实用英汉翻译教案(第一)
实用英语1unit12实用教案
John 1 Thomson, Simpson, Timpson is an overseas student in China. He is from England. He studies Chinese in the university. And Lin is 2 a first-year, a third-year, a fourth year
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Understanding a Short Speech / Talk
Listen and Complete
5 Now listen to a short speech / talk and fill up the blanks according to what you
John: How do you do, Lin? I'm John Thomson from England.
Lin: How do you do? It's a great pleasure to meet you, John. I'll go to England to further my study for a master's degree.
9) Oh, it's you, President Kong. Nice 9) 噢，是你呀，孔校长。很高兴再次见到您。 to see you again.
10) My name is Richard Washington.10) 我叫理查德·华盛顿，就叫我理查德好了。 Please call me Richard.
b. 嗨！杰克。你还记得我吗？
3) Hi! My name is Peter Green. Glad to c. 在这里(zhèlǐ)碰到你真是让人惊喜。 meet you.
英汉翻译课程教案.docx
《英汉翻译》课程教案•课程编号: •周课时: •总课时: •学分: •考试方式: •教材: •参考书: BZB032232342分考查新编英汉翻译教程孙致礼编英汉翻译教程张培基编实用翻译教程冯庆华编ContentsChapter 1 What Is Translation (1)Chapter 2 The Process of Translation (15)Chapter 3 The linguistic Approach toTranslation (25)Chapter 4 Conversion (35)Chapter 5 The importance of diction (43)Chapter 6 Translation concerning negation (48)Chapter 7 Ampliflcation (53)Chapter 8 Repetition (58)Chapter 9 Changes of sentence parts (62)Chapter 10 Translation of attributive clause (66)Chapter 11 Translation of Long Sentences (69)Chapter 12外位语结构在英译汉中的应用 (73)Chapter 13 Translation of Passive Voice (77)Chapter 14 Translation of figures of speech (83)Chapter 15 Translation of idioms (87)Chapter 1 What Is TranslationAims: To understand the basic principles of translation and translation studiesKey points: the nature of translation, definition of translationDifficulties: the nature of translation, history of translationTeaching procedures1.The nature of translation•Translation is of great importance in learning a foreign language. Many of those who learn English will be English Chinese translators in the future. There are many translation theories and techniques for you too learn .•Without knowing the theories and the techniques one will most likely take a roundabout course in translation work. That's why it is necessary for you to have a good command of both the source language and the target language, and of the theories and the techniques in translation.•What is translation?Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language.or : Translation is an activity of reproducing in one language the ideas which have been expressed in another language.（翻译是把一种语言所表达的思想用另一种语言重新表达出來的活动）•Eugene Nida, famous American translation theorist, defined translation as: Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language messages, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.•翻译就是接受语言复制出与原语信息最接近的自然等值体…首先是就意义而言，其次是就其风格而言.Eugene Nida^s photo •In addition to the definitions mentioned above, various definitionshave been given to translation. Now Fd like to cite some of them:•Translation is a science ••Translation is an art.•Translation is a craft.•Translation is a skill.•Translation is an operation .•Translation is a language activity .•Translation is a communication.•Among these definitions the first two are most important for they represent two schools ■一the school of science and the school of art. The former maintains that translating should reproduce the message of the original by means of the transformation of linguistic equivalence. It puts stress on the study of description of the process of translation, and the structures and the forms of the language so as to reveal the objective laws inherent in translation. The latter advocates recreating a literary work by using expressions of another language • It emphasizes on the effect of translation.1) Translation is a science•We say translation is a science, because it has its own laws and methods. Take the translation between English and Chinese for example, if we want to translate well, we must be entirely familiar with the content of the original and all the knowledge it concerns. In addition we should have a comparatively comprehensive and thorough study of English and Chinese so that we may do our work with high proficiency.•English and Chinese are two entirely different languages. Each has an individual and distinct system. On the other hand, there are lots of differences between them both in morphology and in syntax. Because of this , we have to know both languages well, especially with the wide difference in vocabulary , grammatical relations，and sentence structure .•Now we may well conclude that translation is indeed a science with its peculiar laws and methods，a science related to lexicology .grammar, rhetoric and other branches of linguistics.2) Translation is an arte Lin Yutang was once a representative. In his essay On Translation he declares that translation is an art whose success depends on one^s artistic talent and enough training.Besides these, there no set rules for translation and there is no short cut for art.•From the examples mentioned above we can see that translation is an art, a brilliant art. Like painting, enables us to reproduce the fine thought of somebody, not in colors, but in words, in the words of a different language< It demands a broad and profound knowledge. •In other words , a translator should have an understanding of literature and art, rhetoric and aesthetics; otherwise, he can hardly accomplish the task of reproduction of the original.•In accordance with what we have discussed in the above, now we can come to the following conclusion:•Translation depends on the artistic level and the technique of the translato匸Whoever has a good command of translation both in theory and technique can offer satisfactory translations Jt is because ,as pointed out in this lecture , translation is not only a science with its own laws and methods but also an art of reproduction and recreation.2.Aim of foreign language learning and the importance of translation(1) What is the objects of a foreign language? Learning a foreign language is not easy but it is worthwhile. It enables you to read foreign scientific and technical literature, and that might be useful. It makes you enable to read some of the worlds best writers in their own language, and this is a great pleasure. But the most important thing is that it gives you a better understanding of your own language.(2) Translation is of great value to foreign language learners. It is very important to the development of our nation • Translation keeps you informed of the international situation ; translation enhances our competitive power in the international market ; translation serves as instrument of propagating traditional culture . Translation is for inter-lingual communication, bridges the gulf between different-tongue speakers，and reproduces and spreads the message in the original language. Translation permits knowledge to be transmitted to different corners of the world and to succeeding generations.•Translation gives information, reveals feelings, and affect people's thought or behavio匚Through translation, we can draw on the advanced experience and achievement in the fieldof science and technology of foreign countries. Without translation, the worldwide civilization would not be possible.•Today, translation plays an increasingly important role in our country's economic reform and opening to the world • More and more people of financial and business circles from all parts of the world come to our country and take part in joint ventures, cooperative enterprises, sole foreign-invested enterprises, and various other economic, trade and technological cooperation. This situation results in the great need of translators, English Chinese translators in particular. Translation promotes mutual understanding between Chinese and foreigners, contributes to the speeding up of our country's modernization and thus is absolutely necessary in the development of our market economy.3.Prerequisites for a translator•(1) In order to achieve genuine competence in translation, a translator must bear in mind that translation means honest, solid knowledge, and that genuine knowledge comes from practice. As translation is work that involves at least two languages ■一the first language and the second language . Therefore, to know both language fairly well is one of the prerequisites for translation.•e.g. You are telling me • (slang: I know that very well /1 knew that long ago-) 我早矢口道了. /还用你告诉我！工你正在告诉我.e.g. Now you are talking . (informal: at last you are saying something agreeable.)你到底说了合我意的话了/你这样说才合我的意思.定现在你正在谈话.•e.g. Henry Kissinger has slept there before, in July and again in Octobe匚这之前亨利基辛格在7月和1 0月两度在这里下榻.(不译为：睡觉)•陈先生乃中国学界泰斗.•Me Chen, our respected teacher , is a renowned master in the academic circles of China. •e.g.你要有所收获，则必须在学习中不断深入.•If you want to gain anything，you must constantly deepen your studies.•(2) Besides a good knowledge of both the SL and the TL, a translator should do a lot of reading, listening, and speaking. He has to experience the many ways in which the English is spoken and written by native speakers. And to be constantly exposed to English spoken and written by native speakers is considered to be a very important part of practice .without which a Chinese learner of English can't expect to acquire competence in understanding and production as far as the English language is concerned・•(3) Furthermore, acquaintance with the subject matter covered in the book or article is also an indispensable factor in doing translation work well. For instance : If you are going to translate some technological data on remote sensing of the earth by man-made satellites, you have to learn to acquire some basic knowledge of the relevant aspect of space science and technology , otherwise , you will run the risk of making mistakes in the subject matter imperceptibly. So you should have a wide background knowledge ••E.g. The Security Counci l has been seized of the question since then.安理会自那以來就一直受理这个问题。
英汉翻译实用教程教案
英汉翻译实用教程教案第一章：翻译概述1.1 翻译的定义与历史介绍翻译的定义和作用简述翻译的历史发展1.2 翻译的类型与标准介绍不同类型的翻译（如直译、意译、同声翻译等）讨论翻译的标准（如准确性、流畅性、忠实性等）1.3 翻译的过程与方法介绍翻译的基本过程（如理解原文、表达译文等）探讨有效的翻译方法与技巧第二章：词汇翻译2.1 词汇的选择与转换讲解词汇翻译的基本原则探讨如何在翻译过程中选择合适的词汇2.2 专业术语与行业用语的翻译介绍专业术语和行业用语的特点讲解如何准确翻译专业术语和行业用语2.3 词义辨析与词性转换讲解词义辨析的重要性探讨如何在翻译过程中进行词性转换第三章：句子翻译3.1 句型结构与句子成分讲解英语和汉语句型结构的差异探讨如何在翻译过程中保持句子成分的平衡3.2 语法调整与句子重构讲解语法调整的重要性探讨如何在翻译过程中进行句子重构3.3 意译与直译的运用讲解意译和直译的区别与适用场景探讨如何在翻译过程中灵活运用意译和直译第四章：段落与文章翻译4.1 段落结构与主题句的翻译讲解段落结构的重要性探讨如何翻译段落主题句4.2 逻辑与连贯性的保持讲解翻译过程中逻辑和连贯性的重要性探讨如何保持原文的逻辑和连贯性4.3 文章风格与翻译策略讲解不同文章风格的特征探讨如何根据文章风格选择合适的翻译策略第五章：文化差异与翻译5.1 文化背景与翻译讲解文化背景对翻译的影响探讨如何在翻译过程中考虑文化背景5.2 文化词汇与翻译讲解文化词汇的特点和翻译难点探讨如何准确翻译文化词汇5.3 跨文化交流与翻译实践讲解跨文化交流的重要性探讨如何在翻译实践中应对跨文化交流的挑战第六章：翻译技巧与策略6.1 翻译中的直译与意译深入探讨直译与意译的定义和应用场景分析直译与意译在实际翻译案例中的运用6.2 翻译中的归化与异化讲解归化与异化的概念和作用探讨如何在翻译过程中运用归化和异化策略6.3 翻译中的补偿与调整分析翻译中补偿与调整的必要性和方法通过实例展示补偿与调整在翻译中的应用第七章：文学翻译7.1 文学翻译的基本原则探讨文学翻译的特殊性和原则分析文学翻译中应注重的方面7.2 诗歌、小说、戏剧等文体的翻译深入讲解不同文学文体的翻译特点和技巧通过实例分析不同文学文体的翻译方法7.3 文学翻译案例分析分析具体文学作品的翻译案例讨论文学翻译中的难点和解决策略第八章：商务翻译8.1 商务翻译的基本要求讲解商务翻译的特点和基本要求分析商务翻译中应注重的方面8.2 商务合同、广告、报告等文体的翻译深入讲解不同商务文体的翻译特点和技巧通过实例分析不同商务文体的翻译方法8.3 商务翻译案例分析分析具体商务材料的翻译案例讨论商务翻译中的难点和解决策略第九章：口译技巧与实践9.1 口译的基本类型与技巧讲解同声传译、交替传译等口译类型的特点探讨口译过程中的技巧和策略9.2 口译中的听力理解与信息处理分析听力理解在口译中的重要性讲解如何提高口译中的信息处理能力9.3 口译实践案例分析提供口译实践案例，进行分析和讨论指导如何应对口译中的挑战和困难第十章：翻译软件与工具的使用10.1 翻译软件的种类与功能介绍市面上的主要翻译软件及其功能分析翻译软件的优缺点和使用场景10.2 翻译辅助工具的使用讲解翻译辅助工具（如在线词典、术语管理工具等）的运用探讨如何提高翻译效率和质量10.3 翻译软件与人工翻译的结合讨论翻译软件与人工翻译的结合方式分析如何利用翻译软件辅助人工翻译工作重点和难点解析6.1 直译与意译的界定和应用场景是教学中的重点和难点。
实用英汉翻译教案(第一)
1. 翻译的定义1) To render in another language. --American Heritage Dictionary转换成另一种语言。
--《韦氏大词典》2) “Translation is the expression in one language (or target language 译入语) of what has been expressed in another language (source language 原语), preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences.”–Dubois3) “把一种语言的文字用另一种语言表达出来”--《辞海》、《现代汉语词典》翻译是许多语言活动中的一种，它是用一种语言形式把另一种语言形式里的内容重新表现出来的语言实践活动。
这一活动分为口头和书面两种形式，有时在不同的语言之间进行，有时在同一国家的不同民族和地区之间进行，这种实践活动更多的应用于前者。
2. 翻译的目的翻译作为一门课程，其目的就是在掌握汉语和英语这两种语言的基础上，结合不断的翻译实践，学习翻译的各种技巧，提高翻译水平。
翻译是较高层次的一门课程，其主要对象为英汉两种语言都达到了相当水平的学生和自学者。
因此通过翻译，对已掌握的听说读写的能力可以进行一次全方位的检验，找出漏洞，弥补不足，并使这些能力在应用中得到巩固和提高。
学习英语的主要目的是搞翻译，而翻译又可以反过来进一步促进学习。
3. 翻译的历史1）Translation in BibleOn the history of translation there is a central paradigm in the western countries. That is the history of translation in the Bible, the most translated book in the world.Now the whole earth had one language and few words. And as men migrated from the east, they found a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there…Then they said, “Come, let us build ourselves a city, and a tower with its top in the heavens, and let us make a name for ourselves, lest (otherwise) we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth.”And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower, which the sons of men had built. And the Lord said, “Behold, they are one people, and they have all one language; and this is only the beginning of what they will do; and nothing that they propose to do will now be impossible for them. Come, let us go down, and there confuse their language, that they may not understand one another’s speech.”So the lord scattered them abroad from there over the face of all the earth, and they left off building the city. Therefore its name was called Babel, because there the Lord confused the language of all the earth; and from there the Lord scattered them abroad over the face of the earth.上帝造人之后，赐福于人，人们安居乐业。
《英汉互译》教案与讲义
《英汉互译》教案与讲义第一章：英汉互译概述1.1 英汉互译的重要性1.2 英汉互译的基本原则1.3 英汉互译的难点与挑战1.4 英汉互译的技巧与策略第二章：词汇与短语的互译2.1 词汇的直译与意译2.2 词汇的借用与创新2.3 短语的固定搭配与转换2.4 专有名词与地名的一般译法第三章：句子的互译3.1 句型的转换3.2 语序的调整3.3 被动语态与主动语态的互译3.4 从句与并列句的互译第四章：时态与语态的互译4.1 一般现在时与一般过去时的互译4.2 进行时与完成时的互译4.3 主动语态与被动语态的互译4.4 虚拟语气与实际语气的互译第五章：文化与语境的理解5.1 文化背景知识的重要性5.2 语境的理解与运用5.3 语言习惯与表达方式的差异5.4 跨文化交流的技巧与策略第六章：翻译标准与原则6.1 翻译标准的历史演变6.2 忠实原则与达意原则6.3 等效翻译与功能翻译6.4 翻译中的创译与意译第七章：翻译技巧与策略（上）7.1 词义选择与词性转换7.2 修辞格的翻译7.3 成语与谚语的翻译7.4 诗歌与文学作品的语言特点与翻译第八章：翻译技巧与策略（下）8.1 幽默与讽刺的翻译8.2 商务与法律文本的翻译8.3 科技与医学文本的翻译8.4 翻译中的校对与润色第九章：实践案例分析9.1 英汉互译案例分析9.2 翻译错误分析与避免9.3 翻译实践与反馈9.4 翻译作品的评价与赏析第十章：翻译软件与辅助工具10.1 翻译软件的种类与功能10.2 翻译辅助工具的使用10.3 语料库与在线翻译资源10.4 在翻译领域的应用与展望重点和难点解析一、英汉互译概述难点解析：理解英汉两种语言的结构差异，如语序、句型、时态和语态的使用，以及文化背景和语境的理解。
二、词汇与短语的互译难点解析：不同语言中词汇的内涵和外延可能存在差异，需要根据语境进行适当的调整。
三、句子的互译难点解析：不同语言的句子结构差异，如主被动语态的转换，以及保持原意的调整语序。
实用英语1教案范文
实用英语1教案范文教案名称：实用英语1教学教案目标学生：高中生教学目标：1.学习并掌握实用英语基础词汇和句型。
2.培养学生的英语听、说、读、写能力。
3.提高学生的跨文化交际能力。
4.培养学生的自主学习和合作学习能力。
教学重点：1.掌握实用英语基础词汇和句型。
2.提高学生的英语听、说、读、写能力。
教学难点：1.提高学生的英语读写能力。
2.提高学生的跨文化交际能力。
教学准备：1.教材：《实用英语教程》第一册。
2.多媒体教学设备。
教学方法：1.任务型教学法：通过完成任务来提高学生的英语技能和应用能力。
2.互动式教学法：通过师生互动和小组合作，培养学生的合作学习能力和跨文化交际能力。
教学过程：Step 1：导入 (5分钟)教师通过展示图片和提问的方式导入新课，引发学生对实用英语的兴趣。
Step 2：单词学习 (10分钟)教师通过多媒体展示单词，并配以发音，引导学生学习和记忆新词汇。
教师还可以设计各种游戏和活动，让学生在轻松中记忆和巩固单词。
Step 3：听力训练 (15分钟)教师播放一段对话或独白，要求学生仔细听并回答问题。
教师可以在听力过程中给予适当的提示和指导，帮助学生提高听力技能。
Step 4：口语训练 (15分钟)教师设计各种情景对话和角色扮演活动，让学生进行口语练习。
教师可以提供一些话题和问题，引导学生进行对话，并给予适当的语言和发音指导。
Step 5：阅读训练 (15分钟)教师指导学生阅读一篇短文，并进行理解和表达训练。
教师可以提出一些问题，引导学生进行讨论和思考，培养学生的理解和表达能力。
Step 6：写作训练 (15分钟)教师引导学生进行写作训练，可以让学生完成一篇短文或写一封电子邮件。
教师可以提供一些写作指导和范文，帮助学生提高写作技能。
Step 7：文化交流 (10分钟)教师通过展示图片、视频或讲解等方式介绍英语国家的文化和习俗，引发学生的兴趣并提高学生的跨文化交际能力。
Step 8：总结 (5分钟)教师引导学生对本节课的内容进行总结，对学生的表现给予肯定和鼓励，并展望下节课的内容。
《 英汉互译(一)》第1课教案
广西师范学院《英汉互译（一）》课程教案编号: 15-1 开课单位：外语系授课教研室：翻译写作课程名称：《英汉互译（一）》授课教师：唐旭光教材：《新编英汉互译教程》，授课对象：06级英语专业2、3、5班《英汉互译（一）》第一讲翻译简论与主要翻译方法（A Brief Discussion of Translation and Major Translation Approaches）1. IntroductionTranslation studies started along with translation practice. Translation theories developed flourishingly in the 20th century, especially in the second half of the last century.In fact, translation, which is a very complex phenomenon, is related to different disciplines, such as linguistics, psychology, sociology, cultural anthropology, communication theory, literary criticism, aesthetics, and semiotics. As translation study is a cross-discipline and cross-culture subject involving many aspects of human knowledge, the lack of a fully acceptable theory of translation should not come as a surprise. Meanwhile, quite a number of translation approaches and strategies have become universally acceptable and widely applicable. They are, of course, the fruits of many translation theorists and translation practitioners at home and abroad.2.The Origin of TranslationLanguage makes it possible for people to communicate with one another freely so as to complete important tasks in human life. Translation makes it possible for people from different languages to communicate with one another so as to complete important tasks in their life.Theodore Savory points out, “Translation is almost as old as original authorship and has a history as honorable and as complex as that of any other branch of literature”(申雨平, 2002:4).In Zhou Dynasty there were different forms of address for translators in different places. “Translators are called Ji in the east, Xiang in the south, Didi in the west, andYi in the north(东方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰狄鞮，北方曰译)”（陈福康, 2000:3）.3. Function of TranslationIt has helped people to better communicate with one another, and in the mean time it has facilitated the development of culture and civilization of all nations, such as the Sutra translation （佛经翻译）in China and the Bible translation in Western countries.Actually, translation, as a means to bridge different cultures, has been playing a very important role in promoting global economic and cultural development, and China in particular benefits a great deal from translation, which is obvious to all.4. Nature of translationOne school of theorists maintain that any interpretation is translation. Translation thus defined includes intra-lingual rewording（语言内的重新措辞）, inter-lingual （语言之间的翻译或语际翻译）translation and inter-semiotic transmutation（符号转换）.But most scholars who are interested in translation maintain that translation is a communicative activity which entails a most adequate or identical reproduction in a target language of a written message or text in a source language.5. Definition of translation in our textbook as follows: Translation or translating is a communicative activity or dynamic process in which the translator makes great effort to thoroughly comprehend a written message or text in the source language and works very hard to achieve an adequate or an almost identical reproduction in the target language version of the written source language message or text. In terms of its nature or character, translation is both an art and a science as well, since it calls for a good command of at least two languages, a flexible application of their rules, and some knowledge of at least two cultures, as well as a good grasp of the necessary translation theories.6. Other scholars’ viewpoints about the translation1). The traditional viewpoint about the nature of translation is that translation is an art only. This viewpoint is still maintained by Xu Yuanchong（许渊冲）, a well-known professor at Beijing University, and a few other scholars.2). Professor Liu Zhongde vigorously advocates that translation is a science as well as an art mainly because of the following reasons:Firstly, like any other art and science, translation requires a good grasp and a flexible use of the necessary specialized knowledge and skills.Secondly, like any other art and science, translation calls for independent, honest and creative effort.Thirdly, just like any other art and science, translation demands that the translator be very careful about and highly responsible for his or her work.7. Principle for translationThe 13 statements on page 81). A translation must reproduce the words of the SLT(Source Language Text).2). A translation must reproduce the ideas (meaning) of the SLT.3). A translation should read like an original work.4). A translation should read like a translation.5). A translation should reflect the style of the original.6). A translation should possess the style of the translator.7). A translation should retain the historical stylistic dimension of the SLT.8). A translation should read as a contemporary piece of literature.9). A translation may add to or omit from the original.10). A translation may never add to or omit from the original.11). A translation should let the readers of the SLT and the target language text (TLT) have essentially the same response.12). A translation should convey what the SLT author intends to convey.13). A translation should satisfy the need of the client.Evidently, though each of the above statements is right in a certain sense, yet it is not adequate or comprehensive enough to serve as a translation principle. Some of the principles proposed by various translation theorists can find their expression in the statements given above. Interlinear translation is an illustration of the first statement. Yan Fu’s three-character principle can be a combination of statements 2, 3 and 6. Nida’s functional equivalence is best express ed in statement 11.8. Yan Fu’s Considerations for translation?Strictly speaking, a translation theory in its true sense in China originated from Yan Fu(严复). He proposed the famous triple principle for translation, namely, faithfulness(信), expressiveness(达) and elegance(雅).1). His faithfulness means that the translated text should be faithful to the original text, ie, the version should keep the content or ideas of the original.2). His expressiveness means that the translated text should be expressive and coherent without anything awkward. In other words, his expressiveness requires that the version should be fluid, smooth, and easy to read and understand.3). His elegance demands that the translated text should be exquisite and that its style ought to be very graceful.9. Professor Liu Zhongde argues against “elegance” as a principle for translation of the original styleHe argued eloquently against “elegance” as a principle for translation of the original style. We all know that not all works are characterized by the elegant style. Different writers display different styles. For instance, Lenin wrote in a bold style, and Hemingway wrote in a simple, symbolic style. Even the same writer shows different styles on different occasions for different purposes. Naturally, different works demonstrate different styles. Thus, it is impossible & absolutely wrong to achieve the effect of elegance in the translated text if the style of the original is not elegant.10. The compiler of the textbook in favor of “closeness”1). We are in favor of Professor Liu’s triple translation principle. He changed Yan Fu’s “elegance” into “closeness”, which represents his contribution to the translation theory. His “closeness” is central in meaning. It is suitable for translation of all types of texts with different styles.2). If the original text is characterized by the elegant style, the translator should do his utmost to render it into a graceful text in the target language whose style is close to the original elegant style.If the original style is highly technical with a wealth of technical terms, thetranslator ought to employ plenty of corresponding technical terms in the target language and make the translated style as close to the original technical style as possible.3). If the original style is colloquial with a lot of informal words and colloquial sentences, the translator should translate it into a text with an informal style as close as possible to the original one by using many colloquial words and informal sentences.If the original style is ornate, the translator should follow suit and make effort to render the translated style as close to the original as possible.If the original text contains some vulgar words and sentences, the translator is not entitled to replace them with elegant words or sentences, and he should reproduce the original by using some corresponding vulgar words and sentences in the receptor language. Translators are duty-bound to do so, for the simple reason that they are translators.4). As we know, Yan Fu’s triple translation principle is highly concise and well rhymed and quite easy to learn by heart, which is one of the reasons why it is still very popular in China today.Professor Liu’s triple principle is similar to Yan Fu’s in that it is equally concise and easy to remember.Though Professor Liu’s triple principle is n ot rhymed, yet it is very forceful and impressive, for the Chinese character “切” is uttered in the falling tone, carrying the implication that faithfully conveying the original style or rendering the translated style as close to the original as possible is absolutely necessary and worth the translator’s great effort.11. Nida’s principle for translationEugene A. Nida and Taber stated emphatically (1969:12): “Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style”.His dynamic equivalence is defined as a translation principle, according to which the translator seeks to translate the meaning of the original in such a way that the target language text wording will produce the same impact on the target text audience as the original wording does upon the source text audience. Later on, Nida changed “dynamic equivalence” into “functional equivalence”, because it seemed much more satisfactory to use the expression “functional equivalence” in describing the degree of adequacy of a translation.12. The literal translation approachProfessor Liu Zhongde (1994: 172) defines literal translation as follows: “In the process of translation, literal translation treats sentences as basic units and at the same time takes the whole passage into consideration; a translator who attaches great importance to literal translation does his or her best to reproduce the ideas and writing style of the original work, retaining in the version as many rhetorical devices and sentence structures of the original as possible.”ExamplesHe is said to be a rough diamond.人们说他是一块浑金璞玉。
英汉翻译实用教程教案
英汉翻译实用教程教案第一章：翻译概念与原则1.1 翻译的定义解释翻译的概念和本质强调翻译的目标：传递信息、保持原文意义和风格1.2 翻译原则准确原则：确保翻译内容的准确性忠实原则：保持原文的精神和风格通俗易懂原则：确保译文适合目标读者对等原则：尽量找到等效的表达方式1.3 翻译标准解释中国的翻译标准：信、达、雅探讨翻译标准的实际应用和灵活性第二章：翻译技巧与策略2.1 直译与意译解释直译和意译的概念及适用场合强调直译和意译的平衡使用2.2 词义转换与词性变化介绍词义转换的技巧：根据上下文确定词义讲解词性变化的方法：名词转译为动词、形容词转译为副词等2.3 长句翻译分析长句的结构和特点讲解长句翻译的策略：断句、合句、调整语序等第三章：英汉语言对比与翻译3.1 英汉语言特点对比分析英语和汉语的语音、语法、词汇等方面的差异强调了解和掌握这些差异对翻译的重要性3.2 文化差异与翻译介绍英汉文化差异对翻译的影响讲解翻译中文化适应和文化保留的方法3.3 翻译中的常见问题和解决方法分析英汉翻译中常见的困难和问题提供解决这些问题的方法和技巧第四章：不同文体翻译技巧4.1 文学翻译技巧讲解诗歌、小说、戏剧等文学作品的翻译方法强调文学翻译中的艺术性和创造性4.2 商务翻译技巧介绍商务合同、广告、报告等文体的翻译要点强调商务翻译的准确性和专业性4.3 科技翻译技巧讲解科技文章、专利文件等文体的翻译方法强调科技翻译的准确性和专业性第五章：翻译工具与资源5.1 翻译软件与工具介绍常用的翻译软件和在线翻译工具强调翻译软件的辅助作用，不能完全依赖5.2 参考资料与资源介绍翻译中常用的参考资料：词典、手册、专业书籍等强调广泛阅读和积累知识的重要性5.3 翻译团队与协作强调团队合作在翻译项目中的重要性介绍有效的翻译协作方法和工具第六章：口译技巧与实践6.1 口译类型与特点解释同声传译、交替传译等口译类型的区别强调口译中的即时性和准确性6.2 口译技巧讲解听力理解、短期记忆、语言表达等口译技巧强调练习和提高口译能力的重要性6.3 口译实践提供口译练习场景和实例鼓励学生进行模拟练习，提高口译实战能力第七章：本地化与国际化翻译7.1 本地化概念与流程解释本地化的概念和目的讲解本地化的流程：市场调研、翻译、适应性修改等7.2 国际化翻译介绍国际化翻译的原则和方法强调在翻译中考虑不同文化和市场的适应性7.3 翻译案例分析提供实际的翻译案例分析案例中的本地化和国际化翻译策略第八章：翻译评估与反馈8.1 翻译质量评估标准介绍翻译质量评估的主要标准：准确性、流畅性、忠实度等强调评估过程中的客观性和公正性8.2 翻译错误分析分析常见的翻译错误类型：语义错误、语法错误、文化错误等提供避免和纠正这些错误的方法8.3 翻译反馈与改进强调反馈在翻译过程中的重要性讲解如何有效地接收和利用反馈，提高翻译水平第九章：翻译职业规划与发展9.1 翻译职业概述介绍翻译行业的现状和发展趋势强调翻译职业的挑战和机遇9.2 翻译职业规划指导学生进行翻译职业规划提供提升翻译能力和职业发展的建议9.3 翻译伦理与职业素养介绍翻译职业的伦理规范和职业素养强调翻译工作中的责任感和专业精神第十章：翻译案例研究与分析10.1 经典翻译案例研究分析经典的翻译案例：文学作品、历史文献、名人演讲等讲解案例中的翻译策略和技巧10.2 现代翻译案例分析分析现代社会中的翻译案例：广告、电影、网络内容等强调翻译在现代社会中的重要作用和影响力10.3 学生翻译作品点评提供学生的翻译作品点评作品中的优点和不足，提出改进建议重点解析本文教案主要围绕英汉翻译实用教程展开，涵盖了翻译概念、原则、技巧、策略、英汉语言对比、翻译工具与资源、口译技巧与实践、本地化与国际化翻译、翻译评估与反馈、翻译职业规划与发展以及翻译案例研究与分析等十个章节。
实用英语1教案(非艺术类)
《实用英语1》课程教案一、课程基本信息二、课程设计1、课程目标：2.教学活动设计：1）设计原则：项目教学，任务驱动，学生为主2）项目活动具体实施计划：（见后面所附表格）三、教学组织形式：班级授课四、教材1、使用教材名称、版本：《新职业英语职业综合英语1》、《职业英语交际手册》2、主要参考书名称、版本：《职业综合英语教师用书1》、《职业综合英语形成性评估手册1》五、考核方案本课程为考试课，注重过程性评价，平时成绩和期末成绩各占总评成绩的50%，在平时成绩中，考勤10%，口语对话10%，个人作业30%，小组作业30%，课堂表现20%。
在期末成绩中，口语部分占20%，听力部分15%，阅读，语法，词汇部分50%，写作占15%。
附2：教学进度表Unit 1第一部分：说明课程安排，介绍授课目标和考核要求【步骤一】课程安排总课时：64学时课程进度：6个单元模块内容，两周半完成一个单元课程内容体系：以职场泛商务知识为导向、以常规工作岗位和流程为线索【步骤二】授课目标使学生运用英语完成职场泛商务活动【步骤三】考核要求这门课程的考核成绩分为两个部分：（一）平时成绩（50%）1、考勤（10%）2、个人形成性评估手册作业及考核（30%）3、交际口语对话和书本课后作业（10%）4、小组项目作业（30%）5、态度（课堂发言和表现）（20%）（二）期末考核（50%）1、口试（20%）2、笔试（80%）第二部分：新课程学习【步骤一】引入课前讨论导入：识别世界大公司（宝马、沃尔玛、家乐福、丰田、三星、联想等）的标识，讨论设计标识时最重要的因素。
结论：设计要简洁、容易识别和记忆任务1：分组设计各自公司的标识【步骤二】案例1：谷歌公司简介阅读文章“Google”，每位学生完成以下三个任务：任务1：Define “Google”It is a search engine by which people try to find information on line.任务2：Outline the history of “Google”1996 a research project by Larry Page at Stanford University1998 Larry Page and Sergey Brin set up the company and registered 2000 they began to sell advertising and went publicrecently acquired and added new features such as email, tool bars and advertising任务3：课本Task 2，判断并改正关于谷歌公司的描述语句。
实用英语翻译教案(1)
—－可编辑修改，可打印——别找了你想要的都有！精品教育资料——全册教案，，试卷，教学课件，教学设计等一站式服务——全力满足教学需求，真实规划教学环节最新全面教学资源，打造完美教学模式实用英语翻译教案授课专业：商务英语授课班级： 11商英（1）、（2）、（3）授课时间：2012年9月-11月教师姓名：马越第一讲翻译概述（2课时）Brief Introduction to the English-ChineseTranslation本讲要点主要介绍翻译的定义、目的、种类、标准、过程以及翻译者的合格条件的一般知识。
一、翻译的定义、目的和种类(The Definition and Purpose of Translation and Its Kinds)1．翻译的定义(Definition of Translation)翻译是一种语言活动。
涉及两种语言与各种知识，它用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思想内容、感情、风格等忠实地重新表现出来的语言实践活动。
这一活动有时在不同国籍的不同语言之间进行，有时在同一国籍的不同民族或不同区域的语言之间进行，但这种实践活动更多地应用于前者。
这一活动进行得好坏也就决定了翻译质量的高低。
同时，翻译被认为是一门艺术，是语言艺术的再创作。
一篇译文在定稿之前，一般都要经过许多次修改，才能达到较高的水准。
一部名著经常会有数种译本并存。
一个译本的反复修改，同一原著的各有千秋的不同译本，都体现了翻译的艺术性。
如果把写作比成自由舞蹈，翻译就是戴着手铐脚镣在跳舞，而且还要跳得优美。
因为原著的创作不受语言形式的限制，而翻译既要考虑到对原文的忠实，又要按照译文的语言规则来表达原文的思想。
从这个意义上来讲，翻译并不比创作容易，有时甚至更难。
难度越大，其艺术性也就越高。
应该说，翻译是一门永无止境的艺术。
Question: What is translation?Translation is an activity of reproducing in one language the ideas, feelings and styles, etc. which have been expressed in another language.2．翻译的目的(Purpose of Translation)利用语言这一工具使不同语言的人们能够进行信息交流，这就是翻译的目的。
大学实用翻译教程(英汉双向)第一章 翻译概述
2、翻译是艺术性与科学性的辩 证统一
译者从事翻译活动是带着镣铐跳 舞。如果单纯地强调翻译是一门 艺术，有时就会夸大译者的主观 能动性，从而割裂主观与客观、 理论与实践之间的辩证关系。翻 译并不是无客观规律可循的纯粹 主观性，也不是毫无主体创造性 的纯粹客观性。
2、社会语言能力问题
这里的社会语言能力主要突出学生的 社会文化背景知识及其在语言交际中 运用的适切性。据一项调查显示, 学 生的社会语言能力并不与他们的语言 能力同步发展, 往往滞后。表现在虽 然学生意识到不同语言的文化差异, 但不能自觉运用到语言实践中。另外, 他们对一些高层次的文化背景缺乏了 解, 对一些具有文化内涵的词汇缺乏 认识。
大学实用翻译教程（英汉双向）第一章 翻译概述
第一节 中西翻译简史
无论在中国或是在西方，翻译都是一 项极其古老的活动。事实上，在整个 人类历史上，语言的翻译几乎同语言 本身一样古老。两个原始部落间的关 系从势不两立，到相互友善，依赖于 语言和思想的交流，也依赖于相互理 解，依赖于翻译，中国也好，西方也 好，在出现有文字记载的翻译之前， 翻译活动早就存在，但我们谈翻译史， 只能从有历史见证的时期谈起。
2、加强中西方文化的导入
教师要强调对学生的文化导入，注 重学生文化意识和文化修养的培养， 注意研究中西方文化差异在语言表 达上的反映、熟悉英语形成和变化 所依赖的地理环境、风俗习惯、宗 教信仰和历史典故。
学生应充分利用课外时间来扩大自 己的目的语语言文化知识，多看英 美原版报纸杂志、电影和文学作品 等，培养和提高跨文化意识。
3、加强语篇意识
应强化学生的语篇意识，在讲解 阅读课文时应把重点放在帮助学 生了解对语篇理解起重要作用的 知识上（指称、替代与省略、衔 接等），培养学生判断和推理句 子间的逻辑关系以及了解语篇连 贯的衔接手段，从而使学生翻译 出的句子连贯、顺畅。
英汉翻译教案范文
英汉翻译教案范文教案：英汉翻译教学目标：1.学生能够准确理解英汉翻译的基本原理和方法。
2.学生能够使用正确的翻译技巧将英文翻译成中文。
3.学生能够运用所学知识，独立完成一篇简单的英汉翻译。
教学重点：1.英汉翻译的基本原理和方法。
2.翻译技巧的运用。
教学难点：1.如何有效运用翻译技巧。
2.如何把握好英汉翻译的语言风格。
教学过程：一、导入（10分钟）1.教师与学生互动，询问学生对英汉翻译的理解。
2.呈现一段英文短文，让学生尝试翻译成中文。
3.学生尝试用翻译软件进行翻译，比较不同翻译结果的准确性和流畅度。
二、基本原理介绍（20分钟）1.教师介绍英汉翻译的基本原理，如准确传递信息、保持语言风格等。
2.教师详细解释基本原理，比如意译和直译的区别、上下文的重要性等。
3.学生通过教师提供的例子，理解原理的应用。
三、翻译技巧讲解（30分钟）1.教师介绍几种翻译技巧，如同义替换、增添补充信息等。
2.教师详细解释各种翻译技巧的使用方法和注意事项。
3.学生通过练习题，运用所学翻译技巧进行翻译。
四、实际操作（30分钟）1.学生分组，每组选择一段英文短文进行翻译。
2.学生在小组内协作，运用所学翻译技巧完成翻译任务。
3.学生将翻译结果展示给全班，并互相评价。
五、总结与反思（10分钟）1.教师总结本节课所学的内容，强化学生对英汉翻译的理解。
2.学生反思自己在翻译过程中遇到的问题和不足。
3.教师给予学生反馈和建议，鼓励学生继续努力提高翻译水平。
教学资源：1.英文短文2.翻译软件3.练习题教学评估：1.学生在小组协作中的表现。
2.学生翻译的准确性和流畅度。
3.学生对翻译技巧的理解和运用。
教学延伸：1.学生可以进一步学习翻译的高级技巧和技巧，如词汇选择、语法转换等。
2.学生可以自主扩展翻译技能，进行更复杂的翻译任务。
教学反思：1.教学目标和重点难点的设置是否合理。
2.教学过程是否能够激发学生的学习兴趣和主动性。
3.教学资源的充分利用和教学评估的准确性。
《英汉互译》教案与讲义
《英汉互译》教案与讲义教案章节一：英汉互译概述教学目标：1. 了解英汉互译的基本概念和原则。
2. 掌握英汉互译的基本技巧和方法。
3. 能够进行简单的英汉互译实践。
教学内容：1. 英汉互译的概念和定义。
2. 英汉互译的原则和标准。
3. 英汉互译的基本技巧和方法。
4. 英汉互译的实践案例分析。
教学活动：1. 引入英汉互译的概念和定义。
2. 讲解英汉互译的原则和标准。
3. 介绍英汉互译的基本技巧和方法。
4. 提供实践案例，让学生进行翻译练习。
教学评价：1. 学生能够回答英汉互译的概念和定义。
2. 学生能够理解英汉互译的原则和标准。
3. 学生能够掌握英汉互译的基本技巧和方法。
4. 学生能够进行简单的英汉互译实践。
教案章节二：词汇与翻译1. 了解词汇在英汉互译中的重要性。
2. 掌握英汉词汇的差异和转换方法。
3. 能够准确翻译词汇和短语。
教学内容：1. 词汇在英汉互译中的作用和重要性。
2. 英汉词汇的差异和转换方法。
3. 常见词汇和短语的翻译实例。
教学活动：1. 引入词汇在英汉互译中的作用和重要性。
2. 讲解英汉词汇的差异和转换方法。
3. 提供常见词汇和短语的翻译实例。
4. 让学生进行词汇翻译练习。
教学评价：1. 学生能够理解词汇在英汉互译中的重要性。
2. 学生能够掌握英汉词汇的差异和转换方法。
3. 学生能够准确翻译常见词汇和短语。
教案章节三：语法与翻译教学目标：1. 了解语法在英汉互译中的重要性。
2. 掌握英汉语法的差异和转换方法。
3. 能够正确翻译句子和段落。
1. 语法在英汉互译中的作用和重要性。
2. 英汉语法的差异和转换方法。
3. 常见语法错误的分析和纠正。
教学活动：1. 引入语法在英汉互译中的作用和重要性。
2. 讲解英汉语法的差异和转换方法。
3. 提供常见语法错误的分析和纠正。
4. 让学生进行句子和段落的翻译练习。
教学评价：1. 学生能够理解语法在英汉互译中的重要性。
2. 学生能够掌握英汉语法的差异和转换方法。
翻译第一章教案
[译文]An ancient pagoda frowns on the mountainside．
[分析]“阴森森地”不能再译出，因为它已包含于动词之中。
例：他摸索着把门打开。
[译文]He fumbled the door open．
例：暴风雨狂袭了一阵后停了。
[译文]The storm raved itself out．
当前最重要的任务是发展国民经济，提高人民生活水平。
[译文]Our primary task at present is to develop national economy and improve the standards of living.
[分析]“提高人民生活水平”译为“to improve (better) the lives of the people／to improve (uplift) the quality of the lives of the people／to improve the texture of the lives of the people／to improve (raise) standards of living都是符合英语惯用法的。如译成“to raise the level of the lives of the people”则成了中国式英语。
英语重形合，词形变化明显，语法形式多样，组词造句多用连词、关系词、分词、动名词及不定式等。
英语的形合手段:
1.关系词和连接词：关系代词、关系副词、连接副词、并列连词、从属连词。
在汉译英时，应该把必要的连词补出来以使句子更有逻辑性。
她激动得热泪盈眶。
结果：She was so excited that tears came to her eyes.
英汉翻译实用教程教案
英汉翻译实用教程教案第一章：翻译的基本概念与原则1.1 翻译的定义1.2 翻译的类型与分类1.3 翻译的基本原则1.4 翻译的标准与评价第二章：英汉语言对比与翻译2.1 英汉语言特点对比2.2 英汉思维方式与文化差异2.3 词义、句法与语篇的转换2.4 翻译中的语言调整与适应第三章：直译与意译3.1 直译的概念与原则3.2 直译的适用场合与应用实例3.3 意译的概念与原则3.4 意译的适用场合与应用实例第四章：翻译技巧与策略4.1 词汇翻译技巧4.2 句子翻译技巧4.3 语篇翻译技巧4.4 翻译策略与应用实例第五章：计算机辅助翻译工具与技巧5.1 计算机辅助翻译软件介绍5.2 翻译记忆库的使用与维护5.3 网络资源在翻译中的应用5.4 机器翻译与人工翻译的结合策略第六章：翻译中的文化因素处理6.1 文化差异对翻译的影响6.2 翻译中的文化适应与调整6.3 文化负载词汇的翻译策略6.4 翻译中的文化冲突与解决方法第七章：翻译实践与案例分析7.1 文学作品的翻译实践7.2 实用文本的翻译实践7.3 本地化翻译实践7.4 翻译案例分析与评价第八章：专业领域翻译专题8.1 法律翻译专题8.2 医学翻译专题8.3 技术翻译专题8.4 其他专业领域翻译实例与分析第九章：翻译批评与翻译研究9.1 翻译批评的定义与作用9.2 翻译批评的标准与方法9.3 翻译研究的现状与趋势9.4 翻译学者与翻译作品评价第十章：翻译职业素养与伦理10.1 翻译职业素养要求10.2 翻译工作中的伦理问题10.3 翻译职业道德与职业行为规范10.4 翻译职业发展前景与建议重点和难点解析重点环节一：翻译的基本概念与原则补充和说明：翻译的定义需要强调跨文化交际的桥梁作用，类型与分类要详细解释文学翻译、实用翻译、本地化翻译等，基本原则要涵盖忠实、准确、流畅等方面，翻译的标准与评价则要提及语言、文化、交际等多维度的评价方法。
重点环节二：英汉语言对比与翻译补充和说明：英汉语言特点对比要分析语音、语法、词汇等方面的差异，英汉思维方式与文化差异要深入讨论东方与西方的思维模式及文化背景，词义、句法与语篇的转换要举例说明具体的翻译策略，翻译中的语言调整与适应要强调根据目标语的特点进行适当调整。
英汉翻译教案
Chapter One Part One Definition of TranslationI Length of time: two hoursII Teaching aims: 1 familiarize Ss with the definition of translation;2 help Ss to master the classification of translation; 3 familiarize Ss with the history of translation in ChinaIII Main teaching points: definition of translation; classification of translation; history of translation in ChinaIV Teaching procedure:1 Definition1.1 Translation in broad sense: Translation of basic information between language and language, language variety and language variety as well as language and non-language code.(eg: a. from English to Chinese or vice versa; b. from Cantonese to Putonghua or standard Chinese; from ancient Chinese to contemporary Chinese; c. from traffic sign to traffic regulations)1.2 Translation in narrow sensea.change of language宋僧法云：“夫翻译者，谓翻梵天之语，转为汉地之言。
《英汉互译》教案与讲义
《英汉互译》教案与讲义一、教学目标：1. 让学生掌握英汉互译的基本原则和方法。
2. 提高学生对英汉两种语言的差异性的认识，增强跨文化交际能力。
3. 通过实践练习，提高学生的英汉互译技巧，使其能够准确、流畅地进行英汉互译。
二、教学内容：1. 英汉互译的基本原则：忠实于原文、保持语义完整、符合目标语言的表达习惯。
2. 英汉两种语言的差异性：词汇、语法、表达习惯、文化背景等。
3. 英汉互译的方法：直译、意译、借译、创译等。
4. 英汉互译的技巧：词汇转换、语法调整、表达方式的改变、文化背景的适应等。
三、教学方法：1. 讲授法：讲解英汉互译的基本原则、方法和技巧。
2. 案例分析法：分析具体英汉互译案例，讲解其翻译过程和思路。
3. 实践练习法：学生进行英汉互译练习，教师进行指导和点评。
四、教学准备：1. 教学PPT：包含英汉互译的基本原则、方法和技巧等内容。
2. 英汉互译案例：用于分析和实践练习。
3. 学生练习材料：提供相关文章、段落等，供学生进行英汉互译练习。
五、教学步骤：1. 导入：简要介绍英汉互译的重要性和必要性。
2. 讲解：讲解英汉互译的基本原则、方法和技巧。
3. 案例分析：分析具体英汉互译案例，讲解其翻译过程和思路。
4. 实践练习：学生进行英汉互译练习，教师进行指导和点评。
六、教学评估：1. 课堂参与度：观察学生在课堂上的发言和讨论情况，评估其对英汉互译知识的理解和应用能力。
2. 练习完成情况：评估学生在实践练习中的翻译质量，包括准确性、流畅性和地道性等方面。
3. 课后作业：布置相关英汉互译作业，评估学生的翻译能力和对知识的掌握程度。
七、教学拓展：1. 推荐阅读材料：提供相关的英汉互译书籍、文章等，供学生进一步学习和深入了解。
2. 实践项目：鼓励学生参与实际的英汉互译项目，提高其实际操作能力和经验。
3. 交流与讨论：组织学生进行英汉互译经验的交流和讨论，促进相互学习和共同进步。
八、教学资源：1. 教材：选择适合的英汉互译教材，提供系统的学习内容和案例分析。
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1. 翻译的定义1) To render in another language. --American Heritage Dictionary转换成另一种语言。
--《韦氏大词典》2) “Translation is the expression in one language (or target language 译入语) of what has been expressed in another language (source language 原语), preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences.”–Dubois3) “把一种语言的文字用另一种语言表达出来”--《辞海》、《现代汉语词典》翻译是许多语言活动中的一种，它是用一种语言形式把另一种语言形式里的内容重新表现出来的语言实践活动。
这一活动分为口头和书面两种形式，有时在不同的语言之间进行，有时在同一国家的不同民族和地区之间进行，这种实践活动更多的应用于前者。
2. 翻译的目的翻译作为一门课程，其目的就是在掌握汉语和英语这两种语言的基础上，结合不断的翻译实践，学习翻译的各种技巧，提高翻译水平。
翻译是较高层次的一门课程，其主要对象为英汉两种语言都达到了相当水平的学生和自学者。
因此通过翻译，对已掌握的听说读写的能力可以进行一次全方位的检验，找出漏洞，弥补不足，并使这些能力在应用中得到巩固和提高。
学习英语的主要目的是搞翻译，而翻译又可以反过来进一步促进学习。
3. 翻译的历史1）Translation in BibleOn the history of translation there is a central paradigm in the western countries. That is the history of translation in the Bible, the most translated book in the world.Now the whole earth had one language and few words. And as men migrated from the east, they found a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there…Then they said, “Come, let us build ourselves a city, and a tower with its top in the heavens, and let us make a name for ourselves, lest (otherwise) we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth.”And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower, which the sons of men had built. And the Lord said, “Behold, they are one people, and they have all one language; and this is only the beginning of what they will do; and nothing that they propose to do will now be impossible for them. Come, let us go down, and there confuse their language, that they may not understand one another’s speech.”So the lord scattered them abroad from there over the face of all the earth, and they left off building the city. Therefore its name was called Babel, because there the Lord confused the language of all the earth; and from there the Lord scattered them abroad over the face of the earth.上帝造人之后，赐福于人，人们安居乐业。
然后，一群无聊人士希望后世记住这个时代，决心合力修建一座通天高塔，即Babel Tower。
上帝恐慌，不希望这个奇观建成，于是让人们分化成不同的语言，令其不能交流。
之后，因为沟通不畅，工程被迫放弃，而且人类从此不再团结，因为语言不通而分化成不同部落，并由于沟通问题，经常发生战乱，因此再无力撼动上帝的权威。
巴别塔就是通天塔，比喻不可能完成的工程，也表示变乱（人类不再团结）。
拜Lord所赐，我们今天要拼命学英语，外国人也要受汉语煎熬。
而且，各种分歧，甚至战争，都或多或少由语言文化沟通不良引发。
2) Translation in ChinaActually the earliest translation can be dated back to ancient time. Versions in two languages used in3000 BC were found in Egypt, which indicates that translation began at least 5000 years ago. In China, according to a history book, there had been a special title for translators as early as in Zhou Dynasty. The book, 《周礼秋官大行人》, said that“属象胥，喻言语”, here, “象胥”is the title for translators while “喻”means understand. We all remember it was in 1st century that Buddhism was introduced to China by translation. And then in 2nd century, Buddhist books were formally translated into Chinese, which marked the beginning of translating industry in China.In China, the history of translation can be mainly divided into four periods:1) The translation of Buddhist scripture from the East Han Dynasty to Song Dynasty.2) The translation of science works during the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty.3) The translation of Western natural science and social science from the Opium War to the May 4th movement.4) The mass translation since the policy of reform and opening up to the outside world.4. 翻译的标准In 1791, a British theorist Alexander Fraser Tytler wrote a book entitled “Essays on the Principles of Translation” on which he proposed three principles for translation:1) The translation should give a complete transcript of the idea of the original work.译文应完全复写出原作的思想（相当于“信”）2) The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同（相当于“雅”）3) The translation should have all the ease of the original composition.译文应当和原文同样流畅（相当于“达”）In fact, these principles coincide with the criteria proposed by a famous Chinese translator Yanfu, which are faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance（信达雅：即忠实于原著，译文流畅，文字典雅）。
张培基《英汉翻译教程》提出了翻译的标准是“忠实、通顺”。
“忠实”就是正确的理解和表达原文的思想，“通顺”就是译文文字地道流畅。
对初学者来说做到这两点已属不易，随着学习者翻译水平的不断提高可以有更高的要求。
5. 翻译的过程西方翻译界常将翻译前的各种准备工作，甚至包括与出版商打交道也视为翻译过程的组成部分。
在我们看来，翻译过程主要包括理解、表达和校核这三个方面。
（一）理解理解（comprehension）可分为广义理解和狭义理解。
广义理解指对原文作者的个人、原文产生的时代背景、作品的内容以及原文读者对该作品的反应。
狭义的理解仅指对原作本文的理解。
这种理解主要包括语法分析、语义分析、语体分析和语篇分析（grammatical analysis, semantic analysis, stylistic analysis and text analysis）。
理解是翻译成功与否的先决条件和重要步骤，务必正确可靠，杜绝谬误。
1) 语义理解He has badly wounded in the head. 他头部受了重伤。
He has a good head for mathematics. 他的数学能力很强。