史上最全托福TPO1-31阅读 题材结构科目分类
TPO阅读1-34汇总【含原文翻译解析答案】
TPO1-34综合写作TPO 1 (1)1. 阅读部分 (1)2. 听力部分 (3)3. 范文赏析 (5)TPO 2 (7)1. 阅读部分 (7)2. 听力部分 (10)3. 范文赏析 (12)TPO 3 (14)1. 阅读部分 (14)2. 听力部分 (16)3. 范文赏析 (17)TPO4 (19)1. 阅读部分 (19)2. 听力部分 (20)3. 范文赏析 (22)TPO5 (24)1. 阅读部分 (24)2. 听力部分 (24)3. 范文赏析 (24)TPO6 (25)1. 阅读部分 (25)2. 听力部分 (25)3. 范文赏析 (25)TPO7 (26)1. 阅读部分 (26)2. 听力部分 (26)3. 范文赏析 (26)TPO8 (27)1. 阅读部分 (27)2. 听力部分 (27)3. 范文赏析 (27)TPO9 (28)1. 阅读部分 (28)2. 听力部分 (28)3. 范文赏析 (28)TPO10 (29)1. 阅读部分 (29)2. 听力部分 (29)3. 范文赏析 (29)TPO11 (30)1. 阅读部分 (30)3. 范文赏析 (30)TPO12 (31)1. 阅读部分 (31)2. 听力部分 (32)3. 范文赏析 (34)TPO13 (35)1. 阅读部分 (35)2. 听力部分 (36)3. 范文赏析 (38)TPO14 (39)1. 阅读部分 (39)2. 听力部分 (40)3. 范文赏析 (41)TPO15 (43)1. 阅读部分 (43)2. 听力部分 (44)3. 范文赏析 (45)TPO16 (47)1. 阅读部分 (47)2. 听力部分 (48)3. 范文赏析 (49)TPO17 (51)1. 阅读部分 (51)2. 听力部分 (52)3. 范文赏析 (54)TPO18 (55)1. 阅读部分 (55)2. 听力部分 (55)3. 范文赏析 (55)TPO19 (56)1. 阅读部分 (56)2. 听力部分 (56)3. 范文赏析 (56)TPO20 (57)1. 阅读部分 (57)2. 听力部分 (57)3. 范文赏析 (57)TPO21 (58)1. 阅读部分 (58)2. 听力部分 (58)3. 范文赏析 (58)TPO22 (59)1. 阅读部分 (59)3. 范文赏析 (59)TPO23 (60)1. 阅读部分 (60)2. 听力部分 (60)3. 范文赏析 (60)TPO24 (61)1. 阅读部分 (61)2. 听力部分 (61)3. 范文赏析 (61)TPO25 (62)1. 阅读部分 (62)2. 听力部分 (62)3. 范文赏析 (62)TPO26 (63)1. 阅读部分 (63)2. 听力部分 (63)3. 范文赏析 (63)TPO27 (64)1. 阅读部分 (64)2. 听力部分 (64)3. 范文赏析 (64)TPO28 (65)1. 阅读部分 (65)2. 听力部分 (65)3. 范文赏析 (65)TPO29 (66)1. 阅读部分 (66)2. 听力部分 (66)3. 范文赏析 (66)TPO30 (67)1. 阅读部分 (67)2. 听力部分 (67)3. 范文赏析 (67)TPO31 (68)1. 阅读部分 (68)2. 听力部分 (68)3. 范文赏析 (68)TPO32 (69)1. 阅读部分 (69)2. 听力部分 (70)3. 范文赏析 (70)TPO33 (71)1. 阅读部分 (71)3. 范文赏析 (71)TPO34 (72)1. 阅读部分 (72)2. 听力部分 (73)3. 范文赏析 (74)TPO 11. 阅读部分In the United States, employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day. However, many employees want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay in order to do so. A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option.在美国，职员一般执行的一周五天，每天八小时工作制。
托福阅读TPO31（试题+答案+...
托福阅读TPO31(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:SpeciationinGeographicallyIsolatedPop为了帮助大家备考托福。
提高阅读成绩，打有准备的仗，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读TPO31(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Speciation in Geographically Isolated Populations，希望大家喜欢。
托福阅读原文【1】Evolutionary biologists believe that speciation, the formation of a new species, often begins when some kind of physical barrier arises and divides a population of a single species into separate subpopulations. Physical separation between subpopulations promotes the formation of new species because once the members of one subpopulation can no longer mate with members of another subpopulation, they cannot exchange variant genes that arise in one of the subpopulations. In the absences of gene flow between the subpopulations, genetic differences between the groups begin to accumulate. Eventually the subpopulations become so genetically distinct that they cannot interbreed even if the physical barriers between them were removed. At this point the subpopulations have evolved into distinct species. This route to speciation is known as allopatry (“alio-” means “different”，and “patria” means “homeland”).【2】Allopatric speciation may be the main speciation route. This should not be surprising, since allopatry is pretty common. In general, the subpopulations of most species are separated from each other by some measurable distance. So even under normal situations the gene flow among the subpopulations is more of an intermittent trickle than a steady stream. In addition, barriers can rapidly arise and shut off the trickle. For example, inthe 1800s a monstrous earthquake changed the course of the Mississippi River, a large river flowing in the central part of the United States of America. The change separated populations of insects now living along opposite shore, completely cutting off gene flow between them.【3】Geographic isolation also can proceed slowly, over great spans of time. We find evidence of such extended events in the fossil record, which affords glimpses into the breakup of formerly continuous environments. For example, during past ice ages, glaciers advanced down through North America and Europe and gradually cut off parts of populations from one another. When the glacier retreated, the separated populations of plants and animals came into contact again. Some groups that had descended from the same parent population were no longer reproductively compatible—they had evolved into separate species. In other groups, however, genetic divergences had not proceeded so far, and the descendants could still interbreed—for them, reproductive isolation was not completed, and so speciation had not occurred.【4】Allopatric speciation can also be brought by the imperceptibly slow but colossal movements of the tectonic plates that make up Earth’s surface. About 5 million years ago such geologic movements created the land bridge between North America and South America that we call the Isthmus of Panama. The formation of the isthmus had important consequences for global patterns of ocean water flow. While previously the gap between the continents had allowed a free flow of water, now the isthmus presented a barrier that divided the Atlantic Ocean from the Pacific Ocean. This division set the stage for allopatric speciation among populations of fishes and other marine species.【5】In the 1980s, John Graves studied two populations of closely related fishes, one population from the Atlantic side of isthmus, the other from the Pacific side. He compared four enzymes found in the muscles of each population. Graves found that all four Pacific enzymes function better at lower temperatures than the four Atlantic versions of the same enzymes. This is significant because Pacific seawater is typically 2 to 3 degrees cooler than seawater on the Atlantic side of isthmus. Analysis by gel electrophoresis revealed slight differences in amino acid sequence of the enzymes of two of the four pairs. This is significant because the amino acid sequence of an enzyme is determined by genes.【6】Graves drew two conclusions from these observations. First, at least some of the observed differences between the enzymes of the Atlantic and Pacific fish populations were not random but were the result of evolutionary adaption. Second, it appears that closely related populations of fishes on both sides of the isthmus are starting to genetically diverge from each other. Because Graves’s study of geographically isolated populations of isthmus fishes offers a glimpse of the beginning of a process of gradual accumulation of mutations that are neutral or adaptive, divergences here might be evidence of allopatric speciation in process.托福阅读试题1.The word "promotes" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.describes.B.encourages.C.delays.D.requires.2.According to paragraph 1, allopatric speciation involves which of the following?A.The division of a population into subspecies.B.The reuniting of separated populations after they have become distinct species.C.The movement of a population to a new homeland.D.The absence of gene flow between subpopulations.3.Why does the author provide the information that "the subpopulations of most species are separated from each other by some measurable distance"?A.To indicate how scientists are able to determine whether subpopulations of a species are allopatric.B.To define what it means for a group of animals or plants to be a subpopulation.C.To suggest that allopatric speciation is not the only route to subpopulation.D.To help explain why allopatric speciation is a common way for new species to come about.4.The word "accumulate" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.Become more significant.B.Occur randomly.C.Gradually increase in number.D.Cause changes.5.In paragraph 2,why does the author mention that some insect populations were separated from each other by a change in the course of Mississippi River caused by an earthquake?A.To make the point that some kind of physical barrier separates the subpopulations of most species.B.To support the claim that the condition of allopatry cansometimes arise in a short time.C.To provide an example of a situation in which gene flow among the subpopulations of a species happens at a slow rate.D.To explain why insects living along opposite shores of the Mississippi River are very different from each other.6.According to paragraph 3，separation of subpopulations by glaciers resulted in speciation in those groups of plants and animals thatA.were reproductively isolated even after the glaciers disappeared.B.had adjusted to the old conditions caused by the glaciers.C.were able to survive being separated from their parent population.D.had experienced some genetic divergences from their parent population.7.The word "colossal" in the passage is closet in meaning toA.consistent.B.gradual.C.enormous.D.effective.8.According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of the geologic movements that brought about the Isthmus of Panama?A.The movements brought populations of certain fishes and marine organisms into contact with one another for the first time.B.The movements transferred populations of fishes and other marine animals between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.C.The movements created conditions that allowed water to flow more freely between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.D.The movements created conditions for the formation ofnew species of fishes and other marine animals.9.The word "sequence" in the passage is closet in meaning toA.quality.B.order.C.function.D.number.10.According to paragraph 5, by comparing the enzymes from two related groups of fishes on opposite sides of the isthmus, Graves found evidence thatA.there were slight genetic divergences between the two groups.B.the Atlantic group of fishes were descended from the Pacific group of fishes.C.the temperature of water on either side of the isthmus had changed.D.genetic changes in the Atlantic group of fishes were more rapid and frequent than in the Pacific group of fishes.11.It can be inferred from paragraph 5 and 6 that the reason Graves concluded that some of the differences between the Pacific and Atlantic enzymes were not random was thatA.each of the Pacific enzymes works better in cooler waters.B.the Enzymes of the Atlantic fish populations had not changed since the formation of the Isthmus of Panama.C.gel electrophoresis showed that the changes benefited both the Atlantic and the Pacific fish populations.D.the differences between the enzymes disappeared when the two fish populations were experimentally switched to other side of the isthmus.12.Which of the sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrectchoices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Graves's study provides evidence that isthmus fishes are in the process of becoming geographically isolated.B.Graves's study of mutating isthmus fishes yields results that differ from results of other studies involving allopatric speciation.C.Graves's study of isolated populations of isthmus fishes provides some evidence that allopatric speciation might be beginningD.Grave's study indicates that when isolated, populations of isthmus fished register neutral or adaptive mutations.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit? The formation of the isthmus had important consequences for global patterns of ocean water flow.Allopatric speciation can also be brought by the imperceptibly slow but colossal movements of the tectonic plates that make up Earth's surface. ■【A】 About 5 million years ago such geologic movements created the land bridge between North America and South America that we call the Isthmus of Panama. The formation of the isthmus had important consequences for global patterns of ocean water flow. ■【B】While previously the gap between the continents had allowed a free flow of water, now the isthmus presented a barrier that divided the Atlantic Ocean from the Pacific Ocean. ■【C】This division set the stage for allopatric speciation among populations of fishes and other marine species. ■【D】14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the mostimportant ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passages or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Allopatric speciation takes place when physically separated populations of a single species gradually diverge genetically to the point of becoming unable to interbreedA.Allopatric speciation is common because the gene flow between subpopulations is generally limited and the barriers that completely separate subpopulations can arise in a variety of ways.B.During past ice ages, some, but not all, subpopulations separated by glaciers evolved into distinct species.C.Speciation does not need to take place through allopatry because subpopulations will form distinct species whenever there are adaptive advantages or notD.Physical barriers from glaciers and the movement of tectonic plates form so slowly that the subpopulations on either side of the barriers usually do not form distinct species.E.Graves's study of fish populations separated by the Isthmus of Panama may well provide a picture of the beginning stages of speciation.F.Graves's study of physically separated fish populations show that there must be large differences between the environments of the isolated populations if allopatric speciation is to take place.托福阅读答案1.promote本身是促进的意思。
托福阅读TPO1-34题型分类汇总【PDF】
智课网TOEFL备考资料托福阅读TPO1-34题型分类汇总【PDF】摘要：托福阅读全套共有34套，每一套都是托福考试的曾经的真题，是我们冲刺托福高分必不可少的精华内容，下面我们就来详细介绍一下，希望对你的托福考试会有一定的帮助。
托福阅读考试由三篇文章构成，每篇文章大约700字左右，各有12-14道题目，考试时间为60分钟。
托福阅读文章的题材呈现不断多样化的趋势，许多同学认为由于缺乏相关学科背景会影响做题正确率，但其实左右答案所需信息都已在文章中出现，无需额外的背景知识。
现就托福阅读题型进行总结。
托福阅读的题型大体分为三类：阅读找寻信息题(Reading to Find Information)、基础理解题(BasicComprehension Question)以及篇章应用题(Reading to LearnQuestion)。
阅读找寻信息题(Reading to Find Information)考察学生能否快速高效浏览文章，找到关键信息;基础理解题(Basic Comprehension Question)考察学生对主要信息、重要事实及细节、词汇、句法及语义内容的理解的能力;篇章应用题(Reading to Learn Question)考察学生是否能准确文章目的、段落之间的关系，能否将关键信息及重要细节总结概括的能力。
如果更加细致的划分可以将所有题型分为十类：词汇题(Vocabulary questions)(3-6个每篇)、指代题(Reference questions)(0-2个每篇)、句子简化题(Sentence Simplification questions)(0-1个每篇)、细节/事实信息题(FactualInformation questions) (3-6个每篇)、否定事实信息题(Negative Factual Information questions)(0-2个每篇)、修辞目的题(Rhetorical Purpose questions)(1-3个每篇)、句子插入题(Insert Text questions)(0-1个每篇)、推断题(Inference questions)(0-2个每篇)、文章小结题(Prose Summary)(0-1个每篇，6选3)、填表题(Fill in a Table)(0-1个每篇，7选5)。
TPO-31阅读答案及小结题解析
宫琦制作TPO31Speciation(物种形成)in Geographically Isolated Populations Evolutionary biologists believe that speciation,the formation of a new species,often begins when some kind of physical barrier arises and divides a population of a single species into separate subpopulations.Physical separation between subpopulations(分组人口，族群) promotes the formation of new species because once the members of one subpopulation can no longer mate with members of another subpopulation,they cannot exchange variant(变异，异体)genes that arise in one of the subpopulations.In the absence of gene flow between the subpopulations,genetic differences between the groups begin to accumulate.Eventually the subpopulations become so genetically distinct that they cannot interbreed(异种交配，杂交)even if the physical barriers between them were removed.At this point the subpopulations have evolved into distinct species.This route to speciation is known as allopatry(异域性)(“allo-”means“different”,and“patria”means“homeland”).Allopatric speciation may be the main speciation route.This should not be surprising, since allopatry is pretty common.In general,the subpopulations of most species are separated from each other by some measurable distance.So even under normal situations the gene flow among the subpopulations is more of an intermittent(间歇的，断断续续的) trickle(滴，细流，流淌)than a steady stream.In addition,barriers can rapidly arise and shut off the trickle.For example,in the1800s a monstrous(巨大的，怪异的)earthquake changed the course of the Mississippi River,a large river flowing in the central part of the United States of America.The change separated populations of insects now living along opposite shores(海滨，支柱),completely cutting off gene flow between them.Geographic(地理的，地理学的)isolation can also proceed(开始，继续进行)slowly,over great spans of time.We find evidence of such extended events in the fossil record,which affords glimpse(一瞥，瞥见)into the breakup of formerly continuous environments.For example,during past ice ages,glaciers advanced down through North America and Europe and gradually cut off parts of populations from one another.When the glaciers retreated, the separated populations of plants and animals came into contact again.Some groups that had descended from the same parent population were no longer reproductively compatible(能兼容的，共处的)–they had evolved into separate species.In other groups, however,genetic divergences(分歧)had not proceeded so far,and the descendants could still interbreed–for them,reproductive isolation was not completed,and so speciation had not occurred.Allopatric speciation can also be brought by the imperceptibly(细微的，察觉不到的) slow but colossal(巨大的，异常的)movements of the tectonic plates that make up Earth’ssurface.About5million years ago such geologic movements created the land bridge between North America and South America that we call the Isthmus(地峡，管峡)of Panama[1].The formation of the isthmus had important consequences for global patterns of ocean water flow.While previously the gap between the continents had allowed a free flow of water,now the isthmus presented a barrier that divided the Atlantic Ocean from the Pacific Ocean.This division set the stage for allopatric speciation among populations of fishes and other marine species.In the1980s,John Graves studied two populations of closely related fishes,one population from the Atlantic side of isthmus,the other from the Pacific side.He compared four enzymes found in the muscles of each population.Graves found that all four Pacific enzymes function better at lower temperatures than the four Atlantic versions of the same enzymes.This is significant because Pacific seawater if typically2to3degrees cooler than seawater on the Atlantic side of isthmus.Analysis by gel electrophoresis(凝胶电泳)revealed slight(轻微的，少量的)differences in amino acid(氨基酸)sequence of the enzymes of two of the four pairs.This is significant because the amino acid sequence of an enzyme is determined by genes.Graves drew two conclusions from these observations.First,at least some of the observed differences between the enzymes of the Atlantic and Pacific fish populations were not random but were the result of evolutionary adaptation.Second,it appears that closely related populations of fishes on both sides of the isthmus are starting to genetically diverge from each other.Because Graves’study of geographically isolated populations of isthmus fishes offers a glimpse of the beginning of a process of gradual accumulation of mutations(突变，变化)that are neutral(中立的)or adaptive,divergences here might be evidence of allopatric speciation in process.Paragraph1:Evolutionary biologists believe that speciation,the formation of a new species,often begins when some kind of physical barrier arises and divides a population of a single species into separate subpopulations(亚种群).Physical separation between subpopulations promotes the formation of new species because once the members of one subpopulation can no longer mate with members of another subpopulation,they cannot exchange variant genes that arise in one of the subpopulations.In the absence of gene flow between the subpopulations,genetic differences between the groups begin to accumulate. Eventually the subpopulations become so genetically distinct that they cannot interbreed even if the physical barriers between them were removed.At this point the subpopulations have evolved into distinct species.This route to speciation is known as allopatry(“allo-”means“different”,and“patria”means“homeland”).1.The word“promotes”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.DescribesB.EncouragesC.DelaysD.Requires2.According to paragraph1,allopatric speciation involves which of the following?A.The division(分割，部门)of a population into subspeciesB.The reuniting(重聚)of separated populations after they have become distinctspeciesC.The movement of a population to a new homelandD.The absence of gene flow between subpopulationsParagraph2:Allopatric speciation may be the main speciation route.This should not be surprising,since allopatry is pretty common.In general,the subpopulations of most species are separated from each other by some measurable distance.So even under normal situations the gene flow among the subpopulations is more of an intermittent(断断续续的) trickle(细流)than a steady stream.In addition,barriers can rapidly arise and shut off the trickle.For example,in the1800s a monstrous earthquake changed the course of the Mississippi River,a large river flowing in the central part of the United States of America.The change separated populations of insects now living along opposite shores,completely cutting off gene flow between them.3.Why does the author provide the information that“subpopulations of most species are separated from each other by some measurable distance"?A.To indicate how scientists are able to determine whether subpopulations of a species are allopatricB.To define what it means for a group of animals or plants to be a subpopulationC.To suggest that allopatric speciation is not the only route to speciationD.To help explain why allopatric speciation is a common way for new species to come about4.The word“accumulate”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.Become more significantB.Occur randomlyC.Gradually increase in numberD.Cause changes5.In paragraph2,why does the author mention that some insect populations were separated from each other by a change in the course of Mississippi River caused by an earthquake?A.To make the point that some kind of physical barrier separates the subpopulations of most speciesB.To support the claim that the condition of allopatry can sometimes arise in a short timeC.To provide an example of a situation in which gene flow among the populations a species happens at a slow rateD.To explain why insect living along opposite shores of the Mississippi River are very different from each otherParagraph3:Geographic isolation can also proceed slowly,over great spans of time. We find evidence of such extended events in the fossil record,which affords glimpse into the breakup of formerly continuous environments.For example,during past ice ages, glaciers advanced down through North America and Europe and gradually cut off parts of populations from one another.When the glaciers retreated,the separated populations of plants and animals came into contact again.Some groups that had descended from the same parent population were no longer reproductively compatible–they had evolved into separate species.In other groups,however,genetic divergences had not proceeded so far, and the descendants could still interbreed–for them,reproductive isolation was not completed,and so speciation had not occurred.6.According to paragraph3,separation of subpopulations by glaciers resulted in speciation in those groups of plants and animals thatA.Were reproductively isolated even after the glaciers disappearedB.Had adjusted to the old conditions caused by the glaciersC.Were able to survive being separated from their parent populationD.Had experienced some genetic divergences from their parent populationParagraph4:Allopatric speciation can also be brought by the imperceptibly slow but colossal movements of the tectonic plates that make up Earth’s surface.About5million years ago such geologic movements created the land bridge between North America and South America that we call the Isthmus of Panama.The formation of the isthmus had important consequences for global patterns of ocean water flow.While previously the gap between the continents had allowed a free flow of water,now the isthmus presented a barrier that divided the Atlantic Ocean from the Pacific Ocean.This division set the stage for allopatric speciation among populations of fishes and other marine species.7.The word“colossal”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.ConsistentB.GradualC.EnormousD.Effective8.According to paragraph4,which of the following is true of the geologic movements that brought about the Isthmus of Panama?A.The movements brought populations of certain fishes and marine organisms into contact with one another for the first time.B.The movements transferred(转移，转让)populations of fishes and other marine animals between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.C.The movement created conditions that allowed water to flow more freely between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.D.The movement created conditions for the formation of new species of fishes and other marine animals.Paragraph5:In the1980s,John Graves studied two populations of closely related fishes, one population from the Atlantic side of isthmus,the other from the Pacific side.He compared four enzymes found in the muscles of each population.Graves found that all four Pacific enzymes function better at lower temperatures than the four Atlantic versions of the same enzymes.This is significant because Pacific seawater if typically2to3degrees cooler than seawater on the Atlantic side of isthmus.Analysis by gel electrophoresis revealed slight differences in amino acid sequence of the enzymes of two of the four pairs.This is significant because the amino acid sequence of an enzyme is determined by genes.9.The word“sequence”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.QualityB.OrderC.FunctionD.Number10.According to paragraph5,by comparing the enzymes from two related groups of fishes on opposite sides of the isthmus,Graves found evidence thatA.There were slight genetic divergences between the two groupsB.The Atlantic group of fishes were descended from the Pacific group of fishesC.The temperature of water on either side of the isthmus had changedD.Genetic changes in the Atlantic group of fishes were more rapid an frequent than in the Pacific group of fishesParagraph6:Graves drew two conclusions from these observations.First,at least some of the observed differences between the enzymes of the Atlantic and Pacific fish populations were not random but were the result of evolutionary adaptation.Second,it appears that closely related populations of fishes on both sides of the isthmus are starting to genetically diverge from each other.Because Graves’study of geographically isolated populations of isthmus fishes offers a glimpse of the beginning of a process of gradual accumulation of mutations(突变)that are neutral(中立的)or adaptive,divergences here might be evidence of allopatric speciation in process.11.It can be inferred from paragraph5and6that the reason Graved concluded that some of the differences between the Pacific and Atlantic enzymes were not random was thatA.Each of the Pacific enzymes works better in cooler watersB.The enzymes of the Atlantic fish populations had not changed since the formation of the Isthmus of PanamaC.Gel electrophoresis showed that the changes benefited both the Atlantic and the Pacific fish populationsD.The differences between the enzymes disappeared when the two fish populations were experimentally switched to other side of the isthmus12.Which of the sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Graves’s study provides evidence that isthmus fishes are in the process of becoming geographically isolated.B.Graves’s study of mutating isthmus fishes yields results that differ from results of other studies involving allopatric speciation.C.Graves’s study of isolated populations of isthmus fishes provides some evidence that allopatric speciation might be beginning.D.Graves’s study indicates that when isolated,populations of isthmus fishes register(登记，注册)neutral or adaptive mutations.Allopatric speciation can also be brought by the imperceptibly slow but colossal movements of the tectonic plates that make up Earth’s surface.■About5million years ago such geologic movements created the land bridge between North America and South America that we call the Isthmus of Panam a.■Wh ile previously the gap between the continents had allowed a free flow of water,now the isthmus presented a barrier that divided the Atlantic Ocean from the Pacific Ocean.■This division set the stage for allopatric speciation among populations of fishes and other marine species.■13.Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.The formation of the isthmus had important consequences for global patterns of ocean water flow.Where would the sentence best fit?14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth2points.Allopatric speciation takes place when physically separated populations of a single species gradually diverge genetically to the point of becoming unable to interbreed.Answer ChoicesA.Allopatric speciation is common because the gene flow between subpopulations is generally limited and the barriers that completely separate subpopulations can arise in a variety of ways.---文章第二段B.During past ice ages,some,but not all,subpopulations separated by glaciers evolved into distinct species.---文章第三段C.Speciation does not need to take place through allopatry because subpopulations will form distinct species whenever there are adaptive advantages to not interbreeding with other subpopulations.---没说，文章一直在强调allopatry是最主要的speciation routeD.Physical barriers from glaciers and the movement of tectonic plates form so slowly that the subpopulations on either side of the barriers usually do not form distinct species.---说反，对应文章第三段，可参考词汇题colossal的分析，文章中不仅提到了Slow也说到的大量，从而导致了distinct speciesE.Graves’s study of fish populations separated by the Isthmus of Panama may well provide a picture of the beginning stages of speciation.---与12题的对应的位置一样F.Graves’s study of physically separated fish populations show that there must be large differences between the environments of the isolated populations if allopatric speciation is to take place.---没说到这个点，原文中的词汇题sequence所再句矛盾，氨基酸序列与生活环境相对应，那一句提到了slight differenceEarly Childhood EducationPreschools–educational programs for children under the age of five–differ significantly from one country to another according to the views that different societies hold regarding the purpose of early childhood education.For instance,in a cross-country(越野的，横越全国的)comparison of preschools in China,Japan,and the United States,researchers found that parents in the three countries view the purpose of preschools very differently. Whereas parents in China tend to see preschools primarily as a way of giving children a good start academically,Japanese parents view them primarily as a way of giving children the opportunity to be members of a group.In the United States,in comparison,parents regard the primary purpose of preschools as making children more independent and self-reliant(自力更生的，自恃的),although obtaining a good academic start and having group experience are also important.While many programs designed for preschoolers focus primarily on social and emotional factors,some are geared(适合，开始)mainly toward promoting cognitive gains(收益，获得)and preparing preschoolers for the formal instruction they will experience when they start kindergarten(幼儿园).In the United States,the best-known program designed to promote future academic success is Head Start.Established in the1960s when the United States declared(宣布，断言)the War on Poverty(贫困，困难),the program has served over 13million children and their families.The program,which stresses parental involvement, was designed to serve the“whole child”,including children’s physical health,self-confidence, social responsibility,and social and emotional development.Whether Head Start is seen as successful or not depends on the lens through which one is looking.If,for instance,the program is expected to provide long-term increases in IQ (intelligence quotient)scores,it is a disappointment.Although graduates of Head Start programs tend to show immediate IQ gains,these increases do not last.On the other hand, it is clear that Head Start is meeting its goal of getting preschoolers ready for school. Preschoolers who participate in Head Start are better prepared for future schooling than those who do not.Furthermore,graduates of Head Start programs have better future school grade.Finally,some research suggests that ultimately Head Start graduates show higher academic performance at the end of high school,although the gains are modest.In addition,results from other types of preschool readiness programs indicate that those who participate and graduate are less likely to repeat grades,and they are more likely to complete school than readiness program,for every dollar spent on the program, taxpayers(纳税人)saved seven dollars by the time(等到..时候)the graduates reached the age of27.The most recent comprehensive(综合的，广泛的)evaluation of early intervention(介入，调停)programs suggests that,taken as a group,preschool programs can provide significant benefits,and that government funds invested early in life may ultimately lead to a reduction in future costs.For instance,compared with children who did not participate in early intervention(辅导，介入，调停)programs,participants in various programs showed gains in emotional or cognitive development,better educational outcomes,increased economic self-sufficiency(自给自足),reduced levels of criminal(犯罪的)activity,and improved health-related behaviors.Of course,not every program produced all these benefits,and not every child benefited to the same extent.Furthermore,some researchers argue that less-expensive programs are just as good as relatively expensive ones,such as Head Start. Still,the results of the evaluation were promising(有希望的，有前途的),suggesting that the potential benefits of early intervention can be substantial(大量的，实质的).Not everyone agrees that programs that seek to enhance academic skills during the preschool years are a good thing.In fact,according to developmental psychologist David Elkind,United States society tends to push children so rapidly that they begin to feel stress and pressure at a young age.Elkind argues that academic success is largely dependent upon factors out of parents’control,such as inherited(继承)abilities and a child’s rate ofmaturation.Consequently,children of a particular age cannot be expected to master educational material without taking into account their current level of cognitive development.In short,children require development appropriate educational practice, which is education that is based on both typical development and the unique characteristics of a given child.Paragraph1:Preschools–educational programs for children under the age of five–differ significantly from one country to another according to the views that different societies hold regarding the purpose of early childhood education.For instance,in a cross-country comparison of preschools in China,Japan,and the United States,researchers found that parents in the three countries view the purpose of preschools very differently. Whereas parents in China tend to see preschools primarily as a way of giving children a good start academically,Japanese parents view them primarily as a way of giving children the opportunity to be members of a group.In the United States,in comparison,parents regard the primary purpose of preschools as making children more independent and self-reliant, although obtaining a good academic start and having group experience are also important.1.According to paragraph1,parents in Japan tend to think of preschool primarily as a place where children canGet a good academic startExpand their emotional developmentBecome more independentExperience being part of a group2.The word“whereas”in the passage is closest in meaning to表示对比转折AlthoughBecauseMoreoveralreadyParagraph2:While many programs designed for preschoolers focus primarily on social and emotional factors,some are geared mainly toward promoting cognitive gains and preparing preschoolers for the formal instruction they will experience when they start kindergarten.In the United States,the best-known program designed to promote future academic success is Head Start.Established in the1960s when the United States declared the War on Poverty,the program has served over13million children and their families.The program,which stresses parental involvement,was designed to serve the“whole child”, including children’s physical health,self-confidence,social responsibility,and social and emotional development.3.The word“focus”in the passage is closest in meaning toConsiderRespectConcentrateAdvise4.It can be inferred from paragraph2that the Head Start program was designed to serve children whoCome from families that do not have a lot of money Are not doing very well in kindergartenWere born in the1950sNeed programs that focus primarily on social and emotional factorsParagraph3:Whether Head Start is seen as successful or not depends on the lens through which one is looking.If,for instance,the program is expected to provide long-term increases in IQ(intelligence quotient)scores,it is a disappointment.Although graduates of Head Start programs tend to show immediate IQ gains,these increases do not last.On the other hand,it is clear that Head Start is meeting its goal of getting preschoolers ready for school.Preschoolers who participate in Head Start are better prepared for future schooling than those who do not.Furthermore,graduates of Head Start programs have better future school grade.Finally,some research suggests that ultimately Head Start graduates show higher academic performance at the end of high school,although the gains are modest.5.According to paragraph3,the Head Start program had NOT been successful at which of the following?Helping children adjust to schoolProviding long-term increase in IQ scoresImproving school performance throughout high schoolPreventing children from being placed in special-education classesParagraph4:In addition,results from other types of preschool readinessprograms indicate that those who participate and graduate are less likely to repeat grades,and they are more likely to complete(完整的，完成)school than readiness program, for every dollar spent on the program,taxpayers saved seven dollars by the time the graduates reached the age of27.6.In paragraph4,the author mentions the“results from other types of readiness programs”toProvide support for the idea that preschool readiness programs have been somewhat successfulQuestion the idea that Head Start is more effective than other preschool readiness programsIndicate school completion is usually the most reliable indicator of success in most readiness programsEmphasize that participating in readiness programs can be increased if costs are reduced7.According to paragraph4,a cost-benefit analysis of one preschool readiness program revealed thatOnly one dollar’s worth of benefit was gained for every seven dollars spent on the programThe benefits of the program lasted only until the participants reached age27Taxpayers saved seven dollars for every dollar spent on the programTo be successful,the program would need to receive about seven times as much money as it currently receivesParagraph5:The most recent comprehensive evaluation of early intervention programs suggests that,taken as a group,preschool programs can provide significant benefits,and that government funds invested early in life may ultimately lead to a reduction in future costs.For instance,compared with children who did not participate in early intervention programs,participants in various programs showed gains in emotional or cognitive development,better educational outcomes,increased economic self-sufficiency, reduced levels of criminal activity,and improved health-related behaviors.Of course,not every program produced all these benefits,and not every child benefited to the same extent. Furthermore,some researchers argue that less-expensive programs are just as good as relatively expensive ones,such as Head Start.Still,the results of the evaluation were promising,suggesting that the potential benefits of early intervention can be substantial.The word“comprehensive”in the passage is closest in meaning toEasily understoodThorough彻底的，十分的，周密的RespectableObjective客观的，目标的Paragraph5mentions that participants in early intervention programs have been shown to do all of the following better than nonparticipants EXCEPTTake care of their healthSupport themselves financiallyTake care of their own childrenHave increased emotional developmentAccording to paragraph5,which of the following is true about the benefits of early intervention programs?These programs produce good short-term benefits but few long-term benefits.Only the most expensive programs provide substantial benefits.The Head Start program provides a range of benefits that no other program can provide.Some children benefit more than others do from these programs.Paragraph6:Not everyone agrees that programs that seek to enhance academic skills during the preschool years are a good thing.In fact,according to developmental psychologist David Elkind,United States society tends to push children so rapidly that they begin to feel stress and pressure at a young age.Elkind argues that academic success is largely dependent upon factors out of parents’control,such as inherited abilities and a child’s rate of maturation.Consequently,children of a particular age cannot be expected to master educational material without taking into account their current level of cognitive development.In short,children require development appropriate educational practice, which is education that is based on both typical development and the unique characteristics of a given child.The word“seek”in the passage is closest in meaning toClaimManageFailAttempt12.The passage mentions“developmental psychologist David Elkind”in order toGive an example of an expert who has designed an effective early childhood education programIntroduce an alternative view about the value of early childhood educationExplain why early childhood education programs are less effective in the United States than in other countriesRefute(驳斥，反驳)the claim that academic success is dependent on factors outside parents’control.Paragraph6:Not everyone agrees that programs that seek to enhance academic skills during the preschool years are a good thing.█In fact,according to developmental psychologist David Elkind,United States society tends to push children so rapidly that they。
TPO阅读1-34汇总【含原文翻译+解析+答案】
TPO1-34综合写作TPO 1 (1)1. 阅读部分 (1)2. 听力部分 (3)3. 范文赏析 (5)TPO 2 (7)1. 阅读部分 (7)2. 听力部分 (10)3. 范文赏析 (12)TPO 3 (14)1. 阅读部分 (14)2. 听力部分 (16)3. 范文赏析 (17)TPO4 (19)1. 阅读部分 (19)2. 听力部分 (21)3. 范文赏析 (22)TPO5 (24)1. 阅读部分 (24)2. 听力部分 (24)3. 范文赏析 (24)TPO6 (25)1. 阅读部分 (25)2. 听力部分 (25)3. 范文赏析 (25)TPO7 (26)1. 阅读部分 (26)2. 听力部分 (26)3. 范文赏析 (26)TPO8 (27)1. 阅读部分 (27)2. 听力部分 (27)3. 范文赏析 (27)TPO9 (28)1. 阅读部分 (28)2. 听力部分 (28)3. 范文赏析 (28)TPO10 (29)1. 阅读部分 (29)2. 听力部分 (29)3. 范文赏析 (29)TPO11 (30)1. 阅读部分 (30)3. 范文赏析 (30)TPO12 (31)1. 阅读部分 (31)2. 听力部分 (32)3. 范文赏析 (34)TPO13 (35)1. 阅读部分 (35)2. 听力部分 (36)3. 范文赏析 (38)TPO14 (39)1. 阅读部分 (39)2. 听力部分 (40)3. 范文赏析 (41)TPO15 (43)1. 阅读部分 (43)2. 听力部分 (44)3. 范文赏析 (45)TPO16 (47)1. 阅读部分 (47)2. 听力部分 (48)3. 范文赏析 (49)TPO17 (51)1. 阅读部分 (51)2. 听力部分 (52)3. 范文赏析 (54)TPO18 (55)1. 阅读部分 (55)2. 听力部分 (55)3. 范文赏析 (55)TPO19 (56)1. 阅读部分 (56)2. 听力部分 (56)3. 范文赏析 (56)TPO20 (57)1. 阅读部分 (57)2. 听力部分 (57)3. 范文赏析 (57)TPO21 (58)1. 阅读部分 (58)2. 听力部分 (58)3. 范文赏析 (58)TPO22 (59)1. 阅读部分 (59)3. 范文赏析 (59)TPO23 (60)1. 阅读部分 (60)2. 听力部分 (60)3. 范文赏析 (60)TPO24 (61)1. 阅读部分 (61)2. 听力部分 (61)3. 范文赏析 (61)TPO25 (62)1. 阅读部分 (62)2. 听力部分 (62)3. 范文赏析 (62)TPO26 (63)1. 阅读部分 (63)2. 听力部分 (63)3. 范文赏析 (63)TPO27 (64)1. 阅读部分 (64)2. 听力部分 (64)3. 范文赏析 (64)TPO28 (65)1. 阅读部分 (65)2. 听力部分 (65)3. 范文赏析 (65)TPO29 (66)1. 阅读部分 (66)2. 听力部分 (66)3. 范文赏析 (66)TPO30 (67)1. 阅读部分 (67)2. 听力部分 (67)3. 范文赏析 (67)TPO31 (68)1. 阅读部分 (68)2. 听力部分 (68)3. 范文赏析 (68)TPO32 (69)1. 阅读部分 (69)2. 听力部分 (70)3. 范文赏析 (70)TPO33 (71)1. 阅读部分 (71)3. 范文赏析 (71)TPO34 (72)1. 阅读部分 (72)2. 听力部分 (73)3. 范文赏析 (74)TPO 11. 阅读部分In the United States, employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day. However, many employees want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay in order to do so. A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option.在美国，职员一般执行的一周五天，每天八小时工作制。
托福TPO 阅读 题材结构科目分类
自然科学 一、地质学 冰川类 1 OG：Green Icebergs 2 TPO 15：Glacier Formation 3 TPO 19：Discovering The Ice Ages 地质现象 1 OG：Geology and Landscape 2 TPO 01：Groundwater 3 TPO 02：Desert Formation 4 TPO 03：Depletion of The Ogallala Aquifer 5 TPO 07：The Geologic History of The Mediterranean 6 TPO 12：Water in The Desert 7 TPO 20：Fossil Preservation 8 TPO 21：Geothermal Energy 9 TPO 24：Lake Water10 TPO 28-1：Groundwater11 TPO 27-2：The Formation of Volcanic Islands 二、天文学 火星类 1 TPO 08：Running Water On Mars 2 TPO 25：The Surface of Mars 其他行星类 1 TPO 16：Planets in Our Solar System 2 TPO 22：The Allende Meteorite生物科学 一、植物学 1 Sample：Opportunity and Competitors 2 TPO 01：Timberline Vegetation on Mountains 3 TPO 05：Minerals and Plants 4 TPO 09：The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii 5 TPO 22：Spartina 6 TPO 25：The Evolutionary Origin of Plants 二、动物学 动物特点 1 OG：Swimming Machines 2 OG：Feeding Habits of East African Herbivores 3 TPO 04：Deer Population of The Puget Sound 4 TPO 13：Biological Clock 5 TPO 15：A Warm-blooded Turtle 6 TPO 17-3：Symbiotic Relationship 动物变化 1 Sample：Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction 2 TPO 05：The Cambrian Explosion 3 TPO 08：Extinction of The Dinosaurs 4 TPO 15：Mass Extinctions5 TPO 31-1: Speciation in Geographically Isolated Populations6 TPO 30-2： The Pace of Evolutionary Change 动物行为 1 TPO 02：The Origins of Cetaceans 2 TPO 11：Begging by Nestlings 3 TPO 11：Orientation and Navigation 4 TPO 17：Ani mal Signals in The Rain Forest5 TPO 30-1 Role of Play in Development6 TPO 29-2：Competition7 TPO 28-3：Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes8 TPO 27-3：Predator-Prey Cycles 三、生态/环境/能源 1 TPO 03：The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems 2 TPO 19：Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems 3 TPO 26：Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions4 TPO 31-3: Savanna Formation 1 Sample：Electricity from Wind 2 TPO 04：Petroleum Resources3 TPO 29-3：The History of Waterpower 3 TPO 10：Variations in The Climate 4 TPO 18：Lightning 5 TPO 23：Urban Climates社会科学 一、艺术绘画/雕塑/陶瓷 1 Sample：Lascaux Cave Paintings 2 TPO 04：Cave Art in Europe 3 TPO 10：Chinese Pottery 4 TPO 11：Ancient Egyptian Sculpture 5 TPO 23：Rock Art of the Australian Aborigines6 TPO 29-1：Characteristics of Roman Pottery7 TPO27-1：Crafts in the Ancient near East 建筑/戏剧/电影/摄影 1 OG：Applied Arts and Fine Arts 2 TPO 01：The Origins of Theater 3 TPO 02：Early Cinema 4 TPO 03：Architecture 5 TPO 12：Transition to Sound in Film 10 TPO 22：The Birth of Photography 二、历史/考古学工业化介绍 1 OG：Artisans and Industrialization 2 TPO 06：Powering The Industrial Revolution 3 TPO 18：Industrialization in The Netherlands and 4 TPO 26：Energy and the Industrial Revolution5 TPO 30-3: The Invention of the Mechanical Clock 贸易/经济介绍 1 TPO 10：Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth 2 TPO14：Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia 3 TPO 16：Trade and The Ancient Middle East 4 TPO 17：Europe’s Early Sea Trade with Asia 5 TPO 25：The Decline of Venetian Shipping 农业发展介绍 1 TPO 07：Agriculture, Iron, and The Bantu Peoples 2 TPO21：The Origins of Agriculture 3 TPO 23：Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture 国家/城市特点 1 OG：Nineteenth-Century Politics in The United States 2 TPO 07-2：Ancient Rome and Greece 3 TPO 08：The Rise of Teotihuacan 4 TPO 14：Maya Water Problems 5 TPO 19：The Roman Army’s Impact on Britain 6 TPO 26：Sumer and The First Cities of The Ancient Near East 人口变化特点 1 TPO 05：The Origins of The Pacific Island People 2 TPO 09：Colonizing The Americas Via The Northwest Coast 3 TPO 20：Westward Migration 4 TPO 20：Early Settlement in The Southwest Asia 5 TPO 24：Moving into Pueblos6 TPO 28-2: Early Saharan Pastoralists三、心理/生理学 1 OG：Aggression 2 OG：The Expression of Emotion 3 TPO06：Infantile Amnesia 4 TPO 13：Methods of Studying Infant Perception 5 TPO 18：The Mystery of Yawning 6 TPO 21：Autobiographical Memory 7 TPO 24：Breathing During Sleep 四、社会学 1 TPO09：Reflection in Teaching 2 TPO 13：Types of Social Groups 3 TPO 14：Childrenand Advertising4 TPO 31-2： Early Children Education 其他学科类 1 OG：Loie Fuller 2 TPO 06：William Smith 3 TPO 16：Development of The Periodic Table 4 TPO 12：Which Hand Did They Use?结构体裁难度系数现象到解释：形成过程Exposition现象到解释：形成过程Exposition现象到解释：形成过程：对比Exposition现象到解释Exposition现象到解释：原因：分类Exposition现象到解释Exposition现象到解释：形成过程Historical现象到解释：分类Exposition现象到解释Exposition现象到解释Exposition5现象到解释：对比Exposition现象到解释：对比Exposition现象到解释Exposition现象到解释：总分Historical现象到解释Exposition现象到解释Exposition现象描述：分类Exposition现象到解释：分类Exposition现象到解释（含研究）理论解释（新旧对比）现象到解释（含研究）Exposition现象描述：分类Exposition 现象到解释（含研究）Exposition 现象到解释（含研究）Exposition 现象到解释（含研究）Exposition 现象到解释（含研究）Exposition 现象到解释Exposition现象到解释 总分：分类起源及发展Historical 起源及发展Historical 现象到解释：形成过程Exposition现象到解释 总分：分类HistoricalHistoricalHistoricalHistoricalHistorical 现象到解释Historical 现象到解释Historical 现象描述：分类Exposition起源及发展Historical 起源及发展Historical 现象到解释：总分Historical现象到解释：总分Historical现象到解释：总分：Historical Classification现象到解释： Classification Historical 现象到解释：总分Historical现象到解释：总分：Exposition Classification现象到解释（含研究）Exposition 现象到解释（含研究）。
托福阅读-题材结构科目分类TPO 1-54
一、地质学 冰川类 1 OG 2-3: Green Icebergs 2 TPO 15: Glacier Formation 3 TPO 19: Discovering The Ice Ages 地质现象/地理类 1 OG 1-3: Geology and Landscape 2 TPO 01: Groundwater 3 TPO 02: Desert Formation 4 TPO 03: Depletion of The Ogallala Aquifer 5 TPO 07: The Geologic History of The Mediterranean 6 TPO 12: Water in The Desert 7 TPO 20: Fossil Preservation 8 TPO 21: Geothermal Energy 9 TPO 24: Lake Water
7 TPO 32-1: Plant Colonization
8 TPO 34-3: Protection of Plants by Insects 10 TPO 44-3: Seagrasses 11 TPO 45-2: Wind Pollination 12 TPO 35-3: Seasonal Succession In Phytoplankon 13 TPO 38-3: Transgenic Plants 二、动物学 动物特点 1 OG: Swimming Machines 2 OG 2-1: Feeding Habits of East African Herbivores 3 TPO 04: Deer Population of The Puget Sound 4 TPO 13: Biological Clock 5 TPO 15: A Warm-blooded Turtle 6 TPO 17-3: Symbiotic Relationship 7 EX 2-1: Habitats and Chipmunk Species 8 EX 2-2: Cetacean Intelligence 9 TPO 40-3: Amphibian Thermoregulation 10 TPO 47-2: Termite Ingenuity 11 TPO 47-3: Coral Reefs 12 TPO 38-2: The Raccoons's Success 动物变化 1 Sample: Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction 2 TPO 05: The Cambrian Explosion 3 TPO 08: Extinction of The Dinosaurs 4 TPO 15: Mass Extinctions 5 TPO 30-2: The Pace of Evolutionary Change 6 TPO 31-1: Speciation in Geographically Isolated Populations 9 TPO 42-1: Geographic Isolation of Species 7 TPO 33-3: Extinction Episodes of the Past 8 TPO 42-2: Explaining Dinosaur Extinction 9 TPO 44-1: From Fish to Terrestrial Vertebrates 10 TPO 36-3: Industrial Melanism: The Case of the Peppered Moth 11 TPO 39-2: The Extinction of Moa 12 TPO 54-2: Overkill of the North American Megafauna 动物行为 1 TPO 02: The Origins of Cetaceans 2 TPO 11: Begging by Nestlings 3 TPO 11: Orientation and Navigation 4 TPO 17: Animal Signals in The Rain Forest 5 TPO 30-1 Role of Play in Development 6 TPO 29-2: Competition 7 TPO 28-3: Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes 8 TPO 27-3: Predator-Prey Cycles 9 TPO 32-3: Distributions of Tropical Bee Colonies 10 TPO 45-3: Feeding Strategies in the Ocean 11 TPO 48-2: Determining Dinosaur Diet 12 TPO 37-2: Direct Species Translocation 三、生态/环境/能源 1 TPO 03: The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems
12月13日托福阅读答案解析
12月13日托福阅读答案解析Obviously=clearlyWidespread=commonDense=thickThus=consequentlyresultantShallow=smalldepthexerciseProfound=very strongEmergence=riseTactic=strategyAdjacent to=near toParallel=match12月13日托福阅读第一篇题材划分：生物类主要内容：板块运动可以改变生物多样性，提到生物区的划分，少于百分之二十的物种相似度就是不同的区越多说明那里的多样性越高。
比如板块分开的时候，多样性增加，反之亦然。
一个山脉可以把原本的湿润风给挡了，就变成沙漠不适合生长了。
或者一个障碍的形成可以把本来的一个物种分成两个，一南一北，等到在合并的时候，发现北部的可以到南部生活，但南部的很少到北部生活。
相似TPO练习推荐TPO31- Speciation in Geographically Isolated Populations相关背景知识：Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise. The biologist Orator F. Cook was the first to coin the term ‘speciation’ for the splitting of lineages or “cladogenesis,” as opposed to “anagenesis” or “phyletic evolution” occurring within lineages. Charles Darwin was the first to describe the role of natural selection in speciation.There is research comparing the intensity of sexual selection in different clades with their number of species.There are four geographic modes of speciation in nature, based on the extent to which speciating populations are isolated from one another: allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and sympatric. Speciation may also be induced artificially, through animal husbandry, agriculture, or laboratory experiments. Whether genetic drift is a minor or major contributor to speciation is the subject matter of much ongoing discussion.All forms of natural speciation have taken place over the course of evolution; however, debate persists as to the relative importance of each mechanism in driving biodiversity.One example of natural speciation is the diversity of the three-spined stickleback, a marine fish that, after the last glacial period, has undergone speciation into new freshwater colonies in isolated lakes and streams. Over an estimated 10,000 generations, the sticklebacks show structural differences that are greater than those seen between different genera of fish including variations in fins, changes in the number or size of their bony plates, variable jaw structure, and color differences.During allopatric speciation, a population splits into two geographically isolated populations (for example, by habitat fragmentation due to geographical change such as mountain formation). The isolated populations then undergo genotypic and/or phenotypic divergence as: (a) they become subjected to dissimilar selective pressures;(b) they independently undergo genetic drift; (c) different mutations arise in the two populations. When the populations come back into contact, they have evolved such that they are reproductively isolated and are no longer capable of exchanging genes. Island genetics is the term associated with the tendency of small, isolated genetic pools to produce unusual traits. Examples include insular dwarfism and the radical changes among certain famous island chains, for example on Komodo. The Galápagos Islands are particularly famous for their influence on Charles Darwin. During his five weeks there he heard that Galápagos tortoises could be identified by island, and noticed that finches differed from one island to another, but it was only nine months later that he reflected that such facts could show that species were changeable. When he returned to England, his speculation on evolution deepened after experts informed him that these were separate species, not just varieties, and famously that other differing Galápagos birds were all species of finches. Though the finches were less important for Darwin, more recent research has shown the birds now known as Darwin’s finches to be a classic case of adaptive evolutionary radiation.12月13日托福阅读第二篇题材划分：生物类主要内容：主要讲关于夏威夷岛上的Noendemic animals and plants是如何移民到岛上的，主要通过风，动物皮毛和消化，以及通过人类的船只等。
史上最全托福TPO1-31阅读 题材结构科目分类
史上最全托福TPO1-31阅读题材结构科目分类自然科学一、地质学冰川类1 OG：Green Icebergs2 TPO 15：Glacier Formation3 TPO 19：Discovering The Ice Ages地质现象1 OG：Geology and Landscape2 TPO 01：Groundwater3 TPO 02：Desert Formation4 TPO 03：Depletion of The Ogallala Aquifer5 TPO 07：The Geologic History of The Mediterranean6 TPO 12：Water in The Desert7 TPO 20：Fossil Preservation8 TPO 21：Geothermal Energy9 TPO 24：Lake Water10 TPO 28-1：Groundwater11 TPO 27-2：The Formation of Volcanic Islands二、天文学火星类1 TPO 08：Running Water On Mars2 TPO 25：The Surface of Mars其他行星类1 TPO 16：Planets in Our Solar System2 TPO 22：The Allende Meteorite生物科学一、植物学1 Sample：Opportunity and Competitors2 TPO 01：Timberline Vegetation on Mountains3 TPO 05：Minerals and Plants4 TPO 09：The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii5 TPO 22：Spartina6 TPO 25：The Evolutionary Origin of Plants二、动物学动物特点1 OG：Swimming Machines2 OG：Feeding Habits of East African Herbivores3 TPO 04：Deer Population of The Puget Sound4 TPO 13：Biological Clock5 TPO 15：A Warm-blooded Turtle6 TPO 17-3：Symbiotic Relationship动物变化1 Sample：Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction2 TPO 05：The Cambrian Explosion3 TPO 08：Extinction of The Dinosaurs4 TPO 15：Mass Extinctions5 TPO 31-1: Speciation in Geographically Isolated Populations6 TPO 30-2： The Pace of Evolutionary Change动物行为1 TPO 02：The Origins of Cetaceans2 TPO 11：Begging by Nestlings3 TPO 11：Orientation and Navigation4 TPO 17：Ani mal Signals in The Rain Forest5 TPO 30-1 Role of Play in Development6 TPO 29-2：Competition7 TPO 28-3：Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes8 TPO 27-3：Predator-Prey Cycles三、生态/环境/能源1 TPO 03：The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems2 TPO 19：Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems3 TPO 26：Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions4 TPO 31-3: Savanna Formation1 Sample：Electricity from Wind2 TPO 04：Petroleum Resources3 TPO 29-3：The History of Waterpower3 TPO 10：Variations in The Climate4 TPO 18：Lightning5 TPO 23：Urban Climates社会科学一、艺术绘画/雕塑/陶瓷1 Sample：Lascaux Cave Paintings2 TPO 04：Cave Art in Europe3 TPO 10：Chinese Pottery4 TPO 11：Ancient Egyptian Sculpture5 TPO 23：Rock Art of the Australian Aborigines6 TPO 29-1：Characteristics of Roman Pottery7 TPO27-1：Crafts in the Ancient near East建筑/戏剧/电影/摄影1 OG：Applied Arts and Fine Arts2 TPO 01：The Origins of Theater3 TPO 02：Early Cinema4 TPO 03：Architecture5 TPO 12：Transition to Sound in Film10 TPO 22：The Birth of Photography二、历史/考古学工业化介绍1 OG：Artisans and Industrialization2 TPO 06：Powering The Industrial Revolution3 TPO 18：Industrialization in The Netherlands and Scandinavia4 TPO 26：Energy and the Industrial Revolution5 TPO 30-3: The Invention of the Mechanical Clock贸易/经济介绍1 TPO 10：Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth2 TPO14：Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia3 TPO 16：Trade and The Ancient Middle East4 TPO 17：Europe’s Early Sea Trade with Asia5 TPO 25：The Decline of Venetian Shipping农业发展介绍 1 TPO 07：Agriculture, Iron, and The Bantu Peoples2 TPO21：The Origins of Agriculture3 TPO 23：Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture国家/城市特点1 OG：Nineteenth-Century Politics in The United States2 TPO 07-2：Ancient Rome and Greece3 TPO 08：The Rise of Teotihuacan4 TPO 14：Maya Water Problems5 TPO 19：The Roman Army’s Impact on Britain6 TPO 26：Sumer and The First Cities of The Ancient Near East 人口变化特点1 TPO 05：The Origins of The Pacific Island People2 TPO 09：Colonizing The Americas Via The Northwest Coast3 TPO 20：Westward Migration4 TPO 20：Early Settlement in The Southwest Asia5 TPO 24：Moving into Pueblos6 TPO 28-2: Early Saharan Pastoralists三、心理/生理学1 OG：Aggression2 OG：The Expression of Emotion3 TPO06：Infantile Amnesia4 TPO 13：Methods of Studying Infant Perception5 TPO 18：The Mystery of Yawning6 TPO 21：Autobiographical Memory7 TPO 24：Breathing During Sleep四、社会学1 TPO09：Reflection in Teaching2 TPO 13：Types of Social Groups3 TPO 14：Childrenand Advertising4 TPO 31-2： Early Children Education其他学科类1 OG：Loie Fuller2 TPO 06：William Smith3 TPO 16：Development of The Periodic Table4 TPO 12：Which Hand Did They Use?结构体裁难度系数现象到解释：形成过程Exposition 现象到解释：形成过程Exposition现象到解释：形成过程：对比Exposition现象到解释Exposition现象到解释：原因：分类Exposition现象到解释Exposition现象到解释：形成过程Historical现象到解释：分类Exposition现象到解释Exposition现象到解释Exposition5现象到解释：对比Exposition 现象到解释：对比Exposition现象到解释Exposition现象到解释：总分Historical现象到解释Exposition现象到解释Exposition现象描述：分类Exposition现象到解释：分类Exposition现象到解释（含研究）理论解释（新旧对比）现象到解释（含研究）Exposition现象描述：分类Exposition现象到解释（含研究）Exposition现象到解释（含研究）Exposition现象到解释（含研究）Exposition现象到解释（含研究）Exposition现象到解释Exposition现象到解释总分：分类起源及发展Historical起源及发展Historical现象到解释：形成过程Exposition现象到解释总分：分类Historical HistoricalHistoricalHistoricalHistorical 现象到解释Historical 现象到解释Historical现象描述：分类Exposition起源及发展Historicalcandinavia起源及发展Historical现象到解释：总分Historical现象到解释：总分HistoricalHistorical 现象到解释：总分：Classificatio现象到解释： Classification Historical 现象到解释：总分Historical Exposition 现象到解释：总分：Classificatio现象到解释（含研究）Exposition 现象到解释（含研究）。
托福阅读学科分类表
托福阅读学科分类表托福阅读学科分类表如下：1.艺术类：TPO 03：Architecture（建筑）TPO 11：Ancient Egyptian Sculpture（古埃及雕塑）TPO 12：Transition To Sound In Film（电影中的声音转变）TPO 04：Cave Art in Europe（欧洲的洞穴艺术）2.生物学类：OG：Feeding Habits Of East African Herbvores（东非草食动物的进食习惯）TPO 05：Minerals And Plants（矿物质和植物）TPO 09：The Arrival Of Plant Life In Hawaii（植物在夏威夷的登陆）TPO 11：Orientation And Navigation（定位和导航）3.地质学类：OG：green Icebergs（绿色的冰山）TPO 15：Glacier Formation（冰川的形成）TPO 19：Discovering The Ice Ages（发现冰河时代）OG：Geology and Landscape（地质与地貌）TPO 01：Groundwater（地下水）TPO 02：Desert Formation（沙漠的形成）TPO 03：Depletion of The Ogallala Aquifer（奥加拉拉含水层的消耗）TPO 07：The Geologic History of The Mediterranean （地中海的地质历史）TPO 12：Water in The Desert（沙漠中的水）TPO 20：Fossil Preservation（化石保存）TPO 21：Geothermal Energy（地热能）TPO 24：Lake Water（湖水）TPO 27-2：The Formation of Volcanic Islands（火山岛的形成）。
托福阅读段落组织结构
托福阅读…段落内容的组织结构近儿年的托福阅读文章难度逐步增大，这种难度主要体现在四方面：词汇，句式, 衔接和篇章。
在同学们攻克了词汇和语法关后，就要学会从宏观上来把控文章，所以今天我们就衔接方面的内容和大家进行探讨。
衔接主要是段落内部及段落之间通过何种方式进行语义连接。
我们今天通过借鉴官方指南书中的文章来基本了解段落内部的组织结构。
1分类式(classification)例子Many people have to municate and work with members of other cultures, and social skills training is now being given to some of these who are about to w ork abroad. Intercultural munication is necessary for several kinds of people. Tourists are probably the largest group, though they stay for the shortest perio ds and need to master only a few simple situations...这个段落是典型的分类式写法，把需要进行跨文化交流的人分成儿类，接下来分别描述，首当其冲的就是旅游者。
官方指南1)Desertification is acplished primary through the loss of stabilizing natural vegetationand the subsequent accelerated erosion of soil by wind and wat er. (P)In some cusesthe loose soil is blown pletely away, leaving a stony surface. In other cases, the finer particles may be removed, while the sand-sized particles aie accumulated to form mobile hills or ridge of sand. (I)这段内容是一个典型的总分结构，即point + illustrationo观点很明显是说沙漠化的原因是植被消失，土壤侵蚀。
托福TPO1-49阅读分类题材介绍
托福TPO1-49阅读分类题材介绍托福TPO1-49阅读分类题材介绍!托福阅读考试文章的题材也是偏好的，大家在复习的时候，掌握好这些题材的分类，对于我们的考试也是有一定的帮助的下面小编为大家整理了详细的内容，供大家参考!托福TPO1-49阅读分类题材介绍TPO 1-10(2篇)TPO 7: Ancient Rome and GreeceTPO 8: The Rise of TeotihuacanTPO 11-20(3篇)TPO 16: Trade and the Ancient Middle EastTPO 17: Europe’s Early Sea Trade with AsiaTPO 20: Early Settlements in the Southwest AsiaTPO 21-30(2篇)TPO 24: Moving into PueblosTPO 26: Sumer and the First Cities of the Ancient Near East TPO 31-40(4篇)TPO 32: Siam, 1851-1910TPO 33: The First CivilizationTPO 35: Europe in the twelfth centuryTPO 40: Ancient AthensTPO 41-50(3篇)TPO 41: Trade and Early State FormationTPO 46: The Commercial Revolution in Medieval EuropeTPO 47: Roman Cultural Influence on Britain由此总结，托福TPO阅读中历史地理城市类题材，此类文章在历史上共计出现过14篇，那么按照总数150篇范围来估算比例(14/150 = 9%)，我们可以得出该类型的文章在历史上的重现比例为9%，接近每10篇就会出现一篇的概率，绝对是高产概率。
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3 TPO 08：The Rise of Teotihuacan 4 TPO 14：Maya Water Problems
5 TPO 19：The Roman Army’s Impact on Britain 6 TPO 26：Sumer and The First Cities of The Ancient Near East 人口变化特点 1 TPO 05：The Origins of The Pacific Island People 2 TPO 09：Colonizing The Americas Via The Northwest Coast 3 TPO 20：Westward Migration 4 TPO 20：Early Settlement in The Southwest Asia 5 TPO 24：Moving into Pueblos
Exposition Exposition
现象到解释：分类 现象到解释（含研究） 理论解释（新旧对比）
现象到解释（含研究）
Exposition Exposition
现象描述：分类 现象到解释（含研究） 现象到解释（含研究） 现象到解释（含研究） 现象到解释（含研究）
现象到解释
现象到解释 总分：分类 起源及发展
4 TPO 31-3: Savanna Formation 1 Sample：Electricity from Wind 2 TPO 04：Petroleum Resources
3 TPO 29-3：The History of Waterpower 3 TPO 10：Variations in The Climate 4 TPO 18：Lightning 5 TPO 23：Urban Climates 社会科学 一、艺术绘画/雕塑/陶瓷 1 Sample：Lascaux Cave Paintings 2 TPO 04：Cave Art in Europe 3 TPO 10：Chinese Pottery 4 TPO 11：Ancient Egyptian Sculpture 5 TPO 23：Rock Art of the Australian Aborigines
起源及发展
现象到解释：形成过程
Exposition Exposition Exposition Exposition Exposition
Exposition
Historical
Historical
Exposition
现象到解释 总分：分类
现象到解释 现象到解释 现象描述：分类 起源及发展
Historical Historical Historical Historical Historical Historical Historical
6 TPO 28-2: Early Saharan Pastoralists 三、心理/生理学
1 OG：Aggression
2 OG：The Expression of Emotion 3 TPO06：Infantile Amnesia 4 TPO 13：Methods of Studying Infant Perception 5 TPO 18：The Mystery of Yawning 6 TPO 21：Autobiographical Memory 7 TPO 24：Breathing During Sleep 四、社会学 1 TPO09：Reflection in Teaching 2 TPO 13：Types of Social Groups 3 TPO 14：Childrenand Advertising
4 TPO 17：Ani mal Signals in The Rain Forest 5 TPO 30-1 Role of Play in Development 6 TPO 29-2：Competition 7 TPO 28-3：Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes 8 TPO 27-3：Predator-Prey Cycles
现象到解释：分类
Exposition
现象到解释 现象到解释
Exposition
Exposition
5
现象到解释：对比
现象到解释：对比 现象到解释 现象到解释：总分
Exposition
Exposition Exposition Historical
现象到解释
现象到解释 现象描述：分类
Exposition
10 TPO 28-1：Groundwater 11 TPO 27-2：The Formation of Volcanic Islands 二、天文学 火星类 1 TPO 08：Running Water On Mars 2 TPO 25：The Surface of Mars 其他行星类 1 TPO 16：Planets in Our Solar System 2 TPO 22：The Allende Meteorite 生物科学 一、植物学 1 Sample：Opportunity and Competitors 2 TPO 01：Timberline Vegetation on Mountains 3 TPO 05：Minerals and Plants 4 TPO 09：The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii 5 TPO 22：Spartina 6 TPO 25：The Evolutionary Origin of Plants 二、动物学 动物特点 1 OG：Swimming Machines 2 OG：Feeding Habits of East African Herbivores 3 TPO 04：Deer Population of The Puget Sound 4 TPO 13：Biological Clock 5 TPO 15：A Warm-blooded Turtle 6 TPO 17-3：Symbiotic Relationship 动物变化 1 Sample：Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction 2 TPO 05：The Cambrian Explosion 3 TPO 08：Extinction of The Dinosaurs 4 TPO 15：Mass Extinctions 5 TPO 31-1: Speciation in Geographically Isolated Populations 6 TPO 30-2： The Pace of Evolutionary Change 动物行为 1 TPO 02：The Origins of Cetaceans 2 TPO 11：Begging by Nestlings 3 TPO 11：Orientation and Navigation
结构
体裁
难度系数
现象到解释：形成过程 现象到解释：形成过程
Exposition Exposition
现象到解释：形成过程：对比 现象到解释 现象到解释：原因：分类 现象到解释 现象到解释：形成过程
Exposition Exposition Exposition Exposition Historical
4 TPO 31-2： Early Children Education 其他学科类 1 OG：Loie Fuller 2 TPO 06：William Smith 3 TPO 16：Development of The Periodic Table 4 TPO 12：Which Hand Did They Use?
Exposition
Historical
起源及发展
Historical
现象到解释：总分
Historical
现象到解释：总分
现象到解释：总分： Classification
三、生态/环境/能源 1 TPO 03：The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems 2 TPO 19：Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems 3 TPO 26：Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions
自然科学 一、地质学 冰川类 1 OG：Green Icebergs 2 TPO 15：Glacier Formation 3 TPO 19：Discovering The Ice Ages 地质现象 1 OG：Geology and Landscape 2 TPO 01：Groundwater 3 TPO 02：Desert Formation 4 TPO 03：Depletion of The Ogallala Aquifer 5 TPO 07：The Geologic History of The Mediterranean 6 TPO 12：Water in The Desert 7 TPO 20：Fossil Preservation 8 TPO 21：Geothermal Energy 9 TPO 24：Lake Water
6 TPO 29-1：Characteristics of Roman Pottery 7 TPO27-1：Crafts in the Ancient near East 建筑/戏剧/电影/摄影 1 OG：Applied Arts and Fine Arts 2 TPO 01：The Origins of Theater 3 TPO 02：Early Cinema 4 TPO 03：Architecture 5 TPO 12：Transition to Sound in Film 10 TPO 22：The Birth of Photography 二、历史/考古学工业化介绍 1 OG：Artisans and Industrialization 2 TPO 06：Powering The Industrial Revolution 3 TPO 18：Industrialization in The Netherlands and 4 TPO 26：Energy and the Industrial Revolution 5 TPO 30-3: The Invention of the Mechanical Clock 贸易/经济介绍 1 TPO 10：Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth 2 TPO14：Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia 3 TPO 16：Trade and The Ancient Middle East 4 TPO 17：Europe’s Early Sea Trade with Asia 5 TPO 25：The Decline of Venetian Shipping 农业发展介绍 1 TPO 07：Agriculture, Iron, and The Bantu Peoples 2 TPO21：The Origins of Agriculture 3 TPO 23：Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture 国家/城市特点 1 OG：Nineteenth-Century Politics in The United States