant to respond to the times, and many picks. He was very interested in Zola and Hardy at first, wanted to write novels, and later tried; failed; gradually separated from the novel, and formed his own poetic style in the process of pondering. For him, it was a painful and aggrieved process. Although his first collection of poems was published at his own expense as early as 1896, it was only as late as the 1920s that people blamed him. At that time, his achievements were already considerable, winning three Pulitzer Prizes before and after. Perhaps this fact is enough to explain why he didn't really make it. He has not changed much in the past two decades. With the interest of ordinary readers, he cannot accept other "modern" poets at this time, but he can already generally accept his poems. His sad, thoughtful, and pessimistic poems are similar to those of Xi Jian, but much better. He had many poems in the early days. He wrote people who were lonely, willful, at a loss, and lack of security. The writing was extremely meticulous, and sometimes he could get the true fun of the simple spoken language of New England.Richard Cory- Edwin Arlington Robinson -" The Children Of The Night " 理查.珂利Whenever Richard Cory went down town, 每当理查.珂利走进闹市We people on the pavement looked at him: 我们,街上的人,两眼瞪圆He was a gentleman from sole to crown, 他从头到脚都是地道的绅士Clean favored, and imperially slim. 潇洒纤瘦,风度翩翩And he was always quietly arrayed, 他衣着永远淡雅素净,And he was always human when he talked; 他谈吐永远文质彬彬,But still he fluttered pulses when he said, 当他向人问好,人们不禁"Good-morning," and he glittered when he walked. 怦然心动,他走路光彩照人And he was rich - yes, richer than a king - 他有钱---是的,富比王侯And admirably schooled in every grace; 令人钦佩的读遍各种学问In fine we thought that he was everything 总而言之,他是无所不有,To make us wish that we were in his place. 谁都盼望有他的福份So on we worked, and waited for the light, 我们苦干,等着福光降临And went without the meat, and cursed the bread; 整月没肉吃,面包讨人嫌And Richard Cory, one calm summer night, 而理查.珂利,在宁静的夏夜Went home and put a bullet through his head. 回家朝自己脑袋放一颗子弹The wealth and talent a person has are not proportional to his happiness. Many people work hard to become the people of the upper class, but who knows that the people of the upper class are also sad in their own world. The main reason is to explain this truth... It is said that this poem originated from a personal experience of Williams as a doctor: one day, he stood in the ward, lying next to a critically ill young girl, unconscious, hovering on the line of life and death. At this point, Williams looked out the window and saw a red wheelbarrow parked under the breeding. So there was this poem. "This short and powerful poem is unique in form. If we restore this poem to an independent sentence, that is: so much depends upon a red wheel barrow glazed with rain water beside the white chickens. We will find this sentence very strange. First of all, it lacks a subject, it does not convey to us what is so much depends upon, which seems to imply that this is possible, and that the poet consciously created an imaginary space, that is, all Possibilities are contained in personal interpretation.。
英国文学史名词解释
名词解释Heroic Couplet: a couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic pentameter; and written in an elevated style.1．Renaissance: a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.2．Sonnet: 14-line lyric poem; usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.3．Blank verse: poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. 4．Neoclassicism: the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.5．Sentimentalism: it was one of the important trends in English literature of the later decades of the 18th century. It concentrated on the free expression of thoughts and emotions; and presented a new view of human nature which prized feeling over thinking; passion over reason.6．Romanticism: imagination; emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis onindividualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.7．Lake Poets: the English poets who lived in and drew inspiration from the Lake District at the beginning of the 19th century. 8．Byronic Heroes: a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character enthusiasm; persistence; pursuing freedom; named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron.9．Realism: seeks to portray familiar characters; situations; and settings in a realistic manner. This is done primarily by using an objective narrative point of view and through the buildup of accurate detail.10．Aestheticism: an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature; fine art; music and other arts.11．Stream-of-Consciousness: it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative mode. 12．Dramatic Monologue: a kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem.13．Iambic Pentameter: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet;with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable; that is; with each foot an iamb.14．Epic: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.15．Elegy: a poem of mourning; usually over the death of an individual; may also be a lament over the passing of life and beauty or a meditation of the nature of death; a type of lyric poem. 16．Canto: a section of a long poem. The cantos can be a great poem 17．Ode: a complex and often lengthy lyric poem; written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subjects. Odes are written for a special occasion; to honor a person or a season or to commemorate an event.Spenserian Stanza: a nine-line stanza made up of 8 lines of iambic pentameter ending with an Alexandrine. Its thyme scheme is ababbcbcc. This stanza was common to travel literature.18．Metrical Pattern: a lyric poem of five 14-lined stanzas containing four tercets and a closing couplet. The rhyme scheme is aba bcb cdc ded ee.文学史中古时期1.Beowulf贝奥武甫: the natural epic of the English people; Denmarkstory; alliteration; metaphor; understatements2.Sir Gawain and Green Knight高文爵士和绿衣骑士3.Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里乔叟：the Father of English Poetry; The Canterbury Tales埃特伯雷故事集24stories文艺复兴时期1.Thomas More: Utopia乌托邦- the communication between more and the traveler which just came back from Utopia.2.Francis Bacon: the first English Essayist; Essays随笔集- Of Studies; Of Truth philosophical and literary works3.Thus Wyatt: first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.4.Edmund Spenser: Poet's poet; The Fairy Queen仙后to Queen Elizabeth I5.William Shakespeare:Sonnet 18Shall I compare thee to a summer's day17世纪英国文学1.John Donne: the leading poet of Metaphysical school of poetry;A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning分离：莫忧伤2.John Milton: Paradise Lost失乐园a revolt against God's authority; Paradise Regained复乐园how Christ overcame Santa ——stories were taken from Bible3.John Bunyan: the son of Renaissance; Pilgrim's Progress天路历程imagination; shadowing; realistic religious allegory18世纪英国文学Novel：1.the age of reason; classicism; sentimentalism and romanticism novels; prose; dramas; poetry2.Daniel Defoe: representative of English realistic novel; Robinson Crusoe鲁滨逊漂流记the development of a young man from a naive and artless youth to a clever and hardened man3.Jonathan Swift: Gulliver's Travels格列佛游记fictional; satirical- human nature; the European Government; the differences between religions; whole English state system4.Henry Fielding: the Father of English novel; The History of Tome Jones; a Foundling 汤姆琼斯;satiricPoetry：5.Thomas Gray: Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard墓园挽歌6.Alexander Pope: perfected in heroic couplet; An Essay on Criticism论批评7.William Blake: pre-romantic; Songs of Innonce天真之歌;Songs of Experience经验之歌-London; The Tiger8.Robert Burns: A Red Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰Drama:9.Richard Brinsley Sheridan:Master of Comedy of manners;The Schoolfor Scandal造谣学校浪漫主义时期1798-18321.William Wordsworth: the Lake Poets; The Prelude序曲；I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud我似流云天自游；The Solitary Reaper孤寂的割麦女；features: poet of nature and human heart2.Samuel Taylor Coleridge: the first critic of the Romantic school; The Rime of the Ancient Mariner古舟子咏3.George Gordon Byron: vigorous; strong and beautiful; Childe Harold's Pilgrimage恰尔德哈罗尔德游记spenserian stanza; fights for liberty; Don Juan唐璜a broad critical picture of European life; When We Two Parted昔日依依别；She Walks in Beauty她走在美的光影中；The Isles of Greece哀希腊4.Percy Bysshe Shelley: Ode to the West Wind西风颂-赞颂西风;希望与其紧密相连; Prometheus Unbound解放了的普罗米修斯the victory for man's struggle against tyranny and oppression5.John Keats: sensuous; colorful and rich in imagery; Ode to a Nightingale夜莺颂；Ode on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂6.Walter Scott: Father of Historical Novel; combine historical fact and romantic imagination7.Jane Austen: wit; dry humour; subtle irony;realistic; Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见Elizabeth and Darcy；Sense and Sensibility理智与情感；Emma爱玛8.Charles Lamb: Poor Relations穷亲戚; Dream-children童年梦幻; A Reverie幻想曲维多利亚时期1.summit： realistic novel2.Charles Dickens: critical realist writer; humour; wit; happy endings; A Tale of Two Cities双城记London & Paris; where there is oppression; there is revolution; David Copperfield大卫科波菲尔；Oliver Twist雾都孤儿；Hard Time艰难时世；Great Expectations远大前程； Dombey and Son董贝父子；Pickwick Papers匹克威克外传3.William Makepeace Thackeray: Vanity Fair名利场to satirize the social more; decadence and corruption of his time; to criticize the values measured by wealth4.George Eliot: novelist; her novels are celebrated for their realism and psychological insights; Adam Bede亚当比德social inequality；The Mill on the Floss弗洛斯河上的磨坊； Silas Marner 织工马南5.Alfred Tennyson: succeeded Wordsworth as Poet Laureate in 1850; Break; Break; Break拍吧;拍吧;拍吧；Crossing the Bar过沙洲6.Robert Browning: dramatic monologues; My Last Duchess我已故的公爵夫人7.The Bronte Sisters:Charlotte: Jane Eyre简爱：简·爱是一个心地纯洁、善于思考的女性;她生活在社会底层;受尽磨难..但她有倔强的性格和勇于追求平等幸福的精神..小说以浓郁抒情的笔法和深刻细腻的心理描写;引人入胜地展示了男女主人公曲折起伏的爱情经历;歌颂了摆脱一切旧习俗和偏见..扎根于相互理解、相互尊重的基础之上的深挚爱情;具有强烈的震撼心灵的艺术力量..其最为成功之处在于塑造了一个敢于反抗;敢于争取自由和平等地位的妇女形象..Emily: Wuthering Heights呼啸山庄：描写吉卜赛弃儿希斯克利夫被山庄老主人收养后;因受辱和恋爱不遂;外出致富;回来后对与其女友凯瑟琳结婚的地主林顿及其子女进行报复的故事..Anne: Agnes Gray安格尼斯格雷20世纪英国文学1.Thomas Hardy: feature:past and modern; critical; realism; determinism; Tess of The D'urbervillles德伯家的苔丝；Jude the Obscure无名的裘德2.John Galsworthy: From the Four Winds四季的风；The Man of Property 有产业的人；The Silver Box银盒3.George Bernard Shaw: structurally and thematically; vividly; Mrs Warren's Profession华伦夫人的职业；Pygmalion皮革马利翁transform a cockney-speaking flower girl into a woman as poised andwell-spoken as a duchess; The Apple Cart苹果车4.Oscar Wilde: aestheticism; The Happy Prince and Other Tales快乐王子；The Picture of Dorian Gray道林格雷的画像5.D.H. Lawrence: first introduce themes of psychology into his works; Sons and Lovers儿子和情人； The White Peacock白孔雀6.Virginia Woolf: stream-of- consciousness; feminist; To the Lighthouse到灯塔去；Mrs Dalloway达洛维夫人7.James Joyce: Ulysses尤利西斯stream of consciousness; a modern prose epic; Dubliners都柏林人。
英美诗歌简史
英美诗歌简史美国英国诗歌简史诗歌简史William Cullen Bryant (1794--1878)W illiam Shakespeare (1564--1616)1. To A Waterfowl1. Sonnet 182. The Yellow Violet2. Sonnet 293. Sonnet 116Edgar Allen Poe (1809--1849)1. The Raven J ohn Donne (1572--1631)2. To Helen1. Death, Be Not Proud3. Annabel Lee2. A Valediction: Forbidding MourningHenry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807--1882)J ohn Milton (1608--1674)1. The Song of Hiawatha1. To Cyriack Skinner Upon His Blindness2. My Lost Youth2. Paradise Lost3. A Psalm Of LifeA lexander Pope (1688--1744)James Russell Lowell (1819--1891)1. An Essay On Criticism1. Biglow Papers2. Intended For Sir Isaac Newton in Wesminster-AbbeyOliver Wendell Holmes (1809--1894)T homas Gray (1716--1771)1. Elegy Written in a Country ChurchyardJohn Greenleaf Whittier (1807--1892)W illiam Blake (1757--1796)1. Snow-Bound1. The Tyger2. LondonWalt Whitman (1819--1892)1. Leaves of Grass R obert Burns (1759--1796)2. I Hear America Singing1. My Heart's in the Highlands3. Song of Myself2. A Red, Red Rose4. O Captain! My Captain!3. For A' That and A'ThatEmily Dickinson (1830--1886)W illiam Wordsworth (1770--1850)1. Success Is Counted Sweetest1. Travelled Among Unknown Men2. The Soul Selects Her Own Society2. I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud3. A Bird Came Down the Walk3. Lines Written in Early Spring4. Because I Could Not Stop for Death5. There's a Certain Slant of Light S amuel Taylor Coleridge (1772--1834)6. Again His Voice Is at the Door1. Kubla KhanG eorge Gordon Byron (1788--1824)Edwin Arlington Robinson (1860--1935)1. Don Juan1. Man Against The Sky2. Richard Cory P ercy Bysshe Shelley (1792--1822)3. Miniver Cheevy1. Love's Philosophy4. The Children Of the Night2. Ode to the West WindRobert Frost (1874--1963)J ohn Keats (1995--1821)1. Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening1. On the Grasshopper and Cricket2. Neither Far Nor Deep2. Ode to a Nightingale3. The Road Not Taken4. Design E lizabeth Barrett Browning (1806--1861)5. Mending Wall6. After Apple-Picking7. Fire and Ice8. Once By the Pacific A lfred Tennyson (1809--1889)9. Birches1. Break, Break, Break10. Nothing Gold Can Stay11. Provide, Provide2. Crossing the BarCarl Sandburg (1878--1967)3. Eagle1. Chicago2. Fog M atthew Arnold (1822--1888)3. The Harbor1. Dover BeachEzra Pound (1885--1972)T homas Hardy (1840--1928)1. In a Station of the Metro1. The Darking Thrush2. A Pact2. In Time Of "The Breaking of Nations"T.S.Eliot(1888--1965)W illiam Bulter Yeats (1865--1939)1. The Love Song Of J.Alfred Prufrock1. The Lake Isle of Innisfree2. The Waste Land2. When You Are Old3. The Second ComingWallace Stevens (1879--1955)4. Sailing to Byzantium1. Anecdote of the Jar5. Leda and the Swan2. Sunday Morning6. Down by the Salley Gardens3. Thirteen Ways of Looking at Blackbird4. The Snow Man W ystan Hugh Auden (1907--1973)5. Peter Quince at the Clavier1. Musee Des Beaus ArtsWilliam Carlos Williams (1883--1963)D ylan Thomas (1914--1953)1. The Red Wheelbarrow1. Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night2. Spring and All3. This is just to sayP hilip Larking (1922--1985)E. E. Cummings (1894--1963)1. Church Going1.The Enormous Room2. Chanson Innocenter T ed Hughes (1930--)3. l(a1. Hawk Roosting4. In Just-5. anyone lived in a pretty how town S ylvia Plath (1932--1963)1. DaddyAllen Ginsberg2. Metaphors1. HowlS eamus Heaney (1909--Langston Hughes (1902--1977)1. The Negro Speaks of Rivers2. DreamRobert Lowell (1917--1977)1. Life Studies。
forbidding mourning赏析
“A Valediction: forbidding Mourning”SummaryThe speaker explains that he is forced to spend time apart from his lover, but before he leaves, he tells her that their farewell should not be the occasion for mourning and sorrow. In the same way that virtuous men die mildly and without complaint, he says, so they should leave without “tear-floods” and “sigh-tempests,” for to publicly announce their feelings in such a way would profane their love. The speaker says that when the earth moves, it brings “harms and fears,” but when the spheres experience “trepidation,” though the impact is greater, it is also innocent. The love of “dull sublunary lovers” cannot survive separation, but it removes that which constitutes the love itself; but the love he shares with his beloved is so refined and “Inter-assured of the mind” that they need not worry about missing “eyes, lips, and hands.”Though he must go, their souls are still one, and, therefore, they are not enduring a breach, they are experiencing an “expansion”; in the same way that gold can be stretched by beating it “to aery thinness,” the soul they share will simply stretch to take in all the space between them. If their souls are separate, he says, they are like the feet of a compass: His lover’s soul is the fixed foot in the center, and his is the foot that moves around it. The firmness of the center foot makes the circle that the outer foot draws perfect: “Thy firmness makes my circle just, / And makes me end, where I begun.”FormThe nine stanzas of this Valediction are quite simple compared to many of Donne’s poems, which utilize strange metrical patterns overlaid jarringly on regular rhyme schemes. Here, each four-line stanza is quite unadorned, with an ABAB rhyme scheme and an iambic tetrameter meter.Commentary“A Valediction: forbidding Mourning” is one of Donne’s most famous and simplest poems and also probably his most direct statement of his ideal of spiritual love. For all his erotic carnality in poems, such as “The Flea,” Donne professed a devotion to a kind of spiritual love that transcended the merely physical. Here, anticipating a physical separation from his beloved, he invokes the nature of that spiritual love to ward off the “tear-floods” and “sigh-tempests” that might otherwise attend on their farewel l. The poem isessentially a sequence of metaphors and comparisons, each describing a way of looking at their separation that will help them to avoid the mourning forbidden by the poem’s title.First, the speaker says that their farewell should be as mild as the uncomplaining deaths of virtuous men, for to weep would be “profanation of our joys.” Next, the speaker compares harmful “Moving of th’ earth” to innocent “trepidation of the spheres,” equating the first with “dull sublunary lovers’ love” and the second with their love, “Inter-assured of the mind.” Like the rumbling earth, the dull sublunary (sublunary meaning literally beneath the moon and also subject to the moon) lovers are all physical, unable to experience separation without losing the sensation that comprises and sustains their love. But the spiritual lovers “Care less, eyes, lips, and hands to miss,” because, like the trepidation (vibration) of the spheres (the concentric globes that surrounded the earth in ancient astronomy), their love is not wholly physical. Also, like the trepidation of the spheres, their movement will not have the harmful consequences of an earthquake.The speaker then declares that, since the lovers’ two souls are one, his departure will simply expand the area of their unified soul, rather than cause a rift between them. If, however, their souls are “two” instead of “one”, they are as the feet of a drafter’s compass, connected, with the center foot fixing the orbit of the outer foot and helping it to describe a perfect circle. The compass (the instrument used for drawing circles) is one of Donne’s most famous metaphors, and it is the perfect image to encapsulate the values of Donne’s spiritual love, which is balanced, symmetrical, intellectual, serious, and beautiful in its polished simplicity.Like many of Donne’s love poems (including “The Sun Rising” and “The Canonization”), “A Valediction: forbidding Mourning” creates a dichotomy between the common love of the everyday world and the uncommon love of the speaker. Here, the speaker claims that to tell “the laity,” or the common people, of his love would be to profane its sacred nature, and he is clearly contemptuous of the dull sublunary love of other lovers. The effect of this dichotomy is to create a kind of emotional aristocracy that is similar in form to the political aristocracy with which Donne has had painfully bad luck throughout his life and which he commented upon in poems, such as “The Canonization”: This emotional aristocracy is similar in form to the political on e but utterly opposed to it in spirit. Few in number are the emotional aristocratswho have access to the spiritual love of the spheres and the compass; throughout all of Donne’s writing, the membership of this elite never includes more than the speaker and his lover—or at the most, the speaker, his lover, and the reader of the poem, who is called upon to sympathize with Donne’s romantic plight.。
Forbidding Mourning
即便我俩的灵魂不是一体， 也会像圆规的两脚那样若即若离；
你的灵魂，那只固定的脚，
看似不动，实则会随另一只而移。 尽管它稳坐中央镇守， 但是倘使另一只真要去远游， 也会斜着身凝神倾听， 待君归来时，才又直身相候。 你对我正是这般，我定要 倾身围着你转，就像另外那只脚，
Next, the author compares harmful “Moving of the earth”
with innocent “trepidation of the spheres”, equating the first with “dull sublunary lovers‟ love” and the second with their love “Inter-assured of the mind.” Like the rumbling earth, the dull sublunary lovers are all physical, unable to experience separation. But the spiritual lovers “Care less, eyes, lips, and hands to miss,” like thir movement will not have the harmful consequences of an earthquake. Their love is not wholly physical.
If they be two, they are two so As stiff twin compasses are two ; Thy soul, the fix'd foot, makes no show To move, but doth, if th' other do. And though it in the centre sit, Yet, when the other far doth roam, It leans, and hearkens after it, And grows erect, as that comes home. Such wilt thou be to me, who must, Like th' other foot, obliquely run ; Thy firmness makes my circle just, And makes me end where I begun.
离别辞·节哀
A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning
The last three parts
By Yokei
the souls of the poet and his lover
In such a way
If they be two, they are two so
As stiff twin compasses are two
slantingl y
对于我，你就是这样，我像 另一只脚 必须倾斜着身子转圈
complete
Thy firmness makes my circle just, And makes me end where I begun
The foot that draws the circumference returns to the foot sitting at the center of the circle after a circle is drawn
As stiff as the two legs of a compass
我们的灵魂即便是两个， 那也和圆规的两只脚相同
The fixed foot remains at the center of the circle
Thy soul, the fixed foot, makes no show To move, but doth, it th’ other do
a valediction forbidding mourning解析
a valediction forbidding mourning解析'A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning' is a poem written by John Donne, a prominent English poet of the 17th century. The poem explores the theme of love and separation, and Donne uses various conceits and metaphors to convey his ideas.The title itself suggests that the poet is bidding farewell to his lover and discouraging any kind of mourning or sadness. Instead, Donne proposes that love should be a spiritual and transcendental experience, unaffected by physical distance or temporary separation.The poem begins with the speaker addressing his beloved, reassuring her that their parting is not a cause for grief. He compares their love to a virtuous man's soul, which remains constant and unwavering even in the face of death. Donne argues that their love is so strong that it can withstand any physical separation and will remain unchanged.Donne uses the metaphor of a compass to describe the nature of their love. He compares the beloved's soul to the fixed foot of the compass, while his own soul is the moving foot. As the moving foot draws a circle, the fixed foot remains rooted and steady. This metaphor symbolizes the unbreakable connection between the two souls, despite their physical separation.The poem also explores the idea of a spiritual love that transcends the physical realm. Donne suggests that their souls are united even when they are apart, and their love is not dependent on physical presence. He argues that their love is so pure and divine that it should be free from the constraints of earthly emotions like jealousy or possessiveness.Moreover, Donne emphasizes the importance of a balanced and composed approach to love. He advises his beloved not to shed tears or indulge in excessive emotions at their parting. Instead, he urges her to remain calm and composed, just as the virtuous man faces death with dignity and grace. Donne believes that excessive mourning is a sign of weakness and insecurity, whereas true love should elevate the soul and bring inner peace. In conclusion, 'A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning' is a beautiful and complex poem that explores the nature of love and separation. Donne presents a vision of love that is spiritual, eternal, and independent of physical presence. He encourages his beloved to embrace their parting with strength and composure, affirming that their love will remain unchanged despite the distance between them.。
Valediction Forbidding morning
• The speaker then declares that, since the lovers’ two souls are one, his departure will simply expand the • area of their unified soul, rather than cause a rift between them. • their souls as the feet of a drafter’s compass, conne cted, with the center foot fixing the orbit of the outer foot and helping it to describe a perfect circle. • The compass (the instrument used for drawing circle s) is one of Donne’s most famous metaphors, and it is the perfect image to encapsulate the values of Donn e’s spiritual love, which is balanced, symmetrical, inte llectual, serious, and beautiful in its polished simplicit y.
Startling comparison
Departure Vs. Virtue man’s death Spirit Vs. Body
3
• As virtuous men pass mildly away, • And whisper to their souls to go, Whilst some of their sad friends do say, "Now his breath goes," and some say, " No." 当贞洁安然死去 对它的灵魂轻轻的说一声:再会 悲伤的朋友聚在一旁 有的说断气了,有的说没有.
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Whilst some of their sad friends do say,
―Now his breath goes,‖ and some say, ―No.‖ B
indistinct onomatopoeia
Symbolism: “death‖
君子安详辞世的时候，
会对自己的灵魂轻轻地道一声：走， 有些悲伤的朋友会说：
1.2 Life Experience
1615 Ordained into the Church of England; awarded an honorary doctorate（荣誉博士） in divinity from Cambridge University;
became a Royal Chaplain(牧师);
就让我们默哀吧，肃穆， 没有泪眼汪汪，没有嚎啕大哭； 把我们的爱情告诉俗人 无异于对我们的欢愉进行亵渎。
※ Line 7-8:
•
• •
’Twere= it were
Profanation: desecration(亵渎) Laity: lay people, commoners
3. Analysis
※ Line 3-4: • The debate of friends
“断气了，”而有些则会说“还没有。”
3. Analysis
Analysis
※ Line 5-6: • So: ―analogy & metaphor‖ Melt & tear-floods & sightempest: ―nature metaphors‖ • Tear-floods & sigh-tempest: ―hyperbole‖
years after Donne's death.
Based on the theme of two lovers about to part for an extended time, the poem is notable for its use of conceits and ingenious analogies to describe the couple's relationship.
地震会带来恐惧与灾祸；
人们琢磨地震的后果和意义； 可天体的震动是无害的，
尽管它们的威力比地震大得多。
※ Symbolism: ―natural phenomena‖
3. Analysis
Analysis
※ Line 13-14: • Sublunary: beneath the moon
4th stanza line 13-16： Dull sublunary lover's love (Whose soul is sense) cannot admit
※ A master of the metaphysical conceit (an extended metaphor
that combines two vastly different ideas into a single idea,
often using imagery；one of figures of speech).
Analysis
※ Line 9-10: • • Moving of the earth:
3rd stanza line 9-12：
Moving of the earth brings harms and
fears, Men reckon what it did and meant;
earthquake
※ Donne’s works are also witty, employing paradoxes, puns and subtle yet remarkable analogies (类比). ※ A shift from classical forms to more personal poetry.
in persuasion. ※ Concentrated complex and difficult thought
※ Dramatic, with abrupt aggressive opening but modulating
(调节的) tones. ※ Style – concise, epigrammatic（讽刺的，警句的） ※ Use of conceits(幻想) or extended metaphors（延伸隐喻）.
1624 Became vicar of St Dunstan-in-the-West, and 1625 a prolocutor to Charles I
1631 Died
1.3 Style
Style
※ The most prominent member of the metaphysical poets.
Moving: trochee(扬抑格)
But trepidation of the spheres,
Though greater far, is innocent.
※ Line 11-12: • Trepidation: to make a literal trembling motion • Innocent: unseen, unnoticed
(1573.1.22– 1631.3.31)
Works
1.2 Life Experience
Life Experience
1573 Born in London 1576 His father died 1583 Studied at Hart Hall, now Herford College, Oxford 1586 Admitted to the University of Cambridge 1591 Accepted as a student at the Thavies Inn legal school 1592 Admitted to Lincoln’s Inn 1598 Appointed chief secretary to the Lord Keeper of The Great Seal（国玺） 1601 Secret marriage to Anne More （Making him fired and put in Fleet Prison） 1602 Elected as Member of Parliament for the constituency of Brackley 1605 Moved to another small house in Mitcham, London as a lawyer
2. Form and Genre
※ Rhyme:
ABAB rhyme scheme.
※ Form: 9 four line stanzas (also called quatrains) ※ Genre: Metaphysical Poem
※ Meter:
Iambic tetrameter
3. Analysis
A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning
—— 告别辞：莫悲伤
1.1 Author Occupation Nationality Poet, priest, lawyer English
Alma mater(母校)
Genre
Oxford University
Satire, love poetry, elegy, sermons Love, sexuality, religion, death Metaphysical Poetry
1.4 Characteristics
Characteristics
※ Intellectually rigorous, scholastic, dialectical(辩证的), subtle .
※ Argumentative – using logic, syllogisms(三段论) or paradox
2nd stanza line 5-8： So let us melt, and make no noise, 'Twere profanation of our joys To tell the laity our love.
No tear-floods, nor sigh-tempests move; •
1616-1622 Served in the chapel（小教堂） as minister 1617 His wife died 1618 Became chaplain to Viscount Doncaster 1620 Returned to England
1621-1631 Made Dean of St Paul’s
Analysis
※ Line 1-2:
1st stanza line 1-4：
As virtuous men pass mildly away, And whisper to their souls t mildly away: no regret,
peaceful Whisper: in control; a
1.5 Background
Background of this poem
Written in 1611 or 1612 for his wife Anne before he left on a trip to Europe. "A Valediction" is a 36-line love poem that was first published in the 1633 collection Song and Sonnets, two
•
•
Lover's love: repetitive