第一章 商务统计学样本

e.g., Tables and graphs 分析图表

Characterize data（刻画数据的特征）

e.g., Sample mean =
X
n
i
（样本均值）
Chap 1-7
Business Statistics: A First Course, 5e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

The types of data used in business 商业活动中使用数据 的类型 The basics of Microsoft Excel Excel基础 The basics of Minitab 统计软件Minitab基础
Cha Statistics: A First Course, 5e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.




Present and describe business data and information properly 正确的展示和描述商业数据的和信息（描述性统计） Draw conclusions about large groups of individuals or items, using information collected from subsets of the individuals or items. 利用收集到的个体或者商品的子集数据来推断有关更广范围内个体 或者商品的结论（推断统计） Make reliable forecasts about a business activity 为商业活动提供可靠的预测（推断统计） Improve business processes 改善商业活动的过程
Business Statistics: A First Course, 5e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Chap 1-6
Descriptive Statistics

Collect data（数据收集）

e.g., Survey（调查）

Present data（数据展示）
Business Statistics: A First Course, 5e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Chap 1-12
Sources of Data
Primary Sources: The data collector is the one using the data for analysis（一手数据：数据的分析使用者是收据收集本人）
Data from a political survey（政治调查数据：盖洛普GALLUP） Data collected from an experiment（试验数据的收集） Observed data（观察型数据）
Business Statistics: A First Course, 5e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Chap 1-3
What is statistics?

A branch of mathematics taking and transforming numbers into useful information for decision makers（数学的一个分支——将繁杂的 数据处理为对决策者有用的信息） Methods for processing & analyzing numbers （处理和分析数据的方法） Methods for helping reduce the uncertainty inherent in decision making（降低决策中的不确 定性的方法）
Basic Vocabulary of Statistics
VARIABLE（变量） A variable is a characteristic of an item or individual. 商品或者个体的某个属性叫做变量 DATA（数据） Data are the different values associated with a variable. 变量的不同取值形成数据
Chap 1-1
Learning Objectives（学习目标）
In this chapter you learn: How Statistics is used in business 商业活动中如何使用统计学

The sources of data used in business
商业活动中使用数据的来源
Business Statistics: A First Course, 5e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 1-10
Population vs. Sample
Population Sample
Measures used to describe the population are called parameters 描述总体特征的数字测度叫参数
Inferential Statistics

Estimation（估计）

e.g., Estimate the population mean weight using the sample mean weight（样本均值估计总体均值） e.g., Test the claim that the population mean weight is 120 pounds（检验：总体的平均体重 =120磅）
Business Statistics: A First Course, 5e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Measures computed from sample data are called statistics 通过样本计算得到数字特征值 叫做统计量 Chap 1-11
Why Learn Statistics?
学会统计学可以帮助你更好理解和使用无所不在的 “数据（数字）”: Business memos（商业签单） Business research（商业研究） Technical reports（技术报告） Technical journals（技术学报） Newspaper articles（报纸文章） Magazine articles（杂志文章）
Chap 1-5
Business Statistics: A First Course, 5e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Types of Statistics


Statistics
The branch of mathematics that transforms data into useful information for decision makers. （数学的一个分 支——将繁杂的数据处理为对决策者有用的信息）

Hypothesis testing（假设检验）

Drawing conclusions about a large group of individuals based on a subset of the large group.
Business Statistics: A First Course, 5e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 1-8
Descriptive Statistics 描述型统计
Collecting, summarizing, and describing data（收集、汇总 和描述数据）
Inferential Statistics 推断型统计
Drawing conclusions and/or making decisions concerning a population based only on sample data（利用样本信息来推断有 关于总体的结论）
Chap 1-4


Business Statistics: A First Course, 5e © 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Why Study Statistics?
Decision Makers Use Statistics To： （通过使用统计方法， 决策者可以：）
Why Collect Data?




A marketing research analyst needs to assess the effectiveness of a new television advertisement. 市场研究分析员需要对新电视广告的投入效果进行评价 A pharmaceutical manufacturer needs to determine whether a new drug is more effective than those currently in use. 药品生产者需要判断新药的效果是否优于正在使用的药 An operations manager wants to monitor a manufacturing process to find out whether the quality of the product being manufactured is conforming to company standards. 生产执行经理需要通过监控生产过程来保证产品质量符合公司 标准 An auditor wants to review the financial transactions of a company in order to determine whether the company is in compliance with generally accepted accounting principles. 审计人员需要通过翻阅公司的金融交易记录来判断该公司是否 符合一般公认的会计准则