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托福强化听力讲义一

!
Practice one: TPO 21 conversation 2!
Script:! Narrator Listen to a conversation between a student and her public relations
!professor.!
Student Hi, professor Gordin. I really learned a lot from your lecture, the one about analyzing all those different segments of the population. Oh, the ofﬁcial term is audience, right? I never imagine that one company could have over
!thirty audiences to communicate with. !
Professor Yeah, a lot of students are taken aback by this, and some public relations consultants don’t ﬁgure it out until they’ve worked in the ﬁeld a while. ! Student Everyone thinks, public relations, eh, PR is easy, but there’s a lot to
I can offer a different perspective than someone who only teaches ...!
生生词栏：
!
Practice Two: TPO 14 conversation 2!

Znxlxa新托福听力课讲义

生命中，不断地有人离开或进入。

于是，看见的，看不见的；记住的，遗忘了。

生命中，不断地有得到和失落。

于是，看不见的，看见了；遗忘的，记住了。

然而，看不见的，是不是就等于不存在？记住的，是不是永远不会消失？新托福听力基础班讲义新托福及听力的基本情况托福基础听力的主要内容：⏹新托福听力的基本情况⏹美语语音⏹托福特色场景词汇扩展⏹托福听力基本应试技巧⏹北美校园生活透视新托听力基本形式⏹新答题方式：隔间+电脑+耳机+笔记⏹ 2.答题程序：听读选不可跳跃旧托福：先读，后听，再选。

新托：1.耳机中出现所问题声音，画面上出现题干和相关场景图片。

2.听完整篇文章之前无法预读任何问题或选项。

只得先听，后读，再选。

考题依然延续机考托福的规则，不可看，不可逆，不可改。

⏹ 3.考察题型增多：单选多选图表是非排序⏹ 4.语音形式：美音为主流+国际口音⏹新托福基础听力基本范围北美大学真实课堂，教室内外的各种交流包括对话和讲座两种类型。

⏹共6篇，做题时间60-90分钟。

每篇在600字左右，时间为3-5分钟。

（注：托福基础课的任务之一即适应托福段子的长度）instructors’ office hours⏹对话人物：教授与学生；⏹对话地点：教师办公室；⏹对话内容可为学术讨论或有关询问课程等问题。

对话(2)service encounters 后勤服务⏹对话人物：学生与工作人员；⏹对话地点：校园某办公室；⏹对话内容：非学术的询问。

对话(3) student interactions⏹对话人物：学生甲乙；⏹对话地点：教室以外相遇；⏹对话内容：学术讨论；非学术讨论托福听力考试基本内容之讲座LECTURE内容:天文、地理、生物、历史等等也都是托福惯用的测试内容。

形式：有的是教授”独白“有的是教授演讲中夹杂学生提问、教授提问。

新托福听力新特点l．整个铲除了容易丢分的笔试小对话，没有过的的俚语俗语.举例：You bet. I am out of here.2. 允许考生记笔记。

新托福听力精讲+翻译

学术讲座—学生版生物tpo24 lecture 1一、背景介绍：生物学讲座主要涉及到的小学科有conservation biology保护生物学，marine biology海洋生物学，zoology动物学和botany植物学。

主要话题有以下五个：动物行为研究；动物和环境之间的关系；动物交流方式；动物身体结构；动物保护。

二、分类表格：三、各分类常见逻辑结构：生物类考点分析分类部位及特征用途（植物）习性（动物）栖息地繁殖与其他生物的关系生存状况相关研究生物类常见逻辑结构在课堂演讲中，教授常常会就某一生物现象或者生物特征进行讲解，并举出相应的例子进行证明，期间往往会有老师的自问自答和已经和学生之间的讨论。

四、十三大原则中这节课会用到的原则+举例1. 开头原则：2. 问答原则3. 举例原则4. 强调原则（语义的强调）：5. 结尾原则五、本次课可能用到的笔记法1. 笔记热身1）中文简写2）符号2. TPO1 Conversation1 笔记六、词汇，短语及句式1）生物类场景常用的词汇2）本次课常用词汇3）本次课常用短语及句式：七、文章框架分析1. Crocodile: a predator that hasn't evolved much in the last seventy million years2. The functions of American alligators’ vocalization: ①To threaten other males ② To attract matesThe functions of baby crocodiles’vocalization: ①getting attention ②letting others know you are distressed：baby crocodiles。

The relationship of vocalization between crocodiles and mammals3. The functions of mother crocodiles’ vocalization: to ensure their babies follow her.八、听力文本Narrator:Listen to part of a lecture in a Biology class.Professor: OK. For today, let's look at a reptile, a predator that hasn't evolved much in the last seventy million years. No discussion of reptiles would be complete without some mention of crocodiles.（教授开门见山提出讲座的主旨：a predator--crocodiles，其中today, let’s look at...就是主旨句的提示句型。

新托福强化听力讲义

For personal use only in study and research; not for commercial useConversation 高频单词1作业extra credit assignment/project/homework / assignment sheetpresentation / thesis proposal 论文开题报告/essay /report / research / literature review读后感/ journal 学术杂志/ record / chart / info / senior researcher /fair share/ deadline/ drain排水/ junk mail / positive feedback2 课程•required course/curriculum课程表/lecture/class/ compulsory course, requirement必修的•optional/elective/selective/unrequired course选修课•introduction, introductory, intro初级•mid, medium level, intermediate中级•advanced高级•preliminary预备级•seminar / graduation form/ academic record/ field experience实习/heavy schedule/ course load课业负担重/ hammer courses on your own 锤炼3 图书馆•library/study room→learning (resource) center / video library / inter-library loan service 馆际借阅服务•reference section/ reference stack参考书库/ electronic sources电子资源/ entertainment section•check out/ return/ fill out the form/a form to fill out / extended borrowing privileges 延长的借阅优先4 论文•Paper/ topic/ material /dissertation / a draft version/ first draft 第一稿•bibliography 参考书目录/ citation 引用/ plagiarism 作弊•display the abstract摘要/ summary总结/ narrow…down / access /electronic sources 电子资源•published/ unpublished data / bulletin board 布告栏5 考试Exam/ mid-term exam /final exam / quiz /pop quiz /grade / score /pass /passing grade /failing grade /GPA / make up exam /cheat语言标记•Discourse Markers•Introducing•In my talk today•My topic today is•Today, we are going to discuss•Today, I’ll go over•The purpose of my talk today is•Today we are going to look at•Giving background Information•It is clear•It goes without saying•It is understood•As we know•As we have all read•Defining•X can be defined as•X is known as•X is a type of•X is actually•Just what is meant by•Listing•First•First and foremost•Next•Another•To begin with•Second•The next point I’d like to cover•finally•Showing a connection•Pertaining to in connection with •Classifying•There are X types/ categories/ varieties of •X can be divided into•Giving examples•For example•For instance•X is a case in point•Take X for instance•Take X, for example•The following are some common examples •Let me give you some specific examples •Emphasizing•The crucial point•I’d like to emphasize•We should bear in mind that •Fundamentally•I want to stress•Furthermore•What’s more•This goes to show that•In effect•Least we forget•It is worth mentioning that•It follows, then•Clarifying•In other words•That is to say•Basically•If we put it another way•i.e.•What I mean to say is•Let me put it anther way •Parenthetically speaking Shifting subtopics •Now•All right•OK•Let’s now look at it•Now, I’d like to turn to•The next point I’d like to focus on •Moving on•All that aside•In this respect•Giving further information•In addition•Furthermore•Another point•Moreover•Not only…but also•Also•On top of that•As well•Giving contrast information•Although•However•On the other hand•Whereas•Despite•nevertheless•Giving an opinion•As far as I’m concerned•In my opinion•If it were up to me•According to•If you ask me•In my mind•Setting parameters•In terms of in the scope of •Digressing•By the way•Before I forget•Incidentally•Concluding•We’ve seen that•In conclusion, I’d like to•In short•To sum up•Let me end by saying•Any question?•All in all•Commonly Used Expression• A point of contention•After all is said and done•All the more•And so on• A cross purpose•At the onset•Back and forth•Foot the bill•Get a grasp of•Get the ball rolling•Subject of disagreement•After all debate is finished•Even more•Etcetera•In contradiction to each other’s intent •At the beginning•Going and returning•Pay all•To understand•start•Give rise to•Hardly the case•In a fix•In a nutshell•Instead of•It’s all or nothing•It’s all very well and good•Miss the point•No matter•On the condition•Owing to•Part and parcel of•Cause•Not the situation at all•In a bad or difficult situation•Here is the basic point•Rather than•Completely or not at all•There is nothing wrong with•Not understand•It really isn’t important•If/ depending on•Due to• A necessary and important element•Poke holes in•Practically speaking•Slowly but surely•Stem from•Supposing that•That isn’t to say•The upshot of•Turning point•When it comes down to it•With the aim of•Without regard to•Wrap up•Under no circumstances•Find something wrong with•Talking common sense•Done carefully over time•Come from•What if•It doesn’t mean•The consequence or result•An important point of change in direction or meaning •The truth is•Having the goal of•Ignoring•Finishnot for any reasonIdiomsCastles in the sky/ air 空中楼阁As clear as a bell 非常清楚Come to terms 清楚误会Shed crocodile tears 假慈悲Cut corners 走捷径Do’s and don’t’s 行为规范Face the music 面对现实First things first 先说重要的Forgive and forget 握手言和Get the ball rolling 使蓬勃发展A knockout 引人注目A rainy day 不如意的日子All thumbs 笨手笨脚的一窍不通的Ants in one’s pants (skirts) 坐立不安At one’s finger’s tips 了如指掌Backseat driver 指手画脚的人Blow one’s top 怒发冲冠Break the ice 打破僵局、沉默Bring down the house 掌声雷动的Buy your story 相信你的话Call it a day 今天到此为止Daylight robbery 价钱贵的离谱Dirty dog 卑鄙小人Flat tire 没精打采From A to Z 从头到尾God knows 天晓得Gone with the wind 随风而逝Good for nothing 毫无用处的Happy go luck 乐天派Have a big mouth 话多的人Have it both ways 权衡两方面Have time off 休假Hit of the show 表演中最精彩的一幕Hit the high spots 达到高水准Hold one’s tongue 保持沉默In hot water 遇到麻烦In the hole 遇到经济困难In the long run 从长远看In the soap 遇到麻烦Keep punching 继续努力Kick off 开始干某事Kill two birds with one stone 一石二鸟Knock it off 别再讲下去了Let nature take its course 顺其自然Like a cat on hot bricks 热锅上的蚂蚁Like a turtle in its back 对事情束手无策Lousy cliché陈词滥调Master key 万能钥匙关键No sweat 没问题不用冒汗No money, no honey 没钱就没爱情Odds and ends 零碎的工作Off color 身体不爽On pins and needles 如坐针毡的Once in a blue moon 机会难得的绝无仅有Pain in the neck 极讨厌的人或物Pipe course 容易的课程或工作Pull a long face 拉长脸不悦Put sb.in the ring 和某人赛一场Rain or shine 不论晴雨Row in one boat 从事相同事业相同命运Royal road 容易取得成功的捷径Run of the town 轰动一时的人Salt of the earth/ world 社会中坚Second sight 超人的预见力Side money 外快Slowly but surely 稳扎稳打Speak the same language 志同道合Spill the beans 露马脚Stand on one’s own feet 独立自主Stay out of other people’s business 置身事外Step on one’s toes 触怒某人Sugar report 情书Sunday dress 最好的衣服Take it or leave it 别讨价还价Take things as they come 既来之则安之Talk big 讲大话Talk of the town 非常流行的东西Talk through one’s nose 骄傲自大Tall story 难以置信的故事Be the spirit 真有道理Throw cold water on 泼冷水Turn the tables 翻盘扭转局势Under the sun 世界任何地方Walking dictionary 知识渊博的人Welcome to the party 现在你总算懂了What’s the catch? 你这是什么意思When in Rome do as the Romans do入乡随俗White lie 善意的谎言With open arms 热烈欢迎Without fail 一定Got me there 难住我了Stick with sb 紧跟着某人Take a rain check 改天吧Lost count 弄不清楚Be in another world 精神恍惚Save your breath 别白费口舌了Make sense 有意义理解Burn a hole in one’s pocket 很快花光File one’s shoes 很好的顶替Is ice cold 理所当然的Look for a needle in a hay stack 大海捞针Meet each other half way 相互妥协让步On the dot 准时正点Once and for all 最后一次干脆Play by ear 随机应变Ring a bell 令人想起某事听起来耳熟Share a common outlook 有共同观点Six of one and half-a-dozen of the other半斤八两Stick around 在附近逗留或等待Stick with 继续做坚持Straighten out 扯平结清Turn one’s back 别人困难时不愿帮助Under the weather 身体不适生病Bite off more than one can chew 不自量力Break new ground 创新Do the trick 做成功达到理想效果Draw the line 拒绝拒不容忍Feel down in the dumps 心情不好情绪低落Keep between the two of us 保密Know a thing or two about 略知一二Leave no stone unturned 不遗余力On cloud nine 非常幸福On the tip of one’s tongue 就在嘴边Reach the bottom of the barrel 弹尽粮绝Up in the air 尚未决定悬而未决Wear and tear 磨损消耗With flying colors 大获全胜Get off on the wrong foot 开始就不顺利Get on someone’s nerves 使人不安Give someone a break 不要去管饶了某人Head and shoulders above 某方面强于某人In the red 赤字In the dark 一无所知A breath of fresh airBe all ears 洗耳恭听Be all eyes 目不转睛Sell like hot cakes 畅销Get butterflies in one’s stomach 紧张不安Two thumbs up 双手赞成Pull one’s leg 开某人玩笑Break one’s back 辛勤工作Twenty-four seven 永远一直Bucket down 瓢泼大雨Backroom boys 幕后英雄Beyond compare 绝佳的最棒的Break even 不赔不赚By the book 照章办事Cast a cloud over 泼冷水蒙上阴影Put oneself together 加把劲Suit me fine 太适合我了Time will tell 时间会证明一切Same old story 又是那一套Boys will be boys 本性难移Be Greek to sb. 某人完全不懂Couch potato 整天呆在沙发上看电视Wait on hand and foot 招待的无微不至Waste one’s breath 白费口舌Weigh one’s word 斟字酌句Wheels within wheels 错综复杂之理由Win a name 出名Wishful thinking 如意算盘Ups and downs 有喜有悲Under one’s breath 轻声细语Under one’s thumb 在某人支配下Turn the clock back 时光倒转Turn a deaf ear 不加理睬That’s that 就此而已Shoulder to shoulder 齐心协力See the world 见多识广Second to none 最佳的Second thoughts 从新考虑Read between the lines 明白言外之意Over and down with到此结束Grain ground 有进展Break a leg 大获全胜火山(volcano)1、分类周期eruption cycle：active volcano / extinct(ive) volcano/ dormant volcano强度eruption intensity: shield volcano 盾状火山周期短，强度小/compositevolcano 复式火山周期长，强度大2、灾害earthquake 地震landslide 滑坡mudslide 泥石流avalanche 雪崩(e.g. Cascade Mountain 终年低温，常年积雪) kill creatures ash steam/ash cloud/volcanic ash→pollution山形成方式plates crushing/collisiontectonic platevolcanic activity/Ring of Fire年龄以及分布地理位置记字头Alps, Rockies, Andes, Cascades, St. Helens, Appalachians湖咸淡对比表格Freshwater lake=Sweetwater lake 淡水湖Saltwater lake 咸水湖E.g. Great Lakes (Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie, Ontario) Great Salt Lake对比：1、地理位置2、density 密度3、contraction 盐度4、为什么咸水湖咸，什么导致的，以前也这么咸么？Saltwater lake→evolution5、evaporation/no outlet6、ecology (wetland)7、climate8、environment海(ocean) oceanic current 洋流(ocean) volcanic island erode侵蚀lagoon泻湖coral reef/atoll 珊瑚礁/环礁矿（石、洞）Chemical elements 元素oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, silicon, iron, calcium, sodium, carbon, potassiummagnesium, oxide, titanium, methane, monoxide, dioxide, trioxide, peroxide,sulfur, amino, choleric, aluminumrock igneous rock 火山岩，岩浆岩成因：lava/magma→cool downsedimentary rock 沉积岩，水成岩成因：eroded by water/oceanmetamorphic rock 变质岩成因：heat + tensioncave solution cave 酸溶洞formed by mild/weak acidlava cave 熔岩洞during/after volcanic eruptionsea cave 海蚀洞eroded by sea water冰川(glacier)1、structure 构造特点ice sheet/layer 冰层ice cap 冰盖ice bottom 冰底2、formation 形成formation condition 形成条件①precipitate/rainfall/rain 下雨②turn in to ice accumulated③conserved ice/ice fern 积雪=cumulative snow3、movement 运动①velocity 运动速度comparison XX和XX比较②location 在哪运动（ocean）③regular 规律4、process 形成过程表格题5、climate/environment/ecology地球构造crust 地壳mantle 地幔core地核↓↓tectonic plate 板块magma 岩浆（高温）1、the definition2、example 记住主题，位置，目的3、expert4、the relation——continental drift 大陆漂移5、process 考表格板块collision→ridge seduction zone——magna circle地质学（geology）是托福听力考试中的常见话题，是关于地球的物质组成、内部构造、外部特征、各层圈之间的相互作用和演变历史的知识体系，是研究地球本身的学科。

托福强化听力讲义六

!Practice one: TPO 21 lecture 3!⽣生词栏：Script:!!Narrator Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.!Professor Probably back in some previous biology course you learned thatsnakes evolved from lizards, and that the ﬁrst snakes weren’t venomous andthen along came more advanced snakes, the venomous snakes. Ok,venomous snakes are the ones that secrete poisonous substances orvenom, like the snakes of the viper family or cobras. Then there is non-venomous snakes like constrictors and pythons. Another family of snakes,the colubrids, don’t really ﬁt neatly into either category though. Colubrids, andyou probably learned this too, although they are often classiﬁed asvenomous snakes, they are actually generally non-venomous. They areclassiﬁed as venomous snakes because they resemble them, their advancedfeatures more than the other non-venomous snakes.!!Now, what if I told you that there is a good chance that most everything I justsaid is wrong? Well, everything except the part about snakes evolving fromlizards. See, the basic theory about snake evolution has been challenged bya recent study that revealed a whole new understanding of evolutionaryrelationship for reptiles, you know, which reptiles descended from whichancestors. The researchers study the proteins in the venom genes of variousspecies of colubrids. Emm... snake venom is a mixture of proteins, sometoxic, poisonous, and some not. By analyzing the DNA, the genetic materialof the proteins, the researchers could focus on the toxic genes and use themto trace the evolution of snake venom, and from this, the evolution of snakes.!!Traditionally, to understanding evolutionary relationships, we looked atvarious easily observed physical characteristics of animals, their skeleton,the size of their brain, and... and then classify them based on similarities and differences. The problem with this method is that characteristics that appearsimilar may actually have developed in quite different ways. For example,some venoms are chemical-based, and others are bacteria-based, so theyclearly had to have developed along different routes and may not be asclosely related as we thought.!!Now, and not everyone will agree about this. The classiﬁcation based onDNA seems to be much more reliable. Ok, back to the research. Theresearchers found that venom evolved before snakes even existed, about ahundred million years before.TPO 21 lecture 3!!⽣生词栏：Script ：!!Now, a couple of venomous lizards were included in this study. And theresearchers found some of the same DNA in their venom as in the snakes’venom. This suggested that the common ancestor of all snakes was actuallyvenomous lizard, which means that actually, according to this research,anyway, in terms of the snakes’ ancestry, there is no such thing as a non-venomous snake, not even colubrids. !!What separates colubrids from other snakes we have been classifying isvenomous, is not the lack of venom, but the lack of an effective way to deliverthe venom into its prey. In most venomous snakes, like vipers and cobras, thevenom is used to catch and inmoblize the prey; but in colubrids, venom dripsonto the prey only after the prey is in the snake’s mouth. So for colubrids, thevenom must serve some other purpose, maybe linked to digesting prey. Asthe different families of venomous snakes evolved, the teeth moved forward,becoming larger, and the venom becoming stronger, so the evolution of theobvious venomous snakes, like cobras and vipers, is about the evolution ofan efﬁcient delivery system, not so much the evolution of the venom itself.!!So, if there are no truly non-venomous snakes, were the so-called non-venomous snakes, like constrictors and pythons, were they venomous atsome point in their evolution? Well, that’s not clear at this point. Constrictorshave evolved to kill their prey by crushing, but perhaps they once werevenomous, and then at some point their venom-producing apparatus4 wasn’tneeded anymore, so it gradually disappeared. There’s one species of snake,the brown tree snake, that uses both constriction and venom, depending onits prey. So, well, it is possible.!!So, we have these new concepts of snakes’ evolution and a new DNAdatabase, all these information on the genetic makeup of snake venom. Andwhat we have learned from this has led researchers to believe that venomproteins may have some exciting applications in the ﬁeld of medical research.You see, venom alters biological functions in the same way certain drugs do,and the big beneﬁt of drugs made from snakes venom would be that theytarget only certain cells, so maybe that’ll create fewer side effects. Now, itsounds far-fetched5, venom is the basis for human drugs. So far, only oneprotein has been targeted for study as a potential drug, but who knows,maybe someday.!!Practice Two: TPO 23 lecture 3!Script ：!Narrator: Listen to part of a lecture in a marine biology class. !!Professor: We have been talking about how sea animals ﬁnd their way underwater, how they navigate, and this brings up an interesting puzzle, and one I'm sure you'll all enjoy. I mean, everybody loves dolphins, right? !And dolphins, well, they actually produce two types of sounds. Uh, one being the vocalizations you are probably all familiar with, which they emit through their blowholes. But the one we are concerned with today is the rapid clicks that they use for echolocation, so they can sense what is around them. These sounds, it has been found, are produced in the air-ﬁlled nasal sacs of thedolphin. !!And the puzzle is how does the click sounds get transmitted into the water?It's not as easy as it might seem. You see, the denser the medium, the faster sound travels. So sound travels faster through water than it does through air.So what happens when a sound wave um ? OK. !!You've got a sound wave traveling merrily along through one medium, when suddenly; it hits a different medium, what does gonna happen then? Well, some of the energy is going to be reﬂected back, and some of it is going to be transmitted into the second medium. And ? and ? and if the two media have really different densities, like air and water, then most of the energy is going to be reﬂected back, very little of it will keep going, uh, get transmitted into the new medium. I mean, just think how little noise from the outside world actuallyreaches you when your head is underwater. !!So, how did the dolphin's clicks get transmitted from its air-ﬁlled nasal sacs into the ocean water? Because given the difference in density between the air in the nasal cavity and the seawater, we'd expect those sounds to just kind of go bouncing around inside the dolphin's head, which will do it no good at all. If it's going to navigate it, needs those sounds to be broadcast and bounced back from objects in its path. !!TPO 23 lecture 3Script ：!!Well, turns out dolphins have a structure in their foreheads, just in front oftheir nasal sacs, called a melon. Now, the melon is kind of a large sac-like pouch, made up of fat tissue. And this fat tissue has some rather fascinating acoustical properties. Most of the fat that you ﬁnd in an animal's body is used for storing energy, but this fat, which you ﬁnd in dolphins, and only in the melon and around the lower jaw. This fat is very different, very rich in oil. Andit turns out it has a very different purpose as well. !!Now, one way to um, modify the overcome this mismatch in the density of air and water would be ? if you travels through velocity of the sound wave, make it precisely match the speed at which water. And that's exactly what marine biologists have discovered the melon Note that the bursa, these little projections at the rear of the melon, are right up against the air-ﬁlled nasal sacs. And these bursa, it turns out, are what's responsible for transferringsound to the melon. !!The sound waves are then transmitted by the bursa through the melon. First through a low velocity core, and then through a high velocity shell, where their speed is increased before they are transmitted into the surrounding seawater. So now the signals can be efﬁciently transferred into the water, with minimalreﬂection. !!The only other place, this special fatty tissue, like that in the melon, the only other place is found in the dolphin, is in the lower jaw. Turns out that the lower jaw, well, it is made of a specially thin bone. And it is very sensitive to vibrations, to sound energy traveling through the seawater. It turns out that the jaw is primarily responsible for capturing and transferring returning sound waves to the dolphin’s inner ear. So these rapid clicks that are sent out bounce off objects, maybe a group of ﬁsh swimming over here, a boat coming from over there. The sounds bounce off them and the lower jaw captures the returning sounds, making it possible for the dolphin to sense what's in the surrounding water and decide where to swim. !。

托福强化听力讲义四

!Practice one: TPO 4 lecture 2!⽣生词栏：Script:!Narrator!Listen to part of a lecture in a literature class.!!Professor!All right, so let me close today’s class with some thoughts to keep in mindwhile you are doing tonight’s assignment. You will be reading one of RalphWaldo Emerson’s best-known essays ‘Self-Reliance’ and comparing it withhis poems and other works. !!I think this essay has the potential to be quite meaningful for all of you asyoung people who probably wonder about things like truth and where yourlives are going - all sorts of profound questions. !!Knowing something about Emerson’s philosophies will help you when youread ‘Self-Reliance’. And basically, one of the main beliefs that he had wasabout truth. Not that it’s something that we can be taught, Emerson says it’sfound within ourselves. So this truth, the idea that it’s in each one of us, isone of the ﬁrst points that you’ll see Emerson making in this essay. It’s a bitabstract but he’s very into…uh… into each person believing his or her ownthought, believing in yourself, the thought or conviction that’s true for you. !!But actually, he ties that in with a sort of ‘universal truth’ – something thateveryone knows but doesn’t realize they know. Most of us are in touch withourselves in a way, so we just aren’t capable of recognizing profound truth. Ittakes geniuses, people like, say, Shakespeare, who’re unique because whenthey have a glimpse of this truth, this universal truth, they pay attention to itand express it and don’t just dismiss it like most people do. !!So Emerson is really into each individual believing in and trusting him orherself. You’ll see that he writes about, well, ﬁrst, conformity. He criticizesthat people of his time for abandoning their own minds and their own wills forthe sake of conformity and consistency. They try to ﬁt in with the rest of theworld even though it’s at odds with their beliefs and their identities.Therefore, it’s best to be a non-conformist – to do your own thing, notworrying about what other people think. That’s an important point. He reallydrives this argument home throughout the essay. !TPO 4 lecture 2!!⽣生词栏：Script ：!!When you are reading, I want you to think about that and why that kind ofthought would be relevant to the readers of his time. Remember this is 1838,‘Self-Reliance’ was a novel idea at the time and the United State’s citizenswere less secure about themselves as individuals and as Americans. Thecountry as a whole was trying to deﬁne itself. Emerson wanted to give peoplesomething to really think about, help them ﬁnd their own way and what itmeant to be who they were. So that’s something that I think is deﬁnitely asrelevant today as it was then, probably, um, especially among young adultslike yourselves, you know, uh, college being a time to sort of really think aboutwho you are and where you’re going. !!Now, we already said that Emerson really emphasizes non-conformity, right?,As a way to sort of not lose your own self and identity in the world, to haveyour own truth and not be afraid to listen to it. !!Well, he takes this a step further. Not conforming also means, uh, notconforming with yourself or your past. What does that mean? Well, if you’vealways been a certain way or done a certain thing, but it’s not working for youany more, or you’re not content, Emerson says that it’d be foolish to beconsistent even with our own past. “‘Focus on the future,” ’ he says, “That'swhat matters more. Inconsistency is good.” !!He talks about a ship’s voyage and this is one of the most famous bits of theessay - how the best voyage is made up of zigzag lines. Up close, it seems alittle all over the place, but from farther away, the true path shows and in theend it justiﬁes all the turns along the way. So, don’t worry if you are not surewhere you’re headed or what your long-term goals are. Stay true to yourselfand it’ll make sense in the end. I mean, I can attest to that. Before I was aliterature professor, I was an accountant. Before that, I was a newspaperreporter. My life is taking some pretty interesting turns and here I am, veryhappy with my experiences and where they’ve brought me. If you rely onyourself and trust your own talents, your own interest, don’t worry, your pathwill make sense in the end. !!Practice Two: TPO 26 lecture 4!Script ：!Narrator!Listen to part of a lecture in an art conservation class.!!Professor!So far we have been talking all semester about restoring and preserving pieces of art，like ancient frescos，early oil paintings，etc．But although our ﬁeld is called art conservation，it also involves…what?!Student!Um．．．preserving other types of cultural materials too!Professor!Very good．Not just art．Old artifacts are very valuable when they represent early technologies, all contain important historical information．In fact，let me give you an example．You’ve heard about the Greek scholar Archimedes，who lived more than 2，000 years ago，I am sure．Archimedes was a great mathematician．For example，he discovered the formula for the volume of a sphere．Not much of his work has Survived，but what has Survived is brilliant．And then in 1906，a Palimpsest of Archimedes’ writing was discovered．!Now, a palimpsest is a type of manuscript that contains writing that’s hidden because something else was written over it later．I’ll explain in a minute．This Archimedes palimpsest, as it’s now called，is by far the most important palimpsest anyone has ever seen．Because it contains the only known existing copy of Archimedes’treatise, called Method．Archimedes shows in it how maths can be applied to physics and physical reasoning back to maths problems, which is how he calculated the volume of the sphere，for example．This maybe commonplace today, but was revolutionary in his time．A few years ago, the palimpsest was sold at an auction for 2 million dollars．It could have ended up tucked away in a private collection，but fortunately, the collector who bought it has agreed to have experts restore every single word Archimedes wrote，so the contents can be shared with the world and studied．!But there are two main problems．What do you think the ﬁrst one might be?! Jennifer?!!Student!Um…well，it sounds like it’s extremely old．So probably some pages are at the point of crumbling into dust?!Professor!True．And some are moldy, and some were eaten away at by bookworms．This thing’s really decayed．But on top of that，there’s another issue．And this is the reason why it’s a palimpsest．You see，the text apparently sat around in a library in Constantinople until 1229 A．D．But then a scribe erased，scraped away the writing as clean as he could in order to use the pages to write his own book on．Why would he!do that? Take a guess．!!TPO 26 lecture 4Script ：!!Student!Must have been a paper shortage?!Professor!Well? they used parchment to write on, but yes, there was a parchment shortage．!Student!So you are saying the parchment was basically recycled?!Professor!Correct．Then，even later on，in the twentieth century, a forger painted! ancient—looking pictures on several of the pages in order to make the book seem older and increase its value．So unfortunately, that’s quite a history．! Student!But professor Wilkens，if the scribe scraped away Archimedes’words and if these paintings covered the pages，how can the original work be recovered?! Professor!Ah, that’s why I am telling you the story．That’s our task as conservationists, isn’t it? To ﬁnd a way．There were still faint traces of Archimedes’words on the pages．First，we tried to make the Archimedes’words stand out with a variety of technologies，using ultraviolet light．But that didn’t work on every page．But then，there was this new idea that came from a scientist studying spinach．!Student!Spinach?!Professor!Yes．Spinach．This physicist，Uwe Bergman，does research that involves studying iron in spinach．He was reading an article about problems with the palimpsest and it said that there is iron in the original Archimedes’ ink．So he came up with an idea to use the same method of looking at iron in spinach to view the iron on the palimpsest pages．And his idea worked．Bergman’s technique allows X—rays to pass through the forged paintings, pass through the scribe’s writing to hit the iron traces from the ink of the original Archimedes’ text and create an image just of the iron on the pages．The iron —based letters seem to just pop off the page．The original text and diagrams emerged，line by line．diagram after diagram. And that’s kind of typical of our ﬁeld．There’s a lot of interdisciplinary work．People from several different ﬁelds might be!involved in working with a single art．!。

托福强化听力课程讲义-学生版

Detail Question
16
What does the professor imply about water systems man aged by the safe yield”method?
Inference question
17
Why does the professor talk about Plato'description of society?
Gist question
18
Listen again and then answer the question:
Why does the professor imply about plato'ethical theory?
Attitude question
19
Listen again and then answer the question:Why does the professor ask this?
Detail Question
14
Listen again and then answer the question:Why does the professor say this?
Purpose question
15
What is a key feature of a susta in able water system?
8
According to the conversation, why are transposes sometimes calledjumping genes ?
Detail Question
9
According to the conversation, what are two ways in which bacteria cells get resista nee gen es?

新托福听力讲义

听写是提高听力的唯一途径听写是提高听力的唯一途径听写是提高听力的唯一途径听写是提高听力的唯一途径“别问，你就听吧！“NEW TOEFL听力概况：2 Section,3 Passages/Section, 1 Long Dialog/Section, 2 Lectures/Section;5 Questions/Long Dialog,6 Questions/Lecture, 17 Questions/Section;10 Minutes/Section (Answer Time), 4 Minutes/Long Dialog, 6 Minutes/Lecture;NEW TOEFL最常考的四大类听力材料：历史、生物、地球科学、天文学。

The Different Between NEW TOEFL and OLD TOEFL:A. 内容变的丰满，加入了描述、解释性的语言；B. 语速变的缓慢选择有用的信息空间↑↑编码——→存储——→提取↓↓语音识别能力时间★“码”与“存储”是基本听力实力；“编”是考试的能力★在你想要懂的时候，缺失了有效的信息NEW TOEFL Listening 基本听力实力：一、语音识别能力：A. 易——语速问题；越听越劳累，越疲惫，越憔悴，越崩溃，越想拿刀插肋！B. 多——单个单词熟形不熟音；耳朵——不识别或者不熟悉；背单词就是幻觉，背单词只是准备学英文，真正的学习英文是以句子为中心的；解决方法：跟读与模仿前提：A. 要有连续性，使用眼、耳、嘴；B. 要比被模仿者说的慢；步骤：A. 先把文字材料读熟；B. 边听边看边读——纠正存储错误的声音，存储没有听过的声音；C. “只听不看”读材料材料：前十天使用讲义P359的材料，每天一篇，一共10篇，操作步骤如下：a.边听边填空——用耳朵去熟悉声音，协调耳手；（5遍能填全，5遍以后看答案，找到耳朵的Weakness）；b.了解文章内容，查生词，理解句子c.跟读与模仿；（以上三步大概完成时间3-5 Hours）C. 难——语言现象a. 连音（前辅音+后元音产生连音现象）；b. 失爆；（b、p、t、d、k、g）解决方法：跟读与模仿二、语气与语调——解决功能题与态度题1、单个单词重读表示责备抱怨、不满或者正话反说；2、声调越升越怀疑，越升越否定；三、词汇1、耳朵要认识单词；2、10%的词汇听不出来很正常；3、听不出来的不会词汇有两类：应该不会的，活该不会的；差est→差er→差ing→a little 差→a little 好→a little 好→好er→好est4、专业词汇；★如果专业词汇在Lecture中被解释，100%是考点，要重点听后面的解释；四、思维模式1、First in first（要紧的事情最先讲——解决主旨题，听准开头）；2、积极向上、善良正义——解决功能题；五、听力的误区1、Try to understand everything;解决方法：听觉导向训练训练步骤：（1）做题；（2）边听边填空；（3）听写；（4）跟读与模仿；2、Unfamiliar with the topic;NEW TOEFL 听力考前训练——最佳训练材料：旧托福里的学术演讲1、Vocabulary used in the conversation and lectures;（旧托福）2、跟读与模仿（旧托福/拒绝电影）；3、听写是提高听力的唯一途径；A. 听一句写一句（不能边听边写）→训练存储能力（3-5遍）；注：如果3-5遍写不全，说明不是存储能力有问题，是语音识别有问题，这样就找到了语音识别的Weakness；B. 先听写，再跟读，语音语调耳朵熟（没有跟读模仿的听写不是一个完整的听写）；注：补上语音识别的Weakness要靠跟读与模仿，每篇文章跟读至少10遍；C. 每天听写至少1个小时；（不包含跟读模仿的时间）D. 听写材料如下：a. 场景分类训练（下）；b. 场景分类训练（上）；c. 听觉导向训练；d. 模拟练习、MINI练习；e. Delta;f. ETS真题（OG11篇，讲义练习三）；g. 旧托福听力训练；E. 我们从听写中获得什么？a. 存储力；b. 听写过程中的常态感（习惯）；c. 找缺陷；d. 抗疲劳；e. 少走神，注意力集中；f. 偏执；4、珍爱生命，拒绝泛听；5、记笔记的七个特征（Note-taking）;——Why should we TAKE NOTES???A. 只要自己能看懂就行； A. Lose Attention;B. 越少完整单词越好； B. Lose Memory;C. 英汉结合；D. 要利用符号、线条、曲线、画图等；E. 简练——主要在听：切莫因记而误听；F. 写而有用；G. 可追忆性；6、训练TAKE NOTES的能力；A. 做笔记→做题；B. 听写；C. 看文字答案，画出考点；D. 分析文章层次，研究考点特征；E. 边听边看——着重注意画出的考点；F. 重新TAKE NOTES；NEW TOEFL六种题型综述：主旨题（Gist）;——B细节题（Detail）; ——B功能题（Function）; ——P态度题（Stance）; ——P组织结构题（Organization）; ——C推理题（Relationship）; ——C注：B代表Basic Comprehension; P代表Pragmatic Understanding; C代表Connecting Information.NEW TOEFL 6种听力题型详解：1. Basic Comprehension(50%-70%的考点)A. 主旨题（Gist）——每篇文章必考主旨题；a. 主旨题分为内容主旨和目的主旨；b. 解决主旨题的5个要求：（1）听准开头；（2）把握对话目的；（3）对于演讲，敏感开头句型；（4）捕捉全文重复（主题决定细节，细节反映主题）；（5）训练关键词的敏感（大多是名词和动词）——适应于长对话；★选课场景：先初再高等同意，热门提前抓时机，太多太难基础课，选修必修记仔细。

新托福听力课讲义全

新托福听力基础班讲义新托福及听力的基本情况托福基础听力的主要容：⏹新托福听力的基本情况⏹美语语音⏹托福特色场景词汇扩展⏹托福听力基本应试技巧⏹北美校园生活透视新托听力基本形式⏹新答题方式：隔间+电脑+耳机+笔记⏹ 2.答题程序：听读选不可跳跃旧托福：先读，后听，再选。

新托：1.耳机中出现所问题声音，画面上出现题干和相关场景图片。

2.听完整篇文章之前无法预读任何问题或选项。

只得先听，后读，再选。

考题依然延续机考托福的规则，不可看，不可逆，不可改。

⏹ 3.考察题型增多：单选多选图表是非排序⏹ 4.语音形式：美音为主流+国际口音新托福基础听力基本围北美大学真实课堂，教室外的各种交流包括对话和讲座两种类型。

⏹共6篇，做题时间60-90分钟。

每篇在600字左右，时间为3-5分钟。

（注：托福基础课的任务之一即适应托福段子的长度）instructors’ office hours⏹对话人物：教授与学生；⏹对话地点：教师办公室；⏹对话容可为学术讨论或有关询问课程等问题。

对话(2)service encounters 后勤服务⏹对话人物：学生与工作人员；⏹对话地点：校园某办公室；⏹对话容：非学术的询问。

对话(3) student interactions⏹对话人物：学生甲乙；⏹对话地点：教室以外相遇；⏹对话容：学术讨论；非学术讨论托福听力考试基本容之讲座LECTURE容:天文、地理、生物、历史等等也都是托福惯用的测试容。

形式：有的是教授”独白“有的是教授演讲中夹杂学生提问、教授提问。

新托福听力新特点l．整个铲除了容易丢分的笔试小对话，没有过的的俚语俗语.举例：You bet. I am out of here.2. 允许考生记笔记。

因祸得福，既然要记笔记，语速自然放慢；特别是重听题，大概有2-3题，通常问Listen again and then answer the question “why does the professor say this？”4.新托福关键的难词和术语显示在屏幕上，使考生心里踏实不少。

新托福强化听力讲义（1）说课材料

新托福强化听力讲义（1）说课材料Conversation 高频单词1作业extra credit assignment/project/homework / assignment sheetpresentation / thesis proposal 论文开题报告/essay /report / research / literature review读后感/ journal 学术杂志/ record / chart / info / senior researcher /fair share/ deadline/ drain排水/ junk mail / positive feedback2 课程required course/curriculum课程表/lecture/class/ compulsory course, requirement必修的?optional/elective/selective/unrequired course选修课introduction, introductory, intro初级mid, medium level, intermediate中级advanced高级preliminary预备级seminar / graduation form/ academic record/ field experience实习/heavy schedule/ course load课业负担重/ hammer courses on your own 锤炼3 图书馆library/study room→learning (resource) center / video library / inter-library loan service 馆际借阅服务reference section/ reference stack参考书库/ electronic sources电子资源/ entertainment sectioncheck out/ return/ fill out the form/a form to fill out / extended borrowing privileges 延长的借阅优先4 论文Paper/ topic/ material /dissertation / a draft version/ first draft 第一稿bibliography 参考书目录/ citation 引用/ plagiarism 作弊display the abstract摘要/ summary总结/ narrow…down / access /electronic sources 电子资源published/ unpublished data / bulletin board 布告栏5 考试Exam/ mid-term exam /final exam / quiz /pop quiz /grade / score /pass /passing grade /failing grade /GPA / make up exam /cheat语言标记Discourse MarkersIntroducingIn my talk todayMy topic today isToday, we are going to discuss ?T oday, I’ll go overThe purpose of my talk today isToday we are going to look atGiving background InformationIt is clearIt goes without sayingIt is understoodAs we knowAs we have all readDefiningX can be defined asX is known asX is a type ofX is actuallyJust what is meant byListingFirstFirst and foremostNextAnotherTo begin withSecondThe next point I’d like to coverfinallyShowing a connectionPertaining to in connection withClassifyingThere are X types/ categories/ varieties of ?X can be divided intoGiving examplesFor exampleFor instanceX is a case in pointTake X for instanceTake X, for exampleThe following are some common examples ?Let me give you some specific examples ?EmphasizingThe crucial pointI’d like to emphasizeWe should bear in mind that ?FundamentallyI want to stressFurthermoreWhat’s moreThis goes to show thatIn effectLeast we forgetIt is worth mentioning thatIt follows, thenClarifyingIn other wordsThat is to sayBasicallyIf we put it another wayi.e.What I mean to say isLet me put it anther way ?Parenthetically speaking Shifting subtopics ?NowAll rightOKLet’s now look at itNow, I’d like to turn toThe next point I’d like to focus on ?Moving onAll that asideIn this respectGiving further informationIn additionFurthermoreAnother pointMoreoverNot only…but alsoAlsoOn top of thatAs wellGiving contrast information AlthoughHoweverOn the other handWhereasDespiteneverthelessGiving an opinionAs far as I’m concernedIn my opinionIf it were up to meAccording toIf you ask meIn my mindSetting parametersIn terms of in the scope of ?Digressing By the wayBefore I forgetIncidentallyConcludingWe’ve seen thatIn conclusion, I’d like toIn shortTo sum upLet me end by sayingAny question?All in allCommonly Used ExpressionA point of contentionAfter all is said and doneAll the moreAnd so onA cross purposeAt the onsetBack and forthFoot the billGet a grasp ofGet the ball rollingSubject of disagreementAfter all debate is finishedEven moreEtceteraIn cont radiction to each other’s intent ?At the beginning Going and returningPay allTo understandstartGive rise toHardly the caseIn a fixIn a nutshellInstead ofIt’s all or nothingIt’s all very well and good ?Miss the pointNo matterOn the conditionOwing toPart and parcel ofCauseNot the situation at allIn a bad or difficult situation ?Here is the basic pointRather thanCompletely or not at allThere is nothing wrong with ?Not understandIt really isn’t importantIf/ depending onDue toA necessary and important element ?Poke holes inPractically speakingSlowly but surelyStem fromSupposing thatThat isn’t to sayThe upshot ofTurning pointWhen it comes down to itWith the aim ofWithout regard toWrap upUnder no circumstancesFind something wrong with ?Talking common senseDone carefully over time ?Come fromWhat ifIt doesn’t meanThe consequence or resultAn important point of change in direction or meaning ?The truth isHaving the goal ofIgnoringFinishnot for any reasonIdiomsCastles in the sky/ air 空中楼阁As clear as a bell 非常清楚Come to terms 清楚误会Shed crocodile tears 假慈悲Cut corners 走捷径Do’s and don’t’s 行为规范Face the music 面对现实First things first 先说重要的Forgive and forget 握手言和Get the ball rolling 使蓬勃发展A knockout 引人注目A rainy day 不如意的日子All thumbs 笨手笨脚的一窍不通的Ants in one’s pants (skirts) 坐立不安At one’s finger’s tips 了如指掌Backseat driver 指手画脚的人Blow one’s top 怒发冲冠Break the ice 打破僵局、沉默Bring down the house 掌声雷动的Buy your story 相信你的话Call it a day 今天到此为止Daylight robbery 价钱贵的离谱Dirty dog 卑鄙小人Flat tire 没精打采From A to Z 从头到尾God knows 天晓得Gone with the wind 随风而逝Good for nothing 毫无用处的Happy go luck 乐天派Have a big mouth 话多的人Have it both ways 权衡两方面Have time off 休假Hit of the show 表演中最精彩的一幕Hit the high spots 达到高水准Hold one’s tongue 保持沉默In hot water 遇到麻烦In the hole 遇到经济困难In the long run 从长远看In the soap 遇到麻烦Keep punching 继续努力Kick off 开始干某事Kill two birds with one stone 一石二鸟Knock it off 别再讲下去了Let nature take its course 顺其自然Like a cat on hot bricks 热锅上的蚂蚁Like a turtle in its back 对事情束手无策Lousy cliché陈词滥调Master key 万能钥匙关键No sweat 没问题不用冒汗No money, no honey 没钱就没爱情Odds and ends 零碎的工作Off color 身体不爽On pins and needles 如坐针毡的Once in a blue moon 机会难得的绝无仅有Pain in the neck 极讨厌的人或物Pipe course 容易的课程或工作Pull a long face 拉长脸不悦Put sb.in the ring 和某人赛一场Rain or shine 不论晴雨Row in one boat 从事相同事业相同命运Royal road 容易取得成功的捷径Run of the town 轰动一时的人Salt of the earth/ world 社会中坚Second sight 超人的预见力Side money 外快Slowly but surely 稳扎稳打Speak the same language 志同道合Spill the beans 露马脚Stand on one’s ow n feet 独立自主Stay out of other people’s business 置身事外Step on one’s toes 触怒某人Sugar report 情书Sunday dress 最好的衣服Take it or leave it 别讨价还价Take things as they come 既来之则安之Talk big 讲大话Talk of the town 非常流行的东西Talk through one’s nose 骄傲自大Tall story 难以置信的故事Be the spirit 真有道理Throw cold water on 泼冷水Turn the tables 翻盘扭转局势Under the sun 世界任何地方Walking dictionary 知识渊博的人Welcome to the party 现在你总算懂了What’s the catch? 你这是什么意思When in Rome do as the Romans do入乡随俗White lie 善意的谎言With open arms 热烈欢迎Without fail 一定Got me there 难住我了Stick with sb 紧跟着某人Take a rain check 改天吧Lost count 弄不清楚Be in another world 精神恍惚Save your breath 别白费口舌了Make sense 有意义理解Burn a hole in one’s pocket 很快花光File one’s shoes 很好的顶替Is ice cold 理所当然的Look for a needle in a hay stack 大海捞针Meet each other half way 相互妥协让步On the dot 准时正点Once and for all 最后一次干脆Play by ear 随机应变Ring a bell 令人想起某事听起来耳熟Share a common outlook 有共同观点Six of one and half-a-dozen of the other半斤八两Stick around 在附近逗留或等待Stick with 继续做坚持Straighten out 扯平结清Turn one’s back 别人困难时不愿帮助Under the weather 身体不适生病Bite off more than one can chew 不自量力Break new ground 创新Do the trick 做成功达到理想效果Draw the line 拒绝拒不容忍Feel down in the dumps 心情不好情绪低落Keep between the two of us 保密Know a thing or two about 略知一二Leave no stone unturned 不遗余力On cloud nine 非常幸福On the tip of one’s tongue 就在嘴边Reach the bottom of the barrel 弹尽粮绝Up in the air 尚未决定悬而未决Wear and tear 磨损消耗With flying colors 大获全胜Get off on the wrong foot 开始就不顺利Get on someone’s nerves 使人不安Give someone a break 不要去管饶了某人Head and shoulders above 某方面强于某人In the red 赤字In the dark 一无所知A breath of fresh airBe all ears 洗耳恭听Be all eyes 目不转睛Sell like hot cakes 畅销Get butterflies in one’s stomach 紧张不安Two thumbs up 双手赞成Pull one’s leg 开某人玩笑Break one’s back 辛勤工作Twenty-four seven 永远一直Bucket down 瓢泼大雨Backroom boys 幕后英雄Beyond compare 绝佳的最棒的Break even 不赔不赚By the book 照章办事Cast a cloud over 泼冷水蒙上阴影Put oneself together 加把劲Suit me fine 太适合我了Time will tell 时间会证明一切Same old story 又是那一套Boys will be boys 本性难移Be Greek to sb. 某人完全不懂Couch potato 整天呆在沙发上看电视Wait on hand and foot 招待的无微不至Waste one’s breath 白费口舌Weigh one’s word 斟字酌句Wheels within wheels 错综复杂之理由Win a name 出名Wishful thinking 如意算盘Ups and downs 有喜有悲Under one’s breath 轻声细语Under one’s thumb 在某人支配下Turn the clock back 时光倒转Turn a deaf ear 不加理睬That’s that 就此而已Shoulder to shoulder 齐心协力See the world 见多识广Second to none 最佳的Second thoughts 从新考虑Read between the lines 明白言外之意Over and down with到此结束Grain ground 有进展Break a leg 大获全胜火山(volcano)1、分类周期eruption cycle：active volcano / extinct(ive) volcano/ dormant volcano强度eruption intensity: shield volcano 盾状火山周期短，强度小/compositevolcano 复式火山周期长，强度大2、灾害earthquake 地震landslide 滑坡mudslide 泥石流avalanche 雪崩(e.g. Cascade Mountain 终年低温，常年积雪) kill creatures ash steam/ash cloud/volcanic ash→pollution山形成方式plates crushing/collisiontectonic platevolcanic activity/Ring of Fire年龄以及分布地理位置记字头Alps, Rockies, Andes, Cascades, St. Helens, Appalachians湖咸淡对比表格Freshwater lake=Sweetwater lake 淡水湖Saltwater lake 咸水湖E.g. Great Lakes (Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie, Ontario) Great Salt Lake对比：1、地理位置2、density 密度3、contraction 盐度4、为什么咸水湖咸，什么导致的，以前也这么咸么？Saltwater lake→evolution5、evaporation/no outlet6、ecology (wetland)7、climate8、environment海(ocean) oceanic current 洋流(ocean) volcanic island erode侵蚀lagoon泻湖coral reef/atoll 珊瑚礁/环礁矿（石、洞）Chemical elements 元素oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, silicon, iron, calcium, sodium, carbon, potassiummagnesium, oxide, titanium, methane, monoxide, dioxide, trioxide, peroxide,sulfur, amino, choleric, aluminumrock igneous rock 火山岩，岩浆岩成因：lava/magma→cool downsedimentary rock 沉积岩，水成岩成因：eroded by water/oceanmetamorphic rock 变质岩成因：heat + tensioncave solution cave 酸溶洞formed by mild/weak acidlava cave 熔岩洞during/after volcanic eruptionsea cave 海蚀洞eroded by sea water冰川(glacier)1、structure 构造特点ice sheet/layer 冰层ice cap 冰盖ice bottom 冰底2、formation 形成formation condition 形成条件①precipitate/rainfall/rain 下雨②turn in to ice accumulated③conserved ice/ice fern 积雪=cumulative snow3、movement 运动①velocity 运动速度comparison XX和XX比较②location 在哪运动（ocean）③regular 规律4、process 形成过程表格题5、climate/environment/ecology地球构造crust 地壳mantle 地幔core地核↓↓tectonic plate 板块magma 岩浆（高温）1、the definition2、example 记住主题，位置，目的3、expert4、the relation——continental drift 大陆漂移5、process 考表格板块collision→ridge seduction zone——magna circle地质学（geology）是托福听力考试中的常见话题，是关于地球的物质组成、内部构造、外部特征、各层圈之间的相互作用和演变历史的知识体系，是研究地球本身的学科。

托福强化听力-选课讲义

!D. There were no classrooms available in the science building at the hour
Q4What does the man suggest the woman do before the beginning of next semester? A. Consult with her advisor about her class schedule B. Check with the registrar’s oﬃce about the loca'on of the class C. Register for her classes early
开⻔门⻅见山山说问题：! 获得回复：!
!
继续解释问题：! 获得回复：!
!找到问题的真实原因：!
继续表达疑问：!
!获得解释：!
表达需要帮助： !
!
建议1：!
!
建议2：!
!
建议3：
【 ! listen for details】!
Read through all the questions for this passage from TPO practice. Try to recall which part of passage you should listen carefully accordingly and listen again. Try to hear all the details that you need to answer all the questions. Go through the correct answers with teacher. Think about why

Eotwixe新托福听力课讲义

学习使人进步心之所向，所向披靡七夕，古今诗人惯咏星月与悲情。

吾生虽晚，世态炎凉却已看透矣。

情也成空，且作“挥手袖底风”罢。

是夜，窗外风雨如晦，吾独坐陋室，听一曲《尘缘》，合成诗韵一首，觉放诸古今，亦独有风韵也。

乃书于纸上。

毕而卧。

凄然入梦。

乙酉年七月初七。

-----啸之记。

新托福听力基础班讲义新托福及听力的基本情况托福基础听力的主要内容：⏹新托福听力的基本情况⏹美语语音⏹托福特色场景词汇扩展⏹托福听力基本应试技巧⏹北美校园生活透视新托听力基本形式⏹新答题方式：隔间+电脑+耳机+笔记⏹ 2.答题程序：听读选不可跳跃旧托福：先读，后听，再选。

新托：1.耳机中出现所问题声音，画面上出现题干和相关场景图片。

2.听完整篇文章之前无法预读任何问题或选项。

只得先听，后读，再选。

考题依然延续机考托福的规则，不可看，不可逆，不可改。

⏹共6篇，做题时间60-90分钟。

每篇在600字左右，时间为3-5分钟。

对话(2)service encounters 后勤服务⏹对话人物：学生与工作人员；⏹对话地点：校园某办公室；⏹对话内容：非学术的询问。

形式：有的是教授”独白“有的是教授演讲中夹杂学生提问、教授提问。

新托福听力新特点l．整个铲除了容易丢分的笔试小对话，没有过的的俚语俗语.举例：You bet. I am out of here.2. 允许考生记笔记。

托福强化听力讲义七

!Practice one: TPO 7 lecture 4!⽣生词栏：Script:!!!Last time, we started to talk about glaciers and how these masses of iceform) from crystallized snow, and some of you were amazed at how hugesome of these glaciers are. Now, even though it may be difﬁcult tounderstand how a huge mass of ice can move or ﬂow, it’s another word for it,it’s really known that no secret that the glaciers ﬂow, because of gravity. Buthow they ﬂow, the way they ﬂow, needs some explaining. !!Now, the ﬁrst type of glaciers ﬂow is called: basal slip. Basal slip or sliding asit’s often called, basically refers to the slipping or sliding of a glacier acrossbedrock, actually across a thin layer of water, on top of the bedrock. So, thisprocess shouldn’t be too hard to imagine. What happens is that the ice at thebase of the glacier is under a great deal of pressure-- the pressure comingfrom the weight of the overlying ice. And you probably know that underpressure, the melting temperature of water, of the ice I mean, is reduced. So,ice at the base of the glacier melts, even though it’s below zero degreeCelsius. And this results in a thin layer of water between the glacier and theground. This layer of water reduces friction is... is like a lubricant. And itallows the glacier to slide or slip over the bedrock. OK? !!Now the next type of movement we will talk about is called: deformation.You’v already known that ice is brittle, if you hit it with a hammer, it willshatter like glass. But ice is also plastic, it can change shape withoutbreaking. If you leave, for example, a bar of ice supported only at one end,the end, the unsupported end will deform under its own weight, ---it’ll kind ofﬂatten out at one end, get distorted, deformed. Think of deformation as avery slow oozing. Depending on the stresses on the glacier, the ice crystalwithin it re-organize. And during this re-organization the ice crystals realign ina way that allows them to slide pass each other. And so the glacier oozesdownhill without any ice actually melting. !!TPO 7 lecture4!!⽣生词栏：Script ：!!Now, there are a couple of factors that affect the amount of deformation thattakes place or the speed of the glacier’s movement for example. Deformationis more likely to occur the thicker the ice is, because of the gravity of theweight of the ice. And temperature also plays a part here, in that cold ice doesnot move as easily as ice that is close to the melting point, in fact, it is not toodifferent from… the way oil is, thicker at lower temperatures. So, if you havea glacier in a slightly warmer region, it will ﬂow faster than a glacier in a coolerregion. !!Ok, um… Now, I’d like to touch brieﬂy on extension and compression. Yourtextbook includes these as types, as a particular type of glacier movement,but you will see that there are …as many textbooks that omit it as a type ofmovement as include it. And I might not include it right now, if it weren’t inyour textbook. But, basically, the upper parts of glaciers have less pressureon them. So, they don’t deform easily, they tend to be more brittle. Andcrevasses can form in this upper layers of the glacier. When the glaciercomes into contact with bedrock walls or is otherwise under some kinds ofstress, but can’t deform quickly enough. So, the ice would expand or constrict,and that can cause big ﬁssures big cracks to form in the surface layers of theice, and that brittle surface ice moving is sometimes considered a type ofglacier movement depending on which source you are consulting. !!Now, as you probably know, glaciers generally move really slowly. Butsometimes, they experience surges, and during these surges, in some places,they can move at speeds as high as 7000 meters per year. Now, speeds likethat are pretty unusual, hundreds of times faster than the regular movementof glaciers, but you can actually see glacier move during these surges, thoughit is rare.!!Practice Two: TPO 2 lecture 4! Script ：!!Narrator!Listen to part of a lecture in an astronomy class. You will not need to remember the numbers the professor mentions.!!Professor!OK. Let’s get going. Today I’m going to talk about how the asteroid belt was discovered. And . . . I’m going to start by writing some numbers on the board. Here they are: We’ll start with zero, then 3, . . . 6, . . . 12. Uh, tell me what I’m doing.!!Female student!Multiplying by 2?!!Professor!Right. I’m doubling the numbers, so 2 times 12 is 24, and the next one I’m going to write after 24 would be . . .!!Female student!48.!!Professor!48. Then 96. We’ll stop there for now. Uh, now I’ll write another row of numbers under that. Tell me what I’m doing. 4, 7, 10 . . . How am I getting this second row?!!Male Student!Adding 4 to the numbers in the ﬁrst row.!!Professor!I’m adding 4 to each number in the ﬁrst row to give you a second row. So the last two will be 52, 100, and now tell me what I’m doing.!!Female Student!Putting in a decimal?!!Professor!Yes, I divided all those numbers by 10 by putting in a decimal point. Now I’m going to write the names of the planets under the numbers. Mercury . . . Venus. . . Earth. . . Mars. So, what do the numbers mean? Do you remember from the reading?!!Male Student!Is it the distance of the planets from the Sun?!!TPO 2 lecture 4Script ：!!Professor!Right. In astronomical units—not perfect, but tantalizingly close. The value for Mars is off by . . . 6 or 7 percent or so. It’s . . . but it’s within 10 percent of the average distance to Mars from the Sun. But I kind of have to skip the one after Mars for now. Then Jupiter’s right there at 5-point something, and then Saturn is about 10 astronomical units from the Sun. Um, well, this pattern isknown as Bode’s Law. !!Um, it isn’t really a scientiﬁc law, not in the sense of predicting gravitation mathematically or something, but it’s attempting a pattern in the spacing of the planets, and it was noticed by Bode hundreds of years ago. Well, you can imagine that there was some interest in why the 2.8 spot in the pattern was skipped, and um . . . but there wasn’t anything obvious there, in the earlytelescopes. Then what happened in the late 1700s? The discovery of . . . ? ! !Female Student!Another planet?!!Professor!The next planet out, Uranus—after Saturn. !!And look, Uranus ﬁts in the next spot in the pattern pretty nicely, um, not perfectly, but close. And so then people got really excited about the validity of this thing and ﬁnding the missing object between Mars and Jupiter. And telescopes, remember, were getting better. So people went to work on ﬁnding objects that would be at that missing distance from the Sun, and then in 1801,the object Ceres was discovered. !!And Ceres was in the right place—the missing spot. Uh, but it was way too faint to be a planet. It looked like a little star. Uh, and because of its starlike appearance, um, it was called an “asteroid.” OK? “Aster” is Greek for “star,” as in “astronomy.” Um, and so, Ceres was the ﬁrst and is the largest of what became many objects discovered at that same distance. Not just one thing, but all the objects found at that distance from the asteroid belt. So the asteroid belt is the most famous success of this Bode’s Law. That’s how the asteroid belt was discovered.。

马骏新托福听力讲义

马骏新托福听力讲义——面带微笑，手拿尖刀听写是提高听力的唯一途径听写是提高听力的唯一途径听写是提高听力的唯一途径听写是提高听力的唯一途径“别问，你就听吧！“NEW TOEFL听力概况：2 Section,3 Passages/Section, 1 Long Dialog/Section, 2 Lectures/Section;5 Questions/Long Dialog,6 Questions/Lecture, 17 Questions/Section;10 Minutes/Section (Answer Time), 4 Minutes/Long Dialog, 6 Minutes/Lecture;NEW TOEFL最常考的四大类听力材料：历史、生物、地球科学、天文学。

The Different Between NEW TOEFL and OLD TOEFL:A. 内容变的丰满，加入了描述、解释性的语言；B. 语速变的缓慢选择有用的信息空间↑↑编码——→存储——→提取↓↓语音识别能力时间★“码”与“存储”是基本听力实力；“编”是考试的能力★在你想要懂的时候，缺失了有效的信息NEW TOEFL Listening 基本听力实力：一、语音识别能力：A. 易——语速问题；越听越劳累，越疲惫，越憔悴，越崩溃，越想拿刀插肋！B. 多——单个单词熟形不熟音；耳朵——不识别或者不熟悉；背单词就是幻觉，背单词只是准备学英文，真正的学习英文是以句子为中心的；解决方法：跟读与模仿前提：A. 要有连续性，使用眼、耳、嘴；B. 要比被模仿者说的慢；步骤：A. 先把文字材料读熟；B. 边听边看边读——纠正存储错误的声音，存储没有听过的声音；C. “只听不看”读材料材料：前十天使用讲义P359的材料，每天一篇，一共10篇，操作步骤如下：a.边听边填空——用耳朵去熟悉声音，协调耳手；（5遍能填全，5遍以后看答案，找到耳朵的Weakness）；b.了解文章内容，查生词，理解句子c.跟读与模仿；（以上三步大概完成时间3-5 Hours）C. 难——语言现象a. 连音（前辅音+后元音产生连音现象）；b. 失爆；（b、p、t、d、k、g）解决方法：跟读与模仿二、语气与语调——解决功能题与态度题1、单个单词重读表示责备抱怨、不满或者正话反说；2、声调越升越怀疑，越升越否定；三、词汇1、耳朵要认识单词；2、10%的词汇听不出来很正常；3、听不出来的不会词汇有两类：应该不会的，活该不会的；差est→差er→差ing→a little 差→a little 好→a little 好→好er→好est4、专业词汇；★如果专业词汇在Lecture中被解释，100%是考点，要重点听后面的解释；四、思维模式1、First in first（要紧的事情最先讲——解决主旨题，听准开头）；2、积极向上、善良正义——解决功能题；五、听力的误区1、Try to understand everything;解决方法：听觉导向训练训练步骤：（1）做题；（2）边听边填空；（3）听写；（4）跟读与模仿；2、Unfamiliar with the topic;NEW TOEFL 听力考前训练——最佳训练材料：旧托福里的学术演讲1、Vocabulary used in the conversation and lectures;（旧托福）2、跟读与模仿（旧托福/拒绝电影）；3、听写是提高听力的唯一途径；A. 听一句写一句（不能边听边写）→训练存储能力（3-5遍）；注：如果3-5遍写不全，说明不是存储能力有问题，是语音识别有问题，这样就找到了语音识别的Weakness；B. 先听写，再跟读，语音语调耳朵熟（没有跟读模仿的听写不是一个完整的听写）；注：补上语音识别的Weakness要靠跟读与模仿，每篇文章跟读至少10遍；C. 每天听写至少1个小时；（不包含跟读模仿的时间）D. 听写材料如下：a. 场景分类训练（下）；b. 场景分类训练（上）；c. 听觉导向训练；d. 模拟练习、MINI练习；e. Delta;f. ETS真题（OG11篇，讲义练习三）；g. 旧托福听力训练；E. 我们从听写中获得什么？a. 存储力；b. 听写过程中的常态感（习惯）；c. 找缺陷；d. 抗疲劳；e. 少走神，注意力集中；f. 偏执；4、珍爱生命，拒绝泛听；5、记笔记的七个特征（Note-taking）;——Why should we TAKE NOTESA. 只要自己能看懂就行； A. Lose Attention;B. 越少完整单词越好； B. Lose Memory;C. 英汉结合；D. 要利用符号、线条、曲线、画图等；E. 简练——主要在听：切莫因记而误听；F. 写而有用；G. 可追忆性；6、训练TAKE NOTES的能力；A. 做笔记→做题；B. 听写；C. 看文字答案，画出考点；D. 分析文章层次，研究考点特征；E. 边听边看——着重注意画出的考点；F. 重新TAKE NOTES；NEW TOEFL六种题型综述：主旨题（Gist）;——B细节题（Detail）; ——B功能题（Function）; ——P态度题（Stance）; ——P组织结构题（Organization）; ——C推理题（Relationship）; ——C注：B代表Basic Comprehension; P代表Pragmatic Understanding; C代表Connecting Information.NEW TOEFL 6种听力题型详解：1. Basic Comprehension(50%-70%的考点)A. 主旨题（Gist）——每篇文章必考主旨题；a. 主旨题分为内容主旨和目的主旨；b. 解决主旨题的5个要求：（1）听准开头；（2）把握对话目的；（3）对于演讲，敏感开头句型；（4）捕捉全文重复（主题决定细节，细节反映主题）；（5）训练关键词的敏感（大多是名词和动词）——适应于长对话；★选课场景：先初再高等同意，热门提前抓时机，太多太难基础课，选修必修记仔细。

托福强化听力-图书馆讲义

!D. That is what we intended !!TIP： you might also ﬁnd the answers in the end of this worksheet.! 【 ! listen for improvement】!
Read through the script of this material and follow the task guide below:! 1 use a pink marker to mark all the words you don’t know yet or miss. Look for their meanings in dictionary and copy them to the blank area in the right. Remember them before you listen again.! 2 use the yellow marker to mark the long difﬁcult sentence that you can’t follow. Analyze those sentence and try to simpliﬁed them by sorting out meaning groups. ! 3 make your notes when teacher is leading you to ﬁnd the clues for the questions in “listening for detail”. pay attention to the location of clues and the tactics/strategy behind the answers.!
materials,!
!
history section, reference section, on reserve, check out, sign up for,

托福听力讲义_图文

新托福强化听力讲义新托福考试听力部分介绍1. 新托福和旧托福的对比2. 题量，时间，分数3. 题目的考查形式考场环境：独立电脑，耳机，铅笔，草稿本电脑环境：图片，视频，声音，板书新题型：双选题，重听题，表格配对题答题时间：总时间限制，每题分配时间不限答题流程：永不悔改4. 文章材料的考查形式文章结构：删除了旧托福的PART A 部分，更加注重于对于能力的考查文章长度：比旧托福长文章语速：无所谓快慢，比旧托福更加贴近真实的学习生活文章类型：对话，独白，讨论 CONVERSATION 文章思路LECTURE 文章思路第1页5. 新托福考试题型概述第2页第3页6. 界面展示第4页7. IBT 新托福资料说明——听力部分第5页托福听力中的九大语音问题1. 语速问题托福听力过程中的语速问题如何解决语速问题2. 连读问题托福听力过程中的连读问题（1）关键性词语出现连读：否定形式● not at all：The meeting yesterday wasn’t at all boring.（2）常用性词语出现连读● for him连读中的基本规则（1）辅音+元音连读● I was found on the ground by the fountain about a field of a summer stride. ● Not at all. ● Rush hour.● This dictionary is not exactly what I wanted but it will do. ● Travel agency, travel agent（2）辅音+辅音连读● So me money, bike key（3）元音+元音连读● Be on time（4） H 连读● I lent him a book.● Larry is taking a lot of art, isn’t he?● The stuff the nurse gave me seemed to have helped.● I must have left my keys at my sister’s house. ● She learned to use the computer on her own.（5）其他特殊连读● 【t 】+【j 】=【ch 】：meet you, hurt you, that your ● 【d 】+【j 】=【dg 】：would you, hand your, did you ● 【s 】+【j 】=【sh 】：miss you, this year ● 【z 】+【j 】=【g 】：as usual, because you● Example: won ’t you, don ’t you, didn ’t you, haven ’t you, hadn ’t you, wouldn ’t you,weren ’t you, last year, next year, not yet, did you, had you, would you, I advice you, I use your, how’s your如何解决连读问题3. 失爆问题托福听力过程中的失爆问题：【p 】，【b 】，【t 】，【d 】，【k 】，【g 】任意两个连续出现就会发生失爆现象● Sit down, good night, friendly ● -this ca lculator isn’t working right.-I think you’ve got the battery in upside down.如何解决失爆问题4. 略读问题托福听力过程中的略读问题：书写时将两个或多个相邻的单词省略某些字母而连接起来● I am = I’m, you have = you’ve, how is = how’s, that would = that’d ● Doesn ’t, didn’t, shouldn’t, hadn’t, hasn’t, wouldn’t, won’t● Official guide P199：OK. So we’ve talked about some different types of root systems of plants,and I’ve shown you some pretty cool slides, but now I want to talk about the extent of the rot system- the overall size of the root system…the depth.如何解决略读问题● I’m, you’re, she’s, they’re, there’s, he’s, who’s● We ’ve, he’ll, she’d, she’ll, she’s, they’d, they’ve, they’ll ● Can ’t, weren’t, won’t, aren’t, wouldn’t, shouldn’t ● Gotta, gonna5. 弱读问题托福听力过程中的弱读问题（1）介词弱化：● stay at home, do it for fun, come from China, go in the house, a cup of coffee, the train toParis（2）代词弱化：● Phone us when you are free. ● I’ve lost my book.（3）连词弱化：● Please give me some cream and sugar. ● Either Tom or Peter can come.如何解决弱读问题6. 英美音差异问题托福听力过程中的英美音问题（1）【r 】音问题● Idea, really● They weren’t at the dorm last night.(A They went to the dormitory. (B They didn’t go to the dormitory.● -The snow is really coming down, isn’t it?-Rarely do we have so much snow in December. -What does the man mean?(A it is typical December weather for this region.(B such a large amount of snow is unusual for this month.（2）【o 】【a:】● Glass, class, fast ● Hot, box, rock（3）其他情况● Neither如何解决英美音问题● 常见易混音：Course-cause, once more-one small, career-Korea, worse-was, bore-ball,door-doll, core-call, tear-tea, short-shot● 不加儿化音的词：China, Australia, banana, wall● 常见英美音不同读法：Neither, either, record, cupboard, cassette, garage, laboratory, adult,ordinarity, secretary, dictionary7. 词性变音问题托福听力过程中的词性变音问题● Method- methodically● 校园词汇的变音：meterology, economics, geography 如何解决词性变音问题● Company-companion, library-librarian, geography-geographical, ignore-ignorant,photo-photographer-photographic, declare-declaration, economy-economic-economical, invite-invitation, technology-technological, type-typical, wild-wildness8. 缩写问题托福听力过程中的缩写问题● Sitcom ● Chem lab ● prof如何解决词性缩写问题● Intro. Course = introductory course 导论性课 Demo = demonstration 演示Memo =memorandum 备忘录Info. = Information 信息 Expo = exposition 博览会Chem.= chemistry 化学 Comm. = commerce 商业 Tech = technology 技术 Ad.= advertisement 广告Dorm = dormitory 寝室 M.A. = Master of Arts 文学硕士 M.S. = Master of Science 理学硕士 B.A. =Bachelor of Arts文学士 B.S. = Bachelor of Science理学士alga = algebra 代数学、代数 anat = anatomy 解剖学、解剖 archit = architecture 建筑学、建筑 arith = arithmetic 算术、算术 astron= astronomy 天文学、天文eng = engineering工程学、工程 electr = electricity电学、电 fin = finance 财政学、财政 geol = geology 地质学、地质 geom = geometry 几何学、几何 gram = grammar 文法 hist = history历史、史 ling = linguistics语言学、语言 maths = mathematics数学、数学 mech = mechanics 机械学、机械 med = medical医学、医 met = meteorology气象学、气象 myth = mythology 神话 phil = philosophy哲学 phon = phonetics 语言学、语言 photo = photography摄影术、摄影phys = physics物理学、物理 physiol = physiology生理学、生理 pol = politics政治学、政治 psych = psychology心理学、心理9. 数字问题托福听力过程中的数字问题● 逗号原则● 1,234,567,890:● ＝: equal to, the same as ● ≠: difference● ↑: increase, promote, enhance, improve ● ↓: decrease, fall, worsen● ＋: plus, add, besides, moreover ● －: minus, deduct, except ● →: result in, lead to● ←: originate from, date back to● √: correct, good, positive, affirmative ● ×: wrong, bad, mistaken, negative ● ☆: outstanding, elite● ∵: because, owing to, thanks to, since, as● ∴: therefore, consequently, as a result, so, hence ● ∑: total, amount ● γ: government 缩写● able BL: PRB L， RSBL ，DBL ● ing G: SHPG ● tion N: OPTN，NAN ● ment T: AGRMT ● ize Z: RCGNZ，OGNZ ● tive TV: EFCTV，● ful FL: SCFL ● less LS: RGDLS ● ent/ant T: URGT ● al/ial L: ARVL练习Sample Script:American universities have been offering classes online through computers for a number of years. Now, some newly created colleges are offering academic degrees online. One university offers both bachelor’s degrees and master’s degrees. Official say they try to provide students with a social experience as well as an educational one. For example, in some programs, groups of the same six students progress through all their classes together. They communicate by computer. Another online school uses a problem-solving method of teaching. Students attempt to solve real problems in their classes online instead of reading information.Students who have taken online classes say they like them because they do not have to travel to building at a set time to listen to a professor. Professors say they have better communication with students through e-mail notes than they do in many traditional classes.新托福听力文章套路1. 托福听力中的重点原则原则一：大写原则原则二：开头结尾原则：3T-2M 原则原则三：重复原则原则四：转折对比原则原则五：强调原则原则六：比较原则原则七：建议原则原则八：举例原则原则九：现在原则原则十：解释原则原则十一：因果原则原则十二：观点态度原则原则十三：特殊问句原则2. 举例：OFFICIAL GUIDE PRACTICE SET 1——CONVERSATION3. 举例：OFFICIAL GUIDE PRACTICE SET 2——LECTURE1. 课程相关事务场景场景特点：主要涉及到一些和课程相关事项的解决方法。

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has work in different cities?
Listen again and then answer the question: 31
Why does the professor say this?
Purpose question
What is an example of a violation of the “unity of command” Detail Question 32
According to the conversation, what are two ways in which Detail Question bacteria cells get resistance genes?
What can be inferred about the resistance genes discussed in Inference question the conversation?
just person?
23 What is the main topic of the lecture?
Gist question
According to the professor, why did one scientist grow a rye plant Detail Question 24
IBT listening comprehension
Basic comprehension
Pragmatic understanding
Connecting information
Gist question Detail question Purpose question Attitude question Organization question Inference question
What does the professor imply about the people who admit Inference question students to graduate school?
What are the students mainly discussing?
Gist question
Listen again and then answer the question: 18
Why does the professor imply about plato’s ethical theory?
Attitude question
Listen again and then answer the question: 19
4. 文章材料的考查形式
文章结构：删除了旧托福的 PART A 部分，更加注重于对于能力的考查文章长度：比旧托福长文章语速：无所谓快慢，比旧托福更加贴近真实的学习生活文章类型：对话，独白，讨论 CONVERSATION 文章思路
LECTURE 文章思路
第1页
5. 新托福考试题型概述
crabgrass and rye plants?
29 What is the lecture mainly about?
Gist question
Why does the professor talk about a construction company that Detail Question 30
题型和考试相差很多，不建议细钻
精听精做建议最后冲刺模考
精听精做建议考前强化训练对语速跟读模仿
DELTA 新托福题目数量大，有六套模拟试题考试模拟试题具体特点同蓝皮 delta
建议考前模拟对语速跟读模仿
BARRON 新托福考试全真模考题与精解
题目数量大，后面有 7 套模拟试题难度偏小，在基础班使用
新托福强化听力讲义
新托福考试听力部分介绍
1. 新托福和旧托福的对比
考试 PBT 旧托福 IBT 新托福
形式 Paper Internet
预读题目 Yes No
笔记 No Yes
题型 1/4 multiple choice
New types
2. 题量，时间，分数
文章类型
题量
CONVERSATION
2-3
第3页
6. 界面展示
第4页
7. IBT 新托福资料说明——听力部分
图片
资料名称
The Official
Study Guide

特点题目数量不多难度较简单题型全面，和考试相同，质量高
推荐使用方法
精听精做题目分类研究文章精读研究不建议模考
ETS TOEFL
PRACTICE
Listen again and then answer the question: Why does the woman say this?
Purpose question
According to the conversation, why are transposes sometimes Detail Question called “jumping genes”?
21 statements below about human emotion reflect beliefs held by
Plato,
According to Plato, what is the main characteristic of a good or Detail Question 22
water. Why does she mention them?
Listen again and then answer the question: 27
Why does the professor intend to explain?
Purpose question
According to the professor, what similarity is there between Detail Question 28
力特训》
题目脱离托福考试
ONLINE

DELTA 新托福考试备考策略与
模拟试题

一共 14 套，其中新东方引进 4 套，还有 2 套是 OG 题目，其他全部为全真试题难度和考试相当，已经有较全的版本出现
题型全面，场景全面
题目数量大，后面有四套模拟试题

前面的训练题目文章较短，不是托福模拟
听力材料要比考试稍难些，速度也稍快些
Indicate whether each sentence below describes functional Organization question
34 organization or project organization. Place a check mark in the
correct box. Gist question: 6 Detail question: 16 Purpose question: 6 Attitude question: 1 Organization question: 2 Inference question: 3
题号 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
问题
题型
Why does the student go to see the professor?
Gist question
According to the professor, what information should the student Detail Question
Why does the professor ask this?
Purpose question
20 What are two points that reflect Plato’s views about education? Detail Question
Based on information in the lecture, indicate whether the Organization question
include in her statement of purpose?
What does the professor consider unusual about the student’s Detail Question background?
Why does the professor tell a story about his friend who went ot Detail Question medical school?
What is the talk mainly about?
Gist question
What is the professor’s point of view concerning the method of Detail Question
“safe yield”?
According to the professor, what are two problems associated Detail Question with removing wter from an underground system?
题目非常简单

题型脱离托福考试，可以做基础教材
建议模考
对水平不好的学生进行基础训练，循序渐进
北极星英语系列教程——新 TOEFL 考试技能培训教程系列
由大约 10 个单元的题材加最后的一些模考题组成题材贴近托福考试范围，可以做基础训练使用
建议做基础训练
第5页
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